American
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 175 • Number 5 • November 1996
Copyright © 1996 Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
Dr.Sinan DOĞANTÜRK
Ankara
Hong-Nerng Ho MD
Ming-Yih Wu MD
Kuang-Han Chao MD
Chin-Der Chen MD
Shee-Uan Chen MD
Hsin-Fu Chen MD
Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
College of Medicine and the Hospital, National Taiwan University.
OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to verify regional immune modulations and to
test the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in women with endometriosis.
STUDY DESIGN: Concentrations of peritoneal cytokines, including
interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2, soluble interleukin-2 receptor,
interleukin-6, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon
gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were compared in women with and without endometriosis. Peritoneal cytokine and interleukin-2
production were examined by adding various mitogens to peritoneal fluid
mononuclear cells of women with advanced endometriosis
before and after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment.
RESULTS: A significant increase in peritoneal interleukin-1beta,
interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and a decrease in interferon
gamma were noted in women with endometriosis.
After gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment interleukin-6 decreased
and interferon gamma increased. A significant impairment of interleukin-2
production of peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells by phytohemagglutinin and
pokeweed mitogen stimulation was demonstrated in endometriosis,
and production could be restored after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
treatment.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that regional immunologic dysfunction
might be invoked in the disease process of endometriosis.
(Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1236-41.)
Endometriosis
interleukin-6
interferon gamma
T-cell activation
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
Supported in part by grant No. NSC-85-2331-B002-112 from the National
Science Council and grant No. DOH-85-TD-033 from the Department of Health, the
Executive Yuan of the Republic of China.
Received for
publication October 10, 1995; revised April 9, 1996; accepted May 14, 1996.
Reprint requests:
Hong-Nerng Ho, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan
University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 100, Republic
of China.
Copyright © 1996 by Mosby -Year Book, Inc.
6/1/74925
Endometriosis is the implantation of
endometrial tissue into places where it is normally not found. One pathogenetic
theory suggests that a deficient immune response to endometrial cells during
retrograde menstruation may be involved in the establishment of the disease. [1]
Deficient cellular immunity, in particular decreased peritoneal natural killer
cell activity, [2]
[3]
has been proposed as an etiologic factor that could contribute to the survival,
implantation, and proliferation of these regurgitated endometrial cells.
However, there was no difference in the proportion of natural killer cells in
peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells in patients with endometriosis
and in controls. [2]
[4]
It was thus assumed that the decreased natural killer cell activity in endometriosis was not caused by a quantitative but by
a functional defect.
Numerous studies have characterized the lymphocyte subpopulations in
normal eutopic endometrium and suggested a role for cytokine secretory products
of these lymphocytes in regulating endometrial cell proliferation and
differentiation. [5]
One recent study showed that there is an increased concentration of stromal T
cells and an increased expression of T-cell activation in ectopic endometrium [6]
and indicated that cytokine products of these activated T cells might be
involved in regulating cellular processes of endometriotic tissue. The
existence of soluble nonspecific immunosuppressive factors released from the
ectopic endometrium [7]
[8]
was also reported, and it was proposed that the immunosuppressive factors
secreted by endometriotic tissues may be involved in the local implantation and
development of endometriosis. Cytokines are
increased in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis
and in cultured ectopic endometrial cells. [9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
Our previous studies [2]
[4]
have shown the impairment of peritoneal cellular immunity in women with endometriosis through the suppression of the CD25CD3
lymphocyte subpopulation and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. To further
assess whether the cytokines in the peritoneal
fluid may affect cellular immunity and play a role in
regulating cell proliferation in endometriosis,
we compared various cytokines in the peritoneal fluid of women with and without
endometriosis. Whether these deviations could be
corrected by long-term use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist was
also examined with 6-month GnRH agonist treatment in women with advanced endometriosis.
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a lymphokine synthesized and secreted primarily
by T helper lymphocytes that have been activated by stimulation with certain
mitogens or by interaction of the T-cell receptor complex with antigen/major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
Natural killer cells respond to IL-2 when they are properly activated. [13]
To test whether T-cell function is impaired, as indicated by decreases in the
CD25CD3 lymphocyte subpopulation, we further measured the in vitro production
of IL-2 by peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells in women with and without endometriosis by adding various mitogens
(phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen).
Subjects and specimens collection.
Peritoneal fluid was obtained from women undergoing laparoscopy for
infertility and tubal ligation at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, from July 1993 to June 1995. None
of these women received any hormonal treatment during the 3 months preceding
the laparoscopic operation, which was performed in the early follicular phase
after menstruation. Seventeen women with endometriosis,
including early (stages I and II, n = 3) and advanced (stages III and
IV, n = 14) stages of endometriosis were
scored by the revised American Fertility Society classification. Among them, 14
in the advanced-stage group received 6 months of GnRH agonist treatment
(leuprolide acetate depot [Takeda, Osaka], 3.75 mg/mo subcutaneously). They
underwent second-look laparoscopy and peritoneal fluid was aspirated to perform
the cytokine study. No endometriosis or any
other pathologic disorder, including infection, was found in another 18 women
(control group).
All peritoneal fluid was aspirated from the Douglas pouch immediately
after insertion of the trocar to minimize contamination with blood. Peritoneal
fluid was collected in sterile heparinized tubes at room temperature. Samples
with blood contamination from obvious bleeding of the puncture sites were
discarded. The peritoneal fluid specimens were transferred immediately to the
laboratory and processed within 30 minutes. The peritoneal fluid was
centrifuged (400 g, 10 minutes) and the supernatant was frozen at -70° C
as soon as possible.
Peritoneal fluid interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, soluble IL-2
receptor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), granu-locyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-alpha) were measured in triplicate with commercial kits of standard
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The principle of the method was a
solid-phase ELISA based on the ``dual-antibody immunometric sandwich'' with two
distinct antibodies to cytokines derived from two different species. The assays
have their lower detection limits of 0.05 pg/ml, 2.5 pg/ml, 6.0 pg/ml, 0.7
pg/ml, 2.8 pg/ml, 0.03 IU/ml, and 0.18 pg/ml for IL-1beta, IL-2, soluble IL-2
receptor, IL-6, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, respectively. The kits for
these cytokines were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis). All the assays were
performed at the same time for each peritoneal fluid sample to prevent any
changes because of freezing and thawing.
All data of peritoneal fluid cytokines except IFN-gamma (in international
units per milliliter) are shown in picograms per milliliter and expressed as
mean ± SD. The levels of various cytokines in the peritoneal fluid of women
with and without endometriosis were evaluated by
a nonparametric method (Mann-Whitney test). The comparison between the levels
of various cytokines in the peritoneal fluid of 14 women with advanced endometriosis before and after 6 months of GnRH agonist
treatment were calculated by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Type I error shown
<0.05 (i.e., p < 0.05) were considered significant.
T-lymphocyte proliferative assay.
Peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells were collected and prepared in sterile
RPMI 1640 growth medium (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.) at a
concentration of 2 × 10 [6]
cells/ml. The lympho-proliferative assay was set up in four-well multidish
culture plates (Nunclon, Roskilde, Denmark). Aliquots of 300 mul of peritoneal
fluid mononuclear cell suspension were dispensed in each well and another 300
mul of RPMI 1640 medium (control), concanavalin A (0.4 mg/ml),
phyto-hemagglutinin (1 mg/ml), or pokeweed mitogen (0.5 mg/ml) was added to
each well individually. All three plant mitogens were obtained from Sigma (St.
Louis). Plates were incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide at
37° C for 72 hours. The conditioned media were collected and stored at -70° C
for cytokine assay.
The IL-2 concentration of conditioned media was measured in triplicate
with a standard ELISA commercial kit, as mentioned above. This kit has a lower
limit of 6.0 pg/ml for our culture medium sample, with intraassay coefficients
of variation <7% and interassay coefficients of variation <10%.
Data of IL-2 concentrations are shown in picograms per milliliter and expressed
as mean ± SD. The distribution of IL-2 concentrations
TABLE I -- Levels of various cytokines in peritoneal
fluid of women with or without endometriosis |
|||
Cytokines |
Controls |
Endometriosis |
Significance *
|
IL-1beta (pg/ml) |
0.33 ± 0.66 |
6.27 ± 21.21 |
p = 0.037 |
IL-2 (pg/ml) |
ND |
ND |
|
Soluble IL-2 |
597 ± 155 |
614 ± 190 |
p = 0.358 |
IL-6 (pg/ml) |
33.0 ± 18.4 |
103 ± 92 |
p = 0.000 |
GM-CSF |
ND |
ND |
|
IFN-gamma (IU/ml) |
0.46 ± 0.39 |
0.30 ± 0.23 |
p = 0.046 |
TNF-alpha (pg/ml) |
3.66 ± 2.51 |
8.71 ± 12.7 |
p = 0.015 |
Values are mean ± SD. ND, Not detectable. |
*Mann-Whitney test was
used to compare; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
among the study patients was noted to be nonnormal, and hence these data were calculated
by nonparametric methods (Mann-Whitney test for comparison between control and endometriosis groups, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test
for comparison of the response before and after GnRH agonist treatment).
Analysis of intergroup differences of various cytokines in peritoneal
fluid of women with and without endometriosis
was performed by the Mann-Whitney test because of the nonparametric nature of
those data. Analysis demonstrated a significant increase in IL-1beta, IL-6, and
TNF-alpha (Table
I) in women with endometriosis. A
significantly lower concentration of IFN-gamma in the peritoneal fluid of women
with endometriosis was also observed. The levels
of soluble IL-2 receptor were similar in both groups. IL-2 and GM-CSF
concentrations were lower than the lowest limits of detection (2.5 and 0.7
pg/ml, respectively).
After 6 months of GnRH agonist treatment the levels of various cytokines
in peritoneal fluid of 14 women with advanced endometriosis
were compared with levels before treatment by use of the Wilcoxon signed-rank
test. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in IL-6 and an increase
in IFN-gamma (Table
II) . Also concentrations of IL-1beta, soluble IL-2 receptor, and TNF-alpha
decreased to the levels of the controls but were not significantly different
from those before treatment ( p = 0.301, 0.735, and 0.063, respectively,
Table
II) . IL-2 and GM-CSF were still lower than the lowest limits of detection.
Because the SD of the data was high (Tables
I and II)
, it might be argued that these statistical results were skewed because of a few
patients with extremely high or low levels of cytokines. Therefore a chi2 analysis was used to compare the number
of patients with levels 2 SD units higher or
Cytokine |
Before GnRH |
After GnRH |
Significance |
IL-1beta (pg/ml) |
3.18 ± 7.22 |
0.08 ± 0.14 |
p = 0.301 |
IL-2 (pg/ml) |
ND |
ND |
|
Soluble IL-2 |
741 ± 170 |
654 ± 389 |
p = 0.735 |
IL-6 (pg/ml) |
135 ± 113 |
16.5 ± 10.7 |
p = 0.028 |
GM-CSF |
ND |
ND |
|
IFN-gamma (IU/ml) |
0.21 ± 0.21 |
0.53 ± 0.23 |
p = 0.028 |
TNF-alpha (pg/ml) |
10.9 ± 1.56 |
3.06 ± 1.56 |
p = 0.063 |
Values are mean ± SD. ND, Not detectable. |
|||
*Comparisons were made by Wilcoxon signed-rank test; p
< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. |
lower than the mean levels of controls. The results were similar to those by
Mann-Whitney test except for the result of peritoneal IL-1beta. The difference
in the level of peritoneal IL-1beta lost statistical significance between
controls and patients with endometriosis. The
level of peritoneal IL-6 in women with endometriosis
was significantly different from that of control women ( p = 0.0007,
10/17 vs 1/18). The difference before and after GnRH agonist treatment in women
with advanced endometriosis was also significant
( p = 0.00008, 10/14 vs 0/14). The level of TNF-alpha in women with endometriosis was not significantly higher than that
of controls ( p = 0.15, 4/17 vs 1/18), but the difference before and
after GnRH agonist treatment in women with advanced endometriosis
was significant ( p = 0.04, 4/14 vs 0/14). Because the mean level of
IFN-gamma of control subjects was <2 SD, we were unable to use the same
statistical analysis to test the difference in IFN-gamma between control
subjects and those with endometriosis.
IL-2 production in mitogen-stimulated peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells
of women with and without endometriosis is shown
in Table
III . Phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen increased IL-2 secretion
significantly, but concanavalin A did not have the same effect. Production of IL-2
was lower by phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen stimulation in the endometriosis group ( p = 0.0001 and 0.024,
respectively, compared with controls).
After 6 months of GnRH agonist treatment, peritoneal fluid mononuclear
cells of the same patients with advanced endometriosis
were evaluated by mitogen stimulation. The diminished phytohemagglutinin
stimulation effect noted before treatment was restored to the level of the
control group after long-term GnRH agonist use ( p = 0.001), and the
diminished pokeweed mitogen
|
||||||
Mitogens |
Controls (n
= 12) |
Endometriosis (n = 14) |
Significance |
|
||
Before GnRH
agonist |
After GnRH
agonist |
|
||||
Medium (control) |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
|
|
ConA |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
|
|
PHA |
802.4 ± 391.3 |
183.7 ± 161.2 |
607.1 ± 353.6 |
p = 0.0001 |
p = 0.001 |
|
PWM |
174.8 ± 107.6 |
81.4 ± 75.1 |
156.9 ± 142.0 |
p = 0.024 |
p = 0.110 |
|
ND, Not detectable; ConA, concanavalin A;
PHA, phytohemagglutinin; PWM, pokeweed mitogen. |
|
*Mann-Whitney test was
used to compare controls and pre-GnRH agonist -treated endometriosis
group; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Comparisons were made between before and after GnRH agonist use in
endometriosis group by Wilcoxon signed-rank
test; a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
stimulation effect before GnRH agonist treatment increased after treatment but
did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.110).
In this study we demonstrated that the levels of cytokines IL-1beta,
IL-6, and TNF-alpha were elevated in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis compared with controls, whereas
IFN-gamma levels were lower. After GnRH agonist treatment, IL-6 decreased and
IFN-gamma increased significantly.
Although IL-1 production is generally considered to be a consequence of
inflammation, recent evidence suggests that IL-1 also is involved in a wide
variety of biologic activities, including prostaglandin synthesis and protein
synthesis, and has various effects on the central nervous system. It also plays
an important role in immune functions. IL-1 acts on macrophage-monocytes,
inducing its own synthesis as well as the production of tumor necrosis factor
and IL-6. [14]
[15]
IL-1 also activates T cells, resulting in IL-2 production and expression of
IL-2 receptors. [16]
IL-1 further induces the production of GM-CSF from activated T cells. [17]
However, in our previous studies [2]
[4]
the CD25CD3 lymphocyte subpopulation was suppressed in patients with endometriosis. Therefore we hypothesize that the
elevations of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha might be due to inflammatory
reaction to ectopic endometrial tissue in the peritoneal cavity and might
further contribute to the progression of endometriotic lesions.
A higher level of chemotactic activity of macrophages, and factors that
may contribute to macrophage recruitment and activation, have recently been
found in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis.
[9]
It was hypothesized that activated peritoneal macrophages may contribute to the
pathogenesis of endometriosis through secretion
of cytokines and growth factors. Akoum et al. [11]
recently demonstrated that both fibroblast-like and epithelial cells of ectopic
endometrium can secrete a specific chemotactic and activating factor for
monocytes (MCP-1) after stimulation with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. As we showed
in this work, elevations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the peritoneal fluid have
also been found in women with endometriosis. [12]
[18]
Therefore the higher levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the peritoneal fluid
of patients with endometriosis may be due to secretion
by endometriotic tissue, which may be capable of producing activating or
chemotactic factors to peritoneal macrophages.
IL-6 and IFN-gamma are cytokines known to modulate various aspects of the
immune response. In this study IL-6 was elevated and IFN-gamma lower in the
peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis,
and the levels of both were restored significantly after 6 months of GnRH
agonist treatment. Therefore levels of these cytokines may present typical
immunologic modulations in the endometriosis and
reflect the posttreatment condition. IL-6 promotes cellular proliferation,
whereas IFN-gamma inhibits proliferation of human endometrial epithelium. [19]
[20]
Elevation of IL-6 has been noted in ectopic endometrial tissue culture, [21]
peripheral blood, [22]
and peritoneal fluid [23]
of women with endometriosis. The elevation of
IL-6 in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis
in our study is in agreement with that reported by Boutten et al., [23]
who suggested that IL-6 may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
IFN-gamma will be low if the T or natural killer cells are inactivated.
This result further confirmed our previous reports [2]
[4]
that natural killer cell cytotoxicity was decreased and the activated
T-lymphocyte subpopulation (CD25CD3) of peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells was
decreased. Function of T and natural killer cells could be restored after
long-term use of GnRH agonist, [4]
as could the concentration of IFN-gamma. However, whether the decrease in
IFN-gamma is the cause or result of the suppression of peritoneal natural
killer cell cytotoxicity and whether the decrease in IFN-gamma is due to the
suppression of the CD25CD3 lymphocyte subpopulation need to be further
clarified.
To further test whether the T cells are suppressed in
endometriosis, we
performed a T-lymphocyte proliferative assay with various mitogens on
peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells of women with and without endometriosis. Depending on the stimulus, lymphocytes
involved in the proliferative response can include either T cells, B cells, or
both. Phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A preferentially stimulate certain T
cells. Pokeweed mitogen is a stimulant of T cells and also of B cells, in a
T-cell-dependent manner. Using IL-2 production as an indicator of T-cell activation,
we noted impaired proliferative response by phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed
mitogen in the peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells of women with endometriosis. In our previous study T-cell activation
marker (CD25CD3) in peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells was suppressed in endometriosis, [2]
and in this study soluble IL-2 receptor concentrations in peritoneal fluid did
not increase in endometriosis. These results
suggest that peritoneal T-cell inactivation occurs in endometriosis.
GnRH agonist is the only medication other than danazol that has received
U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of endometriosis. Clinically, it has been used as
effectively as danazol in the reduction of endometriotic implants. We have
demonstrated some immunologic alterations in the peripheral blood of women with
superovulation by use of GnRH agonist. [24]
In peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells we have also demonstrated the restoration
of impaired natural killer cell cytotoxicity and suppressed CD25CD3
subpopulation by use of GnRH agonist in patients with advanced endometriosis. [4]
In this study we further showed restoration to control levels of the
alterations of cytokines in peritoneal fluid after long-term use of GnRH
agonist in women with advanced endometriosis. In
addition, the decrease in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation could
also be corrected to control levels after long-term treatment. Recent studies
have shown that IL-2 [25]
and IFN-gamma [8]
may be able to correct the immunologic defect of endometriosis
and indicated the capability of restoring cytolytic activity. In this study
both peritoneal fluid mononuclear cell production of IL-2 after mitogen
stimulation and IFN-gamma concentrations in peritoneal fluid were restored to
control levels after 6 months of GnRH agonist treatment. These results
confirmed previous assumptions.
In summary, significant elevations of peritoneal IL-1beta, IL-6, and
TNF-alpha were found in women with endometriosis
compared with controls. Peritoneal IFN-gamma was significantly lower in women
with endometriosis than in those without. After
a 6-month GnRH agonist treatment, IL-6 concentrations decreased and IFN-gamma
concentrations increased significantly. By phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed
mitogen stimulation, a significant impairment of IL-2 production by peritoneal
fluid mononuclear cells in endometriosis was
noted; this impairment could be restored after GnRH agonist. Impairment of
natural killer cell cytotoxicity and a decrease in IL-2 and IFN-gamma
production may be involved in the development and progression of endometriosis. Studies are now underway in our
laboratory to determine whether in vitro recombinant IFN-gamma can return the
suppressed natural killer cell cytotoxicity in the peritoneal fluid mononuclear
cells of women with endometriosis to normal
levels and which lymphocyte subpopulation (possibly the CD25CD3 subpopulation)
is altered and corrected throughout the disease and treatment processes.
We thank Ms. Yen-Lin Chung for her excellent technical
assistance.
1. Hill JA.
Immunology and endometriosis. Fertil Steril
1992;58:262-4.
2. Ho HN,
Chao KH, Chen HF, Wu MY, Yang YS, Lee TY. Peritoneal natural killer
cytotoxicity and CD25CD3 lymphocyte subpopulation are decreased in women with
stage III-IV endometriosis. Hum Reprod
1995;10:2671-5.
3. Oosterlynck
DJ, Meuleman C, Waer M, Vandeputte M, Koninckx PR. The natural killer activity
of peritoneal fluid lymphocytes is decreased in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;58:290-5.
4. Wu MY,
Chao KH, Chen SU, Chen HF, Yang YS, Huang SC, et al. The suppression of
peritoneal cellular immunity in women with endometriosis
could be restored after gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment. Am J
Reprod Immunol 1996;35:510-6.
5. Tabibzadeh
S. Evidence of T-cell activation and potential cytokine action in human
endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:645-9.
6. Klein NA,
Pergola GM, Tekmal RR, Montoya IA, Dey TD, Schenken RS. Cytokine regulation of
cellular proliferation in endometriosis. Ann N Y
Acad Sci 1994;734:322-32.
7. Oosterlynck
DJ, Meuleman C, Waer M, Koninckx PR, Vandeputte M. Immunosuppressive activity
of peritoneal fluid in women with endometriosis.
Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:206-12.
8. Hirata J,
Kikuchi Y, Imaizumi E, Tode T, Nagata I. Endometriotic tissues produce
immunosuppressive factors. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994;37:43-7.
9. Khorram
O, Taylor RN, Ryan IP, Schall TJ, Landers DV. Peritoneal fluid concentrations
of the cytokine RANTES correlate with the severity of endometriosis.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:1545-9.
10. Surrey
ES, Halme J. Effect of peritoneal fluid from endometriosis
patients on endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro. Obstet Gynecol
1990;76:792-7.
11. Akoum A,
Lemay A, Brunet C, Hebert J, Groupe d'Investgation en Gynecologie.
Cytokine-induced secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by human
endometriotic cells in culture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:594-600.
12. Halme J.
Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human peritoneal macrophages in vivo
and in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1718-25.
13. Aribia
MHB, Leroy E, Lantz O, Metivier D, Autran B, Charpentier B, et al. rIL
2-induced proliferation of human circulation NK cells and T lymphocytes:
synergistic effects of IL 1 and IL 2. J Immunol 1987;139:443-51.
14. Levett D,
Kozan B, Hadam M, Resch K, Gemsa D. Macrophage cytotoxicity: interleukin 1 as a
mediator of tumor cytostasis. J Immunol 1986;136:340-7.
15. Navarro
S, Debili N, Bernaudin JF, Vainchenker W, Doly J. Regulation of the expression
of IL-6 in human monocytes. J Immunol 1989;142:4339-45.
16. Kaye J,
Janeway CA Jr. Induction of receptors for interleukin 2 requires T cell Ag: Ia
receptor crosslinking and interleukin 1. Lymph Res 1984;3:175-82.
17. Manetti
R, Barak V, Piccinni MP, Sampognaro S, Maggi E, Dinarello CA, et al.
Interleukin-1 favors the in vitro development of type 2 T helper (Th2) human
T-cell clones. Res Immunol 1994;145:93-100.
18. Fakih H,
Baggett B, Holtz G, Tsang KY, Lee JG, Williamson HO. Interleukin-1: a possible
role in the infertility associated with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril 1987;47:213-7.
19. Tabibzadeh
S. Human endometrium: an active site of cytokine production and action.
Endocrine Rev 1991;12:272-6.
20. Giudice
LC. Growth factors and growth modulators in human uterine endometrium: their
potential relevance to reproductive medicine. Fertil Steril 1994;61:1-11.
21. Keenan
JA, Chen TT, Chadwell NL, Torry DS, Caudle MR. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and
interleukin-6 (IL-6) in peritoneal fluid and macrophage-conditioned media of
women with endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol
1994;32:180-3.
22. Koumantakis
E, Matalliotakis I, Neonaki M, Froudarakis G, Georgoulias V. Soluble serum
interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1alpha in patients with endometriosis and in controls. Arch Gynecol Obstet
1994;255:107-12.
23. Boutten
A, Dehoux M, Edelman P, Seta N, Menard A, Madelenat P, et al. IL-6 and acute
phase plasma proteins in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Clin Chim Acta 1992;210:186-95.
24. Ho HN, Wu
MY, Chen HF, Chao KH, Chao KH, Yang YS, et al. In vivo gonadotropin-releasing
hormone agonist (GnRH-a) decreases CD3CD25 lymphocyte without increasing serum
level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). Am J Reprod Immunol
1995;33:134-9.
25. Melioli
G, Semino C, Semino A, Venturini PL, Ragni N. Recombinant interleukin-2
corrects in vitro the immunological defect of endometriosis.
Am J Reprod Immunol 1993;30:218-27.
Ana sayfaya donmek icin tikla http://www.geocities.com/sinandoganturk/kadindogum1.html