3. ANGLŲ KALBA

3.1 Verbs
3.2 Verbs +..ing or the Infinitive
3.3 Nouns
3.4 Articles
3.5 Pronouns
3.6 Modifiers
3.7 Prepositions
3.8 Syntax
3.9 Vocabulary
3.10 Check Your Knowledge of English

3.1. VERBS

1. Auxiliary verbs

Do is used to form negative and question forms of the Present Tense and did is used in the Past Simple Tense:

I don’t like it. Does she go to the University? He didn’t pass the exams. Didn’t we meet at the airport?

Do is used in the positive to give emphasis to a verb:

She is very busy. She does try hard. I did try to help, but there was no need.

Do is used in tag questions and short answers:

He wrote it, didn’t he? She knows him better, doesn’t she? Who opened the window? Rose did.

Be + Present Participle (–ing) is used to form continuous tenses:

I am writing a letter now.

Be + Past Participle (–ed etc.) is used to form passive sentences:

The houses are built from bricks. It’ll be finished soon.

Have + Past Participle (–ed etc.) is used to form perfect tenses:

I have never been to London. They have already started it.

2. Modal auxiliary verbs

Unlike do, be, have (which only help to form tenses) modal auxiliaries have their own meanings. They express:

ability (can) – I can’t explain it.

possibility (can, may) – Can I have my photo taken?

permission (may) – May I use your book?

uncertainty (may) – You may think you’re very old, but you strike me as extremely young.

reproach (might) – You might come in time.

obligation (must, ought to) – Children ought to respect their parents. He must earn money.

advisability (should) – You should be more careful.

necessity (need) – He did not need to be told twice.

refusal (will not/won’t) – The car won’t start. (It “refuses” to start).

Some important modal phrases:

1. To have + Infinitive (obligation, necessity) is used as a modal expression in three tense forms: Present, Past and Future Indefinite.

I have to get up at seven every day. Did you have to get up at 7 on Sunday? She will have to come on time.

2. To be + Infinitive (rather strict obligation, a planned action) is used as a modal expression in two tenses: Present and Past Indefinite (was, were).

You are to go straight to your room. We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to seven.

Remember:

Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual; can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). Sometimes we have to use be able to:

I haven’t been able to sleep very well recently (can has no Present Perfect).

I’ll be able to help you (can has no Future Indefinite).

Could is the past of can especially with these verbs: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember and understand:

I could remember only a few words.

I could play handball very well when I was at school. (General ability to do something).

If we mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, we have to use was/were able to (not could):

He was a good runner so he was able to escape from the prison.

We sometimes use could to talk about possible future actions, especially when we make suggestions and could have (done) to say that we had the ability or the oportunity to do something but did not do it:

We could go to the theatre this evening (Present). We could have gone to the theatre but we decided to stay at home. (Past)(We had the opportunity to go out but we didn’t.)

Mainly it doesn’t matter which of must (do) or have to (do) we use:

I must / have to go.

But with must the speaker gives his own feelings:

Lina is seriously ill. I must visit her.

With have to the speaker gives facts:

I have to get up early tomorrow.

Must is only used when we talk about the present and future:

I must read it. Must you hand it in next week?

Have to can be used in all forms:

We have to write about it. We had to write about it. We’ll have to write about it.

We use do / does / did with have to in present/past questions and negative sentences:

Do you work? No, I’m extremely rich so I don’t have to work. She doesn’t have to get up so early. She gets up early because she prefers to.

Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different:

You mustn’t forget what I told you. (It is necessary that you do not forget). You don’t have to read this book. (It is not necessary to do it).

Needn’t (do) means that it is not necessary to do something:

You needn’t worry.

Instead of needn’t you can use don’t / doesn’t need to:

You don’t need to worry.

We use needn’t have + Past Participle (–ed etc.) to say that someone did something but it wasn’t necessary:

I needn’t have hurried because the train was late.

Didn’t need to is different from needn’t have:

I didn’t need to read, so I didn’t. (An action was unnecessary). I needn’t have taken an umbrella, it didn’t rain. (It was not known at the time that the action was not necessary.)

3. English tense usage in the Active Voice

Remember:

When you make a suggestion, you can say Why don’t you ...? :

I am hungry. Why don’t we go and have a bite?

When talking about one’s native country or city / town, we say:

“Where do you come from? Where are you from?” but not “Where are you coming from?”

We say “He comes from Germany” but not “He is coming from Germany.”

Present Simple is used when we say how often we do things (every day (week etc.), often, usually, sometimes etc.). We say:

“I go to the university every week” but not “I am going to the university every week”.

We say ”She often visits us” but not “She is often visiting us”.

We say “He usually watches TV in the evening” but not “He is usually watching TV in the evening”.

Table of Tenses (Active)

Time Aspect	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Indefinite	I go to the club every week.	I went to the club last week.	I shall go to the club next week.	I said I should go to the club the following week.
Continuous	(Don’t speak to him.) He is working.	When I came he was working.	(Don’t come at 8.) I shall be working.	He said he would be working at 8 o’clock.
Perfect	*1. (I can return the books to the library.) I have read them.* 2. I have already known him for 2 years.	*1. I had read all the books by the 1st of September.* 2. By 1994 I had known him for 10 years.	*1. I shall have read all the books by the 1st of May.* 2. By 2000 I shall have known him for 16 years.	I said I should have read all the books by the 1st of May.
Perfect Continuous	*1. I have been reading this book for a week.* 2. (I am very tired.) I have been reading a lot.	1. I had been reading that book for a week when you asked me for it. 2. (I was very tired.) I had been reading a lot.	By the 1st of June I shall have been reading the book for a month.	I said (that) by the 1st of June I should have been reading the book for a month.

Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged to do in the nearest future:

She is going to Paris next week (but not “She will go” because she has already planned it).

When we are talking about timetables, programmes etc., we say:

“The train leaves at 7.00 p. m.” but not “The train is leaving at 7.00 p. m.”.

We say “Tomorrow is Monday” but not “Tomorrow will be Monday”.

When we offer, agree or refuse, promise and ask, we say:

“I’ll help you” but not “I help you”.

We say “I’ll bring it back as soon as possible” but not “I bring ...”

We say “I promise I’ll phone” but not “I promise I phone...”

We say “Will you lend me a book?” but not “Do you lend me a book ?”

We use shall (not will) in the questions shall I ...? and shall we ...?

Shall I read ?

We are not to mix gone to and been to:

He is away on business. He has gone to New York. (He is there now or he is on his way there.)

Lina is at home now. She has been to Belgium. (She has been there but now she has returned home.)

We often use have got / has got rather than have / has alone:

We’ve got a new house. Have you got a new house?

But in the past we do not normally use got:

When we lived in Kaunas, we had an old house. Did you have an old house when you lived in Alytus?

“Have got” is not possible in these expressions: have breakfast (lunch, dinner, a cup of coffee, etc.); have a swim (a walk, a holiday etc.); have a bath / a wash etc.; have a look (at sth.); have a baby; have a chat; have a good time.

We make questions and negative sentences with these expressions using do / does / did:

I didn’t have a good time yesterday.

We are not to confuse I used to do and I am used to doing. The structures and their meanings are different:

I used to spend a lot of money. (I spent much money but I no longer spend it.)

I am used to spending a lot of money. (I spend much money; it is like a habit because I have been spending a lot of money for some time.)

There are some verbs which are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there are exceptions): want, like, belong, know, suppose, need, love, see, realise, mean, prefer, hate, hear, believe, understand, remember, forget, seem, sound, appear, smell, taste, wish, own, think (when the meaning is “believe”), have (when it is used for actions or the meaning is “possess”).

Conditionals (if and wish sentences) are formed in this way:

a) Present Tense after if / Future Tense in the main clause:

If you get up earlier, we’ll be in time.

b) Past Simple after if / Future in the Past in the main clause:

If you got up earlier, we would be in time. (But we probably won’t.)

If I were you, I would go to the meeting. (But, of course, I am not you.)

c) Past Perfect after if /Future in the Past Perfect in the main clause:

If I had had enough money, I would have bought that castle.

(Hypothesis about the past. It is impossible to change what happened now.)

d) we also use the past for a present situation after wish:

I wish I knew English better. (I don’t know it very well.)

e) in if sentences and after wish we can use were instead of was:

If I were you I would phone him. = If I was you... .

I wish my dress were more beautiful. = I wish my dress was... .

f) simply, we don’t use would in the if part of the sentence or after wish:

If I were a Queen, I would travel a lot (not If I would be...).

g) we don’t use will/shall after in case, with unless, as long as, provided or providing when we are talking about the future:

He is going to take an umbrella in case it rains. We’ll be late unless we hurry. Providing he studies hard he will pass an exam.

h) in case of is different from in case:

In case of fire, please leave the building as soon as possible (if the building is on fire).

4. English tense usage in the Passive Voice

Table of Tenses (Passive)

Time Aspect	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Indefinite	I am arrested. He is arrested. We are arrested.	I was arrested. He was arrested. We were arrested.	I shall be arrested. He will be arrested. We shall be arrested.	*He said I should be arrested.* They said he would be arrested.
Continuous	I am being arrested. He is being arrested. We are being arrested.	I was being arrested. He was being arrested. We were being arrested.
Perfect	I have been arrested. He has been arrested. We have been arrested.	I had been arrested. He had been arrested. We had been arrested.	I shall have been arrested. He will have been arrested. We shall have been arrested.	*He said I should have been arrested.* They said he would have been arrested.
Perfect Continuous

Remember:

Be born is a passive verb and is usually past: I was born in Vilnius.

Some verbs can have two objects: They didn’t offer Andrew the job. (The two objects Andrew and the job).

So it is possible to make two different passive sentences: Andrew wasn’t offered the job. The job wasn’t offered to Andrew.

5. A Table of Irregular Verbs

Infinitive	Past	Past Participle
abide arise awake be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burn burst buy cast catch choose cleave cling clothe come cost creep cut deal dig do draw	abode arose awoke was bore beat became began bent bet, betted bade, bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burnt, burned burst bought cast caught chose clove, cleft, cleaved clung clothed came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew	abode, abided arisen awake, awoken been born beaten become begun bent, bended bet, betted bidden, bid bound bitten, bit bled blown broken bred brought built burnt, burned burst bought cast caught chosen cloven, cleft clung clothed, clad come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn
dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forsake forswear freeze get gird give go grind grow hang have hear hew hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lade lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie	dreamt, dreamed drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forsook forswore froze got girded gave went ground grew hung had heard hewed hid hit held hurt kept knelt knitted, knit knew laded laid led leant, leaned leapt, leaped learnt, learned left lent let lay	dreamt, dreamed drunk, drunken driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forsaken forsworn frozen got girded, girt given gone ground grown hung had heard hewn hidden, hid hit held hurt kept knelt knitted, knit known laden laid led leant, leaned leapt, leaped learnt, learned left lent let lain
light lose make mean meet mow	lighted, lit lost made meant met mowed	lit, lighted lost made meant met mown, moved
pay prove put read rend rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shrive shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide slink smell sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand stave steal stick sting stride strike strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread understand upset wake wear weave wed weep wet win wind write	paid proved put read rent rid, ridded rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared / shore shed shone shod shot showed shrank shrived shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slunk smelt, smelled sowed spoke sped spelt, spelled spent spilt, spilled spun, span spat split spoilt, spoiled spread sprang stood staved, stove stole stuck stung strode struck strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought throve, thrived threw thrust trod understood upset woke, waked wore wove wedded wept wet, wetted won wound wrote	paid proved, proven put read rent rid, ridded ridden rung risen run sawn, sawed said seen sought sold sent set sewn, sewed shaken shaved, shaven shorn, sheared shed shone shod shot shown, showed shrunk, shrunken shriven shut sung sunk, sunken sat slain slept slid, slidden slunk smelt, smelled sown, sowed spoken sped spelt, spelled spent spilt, spilled spun spat split spoilt, spoiled spread sprung stood staved, stove stolen stuck stung stridden, strid struck, stricken striven sworn swept swollen, swelled swum swung taken taught torn told thought thriven, thrived thrown thrust trodden, trod understood upset woken, waked worn woven, wove wedded, wed wept wet, wetted won wound written

Į pradžią 3.2. VERBS + ... ING OR THE INFINITIVE?

1. Verb + ... ing (The Gerund)

The Gerund is formed by adding the suffix – ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.

It is used:

1. After prepositions (before, after, without, by, about, at, to, of, in, with, for, in spite of, instead of): She left without saying a word.

2. After certain verbs (enjoy, avoid, admit, deny, mind, delay, stop, finish, suggest, fancy, imagine, regret, consider, involve, practise, miss): I enjoy going to the theatre.

3. As the subject or object of a sentence: Smoking is bad for your health.

4. After some idiomatic expressions (It’s no use .../ It’s no good .../ There is no point in .../ It’s (not) worth ...) : This is an excellent picture. It’s worth buying. There is no point in waiting all day.

5. After the following expressions: (give up (= stop), put off (= postpone), go on (= continue), carry on (= continue), keep or keep on (= do sth. continuously or repeatedly)): I cannot go on reading it.

Remember:

The passive form (being done / being seen / being told etc.): I don’t mind being told what to do.

Many verbs have the structure verb (V) + preposition (P) + object (talk about): We talked about the problem.

If the object is another verb, it ends in –ing: We talked about going to Paris. (V + P + –ing).

Here are some more verbs which have the structure V + P + –ing (succeed in, think about / of, approve / disapprove of, feel like, dream of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, apologise for): She insisted on staying longer.

These verbs have the structure verb + object + preposition + –ing (accuse sb. of, congratulate sb. on, stop sb. from, suspect sb. of, prevent sb. from, thank sb. for, forgive sb. for, warn sb. against): They accused him of being rude.

2. Verbs + The Infinitive

It is used:

1. After certain verbs (agree, appear, attempt, choose, dare, decide, expect, help, learn, manage, need, offer, promise, refuse, seem, afford, hope): I hope to learn it very quickly.

2. After certain verbs followed by an object (allow, encourage, force, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn, advise, invite): I allowed them to stay longer.

3. After certain verbs which sometimes take an object and sometimes don’t (ask, expect, want, like): I want to find out the answer. I want you to find out the answer. I’d like to help you. I’d like you to give her a message.

But never say: I want that you... I’d like that you...

4. After certain adjectives: It’s difficult to understand the situation. It’s possible to enter the University.

5. After make and let: He made me believe him again. (Active – without to). I was made to believe again. (Passive – with to). I was allowed to borrow the car. (“Let” in the sense of “allow” is not possible in the passive.)

6. To express purpose: I returned here to pay the bill.

7. After certain verbs followed by question words (what, where, who, how, when, whether etc.): I didn’t know what to do. How to get to the bus–station? I don’t know where to write it.

3. Verbs + ... ing (The Gerund) or verbs + The Infinitive ?

1. With continue, start, begin either the Gerund or the Infinitive can be used: It started to rain / raining.

2. Remember, forget, stop, try (the meaning changes greatly depending on whether the Gerund or the Infinitive is used): I remember being very unhappy as a teenager. (The Gerund refers to actions and states in the past, i. e. before the remembering, etc. take place.)

Remember to put some petrol in the car! (The Infinitive refers to actions that must still be done, i. e. that happen after the remembering, etc.)

Try + infinitive is your goal; it is what you want to do.

Try + gerund is the method you use to achieve that goal.

3. Prefer to do, prefer doing: I prefer doing something to (doing) something else but I prefer to do something rather than (do) something else.

I prefer teaching to studying but I prefer to teach rather than learn.

4. Would prefer (to do): “Shall we go by taxi?” “Well, I’d prefer to go by bus (not going).”.

5. Would rather (do) = is used for preference – we use the Infinitive after it without to: I would rather go to work.

6. We can also use – ing after while or when: Mind your head when going upstairs(= when you are going).

7. Had better = is used for advice – and the Infinitive without to is used:

You had better stay in bed with your cold.

Į pradžią 3.3. NOUNS

1. Count nouns and non–count nouns:

	Count Nouns	Non–count Nouns
Singular	*a pen* one pen	money some money a great deal of money a little money much money little money
Plural	pens, few pens two pens, a few pens some pens many pens several pens a lot of pens
	a) take “a / an” or “one” in the singular b) usually take a final “s / es” in the plural		a) do not take “a / an” or “one” in the singular b) do not generally have a plural form

Remember: some count nouns are irregular:

man – men foot – feet woman – women

tooth – teeth child – children mouse – mice

A list of some non–count nouns:

advice

air

bread

butter

cheese

clothing

coffee

courage

equipment

evidence

enjoyment

food

fruit

fun

furniture

happiness

homework

honesty

housework

information

intelligence

jealousy

jewellery

knowledge

luck

luggage

machinery

meat

milk

money

music

pepper

postage

pottery

poverty

progress

rice

sadness

salt

scenery

significance

silver

sugar

tea

traffic

violence

etc.

A table of noun determiners:

Count Nouns

Non–count Nouns

this, that, these, those

(a) few

many

a lot of

one, two, three,...

a, the

some, any

a great number of

the number of

fewer ... than

more ... than
this, that

(a) little

much

a lot of

the

some, any

a large amount of

the amount of

less ... than

more ... than

Remember: the underlined words can be used with both count and non–count nouns.

2. Genitives: “s” or “of the” ?

We normally use ‘s when the first noun is a person or an animal:

They came to my father’s party.

Otherwise (with things) we normaly use ... of the ...

Thank goodness it’s the end of the exams.

But!.. sometimes you can use ‘s

a) when the first noun is an organization (= a group of people):

the government’s economic policy or the economic policy of the government

b) when the noun is a place:

the town’s cinema or the cinema of the town

c) with time words or periods of time:

Send me, please, last Friday’s papers.

I’ve got an hour’s work.

Nouns, which do not end in –s, form the genitive case in this way:

my neighbour’s house; a people’s problem;

Nouns ending in –s form the genitive case in two ways and the ending is pronounced [iz] whether the letter s is written or not:

my neighbours’ (neighbour’s) house;

Dickens’ (Dickens’s) novel.

Remember:

you can use ‘s after more than one noun:

Mr and Mrs Smith’s garden.

you can use ‘s without a following noun:

Mike’s report is much better than Andrew’s.

Be very careful with Double genitive:

Here’s a photo of you (you are in the picture).

Here’s a photo of yours (the photo belongs to you, but you need not be shown in it).

Look at this picture of my mother (she is the person in the picture).

Look at this picture of my mother’s (the picture belongs to her).

Į pradžią 3.4. ARTICLES

The Indefinite Article “a”/ “an” is used:

before singular count nouns to mean one (a house, a book etc.);

in a general statement (A lion is a wild animal);

to introduce a new subject (She bought a new umbrella);

with a complement including names of professions(a teacher, a great man);

with certain numerical expressions (a couple, a dozen, a hundred, a great many, a great deal, a lot of).

An is used before the words that begin with a vowel or a vowel sound:

an hour, an honour, an honest ..., an eye but ...a university, a universal ... , a union.

The Definite Article “the” is used:

when both speakers have a specific thing or person in mind:

Could you shut the window?

when something is unique:

The earth is round.

when the 2nd time the speaker mentions a noun:

I saw a woman. The woman looked like your mother.

with the names of musical instruments:

He plays the piano.

with the superlative degree of adjectives:

It is the longest river in Lithuania.

when speaking about a specific noun:

The coffee we had was not good.

with the words like office, movies, theatre:

He went to the movies.

with the names of some countries (the USA, the Ukraine, the Caucasus, the United Kingdom, etc):

She lives in the USA.

with the names of island groups:

They went to the Philippines.

with the names of geographic areas:

It happened in the Middle East.

with the names of universities, colleges and schools when the name begins with “school”:

He studies at the University of Vytautas Magnus.

with the names of wars (excluding World Wars):

They participated in the Civil War.

with the names of ships, trains, aeroplanes:

We travelled by the Kaunas.

with the names of oceans, rivers, gulfs, plural lakes, seas and mountain ranges:

I like to spend time by the Neris.

The Definite Article is not used:

with the names of singular lakes, mountains, islands (Haiti, Lake Galvė);

with the singular names of countries(Lithuania, Sweden);

with the names of continents (Asia, Africa, Europe);

with the names of states, towns, streets (Kaunas, Idaho);

with the names of general subjects (History, English);

with the names of people (Eve, Andrew);

with the names of universities, colleges and schools beginning with a proper noun (Oxford, Cambridge, Harward).

Į pradžią 3.5. PRONOUNS

Subject Pronouns	I You He, she, it	We You They
Object Pronouns	Me You Him, her, it	Us You Them
Possessive Pronouns	Mine Yours His, hers, its	Ours Yours Theirs
Possessive Adjectives	My Your His, her, its	Our Your Their
Reflexive Pronouns	Myself Yourself Himself, herself, Itself	Ourselves Yourselves Themselves
Relative Pronouns	Who Whom Whose	*Which* That

Remember:

1. The subject pronoun is used:

after the verb “to be”:

It is he in the picture (formal). It is him in the picture (informal).

when the subjects of two clauses are compared:

You speak louder than I (do).

2. The object pronoun is used:

when the objects of two clauses are compared:

They helped you more than me.

after prepositions:

He studies with her.

3. The possessive pronoun is used:

to replace a possessive adjective + noun.

Instead of saying “This book is my book” we say “This book is mine”.

after the preposition “of”, when it indicates “one of several”:

I saw a friend of yours yesterday.

after the verb “to be”:

This handbag is mine.

to replace the second adjective + noun when comparing two objects:

My house is bigger than yours.

4. Pronoun / adjective agreement:

singular pronoun, singular verb:

everybody

everyone

everything
somebody

someone

something
anybody

anyone

anything
nobody

no one

nothing

Everybody is present.

plural possessive adjectives, plural verb:

both ... and ...

Both Andrew and Lina are preparing for their wedding ceremony.

possessive adjectives agree with the closest subject (the adjective agrees with the subject which is closer):

either ... or

neither ... nor

not only ... but also

Neither Andrew nor his friend are going to his class. Not only the principal but also the teachers have had their pay increased.

collective nouns are the words indicating a number of people, animals or things. The following collective nouns can be either singular or plural depending on whether a singular or plural meaning is desired, i. e. if the individual members are acting as a group or separately: organisation, family, committee, class, government, crowd, assembly, team, public, crew, faculty, jury.

The team is playing its game very well (as a group). The team are returning to their families (separately).

The following nouns are used to indicate groups of animals and are considered as singular: flock of birds / sheep, herd of cattle, school of fish, swarm of bees, pack of wolves, colony of ants.

The pack of wolves attacked its prey.

Į pradžią 3.6. MODIFIERS

1. Adjectives:

When several adjectives modify one noun, the adjective with general meaning (opinion) comes first and the specific adjective (fact) comes last:

a pretty silk dress

An adjective is used:

after linking verbs (these verbs show no action): be, seem, appear, become, grow, stay, remain, get, go, prove, turn.

I got bored.

after sense verbs (no action): look, sound, smell, taste, feel.

I felt happy.

in special combinations: keep quiet, open wide, stand still.

But after the other verbs you must use adverbs.

The suffix –ly can be used to form both adjectives and adverbs.

Noun	Adjective	Adjective	Adverb
world	worldly	slow	slowly
friend	friendly	sad	sadly

Most adjectives have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.

Adjectives form their degrees of comparison in the following way:

adjectives of one or two syllables and adjectives of two syllables which end in –y, –ow, –er, –le form their degrees by the inflexion –er, –est:

nice

quick

easy

narrow

simple

complete
nicer

quicker

easier

narrower

simpler

completer
(the) nicest

(the) quickest

(the) easiest

(the) narrowest

(the) simplest

(the) completest

some adjectives have irregular forms of degrees of comparison:

bad

good

many, much

little

far
worse

better

more

less

farther

further
(the) worst

(the) best

(the) most

(the) least

(the) farthest

(the) furthest

some adjectives form their degrees of comparison by placing more /most before the adjective ( there are adjectives of three and more syllables, ending in –ful, –ible, –ous, –ish, –less, –like etc.):

beautiful

harmless

difficult
more beautiful

more harmless

more difficult
(the) most beautiful

(the) most harmless

(the) most difficult

Remember :

the structure the + comparative ... the + comparative:

The more expensive the hotel, the better the service. The more you have, the more you want.

when we make a comparision of equals, we use: not as ... as, not so ... as, as ... as, twice as ... as, the same as:

She isn’t as young as she looks. He is not so rich as Lina. I’ll return as soon as possible. The house is three times as big as ours. My salary is the same as hers.

after than and as it is more usual to say me / him / her etc. when there is no verb. Compare these sentences:

You made the same mistake as I made.

You made the same mistake as me.

older / elder (we use elder when we are talking about the members of a family but before a noun):

Her elder sister is a nurse.

His brother is older than him.

comparison of health: well / ill, better / worse.

2. Adverbs:

They modify a verb and they are formed by adding –ly to an adjective, unless the adjective ends in “y” and has two syllables:

Adjective	Adverb
slow quick easy busy	slowly quickly easily busily

Exceptions:

Adjective	Adverb
hard fast late low	hard fast late low

Remember:

Adverbs never / often / usually / always / soon / sometimes / seldom are placed before the main verb except for the auxiliary verbs to be, to have, can etc. which it follows:

I always taste new dishes. I am always very careful with mushrooms.

We also use all / both in the same positions:

My parents are both teachers. They both felt ill.

Enough: adj / adv + enough; enough + noun:

She speaks well enough. It isn’t good enough. I have enough money.

Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs:

Andrew studies as seriously as Lina (a comparison of equals).

Ann studies better than her brother (the comparative degree).

He ran the fastest (the superlative degree).

One–syllable adverbs use –er and –est to form the degrees of comparison, also the adverb early:

early

hard
earlier

harder
(the) earliest

(the) hardest

Adverbs ending in –ly form the degrees by means of more / most:

beautifully

quickly
more beautifully

more quickly
(the) most beautifully

(the) most quickly

Some adverbs have irregular forms of comparison:

well

badly
better

worse
(the) best

(the) worst

Remember:

Most before an adjective or an adverb can also mean very:

The book you lent me was most interesting. (Without the)

You are most welcome. (Without the)

Į pradžią 3.7. PREPOSITIONS

1. According to their meaning, prepositions may be divided into:

prepositions of place/direction (in, on, below, under, between, etc.);

prepositions of time (after, before, at, on, in, for, during, by, until, etc.);

prepositions expressing abstract relations (by, with, because of, with a view to, etc.).

Remember:

at night

at the week–end / at week–ends

at Christmas / at Easter (but on Christmas Eve)

at the moment / at present

at the same time

at the age of ...

We do not use at / on / in before last / next:

I’ll return next month.

in a few minutes

in a week (in a week’s time)

in six months (in six months’ time)

We say somebody is:

on a farm at work at school at a station in bed

at home at university at the seaside in hospital

in prison

We say:

to arrive in a country / town:

He arrived in Kaunas.

to arrive at with other places, buildings, events, etc.

When did you arrive at the party?

to arrive home (without a preposition):

When did he arrive home?

to travel by car, by train, by plane, by boat / ship, by bus, by bicycle;

also: by road, by rail, by air, by sea, by Underground;

but: in my car, in his car, in the car, in a car;

in a taxi;

on my bicycle, on the bus, on the 6.15 train, on a big ship;

to come on time = punctual, not late;

and in time = soon enough for something / soon enough to do something:

The 11.45 train left on time (= it left at 11.45).

Will you come home in time for dinner (= soon enough for dinner) ?

at the end (of something) = at the time when something ends:

at the end of the month; at the end of July; at the end of the film

in the end = finally:

We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up in the end and walked home.

2. Some nouns + preposition:

a rise / an increase / a fall / a decrease in something:

There was a fall in the number of people without jobs this year.

an advantage / a disadvantage of something:

The advantage of living in the city is ..., but There is (are) an advantage in doing something.

a photograph / a picture of somebody / something:

A photograph of his wife.

a solution to a problem / an answer to a question / a reply to a letter / a key to a door:

Give me the answer to my question.

an attitude to / towards somebody / something:

Her attitude to / towards his trips is negative.

to pay by cheque, to pay in cash or to pay cash; (to do something) by mistake, by accident, by chance; in(my) opinion; (to be) on fire:

The house was on fire.

(to be/to go) on a diet, (to be/to go) on strike, (to be/to go) on holiday/on business/on a trip/on a tour/on an excursion/on a cruise, etc.

3. Adjectives + prepositions

delighted / pleased / satisfied / disappointed with something;

bored / fed up with something;

surprised / shocked / amazed / astonished at / by something;

excited / worried / upset about something;

afraid / frightened / terrified / scared of somebody / something;

proud / ashamed of somebody / something;

jealous / envious / suspicious of somebody / something;

good / bad / excellent / brilliant / hopeless at(doing) something;

angry / annoyed / furios about something, with someone for doing something;

responsible for something;

interested in something;

capable / incapable of something;

fond of something;

tired of something;

keen on something;

similar to something.

4. Verbs + prepositions

believe in something / somebody;

belong to somebody / something;

consist of something;

complain (to somebody) about somebody / something;

depend on somebody / something;

laugh / smile at somebody / something;

listen to somebody / something;

live on money / food;

look at somebody / something (= look in the direction of);

look for somebody / something (= try to find);

look after somebody / something (= take care of);

rely on somebody / something;

speak / talk to somebody;

wait for somebody / something;

write (to) somebody.

We do not use preposition with these verbs: phone someone, discuss something, enter (go into) a place.

Į pradžią 3.8. SYNTAX

1. Word Order

Usual word order in English – Subject + Verb + Object

I like English.

The subject and verb are inverted when a sentence begins with:

Never

Rarely

Seldom

Not only

Hardly ever
Nowhere

Not

No longer

Barely (ever)

Scarcely (ever)
At no time

Nor

Neither

On no account

By no means
Little

Even less

So

Such

Never will I smoke again. Hardly had I entered the room, when the telephone rang.

Only after

Only once

Only then
Only by chance

Only today

Only yesterday
Only on rare occasions

Only with difficulty

Only by luck

Only once did he come late to school.

Down / out / up / in + Verb + Subject
Out ran the children when the bell rang.

In front of ...

In the corner of ...
In...

Under ...

Under a tree slept a man.

On ...

At the ...

There + Verb + ...

It + Verb + ..

There is no time left.

It takes a lot of time to read such a thick book.

Questions:

a) We usually make questions by changing word order:

It is raining. Is it raining? I can read. Can I read?

b) We use do, does in present simple questions:

Do you work? Where do you work?

and use did in past simple questions:

How did you like it? Where did she go?

Remember: if who/what/which is the subject of the sentence do not use do/does/did: Lina wrote Andrew a letter. Who did Lina write a letter? Who wrote Andrew a letter?

c) We use negative questions:

to show surprise: Didn’t you hear about it?

in exclamations (!): Doesn’t it sound wonderfully!

when we expect the listener to agree with us: “Haven’t we met before?”, “Yes, we have.”

d) The word order is the same as the statement in indirect reported questions:

Where can I change some money? (Simple question)

Could you tell me where I can change some money? (Indirect question)

When does the train leave? (Simple question)

Do you know when the train leaves? (Indirect question)

Remember:

use if or whether where there is no other question word:

Is it time to go? I wonder if it is the time to go.

we often use auxiliary verbs:

1) When we don’t want to repeat something:

“Does he smoke?”, “He did but he doesn’t any more.”

“Is she at home?”, “Yes, she is”.

2) In short questions:

“I’ve just seen Lina.” “Oh, have you?”

“Andrew is ill.” “Is he?”

3) With so and neither (nor):

I went to the cinema yesterday so did Jim.

“I never smoke.”, “Neither do I / nor do I.” (Mind the word order).

4) In question tags:

Normally we use a positive question tag with a negative question and v. v.: He won’t come, will he? He will come, won’t he?

Remember: Let’s visit them, shall we? Don’t shout, will you? Unlock the door, will you? I am late, aren’t I?

2. Subject–verb agreement

It presents difficulty to most learners of English since some subjects take a singular verb, some may take either a singular or plural verb, and some take a plural verb:

a) subjects which take a singular verb: news, politics, economics, statistics, physics, mumps, measles, mathematics, furniture, advice etc.:

No news is good news.

The following prepositional phrases take a singular verb: together with, as well as, along with, in addition to, accompanied by.

The principal, accompanied by his wife, is arriving today.

b) subjects which take a plural verb: and, both, police, both...and, many, several, few:

Both my sister and my brother are here. A few have arrived.

c) subjects which may take either a singular verb or a plural one: pants, shorts, glasses, thanks, trousers, jeans, pliers, means. These nouns take a singular verb when the phrase “pair of” or “word of” is included, but take a plural verb when these words are not included:

Many thanks were given. A word of thanks was given. A number of people have called. The number of people at the exhibit was amazing.

d) none, no, all, some, most, half, any, majority – these words may take a singular or a plural verb depending on the noun which follows them:

None of the furniture was sold. None of the dresses are nice. Either our teachers or our principal is coming.

c) nouns for nationality ending in –ese, –ch, –sh take a singular verb when referring to the language, but a plural verb + the when referring to the people.

French is spoken in parts of Canada. The French are known for their gastronomy.

3. Reported Speech

When we use reported speech, we usually talk about the past. So verbs usually change to the past in reported speech.

(Direct speech) “My parents live in Canada”, Jim said.

(Reported speech) Jim said his parents lived in Canada.

The Past Simple Tense usually can stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the Past Perfect Tense.

(Direct speech) “Tom worked very hard”, Lina said.

(Reported speech) Lina said Tom worked (had worked) hard.

If the verb is in the Present Simple Tense in the principal clause, a present tense, a past tense or a future tense may be used in the subordinate clause.

But if the verb is in one of the past tenses in the principal clause, a past tense (or future in the past) must be used in the subordinate clause. It is so called the sequence of tenses.

Sequence of Tenses

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Indefinite Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Future Indefinite Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Past Indefinite Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctive (conditional)	Past Indefinite Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Future Indefinite in the Past Future Continuous in the Past Future Perfect in the Past Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Past Perfect (Past Indefinite) generally remains unchanged or becomes the Past Perfect Continuous remains unchanged remains unchanged remains unchanged

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
now here this, these today tomorrow yesterday next week last week last night last year	then there that, those that day the next day, the following day, the day after the day before, the previous day the following week the previous week the night before the year before

Remember:

1. It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tense of the verb:

(Direct) She said “Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania.”

(Reported) She said Vilnius is (or was) the capital of Lithuania.

2. Must / might / could / would / should / ought stay the same in reported speech.

3. We also use the Infinitive (to do / to stay etc.) in reported speech, especially with tell / ask:

(Direct) “Don’t cry”, I said to Lina.

(Reported) I asked / told Lina not to cry.

Į pradžią 3.9. VOCABULARY

1. Commonly Misused Words

The following list contains pairs of words that often cause problems because they sound alike or have a similar meaning. Learn to distinguish between them.

1. ACCEPT(v), EXCEPT(prep): accept means answer affirmatively, agree; except means omitting.

We accepted their offer of a 10% salary increase. Answer all the questions except no.2.

2. ADVICE (n), ADVISE (v): advice means an opinion; advise means give an opinion.

He never listened to his father’s advice. They advised us to take precautions in the hot climate.

3. AFFECT (v), EFFECT (n): affect means influence (v); effect means result (n), achieve (v).

The drug was not affecting his speech. The effect of the drug was quick.

4. AGAIN (adv), AGAINST (prep): again means another time; against means in opposition to something or someone.

John took the test again for a better score. The director was against the idea.

5. AMONG (prep), BETWEEN (prep): among is used for three or more persons or things; between is used for two persons or things.

The question was discussed between John and Bob. The question was discussed among all the members of the faculty.

6. BARELY (adv), HARDLY (adv): barely means only just; hardly means with difficulty.

I could hardly hear the lecturer at the back of the hall. He had barely enough money to cover the bill.

7. BESIDE (prep), BESIDES (prep): beside means near to; besides means in addition to.

She leaves her slippers beside her bed. Besides this test, I have two more this week.

8. DESSERT (n), DESERT (n): dessert means the final course of a meal, usually sweet; desert is a hot, dry area.

Some people eat fruit for dessert. Cactuses grow in the desert.

9. FARTHER (adj), FURTHER (adj): both are used for distance but further is also used for time, degree and quantity.

Do not read any further than Chapter One. San Diego is further / farther south than Los Angeles.

10. FEWER (adj), LESS (adj): both mean a small amount or quantity but fewer is used with count nouns and less with non–count nouns.

You should eat fewer candies. You should eat less sugar.

11. LATER (adj), LATTER (pron, adj): later is the comparative form of late; latter means the second of two persons or things.

There is a yellow grammar book and a blue one, but the latter is better. You are busy now, I’ll come back later.

12. LAY (v), LIE (v): lay (laid, laid, laying) means to place or put and takes an object; lie (lay, lain, lying) means to repose horizontally and never takes an object.

He laid his hand on her head. She can lie in the sun for hours.

13. LIE (v), LIE (v): lie (lay, lain, lying) means to repose (as above); lie (lied, lied, lying) means not to tell the truth.

He is lying on the sofa. He is lying again about why he did not phone.

14. LIKE (prep), SUCH AS (prep): like means in the manner of and takes an object; such as means for example.

You sound like my teacher. Reading non–fiction such as newspapers and magazines will help you.

15. LOOSE (adj), LOSE (v): loose is the opposite of tight; lose means be unable to find something, or the opposite of win.

I always seem to lose my umbrella. She feels more comfortable in loose clothes. The team never thought it would lose such an easy match.

16. PRINCIPAL (n, adj), PRINCIPLE (n): principal means very important, primary, or the director of a school; principle means a belief or doctrine.

The principal of the school congratulated the faculty and the students on the good results this year. The principal cause of World War I was the assassination of an Austrian archduke.

We had to take a course in the principles of education.

17. QUIET (adj), QUITE (adv): quiet means without noise; quite means completely or fairly.

The classroom was quiet during the test. He was quite wrong to ignore the traffic lights when they were red. The exam was quite difficult.

18. RAISE (v), RISE (v): raise means to lift and takes an object (raise, raised, raising); rise means to go up and never takes an object (rise, rose, risen, rising).

He raised his hand. The sun rose.

19. REMEMBER (v), REMIND (v): remember means to recall or think again; remind means to cause someone to remember.

It’s nice of you to remember my birthday. Can you remind me to bring you the book?

20. THOROUGH (adj), THROUGH (prep): thorough means complete; through means from one side to the other side of something.

He looked through the window. The analysis was very thorough.

2. Two–word Verbs

call up – telephone

call back – telephone again

pick out – choose

give back – return

talk over – discuss

do over – repeat

fill out – complete

find out – discover

look over – examine

leave out – omit

call off – cancel

put back – replace

call in on – visit

look after – take care of

look like – resemble

get over – recover

wait on – serve

run into – meet by chance

run out of – consume completely

pick on – bother

run over – hit by car

keep on – continue

go over – review

look into – investigate

get along with – be friendly with

look for – search

show up – appear

take up – begin to study

drop off – leave

make up – invent

put out – extinguish

pass out – distribute

pass out – faint

bring up – raise

turn down – reduce the volume

figure out – solve

put off – postpone

turn in – retire

talk back to – answer rudely

look up to – respect

throw away – discard

3. Synonyms

courteous – polite

infant – baby

shy – bashful

beautiful – lovely

rude – impolite

humorous – funny

adolescent – juvenile

courageous – brave

smart – intelligent

square – conventional

stupid – foolish

immature – childish

diligent – hard–working

conceited – stuck up

up–tight – anxious

4.Proverbs and Sayings

A friend in need is a friend indeed – Draugas bėdoje yra tikras draugas.

A hard nut to crack – Per kietas riešutas perkąsti.

A life's less ordinary – Toks paprastas gyvenimas!

All that glitters is not gold – Ne viskas auksas, kas auksu žiba.

A man's as old as he feels and a woman's as old as she looks – Vyrui tiek metų, kaip jis jaučiasi, moteriai tiek, kaip ji atrodo.

A stitch in time saves nine – Viena laiku susiūta siūlė sutaupo laiko kitoms devynioms.

A wolf in sheep's clothing – Vilkas avies kailyje.

Better late than never – Geriau vėliau negu niekada.

Don't cry over spilled milk – Neverk dėl išpilto pieno.

Don't judge a book by its cover – Nespręsk apie knygos turinį pagal viršelį.

Drink as you have brewed – Prisivirei arbatos, tai ir gerk ją.

Easier said than done – Lengviau pasakyti nei padaryti.

He that mischief hatches, mischief catches – Bėda užklumpa netikėtai tą, kuris ruošiasi pakenkti kitam.

He who hesitates is lost – Kiekvieną abejonės pražudo.

He who laughs last laughs best – Tas, kuris juokiasi paskutinis, juokiasi smagiausiai.

If a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me – Jei žmogus apgavo mane vieną kartą – gėda jam, jei jis apgavo mane antrą kartą – gėda man.

In the evening one may praise the day – Dieną gali girti vakare. ( Negirk dienos be vakaro. )

Laughter is the best medicine – Juokas yra geriausias vaistas.

Still waters run deep – Ramūs vandenys teka giliai.

The pot calls the kettle black – Juokiasi puodas, kad katilas juodas.

Time heals all things – Laikas viską išgydo.

Too many cooks spoil the broth – Per daug virėjų sugadina sriubą.

You can't eat your cake and have it – Negalima suvalgyti pyragaitį ir vis dar turėti jį.

Young men think old men fools, and old men know young men to be so – Jauni žmonės galvoja, kad seni žmonės kvaili, bet seni žmonės žino, kad jauni tokie yra.

You roll my log and I'll roll yours – Jei tu ridensi mano rąstą, aš ridensiu tavo.

Where there's a will there's a way – Kur yra noras, ten atsiras ir galimybės.

Who chatters to you will chatter of you – Kas apkalba kitus tau, tas apkalba tave patį kitiems.

5. American and British English

American and British English are two varieties of English that are very similar. But despite a lot of similarities between them, there are enough differences of grammar and spelling, and much more of vocabulary. Here are a few examples of vocabulary differences between American English and British English:

American English	British English	Lietuviškai
Bangs	– fringe	– kirpčiukai;
Busy (phone)	– engaged (phone)	– užimta telefono linija;
Call collect (phone)	– reverse the charges (phone)	– pokalbis telefonu, kurį apmoka tas, kuriam skambinama;
Can	– tin	– skardinė;
Candy	– sweets	– saldainis (–iai);
Caravan	– trailer	– priekaba;
Circle	– balcony	– balkonas;
Closet	– cupboard	– indauja;
Cookie, cracker	– biscuit	– sausainis;
Crib	– cot	– vaikiška lovytė;
Cuffs	– turn–ups (on trousers)	– atraitai (ant kelnių);
Diaper	– nappy	– vystyklai;
Doctor’s office	– doctor’s surgery	– gydytojo kabinetas;
Doghouse	– kenel	– šuns būda;
Fiscal year	– financial year	– finansiniai metai;
Flashlight	– torch	– žibintas;
French fries	– chips	– riebaluose keptų bulvių griežinėliai;
Garbage, trash	– rubbish	– šiukšlės;
Garbage can, trashcan	– dustbin, rubbish bin	– šiukšlių dėžė;
Gas(oline)	– petrol	– benzinas;
Hamburger	– mince	– malta (jautienos) mėsa;
Highway, freeway	– main road, motorway	– pagrindinis kelias, greitkelis;
Intersection	– crossroads	– sankryža;
Liquor store	– off–licence	– svaigalų parduotuvė;
Mad	– angry	– piktas;
Mail	– post	– korespondencija;
Mean	– nasty	– bjaurus, šlykštus;
Newsdealer	– newsagent	– laikraščių pardavėjas;
Oatmeal	– porridge	– avižų košė;
One–way (ticket)	– single ticket	– bilietas į vieną pusć;
Pitcher	– jug	– ąsotis;
Pocketbook, purse, handbag	– handbag	– rankinukas;
Railroad	– railway	– geležinkelis;
Raise	– rise (in salary)	– (atlyginimo) padidinimas;
Rest room	– public toilet	– viešasis tualetas;
Sidewalk	– pavement	– šaligatvis;
Smock	– overall	– darbinis chalatas;
Smoked fish	– bloaters	– rūkyta žuvis;
Sneakers (sport shoes)		– sportiniai bateliai;
Stand in line	– queue	– stovėti eilėje;
Stingy	– mean	– šykštus;
Sales clerk	– shop assistant	– pardavėjas,–a;
Subway	– underground	– metro;
Truck	– van, lorry	– sunkvežimis;
Vacation	– holiday(s)	– atostogos;
Vest	– undershirt	– apatiniai baltiniai;
Windshield	– windscreen (on a car)	– priekinis automobilio stiklas.

6. Slang

Slang is a very informal variety of speech that is not thought suitable for formal situations. Slang is often limited to one particular group of people, for instance teenagers, soldiers, criminals, etc. Here are a few examples of slang:

Teenage slang:

Tennyboppers – paaugliai

To party–hearty – gerai leisti laiką

Rentals – tėvai

Greens – pinigai

A wailing life – puikus gyvenimas

Loadies – jaunuoliai, kurie geria alkoholį ir vartoja narkotikus

A cromagnon – nemalonus žmogus

Bumming – prislėgtas, nuliūdęs

A wombat – keistas žmogus

A skull–buster – sunkus kursas arba dalykas mokykloje arba universitete

A shwench – naujokė

A sheepskin – gimnazijos arba koledžo diplomas

A grub/dweeb/wonk/weenie/tool – sinonimai sąžiningam moksleiviui arba studentui

A rug–rat – vaikas

Hoity–toity – arogantiškas

A county–mounty – greitkelyje patruliuojantis policininkas

A killer–diller – nuostabus žmogus arba puikus daiktas

Kegged – girtas žmogus

TGIF (Thank God it's Friday) – Ačiū Dievui – penktadienis!

Prison slang ( or so called Criminals' Cant ):

A canary – informuotojas

To rat – apskųsti arba išduoti ką nors

A skirt or a board – moteris

A dip – kišenvagis

A ganef – smulkus vagišius

A hog – motociklas

To can – pasodinti ką nors į kalėjimą

An air–dance – mirties bausmė pakariant

A banana truck – pamišęs žmogus

Ice – deimantai

Threads – rūbai

A bone–orchard – kapinės

A limo – limuzinas, prabangus automobilis

Army slang:

A blanket drill – nakties miegas

To bug out – atsitraukti

To bust – pažeminti laipsniu

To fall out – mirti

A moose – mergina

R & R – poilsis

A roach–coach – lauko virtuvė

BOLTOP (Better on Lips than on Paper) – Geriau pabučiuoti lūpas, negu pasiųsti bučinį popieriuje

ILUVM (I Love You Very Much) – Aš tave labai myliu

ITALY (I Trust and Love You) – Aš tikiu ir myliu

HOLLAND (Here Our Love Lies and Never Dies) – Čia apsigyveno mūsų meilė, kuri niekada nemirs

SWALK (Sealed with a Loving Kiss) – Patvirtintas meilės bučiniu

Computer men slang:

BRB (Be Right Back!) – tuoj sugrįžk

Gubbish – niekai, nenaudinga informacija

IAE (In Any Event) and IAC (In Any Case) – bet kuriuo atveju

IOW (In Other Words) – kitaip tariant

Low–res – nemalonus, skurdus

Nybble – keturi kompiuterio atminties informacijos vienetai

Smiley – apvalus, besišypsantis, geltonas veidas

Doctor slang:

A boogie – auglys

To bury the hatched – palikti paciente operacijai skirtus instrumentus

To cool – mirti

A couch–doctor – psichiatras

A gas–passer – anestezuotojas

Black slang:

The nitty–gritty – svarbios detalės

A hootchie cootchie – erotinis šokis

Outasight or wicked – puikus

A rap session – pokalbis arba diskusija

A studsley – apsukrus vyriškis

To yard on – apgaudinėti

A youngblood – jaunas juodaodis

A jungle bunny/kaffir/munt – juodaodis

A banana – mulatė

A black velvet – juodaodė moteris

Pinktoes or white meat – baltaodės

Į pradžią 3.10. CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF ENGLISH

1. A Test

Task 1: Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.

1. A Where do you come from? B Where are you coming from?
C Where come you from? D Where you come from?

2. A I promise I'll do the laundry tomorrow.

B I promise I do the laundry tomorrow.

C I promise I'm doing the laundry tomorrow.

D I promise I doing the laundry tomorrow.

3. He likes to go fishing by ... Dubysa.

A – B a C the D an

4. Your suitcase is easier than ... .

A my B mine C her D our

5. I was angry ... myself for making such a stupid mistake.

A at B for C about D with

6. A Do you know when the train arrives?

B Do you know when does the train arrive?

C Do you know when the train arrive?

D Do you know when does the train arrives?

7. ... French ... known for their gastronomy.

A – ... are B The ... is C The ... are D – ... is

8. A Who did open the window?

B Who opened the window?

C Who did opened the window?

D Who did open window?

9. He will repair our car next month, ... he?

A won't B will C don't D isn't

10. My sister ... to meet you tomorrow.

A will B can C will be able D could

11. They warned their guests ... pickpockets.

A on B about C for D against

12. A He made me believe him again.

B He made me to believe him again.

C He maked me to believe him again.

D He maked me believe him again.

13. This shop sells clothes for ... .

A men and woman C man and women

B men and women D mans and womans

14. A They came to the party of my father.

B They came to the party of my father's.

C They came to my father's party.

D They came to my father party.

15. The government was accused ... incompetence.

A in B of C about D on

16. ... antelope is a wild animal.

A The B A C An D –

17. Nick is not at home now. He ... Paris.

A has been to B has gone to C was to D been to

18. A Did you do the ironing yesterday?

B Did you the ironing yesterday?

C Did you did the ironing yesterday?

D You did the ironing yesterday?

19. I ... in Kaunas now, but it was hard at the beginning.

A used to drive C am used to driving

B get used to drive D used to driving

20. You've ... all the air out of the tyres.

A letted B let C leted D letten

21. They couldn't afford ... a detached house.

A buying B buy C bought D to buy

22. My relatives spent two weeks by ... Lake Plateliai.

A – B the C a D an

23. A Had you a good time during your holidays?

B Have you had good time during your holidays?

C Did you have a good time during your holidays?

D Did you had good time during your holidays?

24. You can ... write ... phone to order a copy.

A neither ... or C either ... or

B either ... nor D neither ... but

25. The team ... playing ... game very well.

A are ... their C is ... their

B is ... its D are ... its

26. A I bought a glass flower Venetian vase.

B I bought a glass Venetian flower vase.

C I bought a flower glass Venetian vase.

D I bought a Venetian glass flower vase.

27. The swarm of bees returned to ... hive.

A its B their C his D her

28. I keep a dictionary ... me when I'm doing crosswords.

A beside B next C besides D near to

29. You should eat ... sugar.

A fewer B less C many D few

30. A His explanation sounds reasonably.

B His explanation sound reasonable.

C His explanation sounds reasonable.

D His explanation sound reasonably.

31. Speak in ... sentences!

A more simple B simpler C simply D more simpler

32. Vilius studies ... seriously ... Lina.

A so ... as B much more ... as C more ... as D as ... as

33. Cactuses grow in ... .

A the dessert B desert C the desert D dessert

34. A She gave to me the book.

B She gave me the book.

C She gave the book me.

D She gave to me book.

35. They ... ... hands.

A rose the B rised the C rose their D raised their

36. English ... here.

A speak B is spoked C speaks D is spoken

37. A She often visits us. C She visits often us.

B She is often visiting us. D She often is visiting us.

38. Wait a minute. The letter ... now.

A is being written B is writing C is written D writes

39. A My father will leave for London on Tuesday.

B My father leaves for London on Tuesday.

C My father leaving for London on Tuesday.

D My father is leaving for London on Tuesday.

40. A Their train arrives at 7 p.m.

B Their train arrive at 7 p. m.

C Their train is arriving at 7 p. m.

D Their train will arrive at 7 p. m.

41. The house ... by next week.

A will be painted

B will painted

C will have been painted

D will paint

42. A If I been in your shoes, I would accept a piece of advice.

B If I were in your shoes, I would accept a piece of advice.

C If I was in your shoes, I accepted a piece of advice.

D If I am in your shoes, I accept a piece of advice.

43. I sleep with the window open ... it is really cold.

A if B in case C if only D unless

44. The plums were ... to dry on rocks.

A laid B lied C lyed D layed

45. Would you mind me ... the car?

A if drive B drive C driving D to drive

46. A You would better stay in bed with your cold.

B You had better stay in bed with your cold.

C You would rather stay in bed with your cold.

D You would prefer stay in bed with your cold.

47. A She suggested he should give up driving fast.

B She suggested he should give up to drive fastly.

C She suggested he should give up driving fastly.

D She suggested he should give up to drive fast.

48. A Let's visit them, shan't we.

B Let's visit them, shall we.

C Let's visit them, don't we.

D Let's visit them, do we.

49. None of the cars ... nice.

A is B aren't C isn't D are

50. A Rose said Nick is coming the day after.

B Rose said Nick was coming tomorrow.

C Rose said Nick was coming the day after.

D Rose said Nick is coming tomorrow.

Task 2: Choose the incorrect word or phrase. There is only one mistake in a sentence.

51. Many[A] people have stopped to smoke[B] because[C] they are afraid that it may be[D] harmful to their health.

52. I was[A] used to[B] get up[C] early when I was at school[D].

53. Please don't parking[A] in those spaces that have signs reserving[B] them for[C] the handicapped[D].

54. Too[A] much water makes[B] plants turning[C] brown on the edges of their[D] leaves.

55. Papyrus was used[A] for to make[B] not only paper but also[C] sails, baskets and[D] clothing.

56. The value of the litas[A] declines[B] as[C] the rate of inflation raises[D].

57. Despite of[A] the pills which[B] are available, many people still[C] have trouble sleeping[D].

58. The Lietuvos Rytas is[A] interesting[B], informative, and it is[C] easy to read[D].

59. You are[A] busy now, I'll[B] come[C] back latter[D].

60. This vase has the same[A] design, but it is different[B] shaped[C] from[D] that one.

Task 3: In the following list of words, three words rhyme, but one is different. Choose the one that is different.

Example: A go B sow C mow D do

61. A year B bear C fear D hear

62. A most B lost C cost D frost

63. A good B food C wood D stood

64. A paid B made C played D said

65. A boot B shoot C foot D root

66. A days B says C ways D plays

67. A work B fork C talk D walk

68. A run B done C none D gone

69. A flies B rise C ice D prize

70. A horse B worse C nurse D purse

Test Answers:

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A

10. C 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. A

19. C 20. B 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. A

28. A 29. B 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. D 36. D

37. A 38. A 39. D 40. A 41. C 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. C

46. B 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. C 51. B 52. C 53. A 54. C

55. B 56. D 57. A 58. C 59. D 60. B 61. B 62. A 63. B

63. B 64. D 65. C 66. B 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. A

Į pradžią

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Count Nouns	Non–count Nouns
this, that, these, those (a) few many a lot of one, two, three,... a, the some, any a great number of the number of fewer ... than more ... than	this, that (a) little much a lot of the some, any a large amount of the amount of less ... than more ... than

Never Rarely Seldom Not only Hardly ever	Nowhere Not No longer Barely (ever) Scarcely (ever)		At no time Nor Neither On no account By no means	Little Even less So Such
*Never will I smoke again. Hardly had I entered the room, when the telephone rang.*
Only after Only once Only then	Only by chance Only today Only yesterday		Only on rare occasions Only with difficulty Only by luck
Only *once did he come late to school.*
Down / out / up / in + Verb + Subject Out ran the children when the bell rang.
*In front of ...* In the corner of ...		*In...* Under ...
*Under a tree slept a man.*
*On ...* At the ...		There + Verb + ... It + Verb + ..
There is no time left. It takes a lot of time to read such a thick book.