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 Let the Mute Witnesses Speak
Sita Ram Goel

The cradle of Hindu culture1 on the eve of its Islamic invasion included what are at present the Sinkiang province of China, the Transoxiana region of Russia, the Seistan province of Iran and the sovereign states of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Islamic invasion commenced around 650 A.D., when a Muslim army secured a foothold in Seistan, and continued till the end of the eighteenth century, when the last Islamic crusader, Tipu Sultan, was overthrown by the British. Hordes of Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Afghans who had been successively inspired by the Theology of Islam poured in, in wave after wave, carrying fire and sword to every nook and corner of this vast area. In the process, Sinkiang, Transoxiana region, Seistan and Afghanistan became transformed into darul-IslĂm where all vestiges of the earlier culture were wiped out.  The same spell has engulfed the areas which were parts of India till 1947 and have since become Pakistan and Bangladesh.

We learn from literary and epigraphic sources, accounts of foreign travellers in medieval times, and modern archaeological explorations that, on the eve of the Islamic invasion, the cradle of Hindu culture was honeycombed with temples and monasteries, in many shapes and sizes.  The same sources inform us that many more temples and monasteries continued to come up in places where the Islamic invasion had yet to reach or from where it was forced to retire for some time by the rallying of Hindu resistance.  Hindus were great temple builders because their pantheon was prolific in Gods and Goddesses and their society rich in schools and sects, each with its own way of worship.  But by the time we come to the end of the invasion, we find that almost all these Hindu places of worship had either disappeared or were left in different stages of ruination.  Most of the sacred sites had come to be occupied by a variety of Muslim monuments-masjids and îdgăhs (mosques), dargăhs and ziărats (shrines), mazărs and maqbaras (tombs), madrasas and maktabs (seminaries) , takiyăs and qabristăns (graveyards) .  Quite a few of the new edifices had been built from the materials of those that had been deliberately demolished in order to satisfy the demands of Islamic Theology.  The same materials had been used frequently in some secular structures as well-walls and gates of forts and cities, river and tank embankments, caravanserais and stepwells, palaces and pavilions.

Some apologists of Islam have tried to lay the blame at the door of the White Huns or Epthalites who had overrun parts of the Hindu cradle in the second half of the fifth century A.D. But they count without the witness of Hiuen Tsang, the famous Chinese pilgrim and Buddhist savant, who travelled all over this area from 630 A.D. to 644. Starting from Karashahr in Northern Sinkiang, he passed through Transoxiana, Northern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, North-Eastern Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Nepal, Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Mahakosal and Andhra Pradesh till he reached Tamil Nadu. On his return journey he travelled through Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Bharat, Sindh, Southern Afghanistan and Southern Sinkiang. In most of these provinces he found in a flourishing state many Buddhist establishments consisting of vihăras (monasteries) , chaityas (temples) and stűpas (topes), besides what he described as heretical (Jain) and deva (Brahmanical) temples.  The wealth of architecture and sculptures he saw everywhere confirms what we learn from Hindu literary sources.  Some of this wealth has been recovered in recent times from under mounds of ruins.

During the course of his pilgrimage, Hiuen Tsang stayed at as many as 95 Buddhist centres among which the more famous ones were at Kuchi, Aqsu, Tirmiz, Uch Turfan, Kashagar and Khotan in Sinkiang; Balkh, Ghazni, Bamiyan, Kapisi, Lamghan, Nagarahar and Bannu in Afghanistan; Pushkalavati, Bolar and Takshasila in the North-West Frontier Province; Srinagar, Rajaori and Punch in Kashmir; Sialkot, Jalandhar and Sirhind in the Punjab; Thanesar, Pehowa and Sugh in Haryana; Bairat and Bhinmal in Rajasthan, Mathura, Mahoba, Ahichchhatra, Sankisa, Kanauj, Ayodhya, Prayag, Kausambi, Sravasti, Kapilvastu, Kusinagar, Varanasi, Sarnath and Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh; Vaishali, Pataliputra, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodhgaya, Monghyr and Bhagalpur in Bihar; Pundravardhana, Tamralipti, Jessore and Karnasuvarna in Bengal; Puri and Jajnagar in Orissa; Nagarjunikonda and Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh; Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu; Badami and Kalyani in Karnataka; Paithan and Devagiri in Maharashtra; Bharuch, Junagarh and Valabhi in Gujarat; Ujjain in Malwa; Mirpur Khas and Multan in Sindh. The number of Buddhist monasteries at the bigger ones of these centres ranged from 50 to 500 and the number of monks in residence from 1,000 to 10,000.  It was only in some parts of Eastern Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province that monasteries were in a bad shape, which can perhaps be explained by the invasion of White Huns. But so were they in Kusinagar and Kapilavastu where the White Huns are not known to have reached.  On the other hand, the same invaders had ranged over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and most of Uttar Pradesh where Hiuen Tsang found the monasteries in a splendid state.  They had even established their rule over Kashmir where Hiuen Tsang saw 500 monasteries housing 5,000 monks. It is, therefore, difficult to hold them responsible for the disappearance of Buddhist centres in areas where Hiuen Tsang had found them flourishing. An explanation has to be found elsewhere. In any case, the upheaval they caused was over by the middle of the sixth century.  Moreover, the temples and monasteries which Hiuen Tsang saw were only a few out of many. He had not gone into the interior of any province, having confined himself to the more famous Buddhist centres.

What was it that really happened to thousands upon thousands of temples and monasteries? Why did they disappear and/or give place to another type of monuments? How come that their architectural and sculptural fragments got built into the foundations and floors and walls and domes of the edifices which replaced them? These are crucial questions which should have been asked by students of medieval Indian history. But no historian worth his name has raised these questions squarely, not to speak of finding adequate answers to them. No systematic study of the subject has been made so far. All that we have are stray references to the demolition of a few Hindu temples, made by the more daring Hindu historians while discussing the religious policy of this or that sultan. Sir Jadunath Sarkar2 and Professor Sri Ram Sharma3 have given more attention to the Islamic policy of demolishing Hindu temples and pointed an accusing finger at the theological tenets which dictated that policy. But their treatment of the subject is brief and their enumeration of temples destroyed by Aurangzeb and the other Mughal emperors touches only the fringe of a vast holocaust caused by the Theology of Islam, all over the cradle of Hindu culture, and throughout more than thirteen hundred years, taking into account what happened in the native Muslim states carved out after the British take-over and the formation of Pakistan after partition in 1947.

Muslim historians, in India and abroad, have written hundreds of accounts in which the progress of Islamic armies across the cradle of Hindu culture is narrated, stage by stage and period by period. A pronounced feature of these Muslim histories is a description- in smaller or greater detail but always with considerable pride-of how the Hindus were slaughtered en masse or converted by force, how hundreds of thousands of Hindu men and women and children were captured as booty and sold into slavery, how Hindu temples and monasteries were razed to the ground or burnt down, and how images of Hindu Gods and Goddesses were destroyed or desecrated. Commandments of Allah (Quran) and precedents set by the Prophet (Sunnah) are frequently cited by the authors in support of what the swordsmen and demolition squads of Islam did with extraordinary zeal, not only in the midst of war but also, and more thoroughly, after Islamic rule had been firmly established. A reference to the Theology of Islam as perfected by the orthodox Imams, leaves little doubt that the citations are seldom without foundation.

The men and women and children who were killed or captured or converted by force cannot be recalled for standing witnesses to what was done to them by the heroes of Islam. The apologists for Islam-the most dogged among them are some Hindu historians and politicians- have easily got away with the plea that Muslim court scribes had succumbed to poetic exaggeration in order to please their pious patrons. Their case is weakened when they cite the same sources in support of their owns speculation or when the question is asked as to why the patrons needed stories of bloodshed and wanton destruction for feeding their piety.  But they have taken in their stride these doubts and questions as well.

There are, however, witnesses who are not beyond recall and who can confirm that the court scribes were not at all foisting fables on their readers. These are the hundreds of thousands of sculptural and architectural fragments which stand arrayed in museums and drawing rooms all over the world, or which are waiting to be picked up by public and private collectors, or which stare at us from numerous Muslim monuments. These are the thousands of Hindu temples and monasteries which either stand on the surface in a state of ruination or lie buried under the earth waiting for being brought to light by the archaeologists spade. These are the thousands of Muslim edifices, sacred as well as secular, which occupy the sites of Hindu temples and monasteries and/or which have been constructed from materials of those monuments.  All these witnesses carry unimpeachable evidence of the violence that was done to them, deliberately and by human hands.

So far no one has cared to make these witnesses speak and relate the story of how they got ruined, demolished, dislocated, dismembered, defaced, mutilated and burnt.  Recent writers on Hindu architecture and sculpture-their tribe is multiplying fast, mostly for commercial reasons-ignore the ghastly wounds which these witnesses show on the very first sight, and dwell on the beauties of the limbs that have survived or escaped injury.  Many a time they have to resort to their imagination for supplying what should have been there but is missing.  All they seem to care for is building their own reputations as historians of Hindu art. If one draws their attention to the mutilations and disfigurements suffered by the subjects under study, one is met with a stunned silence or denounced downright as a Hindu chauvinist out to raise demons from the past4 with the deliberate intention of causing communal strife.

We, therefore, propose to present a few of these witnesses in order to show in what shape they are and what they have to say.

Tordi (Rajasthan)

At Tordi there are two fine and massively built stone baolis or step wells known as the Chaur and Khari Baoris. They appear to be old Hindu structures repaired or rebuilt by Muhammadans, probably in the early or middle part of the 15th century  In the construction of the (Khari) Baori Hindu images have been built in, noticeable amongst them being an image of Kuber on the right flanking wall of the large flight of steps5

Naraina (Rajasthan)

At Naraina is an old pillared mosque, nine bays long and four bays deep, constructed out of old Hindu temples and standing on the east of the Gauri Shankar tank The mosque appears to have been built when Mujahid Khan, son of Shams Khan, took possession of Naraina in 840 A.H. or 1436 A.D To the immediate north of the mosque is the three-arched gateway called Tripolia which is also constructed with materials from old Hindu temples6

Chatsu (Rajasthan)

At Chatsu there is a Muhammadan tomb erected on the eastern embankment of the Golerava tank. The tomb which is known as Gurg Ali Shahs chhatri is built out of the spoils of Hindu buildings On the inside of the twelve-sided frieze of the chhatri is a long Persian inscription in verse, but worn out in several places. The inscription does not mention the name of any important personage known to history and all that can be made out with certainty is that the saint Gurg Ali (wolf of Ali) died a martyr on the first of Ramzan in 979 A.H. corresponding to Thursday, the 17th January, 1572 A.D.7

SaheTh-MaheTh (Uttar Pradesh)

The ruined Jain temple situated in the western portion of MaheTh derives the name Sobhnăth from Sambhavanătha, the third TîrthaMkara, who is believed to have been born at răvastî8

Let us now turn our attention to the western-most part of Sobhnăth ruins. It is crowned by a domed edifice, apparently a Muslim tomb of the Pathăn period9

These remains are raised on a platform, 30 square, built mostly of broken bricks including carved ones This platform, no doubt, represents the plinth of the last Jain temple which was destroyed by the Muhammadan conquerors It will be seen from the plan that the enclosure of the tomb overlaps this square platform. The tomb proper stands on a mass of debris which is probably the remains of the ruined shrine10

3. Sculpture of buff standstone, partly destroyed, representing a TîrthaMkara seated cross-legged in the attitude of meditation on a throne supported by two lions couchant, placed on both sides of a wheel

4. Sculpture of buff sandstone, partly defaced, representing a TîrthaMkara seated cross-legged (as above)

8. Sculpture of buff sandstone, defaced, representing a TîrthaMkara standing between two miniature figures of which that to his right is seated.

9. Sculpture of buff standstone, defaced, representing a TîrthaMkara, standing under a parasol

12.  Sculpture of buff standstone, much defaced, representing a male and a female figure seated side by side under a palm tree.

13.  Sculpture of buff standstone, broken in four pieces, and carved with five figurines of TîrthaMkaras seated cross-legged in the attitude of meditation.  The central figure has a Năga hood. The sculpture evidently was the top portion of a large image slab.11

Coming to the ruins of a Buddhist monastery in the same complex, the archaeologist proceeds:

In the 23rd cell, which I identify with the store-room, I found half-buried in the floor a big earthen jar This must have been used for storage of corn

This cell is connected with a find which is certainly the most notable discovery of the season. I refer to an inscribed copper-plate of Govindachandra of Kanauj The charter was issued from Vărănasî on Monday, the full moon day of ĂshăDha Sam. 1186, which corresponds to the 23rd of June, 1130. The inscription records the grant of six villages to the Community of Buddhist friars of whom Buddhabhattăraka is the chief and foremost, residing in the great convent of the holy Jetavana, and is of a paramount importance, in as much as it conclusively settles the identification of MaheTh with the city of răvastî12

He describes as follows some of the sculptures unearthed at SrAvastI:

S.1. Statuette in grey stone of Buddha seated cross-legged in the teaching attitude on a conventional lotus.  The head, breast and fore-arms as well as the sides of the sculpture are broken.

S.2. Lower portion of a blue schist image of Avalokitevara in the sportive attitude (lîlăsana) on a lotus seat.

S. 3. Image of Avalokitevara seated in ardhaparyanka attitude on a conventional lotus The head and left arms of the main figure are missing.13

Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh)

The report of excavations undertaken in 1904-05 says that the inscriptions found there extending to the twelfth century A.D. show that the connection of Sarnath with Buddhism was still remembered at that date. It continues that the condition of the excavated ruins leaves little doubt that a violent catastrophe accompanied by willful destruction and plunder overtook the place.14 Read this report with the Muslim account that Muhammad GhurI destroyed a thousand idol-temples when he reached Varanasi after defeating Mahărăjă Jayachandra of Kanauj in 1193 A.D. The fragments that are listed below speak for themselves. The number given in each case is the one adopted in the report of the excavation.

a 42. Upper part of sculptured slab

E.8. Architectural fragment, with Buddha (?) seated cross-legged on lotus

a.22. Defaced standing Buddha, hands missing.

a.17. Buddha head with halo.

a. 8. Head and right arm of image.

E.22. Upper part of image.

E.14. Broken seated figure holding object in left hand.

a.11. Fragment of larger sculpture; bust, part of head, and right overarm of female chauri-bearer.

E.25. Upper part of female figure with big ear-ring.

E.6. Fragment of sculpture, from top of throne (?) on left side.

n.19. Seated figure of Buddha in bhűmisparamudră, much defaced.

n.221. Torso, with arms of Buddha in dharmachakramudră.

n.91. Lower part of Buddha seated cross-legged on throne. Defaced.

n.142. Figure of Avalokitevara in relief. Legs from knees downwards wanting.

n.1.  Relief partly, defaced and upper part missing. Buddha descending from the TrăyastriMă Heaven Head and left hand missing.

i.50. Lower half of statue. Buddha in bhűmisparamudră seated on lotus.

i.17. Buddha in attitude of meditation on lotus. Head missing.

i.46. Head of Buddha with short curls.

i.44. Head of Avalokitevara, with Amităbha Buddha in headdress.

n.10. Fragment of three-headed figure (? Mărîchî) of green stone.

i.49. Standing figure of attendant from upper right of image. Half of face, feet and left hand missing.

i.1. Torso of male figure, ornamented.

i.4. Female figure, with lavishly ornamented head. The legs from knees, right arm and left forearm are missing. Much defaced.

i.105. Hand holding Lotus.

n.172. Torso of Buddha.

n.18. Head of Buddha, slightly defaced.

n.16. Female figure, feet missing.

n.97. Lower part of female figure. Feet missing.

n.163. Buddha, seated.  Much defaced.

K.4. Fragment of seated Buddha in blue Gayă stone.

K.5. Fragment of large statue, showing small Buddha seated in bhűmisparamudră

K.18. Fragment of statue in best Gupta style.

J.S.18. 27 and 28.  Three Buddha heads of Gupta style.

J.S.7. Figure of Kubera in niche, with halo behind head.  Partly defaced.

r.67. Upper part of male figure, lavishly adorned.

r.72.  a and b. Pieces of pedestal with three Buddhas in dhyănamudră.

r.28. Part of arm, adorned with armlet and inscription in characters of 10th century, containing Buddhist creed.

B.22. Fragment of Bodhi scene (?); two women standing on conventional rock. Head and right arm of left hand figure broken.

B.33. Defaced sitting Buddha in dhyănamudră.

B.75. Lower part of Buddha in bhűmisparamudră seated cross-legged on lotus.

B.40. Feet of Buddha sitting cross-legged on lotus on throne.

B.38. Headless defaced Buddha seated cross-legged on lotus in dharmachakramudră.

Y.24. Headless Buddha stated cross-legged on throne in dharmachakramudră.

B.52. Bust of Buddha in dharmachakramudră.  Head missing.

B.16. Standing Buddha in varadamudră; hands and feet broken.

Y.34. Upper part of Buddha in varadamudră.

B.24. Bust of standing Buddha in abhayamudră; left hand and head missing.

B.31. Defaced standing Buddha in abhayamudră. Head and feet missing.

B.48. Feet of standing Buddha with red paint.

B.15. Lower part of AvalokiteSvara seated on lotus in lîlăsana.

Y.23. Bust of figure seated in lîlăsana with trace of halo.

B.59. Legs of figure sitting cross-legged on lotus.

B.7. Female bust with ornaments and high headdress. Left arm and right forearm missing.15

Vaishali (Bihar)

In the southern section of the city the fort of Răjă Bisăl is by far the most important ruin South-west of it stands an old brick Stűpa, now converted into a Dargăh The name of the saint who is supposed to have been buried there was given to me as Mîrăn-Jî16

Gaur and Pandua (Bengal)

In order to erect mosques and tombs the Muhammadans pulled down all Hindu temples they could lay their hands upon for the sake of the building materials

The oldest and the best known building at Gaur and Pandua is the Ădîna Masjid at Pandua built by Sikandar Shăh, the son of Ilyăs Shăh. The date of its inscription may be read as either 776 or 770, which corresponds with 1374 or 1369 A.D The materials employed consisted largely of the spoils of Hindu temples and many of the carvings from the temples have been used as facings of doors, arches and pillars17

Devikot (Bengal)

The ancient city of Kotivarsha, which was the seat of a district (vishaya) under Pundra-vardhana province (bhukti) at the time of the Guptas is now represented by extensive mounds of Bangarh or Ban Rajar Garh The older site was in continuous occupation till the invasion of the Muhammadans in the thirteenth century to whom it was known as Devkot or Devikot. It possesses Muhammadan records ranging from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century18

The Rajbari mound at the South-east corner is one of the highest mounds at Bangarh and. must contain some important remains.  The Dargah of Sultan Pir is a Muhammadan shrine built on the site of an old Hindu temple of which four granite pillars are still standing in the centre of the enclosure, the door jambs having been used in the construction of the gateway.

The Dargah of Shah Ata on the north bank of the Dhal-dighi tank is another building built on the ruins of an older Hindu or Buddhist structure The female figure on the lintels of the doorway now, fixed in the east wall of the Dargah appears to be Tara, from which it would appear that the temple destroyed was Buddhist19

Tribeni (Bengal)

The principal object of interest at Tribeni is the Dargăh of Zafar Khăn Ghăzî. The chronology of this ruler may be deduced from the two inscriptions of which one has been fitted into the plinth of his tomb, while the other is inside the small mosque to the west of the tomb. Both refer to him and the first tells us that he built the mosque close to the Dargăh, which dates from A.D. 1298; while the second records the erection by him of a Madrasah or college in the time of Shamsuddîn Fîroz Shăh and bears a date corresponding to the 28th April, 1313 A.D. It was he who conquered the Hindu Răjă of Panduah, and introduced Islam into this part of Lower Bengal The tomb is built out of the spoils taken from Hindu temples20

The eastern portion of the tomb was formerly a maNDapa of an earlier Krishna temple which stood on the same spot and sculptures on the inner walls represent scenes from the RămăyaNa and the Mahăbhărata, with descriptive titles inscribed in proto-Bengali characters The other frieze shows Vishnu with Lakshmî and Sarasvatî in the centre, with two attendents, and five avatăras of VishNu on both flanks Further clearance work has been executed during the year 1932-33 and among the sculptures discovered in that year are twelve figures of the Sun God, again in the 12th century style and evidently reused by the masons when the Hindu temple was converted into a Muslim structure21

Mandu (Madhya Pradesh)

MăNDű became the capital of the Muhammadan Sultăns of Mălvă who set about buildings themselves palaces and mosques, first with material pilfered from Hindu temples (already for the most part desecrated and ruined by the iconoclastic fury of their earlier co-religionists) , and afterwards with their own quarried material.  Thus nearly all the traces of the splendid shrines of the ParamAras of MAlvA have disappeared save what we find utilized in the ruined mosques and tombs22

The date of the construction of the Hindola Mahall cannot be fixed with exactitude There can, however, be no doubt that it is one of the earliest of the Muhammadan buildings in MăNDű. From its outward appearance there is no sign of Hindu workmanship but the repairs, that have been going on for the past one year, have brought to light a very large number of stones used in the structure, which appear, to have been taken from some pre-existing Hindu temple. The facing stones, which have been most accurately and smoothly cut on their outer surfaces, bear in very many cases on their inner sides the under faced images of Hindu gods, or patterns of purely Hindu design, while pieces of Hindu carving and broken parts of images are found indiscriminately mixed with the rubble, of which the core of the walls is made.23

Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)

The mosque itself appears from local tradition and from the numerous indications and inscriptions found within it to have been built on the site of, and to a large extent out of materials taken from, a Hindu Temple, known to the inhabitants as Răjă Bhojas school. The inference was derived sometime back from the existence of a Sanskrit alphabet and some Sanskrit grammatical forms inscribed in serpentine diagrams on two of the pillar bases in the large prayer chamber and from certain Sanskrit inscriptions on the black stone slabs imbedded in the floor of the prayer chamber, and on the reverse face of the side walls of the mihrăb.24

The Lăt Masjid built in A.D. 1405, by Dilăwar Khăn, the founder of the Muhammadan kingdom of Mălvă is of considerable interest not only on account of the Iron Lăt which lies outside it but also because it is a good specimen of the use made by the Muhammadan conquerors of the materials of the Hindu temples which they destroyed25

Vijayanagar (Karnataka)

During the construction of the new road-some mounds which evidently marked the remains of destroyed buildings, were dug into, and in one of them were disclosed the foundations of a rectangular building with elaborately carved base. Among the debris were lumps of charcoal and calcined iron, probably the remains of the materials used by the Muhammadans in the destruction of the building. The stones bear extensive signs of having been exposed to the action of fire. That the chief buildings were destroyed by fire, historical evidence shows, and many buildings, notably the ViThalaswAmin temple, still bear signs, in their cracked and fractured stone work, of the catastrophe which overtook them26

The most important temple at Vijayanagar from an architectural point of view, is the ViThalaswămin temple. It stands in the eastern limits of the ruins, near the bank of the TuNgabhadra river, and shows in its later structures the extreme limit in floral magnificence to which the Dravidian style advanced This building had evidently attracted the special attention of the Muhammadan invaders in their efforts to destroy the buildings of the city, of which this was no doubt one of the most important, for though many of the other temples show traces of the action of fire, in none of them are the effects so marked as in this.  Its massive construction, however, resisted all the efforts that were made to bring it down and the only visible results of their iconoclastic fury are the cracked beams and pillars, some of the later being so flaked as to make one marvel that they are yet able to bear the immense weight of the stone entablature and roof above27

Bijapur (Karnataka)

No ancient Hindu or Jain buildings have survived at Bijapur and the only evidence of their former existence is supplied by two or three mosques, viz., Mosque No. 294, situated in the compound of the Collectors bungalow, Krimud-d-din Mosque and a third and smaller mosque on the way to the Mangoli Gate, which are all adaptations or re-erections of materials obtained from temples. These mosques are the earliest Muhammadan structures and one of them, i.e., the one constructed by Karimud-d-din, must according to a Persian and Nagari inscription engraved upon its pillars, have been erected in the year 1402 Saka=A.D. 1324, soon after Malik Kafurs conquest of the.  Deccan.28

Badami (Karnataka)

Three stone lintels bearing bas-reliefs were discovered in, course of the clearance at the second gateway of the Hill Fort to the north of the Bhűtnăth tank at Badami These originally belonged to a temple which is now in ruins and were re-used at a later period in the construction of the plinth of guardroom on the fort.

The bas-reliefs represent scenes from the early life of KRISHNA and may be compared with similar ones in the BADAMI CAVES29

The Pattern of Destruction

The Theology of Islam divides human history into two periods-the Jăhiliyya or the age of ignorance which preceded Allahs first revelation to Prophet Muhammad, and the age of enlightenment which succeeded that event. It follows that every human creation which existed in the age of ignorance has to be converted to its Islamic version or destroyed. The logic applies to pre-Islamic buildings as much as to pre-Islamic ways of worship, mores and manners, dress and decor, personal and place names. This is too large a subject to be dealt with at present. What concerns us here is the fate of temples and monasteries that existed on the eve of the Islamic invasion and that came up in the course of its advance.

What happened to many abodes of the infidels is best described by a historian of Vijayanagar in the wake of Islamic victory in 1565 A.D. at the battle of Talikota. The third day, he writes, saw the beginning of the end. The victorious Mussulmans had halted on the field of battle for rest and refreshment, but now they had reached the capital, and from that time forward for a space of five months Vijayanagar knew no rest. The enemy had come to destroy, and they carried out their object relentlessly. They slaughtered the people without mercy; broke down the temples and palaces, and wreaked such savage vengeance on the abode of the kings, that, with the exception of a few great stone-built temples and walls, nothing now remains but a heap of ruins to mark the spot where once stately buildings stood. They demolished the statues and even succeeded in breaking the limbs of the huge Narsimha monolith. Nothing seemed to escape them. They broke up the pavilions standing on the huge platform from which the kings used to watch festivals, and overthrew all the carved work. They lit huge fires in the magnificently decorated buildings forming the temple of Vitthalswamin near the river, and smashed its exquisite stone sculptures. With fire and sword, with crowbars and axes, they carried on day after day their work of destruction. Never perhaps in the history of the world has such havoc been wrought, and wrought so suddenly, on so splendid a city: teeming with a wealthy and industrious population in the full plenitude of prosperity one day, and on the next seized, pillaged, and reduced to ruins, amid scenes of savage massacre and horrors beggaring description30

The Muslim victors did not get time to raise their own structures from the ruins of Vijayanagar, partly because the Hindu Raja succeeded in regrouping his forces and re-occupying his capital and partly because they did not have the requisite Muslim population to settle in that large city; another invader, the Portuguese, had taken control of the Arabian Sea and blocked the flow of fresh recruits from Muslim countries in the Middle East. What would have happened otherwise is described by Alexander Cunningham in his report on Mahoba. As Mahoba was, he writes, for some time the headquarters of the early Muhammadan Governors, we could hardly expect to find that any Hindu buildings had escaped their furious bigotry, or their equally destructive cupidity. When the destruction of a Hindu temple furnished the destroyer with the ready means of building a house for himself on earth, as well as in heaven, it is perhaps wonderful that so many temples should still be standing in different parts of the country. It must be admitted, however, that, in none of the cities which the early Muhammadans occupied permanently, have they left a single temple standing, save this solitary temple at Mahoba, which doubtless owed its preservation solely to its secure position amid the deep waters of the Madan-Sagar. In Delhi, and Mathura, in Banaras and Jonpur, in Narwar and Ajmer, every single temple was destroyed by their bigotry, but thanks to their cupidity, most of the beautiful Hindu pillars were preserved, and many of them, perhaps, on their original positions, to form new colonnades for the masjids and tombs of the conquerors.  In Mahoba all the other temples were utterly destroyed and the only Hindu building now standing is part of the palace of Parmal, or Paramarddi Deva, on the hill-fort, which has been converted into a masjid. In 1843, I found an inscription of Paramarddi Deva built upside down in the wall of the fort just outside this masjid. It is dated in S. 1240, or A.D. 1183, only one year before the capture of Mahoba by Prithvi-Raj Chohan of Delhi. In the Dargah of Pir Mubarak Shah, and the adjacent Musalman burial-ground, I counted 310 Hindu pillars of granite. I found a black stone bull lying beside the road, and the argha of a lingam fixed as a water-spout in the terrace of the Dargah. These last must have belonged to a temple of Siva, which was probably built in the reign of Kirtti Varmma, between 1065 and 1085 A.D., as I discovered an inscription of that prince built into the wall of one of the tombs.31

Many other ancient cities and towns suffered the same tragic transformation. Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Kabul, Ghazni, Srinagar, Peshawar, Lahore, Multan, Patan, Ajmer, Delhi, Agra Dhar, Mandu, Budaun, Kanauj, Biharsharif, Patna, Lakhnauti, Ellichpur, Daulatabad, Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda-to mention only a few of the more famous Hindu capitals-lost their native character and became nests of a closed creed waging incessant war on a catholic culture. Some of these places lost even their ancient names which had great and glorious associations. It is on record that the Islamic invaders coined and imposed this or that quranic concoction on every place they conquered. Unfortunately for them, most of these impositions failed to stick, going the way they came. But quite a few succeeded and have endured till our own times. Reviving the ancient names wherever they have got eclipsed is one of the debts which Hindu society owes to its illustrious ancestors.

On the other hand, a large number of cities, towns and centres of Hindu civilization disappeared from the scene and their ruins have been identified only in recent times, as in the case of Kăpiî, Lampaka, Nagarahăra, Pushkalăvatî, UdbhăNDapura, Takshilă, Ălor, Brăhmanăbăd, Debal, Nandana, Agrohă Virătanagara, Ahichchhatra, răvastî, Sărnăth, Vaiălî, Vikramîla, Nălandă, KarNasuvarNa, PuNDravardhana, Somapura, Jăjanagar, DhănyakaTaka, Vijayapurî, Vijayanagara, Dvărasamudra. What has been found on top of the ruins in most cases is a mosque or a dargăh or a tomb or some other Muslim monument, testifying to Allahs triumph over Hindu Gods. Many more mounds are still to be explored and identified. A survey of archaeological sites in the Frontier Circle alone and as far back as 1920, listed 255 dheris32 or mounds which, as preliminary explorations indicated, hid ruins of ancient dwellings and/or places of worship. Some dheris, which had been excavated and were not included in this count, showed every sign of deliberate destruction.  By that time, many more mounds of a similar character had been located in other parts of the cradle of Hindu culture. A very large number has been added to the total count in subsequent years. Whichever of them is excavated tells the same story, most of the time. It is a different matter that since the dawn of independence, Indian archaeologists functioning under the spell or from fear of Secularism, record or report only the ethnographical stratifications and cultural sequences.33

Muslim historians credit all their heroes with many expeditions each of which laid waste this or that province or region or city or countryside. The foremost heroes of the imperial line at Delhi and Agra such as Qutbud-Dîn Aibak (1192-1210 A.D.), Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish (1210-36 A.D.), Ghiyăsud-Dîn Balban (1246-66 A D.), Alăud-Dîn Khaljî (1296-1316 A.D.), Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-51 A.D.), Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq (135188 A.D.) Sikandar Lodî (1489-1519 A.D.), Băbar (1519-26 A.D.) and Aurangzeb (1658-1707 A.D.) have been specially hailed for hunting the peasantry like wild beasts, or for seeing to it that no lamp is lighted for hundreds of miles, or for destroying the dens of idolatry and God-pluralism wherever their writ ran. The sultans of the provincial Muslim dynasties-Malwa, Gujarat, Sindh, Deccan, Jaunpur, Bengal-were not far behind, if not ahead, of what the imperial pioneers had done or were doing; quite often their performance put the imperial pioneers to shame. No study has yet been made of how much the human population declined due to repeated genocides committed by the swordsmen of Islam. But the count of cities and towns and villages which simply disappeared during the Muslim rule leaves little doubt that the loss of life suffered by the cradle of Hindu culture was colossal.

Putting together all available evidence-literary and archaeological- from Hindu, Muslim and other sources, and following the trail of Islamic invasion, we get the pattern of how the invaders proceeded vis-a-vis Hindu places of worship after occupying a city or town and its suburbs. It should be kept in mind in this context that Muslim rule never became more than a chain of garrison cities and towns, not even in its heyday from Akbar to Aurangzeb, except in areas where wholesale or substantial conversions had taken place.  Elsewhere the invaders were rarely in full control of the countryside; they had to mount repeated expeditions for destroying places of worship, collecting booty including male and female slaves, and for terrorising the peasantry, through slaughter and rapine, so that the latter may become a submissive source of revenue.  The peasantry took no time to rise in revolt whenever and wherever Muslim power weakened or its terror had to be relaxed for reasons beyond its control.

1. Places taken by assault: If a place was taken by assault-which was mostly the case because it was seldom that the Hindus surrendered- it was thoroughly sacked, its surviving population slaughtered or enslaved and all its buildings pulled down. In the next phase, the conquerors raised their own edifices for which slave labour was employed on a large scale in order to produce quick results. Cows and, many a time, Brahmanas were killed and their blood sprinkled on the sacred sites in order to render them unclean for the Hindus for all time to come. The places of worship which the Muslims built for themselves fell into several categories. The pride of place went to the Jămi Masjid which was invariably built on the site and with the materials of the most prominent Hindu temple; if the materials of that temple were found insufficient for the purpose, they could be supplemented with materials of other temples which had been demolished simultaneously. Some other mosques were built in a similar manner according to need or the fancy of those who mattered. Temple sites and materials were also used for building the tombs of those eminent Muslims who had fallen in the fight; they were honoured as martyrs and their tombs became mazărs and rauzas in course of time. As we have already pointed out, Hindus being great temple builders, temple materials could be spared for secular structures also, at least in the bigger settlements. It can thus be inferred that all masjids and mazărs, particularly the Jămi Masjids which date from the first Muslim occupation of a place, stand on the site of Hindu temples; the structures we see at present may not carry evidence of temple materials used because of subsequent restorations or attempts to erase the evidence. There are very few Jămi Masjids in the country which do not stand on temple sites.

2. Places surrendered: Once in a while a place was surrendered by the Hindus in terms of an agreement that they would be treated as zimmis and their lives as well as places of worship spared. In such cases, it took some time to eradicate the emblems of infidelity. Theologians of Islam were always in disagreement whether Hindus could pass muster as zimmis; they were not People of the Book. It depended upon prevailing power equations for the final decision to go in their favour or against them. Most of the time, Hindus lost the case in which they were never allowed to have any say. What followed was what had happened in places taken by assault, at least in respect of the Hindu places of worship. The zimmi status accorded to the Hindus seldom went beyond exaction of jizya and imposition of disabilities prescribed by Umar, the second rightly-guided Caliph (634-44 A.D.).

3. Places reoccupied by Hindus: It also happened quite frequently, particularly in the early phase of an Islamic invasion, that Hindus retook a place which had been under Muslim occupation for some time. In that case, they rebuilt their temples on new sites. Muslim historians are on record that Hindus spared the mosques and mazărs which the invaders had raised in the interregnum. When the Muslims came back, which they did in most cases, they re-enacted the standard scene vis-a-vis Hindu places of worship.

4. Places in the countryside: The invaders started sending out expeditions into the countryside as soon as their stranglehold on major cities and towns in a region had been secured.  Hindu places of worship were always the first targets of these expeditions. It is a different matter that sometimes the local Hindus raised their temples again after an expedition had been forced to retreat. For more expeditions came and in due course Hindu places of worship tended to disappear from the countryside as well. At the same time, masjids and mazărs sprang up everywhere, on the sites of demolished temples.

5. Missionaries of Islam: Expeditions into the countryside were accompanied or followed by the missionaries of Islam who flaunted pretentious names and functioned in many guises. It is on record that the missionaries took active part in attacking the temples. They loved to live on the sites of demolished temples and often used temple materials for building their own dwellings, which also went under various high-sounding names. There were instances when they got killed in the battle or after they settled down in a place which they had helped in pillaging. In all such cases, they were pronounced shahîds (martyrs) and suitable monuments were raised in their memory as soon as it was possible. Thus a large number of gumbads (domes) and ganjs (plains) commemorating the martyrs arose all over the cradle of Hindu culture and myths about them grew apace. In India, we have a large literature on the subject in which Sayyid Sălăr Masűd, who got killed at Bahraich while attacking the local Sun Temple, takes pride of place. His mazAr now stands on the site of the same temple which was demolished in a subsequent invasion. Those Muslim saints who survived and settled down have also left a large number of masjids and dargAhs in the countryside. Almost all of them stand on temple sites.

6. The role of sufis: The saints of Islam who became martyrs or settled down were of several types which can be noted by a survey of their ziărats and mazărs that we find in abundance in all lands conquered by the armies of Islam. But in the second half of the twelfth century A.D., we find a new type of Muslim saint appearing on the scene and dominating it in subsequent centuries. That was the sufi joined to a silsila. This is not the place to discuss the character of some outstanding sufis like Mansűr al-Hallăj, Băyazîd Bistămî, Rűmî and Attăr. Suffice it to say that some of their ancestral spiritual heritage had survived in their consciousness even though their Islamic environment had tended to poison it a good deal. The common name which is used for these early sufis as well as for the teeming breed belonging to the latter-day silsilas, has caused no end of confusion. So far as India is concerned, it is difficult to find a sufi whose consciousness harboured even a trace of any spirituality. By and large, the sufis that functioned in this country were the most fanatic and fundamentalist activists of Islamic imperialism, the same as the latter-day Christian missionaries in the context of Spanish and Portuguese imperialism.

Small wonder that we find them flocking everywhere ahead or with or in the wake of Islamic armies. Sufis of the Chishtîyya silsila in particular excelled in going ahead of these armies and acting as eyes and ears of the Islamic establishment. The Hindus in places where these sufis settled, particularly in the South, failed to understand the true character of these saints till it was too late. The invasions of South India by the armies of Alăud-Dîn Khaljî and Muhammad bin Tughlaq can be placed in their proper perspective only when we survey the sufi network in the South. Many sufis were sent in all directions by Nizămud-Dîn Awliyă, the Chistîyya luminary of Delhi; all of them actively participated in jihăds against the local population.  Nizămud-Dîns leading disciple, Nasîrud-Dîn Chirăg-i-Dihlî , exhorted the sufis to serve the Islamic state.  The essence of sufism, he versified, is not an external garment. Gird up your loins to serve the Sultăn and be a sufi.34 Nasîrud-Dîns leading disciple, Syed Muhammad Husainî Banda Nawăz Gesűdarăz (1321-1422 A.D.), went to Gulbarga for helping the contemporary Bahmani sultan in consolidating Islamic power in the Deccan. Shykh Nizămud-Dîn Awliyăs dargăh in Delhi continued to be and remains till today the most important centre of Islamic fundamentalism in India.

An estimate of what the sufis did wherever and whenever they could, can be formed from the account of a pilgrimage which a pious Muslim Nawwăb undertook in 1823 to the holy places of Islam in the Chingleput, South Acort, Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli and North Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu. This region had experienced renewed Islamic invasion after the breakdown of the Vijayanagar Empire in 1565 A.D. Many sufis had flocked in for destroying Hindu temples and converting the Hindu population, particularly the Qădirîyyas who had been fanning out all over South India after establishing their stronghold at Bidar in the fifteenth century. They did not achieve any notable success in terms of conversions, but the havoc they wrought with Hindu temples can be inferred from a large number of ruins, loose sculptures scattered all over the area, inscriptions mentioning many temples which cannot be traced, and the proliferation of mosques, dargăhs, mazărs and maqbaras.

The pilgrim visited many places and could not go to some he wanted to cover. All these places were small except Tiruchirapalli, Arcot and Vellore. His court scribe, who kept an account of the pilgrimage, mentions many masjids and mazărs visited by his patron. Many masjids and mazărs could not be visited because they were in deserted places covered by forest. There were several graveyards, housing many tombs; one of them was so big that thousands, even a hundred thousand graves could be there. Other notable places were takiyăs of faqirs, sarăis, dargăhs, and several houses of holy relics in one of which a hair of the Holy Prophet is enshrined. The account does not mention the Hindu population except as harsh kafirs and marauders. But stray references reveal that the Muslim population in all these places was sparse. For instance, Kanchipuram had only 50 Muslim houses but 9 masjids and 1 mazăr.

The court scribe pays fulsome homage to the sufis who planted firmly the Faith of Islam in this region. The pride of place goes to Hazrat Natthar WalI who took over by force the main temple at Tiruchirapalli and converted it into his khănqăh. Referring to the destruction of the Sivalinga in the temple, he observes: The monster was slain and sent to the house of perdition.  His image namely but-ling worshipped by the unbelievers was cut and the head separated from the body. A portion of the body went into the ground. Over that spot is the tomb of WalI shedding rediance till this day.35 Another sufi, Qăyim Shăh, who came to the same place at a later stage, was the cause of the destruction of twelve temples.36 At Vellore, Hazrat Nűr Muhammad Qădirî, the most unique man regarded as the invaluable person of his age, was the cause of the ruin of temples which he laid waste. He chose to be buried in the vicinity of the temple which he had replaced with his khănqăh.37

It is, therefore, not an accident that the masjids and khAnqAhs built by or for the sufis who reached a place in the first phase of Islamic invasion occupy the sites of Hindu temples and, quite often, contain temple materials in their structures. Lahore, Multan, Uch, Ajmer, Delhi, Badaun, Kanauj, Kalpi, Biharsharif, Maner, Lakhnauti, Patan, Patna, Burhanpur, Daulatabad, Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Arcot, Vellor and Tiruchirapalli- to count only a few leading sufi center-shave many dargăhs which display evidence of iconoclasm.  Many masjids and dargăhs in interior places testify to the same fact, namely, that the sufis were, above everything else, dedicated soldiers of Allah who tolerates no other deity and no other way of worship except that which he revealed to Prophet Muhammad.

7. Particularly pious sultans: Lastly, we have to examine very closely the monuments built during the reigns of the particularly pious sultans who undertook to cleanse the land from the vices of infidelity and God-pluralism that had cropped up earlier, either because Islamic terror had weakened under pressure of circumstances or because the proceeding ruler (s) had wandered away from the path of rectitude. Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq, Sikandar Lodî and Aurangzeb of the Delhi-Agra imperial line belonged to this category.  They had several prototypes in the provincial Muslim dynasties at Ahmadabad, Mandu, Jaunpur, Lakhnauti, Gulbarga, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda. There is little doubt that all masjids and mazărs erected under the direct or indirect patronage of these sultans, particularly in places where Hindu population predominates, stand on the sites of Hindu temples.

A Preliminary Survey

We give below, state-wise and district-wise, the particulars of Muslim monuments which stand on the sites and/or have been built with the materials of Hindu temples, and which we wish to recall as witnesses to the role of Islam as a religion and the character of Muslim rule in medieval India. The list is the result of a preliminary survey. Many more Muslim monuments await examination. Local traditions which have so far been ignored or neglected, have to be tapped on a large scale.

We have tried our best to be exact in respect of locations, names and dates of the monuments mentioned.  Even so, some mistakes and confusions may have remained. It is not unoften that different sources provide different dates and names for the same monument. Many Muslim saints are known by several names, which creates confusion in identifying their mazărs or dargăhs. Some districts have been renamed or newly, created and a place which was earlier under one district may have been included in another. We shall be grateful to readers who point out these mistakes so that they can be corrected in our major study. This is only a brief summary.
 
 

ANDHRA PRADESH

I. Adilabad District.

Mahur, Masjid in the Fort on the hill. Temple site.


II. Anantpur District.

1. Gooty, Gateway to the Hill Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Kadiri, Jămi Masjid.  Temple site.
3. Konakondla, Masjid in the bazar. Temple materials used.
4. Penukonda

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort. Converted Temple.
(iii) Sher Khăns Masjid (1546).38 Converted Temple.
(iv) Dargăh of Babayya. Converted Îvara Temple.
(v) Jămi Masjid (1664-65). Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Shăh Fakbrud-Dîn (1293-94). Temple site.

5. Tadpatri

(i) Jămi Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh completed in 1725-26. Temple site.

6. Thummala, Masjid (1674-75). Temple site.


III. Cuddapah District

1. Cuddapah

(i) Bhăp Săhib-kî-Masjid (1692). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1717-18). Temple site.
(iii) Bahădur Khăn-kî-Masjid (1722-23). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Amînud-Dîn Gesű Darăz (1736-37). Temple site.

2. Duvvuru, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Gandikot, Jămi Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
4. Gangapuru, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Gundlakunta, Dastgîrî Dargăh. Temple site.
6. Gurrumkonda, Fort and several other Muslim buildings. Temple materials used.
7. Jammalmaduguu, Jămi Masjid (1794-95). Temple site.
8. Jangalapalle, Dargăh of Dastgîr Swămî. Converted Jangam temple.
9. Siddhavatam

(i) Qutb Shăhî Masjid (restored in 1808). Temple materials use.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1701). Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Bismillăh Khăn Qădirî. Temple materials used.
(iv) Fort and Gateways. Temple materials used.
(v) Chowk-kî-Masjid. Temple site.

10. Vutukuru

(i) Masjid at Naligoto. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid at Puttumiyyapeta. Temple site.


IV. East Godavari District.

Bikkavolu, Masjid. Temple materials used.


V. Guntur District.

1. Nizampatnam, Dargăh of Shăh Haidrî (1609). Temple site
2. Vinukonda, Jămi Masjid (1640-41). Temple site.


VI. Hyderabad District.

1. Chikalgoda, Masjid (1610). Temple site.
2. Dargah, Dargăh of Shăh Walî (1601-02). Temple site.
3. Golconda

(i) Jămi Masjid on Bălă Hissăr. Temple site.
(ii) Tărămatî Masjid. Temple site.

4. Hyderabad

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Műsă Qădirî. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid on the Pirulkonda Hill (1690). Temple site.
(iii) Tolî Masjid (1671). Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Miăn Mishk (d. 1680). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Mumin Chup in Aliyăbăd (1322-23). Temple site.
(vi) Hăjî Kamăl-kî-Masjid (1657). Temple site.
(vii) Begum Masjid (1593). Temple site.
(viii) Dargăh of Islăm Khăn Naqshbandî. Temple site.
(ix) Dargăh of Shăh Dăűd (1369-70). Temple site.
(x) Jămi Masjid (1597). Temple site.

4. Maisaram, Masjid built by Aurangzeb from materials of 200 temples demolished after the fall of Golconda.
5. Secunderabad, Qadam RasUl. Temple site.
6. Sheikhpet

(i) Shaikh-kî-Masjid (1633-34). Temple site.
(ii) SarăiwAlî Masjid (1678-79). Temple tite.


VII. Karimnagar District.

1. Dharampuri, Masjid (1693). TrikűTa Temple site.
2. Elangdal

(i) Mansűr Khăn-kî-Masjid (1525). Temple site.
(ii) Alamgîrî Masjid (1696). Temple site.

3. Kalesyaram, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.
4. Sonipet, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.
5. Vemalvada, Mazăr of a Muslim saint. Temple site.


VIII. Krishna District.

1. Gudimetta, Masjid in the Fort, Temple materials used.
2. Guduru, Jămi Masjid (1497). Temple materials used.
3. Gundur, Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.
4. Kondapalli

(i) Masjid built in 1482 on the site of a temple after Muhammad Shăh BahmanI had slaughtered the Brahmin priests on the advice of Mahműd Gawăn, the great Bahmanî Prime Minister, who exhorted the sultan to become a Ghăzî by means of this pious performance.
(ii) Mazăr of Shăh Abdul Razzăq. Temple site.

5. Kondavidu

(i) Masjid (1337). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Barandaula. Temple materials used.
(iii) Qadam Sharîf of Ădam. Converted temple.

6. Machhlipatnam

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh. Temple site.

7. Nandigram, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
8. Pedana, Iamail-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
9. Rajkonda, Masjid (1484). Temple site.
10. Tengda, Masjid. Temple site.
11. Turkpalem, Dargăh of Ghălib Shahîd. Temple site.
12. Vadpaili, Masjid near NarsiMhaswămîn Temple. Temple materials used.
13. Vijaywada, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


IX. Kurnool District.

1. Adoni

(i) Jămi Masjid (1668-69). Materials of several temples used.
(ii) Masjid on the Hill. Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort (1676-77). Temple materials used.

2. Cumbum

(i) Jămi Masjid (1649). Temple site.
(ii) Gachinălă Masjid (1729-30). Temple site.

3. Havli, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
4. Karimuddula, Dargăh. Akkadevi Temple materials used.
5. Kottakot, Jămi Masjid (1501). Temple site.
6. Kurnool

(i) Pîr Săhib-kă-Gumbad (1637-38). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1667). Temple site.
(iii) Lăl Masjid (1738-39). Temple site.

7. Pasupala, Kalăn Masjid. Temple site.
8. Sanjanmala, Masjid. Temple sites.
9. Siddheswaram, Ashurkhăna. Temple materials used.
10. Yadavalli, Mazăr and Masjid. Temple sites.
11. Zuhrapur, Dargăh of Qădir Shăh Bukhărî. Temple site.


X. Mahbubnagar District.

1. Alampur, Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Jatprole, Dargăh of Sayyid Shăh Darwish. Temple materials used.
3. Kodangal

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Nizămud-DIn. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.

4. Kundurg, Jămi Masjid (1470-71). Temple site.
5. Pargi, Jămi Masjid (1460). Temple site.
6. Somasila, Dargăh of Kamălud-Dîn Baba (1642-43) Temple site.


XI. Medak District.

1. Andol, Old Masjid. Temple site.
2. Komatur, Old Masjid. Temple site.
3. Medak

(i) Masjid near Mubărak Mahal (1641). VishNu Temple site.
(ii) Fort, Temple materials used.

4. Palat, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Patancheru

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shykh Ibrăhîm known as Makhdűmji (1583). Temple site.
(iii) Ashrufkhăna. Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1698). Temple materials used.


XII. Nalgonda District.

1. Devarkonda

(i) Qutb Shăhî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Sharîfud-Din (1579). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Qădir Shăh Walî (1591). Temple site.

2. Ghazinagar, Masjid (1576-77). Temple site.
3. Nalgonda

(i) Garhî Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Latîf. Temple site.
(iii) Qutb Shăhî Masjid (Renovated in 1897). Temple site.

4. Pangal, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.


XIII. Nellore District.

1. Kandukuru, Four Masjids. Temple sites.
2. Nellore, Dargăh named Dargămittă. Akkasălîvara Temple materials used.
3. Podile, Dargăh. Temple site.
4. Udayagiri

(i) Jămi Masjid (1642-43). Temple materials used.
(ii) Chhotî Masjid (1650-51). Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort. Temple materials used.


XIV. Nizambad District.

1. Balkonda

(i) Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh. Temple site.

2. Bodhan

(i) Deval Masjid. Converted Jain temple.
(ii) Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Ălamgîrî Masjid (1654-55). Temple site.

3. Dudki, Ashrufkhăna. Temple materials used.
4. Fathullapur, Muaskarî Masjid (1605-06). Temple site.


XV. Osmanabad District.

Ausa, Jămi Masjid (1680-81). Temple site.


XVI. Rangareddy District.

Maheshwar, Masjid (1687).  Madanna Pandits Temple site.


XVII. Srikakulam District

1. Icchapuram, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
2. Kalingapatnam, DargAh of Sayyid Muhammad Madnî Awliyă (1619-20). Temple materials used.
3. Srikakulam

(i) Jămi Masjid (1641- 42). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Bande Shăh Walî (1641- 42). Temple site.
(iii) Atharwălî Masjid (1671-72). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Burhănud-Dîn Awliyă. Temple site.


XVIII. Vishakhapatnam District.

1. Jayanagaram, Dargăh. Temple site.
2. Vishakhapatnam, Dargăh of Shăh Madnî. Temple site.


XIX. Warangal District.

Zafargarh, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XX. West Godavari District.

1. Eluru

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Sawăi Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Qăzis House. Somevara Temple materials used.

2. Nidavolu, Masjid. Mahădeva Temple materials used.
3. Rajamundri, Jămi Masjid (1324). Converted VeNugopălaswămin Temple.


 

ASSAM

District Kamrup
Hajo

(i) Poă Masjid (1657). Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of a Muslim saint who styled himself Sultăn Ghiyăsud-Dîn Balban. Temple site.


 

BENGAL

I. Bankura District.

Lokpura, Mazăr of Ghăzî Ismăil. Converted Venugopala temple.


II. Barisal District.

Kasba, Masjid. Temple site.


III. Birbhum District.

1. Moregram, Mazăr of Sayyid Băbă. Temple materials used.
2. Patharchapuri, Mază of Dătă, or Mahbűb Săhib. Temple site.
3. Rajnagar, Several Old Masjids. Temple sites.
4. Sakulipur, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
5. Siyan, Dargăh of Makhdűm Shăh (1221). Materials of many temples used.


IV. Bogra District.

Mahasthan

(i) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Sultăn Mahîswăr. Stands on the ruins of a temple.
(ii) Majid on ilădevî Ghat. Temple materials used.


V. Burdwan District.

1. Inchalabazar, Masjid (1703). Temple site.
2. Kasba, Răjă, Masjid. Temple materials used.
3. Kalna

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Majlis (1491-93). Temple site.
(ii) ShăhI Masjid (1533). Temple site.

4. Mangalkot, Jămi Masjid (1523-24). Temple site.
5. Raikha, Talăb-wălî Masjid. Temple site.
6. Suata

(i) Dargăh of Sayyid Shăh Shahîd Mahműd Bahmanî. Buddhist Temple materials site.
(ii) Masjid (1502-02). Temple site.


VI. Calcutta District.

Bania Pukur, Masjid built for Alăud-Dîn Alăul Haqq (1342). Temple materials used.


VII. Chatgaon District.

Dargăh of Badr Makhdűm. Converted Buddhist Vihăra.


VIII. Dacca District.

1. Dacca

(i) Tomb of Bîbî Parî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Saif Khăn-kî-Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Churihattă Masjid. Temple materials used.

2. Narayanganj, Qadam Rasűl Masjid. Temple site.
3. Rampal

(i) Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargăh of Băbă. Adam Shahîd (1308). Temple materials used.

4. Sonargaon, Old Masjid. Temple materials used.


IX. Dinajpur District.

1. Basu-Bihar, Two Masjids. On the ruins of a Buddhist Vihăra.
2. Devatala

(i) Dargăh of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn Tabrizi, Suhrawardîyyia sufi credited in Muslim histories with the destruction of many, temples. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1463). VishNu Temple site.

3. Devikot

(i) Dargăh and Masjid of Pîr Atăullah Shăh (1203). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Bukhărî. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Bahăud-Dîn. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Sultăn Pîr. Temple materials used.

4. Mahisantosh, Dargăh and Masjid. On the site of a big VishNu Temple.
5. Nekmard, Mazăr of Nekmard Shăh. Temple site.


X. Faridpur District.

Faridpzir, Mazăr of Farîd Shăh. Temple site.


XI. Hooghly District.

1. Jangipura, Mazăr of Shahîd Ghăzî. Temple materials used.
2. Pandua

(i) Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazăr of Shăh Safiud-Dîn. Temple site.
(iii) Fath Minăr. Temple materials used.

3. Santoshpur, Masjid near Molla Pukur (153-310). Temple site.
4. Satgaon, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
5. Tribeni

(i) Zafar Khăn-kî-Masjid (1298). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Zafar Khăn. Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid (1459). Temple site.


XII. Howrah District.

Jangalvilas, Pîr Săhib-kî-Masjid. Converted temple.


XIII. Khulna District.

1. Masjidkur

(i) Shăt Gumbaz. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazăr of Khanjă Ali or Khăn Jahăn. Temple site.

2. Salkhira, Dargăh of Maî Chămpă. Temple materials used.


XIV. Malda District.

1. Gangarampur

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Ată. iva Temple site.
(ii) Masjid on the river bank (1249). Temple site.

2. Gaur, Muslim city built on the site and with the ruins of LakshmaNăvatî, Hindu capital destroyed by the Muslims at the end of the twelfth century A.D. Temple materials have been used in the following monuments:

(i) Chhotî Sonă Masjid.
(ii) Qadam Rasűl Masjid (1530)
(iii) Tăntipără Masjid (1480)
(iv) Lăttan Masjid (1475)
(v) Badî Sonă Masjid (1526)
(vi) Dargăh of Makhadűm Akhî Sirăj Chishtî, disciple of Nizămud-Dîn Awliya of Delhi (1347)
(vii) Darsbărî or College of Theology.
(viii) Astănă of Shăh Niămatullăh.
(ix) Chămkattî Masjid (1459).
(x) Chikkă Masjid.
(xi) Gunmant Masjid.  Converted temple.
(xii) Dăkhil Darwăză.
(xiii) Kotwălî Darwăză.
(xiv) Fîruz Minăr.
(xv) ChaNDipur Darwăză.
(xvi) Bărăduărî Masjid.
(xvii) Lukăchuri Masjid.
(xviii) Gumtî Darwăză.

3. Malda

(i) Jămi Masjid (1566). Temple materials used.
(ii) Sak Mohan Masjid (1427). Temple site.

4. Pandua, Another Muslim city built with the ruins of LakshmaNăvatî. Temple materials have been used in the following monuments.

(i) Ădina Masjid (1368)
(ii) Yaklakhî Masjid.
(iii) Chheh Hazări or Dargăh of Nűr Qutb-i-Ălam (1415).
(iv) Băis Hazărî or Khănqăh of Jalălud-Dîn Tabrizî (1244).
(v) Sonă Masjid.
(vi) Barn-like Masjid.
(vii) Qadam Rasűl.


XV. Midnapur District.

1. Gagneswar, Karambera Garh Masjid (1509). iva Temple site.
2. Hijli, Masnad-i-Ălă-kî -Masjid. Temple site.
3. Kesiari, Masjid (1622). Mahădeva Temple materials used.
4. Kharagpur, Mazăr of Pîr Lohăni. Temple site.


XVI. Murshidabad District.

1. Chuna Khali, Barbak-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
2. Murshidabad, Temple materials have been used in the following monuments:

(i) Katră Masjid.
(ii) Motîjhîl Lake Embankments.
(iii) Sangî Dălăn.
(iv) Mahal Sară.
(v) Alîvardî Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(vi) Hazărduărî Mahal.

3. Rangamati, Dargăh on the Răkshasî DăNgă. Stands on the ruins of a Buddhist Vihăra.


XVII. Noakhali District.

Begamganj, Bajră Masjid. Converted temple.


XVIII. Pabna District.

Balandu, Madrasa. Converted Buddhist Vihăra.


XIX. Rajshahi District.

1. Bhaturia, Masjid. iva Temple materials used.
2. Kumarpura, Mazăr of Mukarram Shăh. Converted temple.
3. Kusumbha, Old Masjid (1490-93). Constructed entirely of temple materials.


XX. Rangpur District.

Kamatpur

(i) BaDă Dargăh of Shăh Ismăil Ghăzî. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh on a mound one mile away. Temple materials used.


XXI. Sylhet District.

1. Baniyachung, Famous Masjid. Temple site.
2. Sylhet

(i) Masjid of Shăh Jalăl. Temple site.
(ii) Mazărs of Shăh Jalăl and many of his disciples. Temple sites.


XXII. 24-Parganas District.

1. Barasat, Mazăr of Pîr Ekdil Săhib. Temple site.
2. Berchampa, Dargăh of Pîr GorăchăNd. Temple site.


 

BIHAR

I. Bhagalpur District.

1. Bhagalpur

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Shăhbăz (1502). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid of Mujahidpur (1511-15). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Shăh (1615). Temple site.

2. Champanagar

(i) Several Mazărs. On ruins of Jain temples.
(ii) Masjid (1491). Jain Temple site.

3. Sultanganj, Masjid on the rock on the river bank. Temple site.


II. Gaya District.

1. Amthua, Masjid (1536). Temple site.
2. Gaya, Shăhî Masjid in Nadirganj (1617). Temple site.
3. Kako, Dargăh of Bîbî Kamălo. Temple site.


III. Monghyr District.

1. Amoljhori, Muslim Graveyard. VishNu Temple site.
2. Charuanwan, Masjid (1576). Temple site.
3. Kharagpur

(i) Masjid (1656-57). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.

4. Monghyr

(i) Fort Gates. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Nafa Chishtî (1497-98). Temple site.


IV. Muzaffarpur District.

Zaruha, MaműN-BhăNjă-kă- Mazăr. Temple materials used.


V. Nalanda District.

1. Biharsharif, Muslim capital built after destroying UdaNDapura which had a famous Buddhist Vihăra. Most of the Muslim monuments were built on the site and from materials of temples. The following are some of them:

(i) Dargăh of Makhdűmul Mulk Sharîfud-Dîn. (d. 1380).
(ii) BaDă Dargăh.
(iii) Chhotă Dargăh.
(iv) Bărădarî.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Fazlullăh GosăîN.
(iv) Mazăr of Malik Ibrăhim Bayyű on Pîr PahăDî.
(vii) Kabîriud-Dîn-kî -Masjid (1353).
(viii) Mazăr of Sayyid Muhammad Siwistăni.
(ix) Chhotă Takiyă containing the Mazăr of Shăh Dîwăn Abdul Wahhăb.
(x) Dargăh of Shăh Qumais (1359-60).
(xi) Masjid in Chandpur Mahalla.
(xii) Jămi Masjid in Paharpur Mahalla.

2. Parbati, Dargăh of Hăjî Chandar or ChăNd Saudăgar. Temple materials used.
3. Shaikhupura, Dargăh of Shykh Săhib. Temple materials used.


VI. Patna District.

1. Hilsa

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Jumman Madărîyya (repaired in 1543). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid. (1604-05). Temple site.

2. Jana, Jămi Masjid (1539). Temple site.
3. Kailvan, Dargăh and Masjid. Temple site.
4. Maner, All Muslim monuments stand on temple sites. The following are prominent among them:

(i) BaDă Dargăh of Sultănul Makhdűm Shăh Yăhyă Manerî.
(ii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Daulat Shăh.
(iii) Jămi Masjid.
(iv) Mazăr of Hăjî Nizămud-Dîn.

5. Muhammadpur, Jămi Masjid (1510-11). Temple site.
6. Patna

(i) Patthar-kî-Masjid (1626). Temple materials used.
(ii) Begű Hajjăm-kî-Masjid (1510-11). Temple materials used.
(iii) Muslim Graveyard outside the Qiladari. On the ruins of Buddhist Vihăras.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Mîr Mansűr. On the ruins of a Buddhist Stűpa.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Arzăni. On the site of a Buddhist Vihăra.
(vi) Dargăh of Pîr Damariyă. On the site of a Buddhist Vihăra.
(vii) Mirza Măsűm-kî-Masjid (1605). Temple materials used.
(viii) Meetan Ghăt-kî-Masjid (1605). Temple site.
(ix) Katră Masjid of Shăista Khăn. Temple site.
(x) Khwăja Ambar Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.
(xi) Băbuganj Masjid (1683-86). Temple site.
(xii) Sher-Shăhî Masjid near Purab Darwaza. Temple site.
(xiii) Chamnî Ghăt-kî-Masjid. Temple site.

7. Phulwarisharif

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Pashmînăposh. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Minhăjud-Dîn Rastî. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Lăl Miăn. Temple site.
(iv) Sangî Masjid (1549-50). Temple site.


VII. Purnea District.

1. Hadaf, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
2. Puranea, Masjid in Keonlpura. Temple site.


VIII. Saran District.

1. Chirand, Masjid (1503-04). Temple site.
2. Narhan, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
3. Tajpur-Basahi Mazăr of Khwăja Bădshăh. Temple materials used.


IX. Shahabad District.

1. Rohtasgarh

(i) Masjid of Aurangzeb. Part of a temple converted.
(ii) Mazăr of Săqî Sultăn. Temple site.

2. Sasaram, Mazăr of Chandan Shahîd Pîr. Temple site.


X. Vaishali District.

1. Amer, Mazăr of Pîr Qattăl. Temple materials used.
2. Chehar

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.

3. Hajipur

(i) Hăjî Ilyăs-kî- Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargăh of Barkhurdăr Awliyă. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Shattărî. Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Hăjîul Harmain. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Pîr Jalălud-Dîn. Temple site.

4. Basarh

(i) DargAh of Pîr Mîrăn. On top of a Buddhist Stűpa.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Muhammad Faizullăh Ali alias Qăzin Shattărî. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard. Many tombs built with temple materials.
(iv) Masjid. Temple site.


XI. District to be determined.

1. Hasanpura, Mazăr of Makhdűm Hasan. On the site of a Buddhist Stűpa,
2. Jhangira, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


 

DELHI

Islamic invaders destroyed the Hindu cities of Indarpat and Dhillikă with their extensive suburbs and built seven cities successively. The following Muslim monuments stand on the site of Hindu temples; temple materials can be seen in some of them.

I. Mehrauli

1. Quwwatul Islăm Masjid (1198).
2. Qutb Mînăr.
3. Maqbara of Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish (1235.)
4. Dargăh of Shykh Qutbud-Dîn Bakhtyăr Kăkî (d. 1236).
5. Jahăz Mahal.
6. AlăI Darwăză.
7. AlăI Mînăr.
8. Madrasa and Maqbara of Alăud-Dîn Khaljî.
9. Maqbara of Ghiyăud-Dîn Balban.
10. Masjid and Mazăr of Shykh Fazlullăh known as Jamălî-Kamălî.
11. MaDhî Masjid.


II. Sultan Ghari

Maqbara of Năsirud-Dîn, son of Sultăn Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish (1231).


III. Palam

Băbrî (Ghazanfar) Masjid (1528-29).


IV. Begumpur

1. Masjid.
2. Bijai Mandal.
3. Kălu Sarăi-kî-Masjid.
4. Mazăr of Shykh Najîbud-Dîn Mutwakkal Chishtî (d. 1272).


V. Tughlaqabad

Maqbara of Ghiyăsud-Dîn Tughlaq.


VI. Chiragh-Delhi

1. Dargăh of Shykh Nasîrud-Dîn Chirăgh-i-Dehlî (d. 1356).
2. Maqbara of Bahlul Lodî.


VII. Nizamud-DIn

1. Dargăh and Jamat-Khăna Masjid of Shykh Nizămud-Dîn Awliyă (d. 1325).
2. Kalăn Masjid.
3. ChauNsaTh-Khambă .
4. Maqbara of Khăn-i-Jahăn Tilangănî.
5. Chillă of Nizămd-Dîn Awliyă.
6. Lăl Mahal.


VIII. Hauz Khas

1. Maqbara and Madrasa of Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq.
2. Dădî-Potî-kă-Maqbara.
3. Biran-kă-Gumbad.
4. Chhotî and Sakrî Gumtî.
5. Nîlî Masjid (1505-06).
6. Idgăh (1404-00).
7. Băgh-i-Ălam-kă- Gumbad (1501).
8. Mazăr of Nűrud-Dîn Mubărak Ghaznawî (1234-35).


IX. Malviyanagar

1. Lăl Gumbad or the Mazăr of Shykh Kabîrud-Dîn Awlîyă (1397).
2. Mazăr of Shykh Alăud-Dîn (1507).
3. Mazăr of Shykh Yűsuf Qattăl (d. 1527).
4. Khirkî Masjid.


X. Lodi Gardens

1. Maqbara of Muhammad Shăh.
2. BaDă Gumbad Masjid (1494).
3. Shîsh Gumbad.
4. Maqbara of Sikandar Lodî.


XI. Purana Qila

1. Sher Shăh Gate.
2. Qală-i-Kuhna Masjid.
3. Khairul Manzil Masjid.


XII. Shahjahanabad

1. Kălî Masjid at Turkman Gate.
2. Maqbara of Raziă Sultăn.
3. Jămi Masjid on Bhojala PahăDî.
4. Ghată or Zainatul Masjid.
5. Dargăh of Shăh Turkmăn (1240).


XIII. Ramakrishnapuram

1. Tîn Burjî Maqbara.
2. Malik Munîr-kî-Masjid.
3. Wazîrpur-kă-Gumbad.
4. Mundă Gumbads.
5. Bară-Lăo-kă-Gumbad.
6. Barje-kă-Gumbad.


XIV. The Ridge

1. Mălchă Mahal,
2. Bhűlî Bhatiyări-kă-Mahal.
3. Qadam Sharîf.
4. Chauburză Masjid.
5. Pîr Ghaib.


XV. Wazirabad

Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Ălam.


XVI. South Extension
1. Kăle Khăn-kă-Gumbad.
2. Bhűre Khăn-kă-Gumbad.
3. Chhote Khăn-kă-Gumbad.
4. BaDe Khăn-kă-Gumbad.

XVII. Other Areas

1. Maqbara of Mubărak Shăh in Kotla Mubarakpur.
2. Kushk Mahal in Tin Murti.
3. Sundar Burj in Sundarnagar.
4. Jămi Masjid in Kotla Fîruz Shăh.
5. Abdun-Nabî-kî- Masjid near Tilak Bridge.
6. Maqbara of Raushanăra Begum.


 

DIU

Jămi Masjid (1404). Temple site.


 

GUJARAT

I. Ahmadabad District.

1. Ahmadabad, Materials of temples destroyed at Asaval, Patan and Chandravati were used in the building of this Muslim city and its monuments. Some of the monuments are listed below :

(i) Palace and Citadel of Bhadra.
(ii) Ahmad Shăh-kî-Masjid in Bhadra.
(iii) Jămi Masjid of Ahmad Shăh.
(iv) Haibat Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(v) Rănî Rűpmatî-kî-Masjid.
(vi) Rănî Băî Harîr-kî-Masjid.
(vii) Malik SăraNg-kî-Masjid.
(viii) Mahfűz Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(ix) Sayyid Ălam-kî-Masjid.
(x) Pattharwăli or Qutb Shăh-kî-Masjid.
(xi) Sakar Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(xii) Băbă Lűlű-kî-Masjid.
(xiii) Shykh Hasan Muhammad Chishtî-kî-Masjid.
(xiv) Masjid at Isănpur.
(xv) Masjid and Mazăr of Malik Shabăn.
(xvi) Masjid and Mazăr of Rănî Sîprî (Sabarai).
(xvii) Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Ălam at Vatva.
(xviii) Maqbara of Sultăn Ahmad Shăh I.

2. Dekwara, Masjid (1387). Temple site.
3. Dholka

(i) Masjid and Mazăr of Bahlol Khăn Ghăzî. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Barkat Shahîd (1318). Temple site.
(iii) Tanka or Jămi Masjid (1316). Temple materials used.
(iv) Hillăl Khăn Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1333). Temple materials used.
(v) Khîrnî Masjid (1377). Converted Băvan Jinălaya Temple.
(vi) Kălî Bazar Masjid (1364). Temple site.

4. Isapur, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Mandal

(i) Sayyid-kî-Masjid (1462). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.

6. Paldi, Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
7. Ranpur, Jămi Masjid (1524-25). Temple site.
8. Sarkhej

(i) Dargăh of Shykh Ahmad Khattű Ganj Baksh (d. 1445). Temple materials used.
(ii) Maqbara of Sultăn Mahműd BegaDă. Temple materials used.

9. Usmanpur, Masjid and Mazăr of Sayyid Usmăn. Temple site.


II. Banaskantha District.

1. Haldvar, Mazăr of Lűn Shăh and Gűjar Shăh. Temple site.
2. Halol

(i) Ek Mînăr-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) PăNch MuNhDă-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid (1523-24). Temple site.

3. Malan, Jămi Masjid (1462). Temple materials used.


III. Baroda District.

1. Baroda

(i) Jămi Masjid (1504-05) Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Amîr Tăhir with its Ghăzî Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Pîr GhoDă (1421-23). Temple site.

2. Dabhoi

(i) Dargăh of PăNch Bîbî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazăr of Măî Dhokrî. Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort. Temple materials used.
(iv) Hira, Baroda, MabuDa and NandoDi Gates. Temple materials used.
(v) MahuNDi Masjid. Temple materials used.

3. Danteshwar, Mazăr of Qutbud-Dîn. Temple site.
4. Sankheda, Masjid (1515-16). Temple site.


IV. Bharuch District.

1. Amod, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Bharuch

(i) Jămi Masjid (1321). Brahmanical and Jain temple materials used.
(ii) Ghaznavî Masjid (1326). Temple site.
(iii) Idgăh (1326). Temple site.
(iv) ChunăwăDă Masjid (1458). Temple site.
(v) Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1609). Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Makhdűm Sharîfud-Dîn (1418). Temple site.

3. Jambusar, Jămi Masjid (1508-09). Temple site.
4. Tankaria, BaDî or Jămi Masjid (1453). Temple site.


V. Bhavnagar District.

1. Botad, Mazăr of Pîr Hamîr Khan. Temple site.
2. Tolaja, Idgăh and Dargăh of Hasan Pîr. Temple site.
3. Ghoda, Masjid (1614). Temple site.


VI. Jamnagar District.

1. Amran, Dargăh of Dawal Shăh. Temple materials used.
2. Bet Dwarka, Dargăh of Pîr Kirmănî. Temple site.
3. Dwarka, Masjid (1473). Temple site.


VII. Junagarh District.

1. Junagarh

(i) BorwăD Masjid (1470). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid in Uparkot. Jain Temple site.
(iii) Masjid at Măî GaDhechî. Converted Jain temple.

2. Loliyana, Dargăh of Madăr Shăh. Temple site.
3. Kutiana, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
4. Mangrol

(i) Rahmat Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1382-83). Temple materials used.
(iii) JűnI Jail-kî-Masjid (1385-86). Temple site.
(iv) Revălî Masjid (1386-87). Temple materials used.
(v) Masjid at Bandar. Temple materials used.
(vi) Dargăh near Revăli Masjid. Temple materials used.
(vii) Mazăr of Sayyid Sikandar alias Makhdűm Jahăniyă (1375). Temple materials used.
(viii) GaDhi Gate. Temple materials used.

5. Somnath Patan

(i) Băzăr Masjid (1436). Temple site.
(ii) Chăndnî Masjid (1456). Temple site.
(iii) Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1539). Temple site.
(iv) PathănwaDi Masjid (1326). Temple site.
(v) Muhammad Jamădăr-kî-Masjid (1420). Temple site.
(vi) MiThăshăh Bhang-kî-Masjid (1428). Temple site.
(vii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(viii) Masjid made out of the SomanAtha Temple of Kumărapăla.
(ix) Masjid at the back of the Somanătha Temple. Converted temple.
(x) Motă Darwăza. Temple materials used.
(xi) Măîpurî Masjid on the way to Veraval. Temple materials used.
(xii) Dargăh of Manglűri Shăh near Măîpurî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Shahîd Mahműd-kî-Masjid (1694). Temple site.

6. Vanasthali, Jămi Masjid. Converted VAmana Temple.
7. Veraval

(i) Jămi Masjid (1332). Temple site.
(ii) Nagîna Masjid (1488). Temple site.
(iii) Chowk Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) MăNDvî Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Sayyid Ishăq or Maghribî Shăh. Temple site.
(vi) Dargăh of Muhammad bin Hăjî Gilănî. Temple site.


VIII. Kachchh District.

1. Bhadreshwar

(i) Solăkhambî Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) ChhoTî Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Lăl Shăhbăz. Jain Temple materials used.

2. Bhuj

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Gumbad of Băbă Guru. Temple site.

3. Munra or MunDra, Seaport built from the materials of Jain temples of Bhadreshwar which were demolished by the Muslims; its Safed Masjid which can be seen from afar was built from the same materials.


IX. Kheda District.

1. Kapadwani

(i) Jămi Masjid (1370-71). Temple site.
(ii) Săm Shahîd-kî-Masjid (1423). Temple site.

2. Khambhat

(i) Jămi Masjid (1325). Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in Qaziwara (1326). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Undipet (1385). Temple site.
(iv) Sadi-i-Awwal Masjid (1423). Temple site.
(v) Fujră-kî-Masjid (1427). Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Umar bin Ahmad Kăzrűnî. Jain Temple materials used.
(vii) Mazăr of Qăbil Shăh. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Shykh Alî Jaulăqî known as Parwăz Shăh (1498). Temple site.
(ix) Mazăr of Shăh Bahlol Shahîd. Temple site.
(x) Maqbara of Ikhtîyărud-Daula (1316). Temple site.
(xi) IdgAh (1381-82). Temple site.

3. Mahuda, Jămi Masjid (1318). Temple site.
4. Sojali, Sayyid Mubărak-kî-Masjid. Temple site.


X. Mehsana District.

1. Kadi

(i) Masjid (1384). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1583). Temple site.

2. Kheralu, Jămi Masjid (1409-10). Temple site.
3. Modhera, Rayadi Masjid. Temple site.
4. Munjpur, Jămi Masjid (1401-02). Temple site.
5. Patan

(i) Jămi Masjid (1357). Temple materials used.
(ii) Phűtî Mahalla or Pinjar Kot-kî-Masjid (1417). Temple site.
(iii) Băzăr-kî-Masjid (1490). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid in a field that was the Sahasralinga Talav. Temple materials used.
(v) Masjid and Dargăh of Makhdűm Husămud-Dîn Chishtî, disciple of Shykh Nizămud-Dîn Awliya of Delhi. Temple materials used.
(vi) GűmDă Masjid (1542). Temple site.
(vii) RangrezoN-kî- Masjid (1410-11). Temple site.
(viii) Dargăh of Shykh Muhammad Turk Kăshgarî (1444-45). Temple site.
(ix) Dargăh of Shykh Farîd. Converted temple.

6. Sami, Jămi Masjid (1404). Temple site.
7. Sidhpur, Jămi Masjid. Built on the site and with the materials of the Rudra-mahălaya Temple of Siddharăja JayasiMha.
8. Una, Dargăh of Hazrat Shăh Pîr. Temple site.
9. Vijapur

(i) Kalăn Masjid (1369-70). Temple site.
(ii) Mansűrî Masjid. Temple site.


XI. Panch Mahals District.

1. Champaner

(i) Jămi Masjid (1524). Temple site.
(ii) Bhadra of Mahműd BegDă. Temple site.
(iii) Shahr-kî-Masjid.  Temple site.

2. Godhra, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Pavagadh

(i) Masjid built on top of the Devî Temple.
(ii) PăNch MuNhDă Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site,

4. Rayania, Masjid (1499-1500). Temple site.


XII. Rajkot District.

1. Jasdan, Dargăh of Kălű Pîr. Temple materials used.
2. Khakhrechi

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Kamăl Shăh Pîr. Temple site.

3. Mahuva, Idgah (1418). Temple site.
4. Malia, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
5. Morvi, Masjid (1553). Temple site.
6. Santrampur, Masjid (1499-1500). Temple site.


XIII. Sabarkantha District.

1. Hersel, Masjid (1405). Temple site.
2. Himmatnagar, Moti-Mohlat Masjid in Nani Vorwad (1471). Temple site.
3. Prantij

(i) Fath or Tekrewălî Masjid (1382). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Sikandar Shăh Shahîd (d. 1418). Temple materials used.


XIV.  Surat District.

1. Navasari

(i) Jămi Masjid (1340). Temple site.
(ii) Shăhî Masjid. Temple site.

2. Rander, The Jains who predominated in this town were expelled by Muslims and all temples of the former were converted into mosques. The following mosques stand on the site of and/or are constructed with materials from those temples:

(i) Jămi Masjid.
(ii) Nit Naurî Masjid.
(iii) Miăn-kî-Masjid.
(iv) Khărwă Masjid.
(v) Munshî-kî-Masjid.

3. Surat

(i) Mirză Sămi-kî-Masjid (1336). Temple site.
(ii) Nau Sayyid Săhib-kî-Masjid and the nine Mazărs on Gopi Talav in honour of nine Ghăzîs. Temple sites.
(iii) Fort built in the reign of Farrukh Siyăr. Temple materials used.
(iv) Gopi Talav (1718). Temple materials used.

4. Tadkeshwar, Jămi Masjid (1513-14). Temple site.


XV. Surendranagar District.

1. Sara, DarbargaDh-kî -Masjid (1523). Temple site.
2. Vad Nagar, Masjid (1694). Stands on the site of the Hătakevara Mahădeva temple.
3. Wadhwan, Jămi Masjid (1439). Temple site.


 

HARYANA

I. Ambala District.

1. Pinjor, Temple materials have been used in the walls and buildings of the Garden of Fidăi Khăn.
2. Sadhaura

(i) Masjid built in Khaljî times. Temple materials used.
(ii) Two Masjids built in the reign of Jahăngîr. Temple materials used.
(iii) QăzioN-kî-Masjid (1640). Temple site.
(iv) Abdul Wahăb-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Qumais. Temple site.


II. Faridabad District.

1. Faridabad, Jămi Masjid (1605). Temple site.
2. Nuh, Masjid (1392-93). Temple materials used.
3. Palwal

(i) Ikrămwălî or Jămî Masjid (1221). Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgăh (1211). Temple material Is used.
(iii) Mazăr of Sayyid Chirăgh. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Ghăzî Shihăbud-Dîn. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Sayyid Wărah. Temple site.


III. Gurgaon District.

1. Bawal, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
2. Farrukhnagar, Jămi Masjid (1276). Temple site.
3. Sohna

(i) Masjid (1561). Temple site.
(ii) Mazărs known as Kălă and Lăl Gumbad. Temple sites.


IV. Hissar District.

1. Barwala, Masjid (1289). Temple site.
2. Fatehabad

(i) Idgăh of Tughlaq times. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid built by Humănyűn (1539). Temple site.

3. Hansi

(i) Idgăh built in the reign of Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish. Temple site.
(ii) JulăhoN-kî-Masjid built in the same reign. Temple site.
(iii) Bű Alî Baksh Masjid (1226). Temple site.
(iv) Ădina Masjid (1336). Temple site.
(v) Masjid in the Fort (1192). Temple site.
(vi) Shahîd-Ganj Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Humăyűn-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(viii) Dargăh of Niămatullăh Walî with adjascent Bărădarî. Temple materials used.
(ix) Dargăh of Bű Alî Qalandar (1246). Temple site.
(x) Dargăh of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn Haqq (1303). Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Mahammad Jamîl Shăh. Temple site.
(xii) Dargăh of Wilăyat Shăh Shahîd (1314). Temple site.
(xiii) Chahăr Qutb and its Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(xiv) Fort and City Gates. Temple materials used.

4. Hissar, This city was built by Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq with temple materials brought mostly from Agroha which had been destroyed by Muhammad Ghurî in 1192.

(i) Lăt-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Humayűns Jămi Masjid (1535). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid and Mazăr of Bahlul Lodî. Temple site.
(iv) Humăyűns Masjid outside Delhi Gate (1533). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Băbă Prăn Pîr Pădshăh. Temple materials used.
(vi) Fort of Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq. Temple materials used.
(vii) Jahăz Mahal. Converted Jain Temple.
(viii) Gűjarî Mahal. Temple materials used.

5. Sirsa

(i) Masjid in the Mazăr of Imăm Năsir (1277). Temple materials used.
(ii) Băbarî Masjid in the Sarai (1530). Temple site.
(iii) QăzIzăda-kî-Masjid (1540). Temple site.


V. Karnal District.

Panipat

(i) Masjid opposite the Mazăr of Bű Alî Qalandars mother (1246). Temple site.
(ii) Băbarî Masjid in Kăbulî Băgh (1528-29). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn (1499). Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Bű Alî Qalandar (1660). Temple site.


VI. Kurukshetra District.

1. Kaithal

(i) Dargăh of Shykh Salăhud-Dîn Abul Muhammad of Balkh (d. 1246). Temple materials used.
(ii) Shăh Wilăyat-kî-Masjid (1657-58). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Madrasa. Temple materials used.

2. Kurukshetra, Madrasa on the Tila. Temple site.
3. Thanesar

(i) Dargăh and Madrasa of Shykh Chillî or Chehalî Bannurî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Pathariă Masjid near Harsh-kă-Tîlă. Temple materials used.
(iii) Chînîwălî Masjid. Temple materials used.


VII.  Mahendergarh District.

Narnaul, Mazar of Pîr Turk Shahîd or Shăh Wilăyat (d. 1137). Temple site.


VIII. Rohtak District.

1. Jhajjar, Kălî Masjid (1397). Temple site.
2. Maham,

(i) PirzădoN-kî-Masjid built in Băbars reign (1529). Temple site.
(ii) Humăyűns Jămi Masjid (1531). Temple site.
(iii) QasăiyoN-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1669). Temple site.
(v) Daulat Khăn-kî-Masjid (1696). Temple site.

3. Rohtak

(i) Dînî Masjid (1309). Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort (1324). Temple site.
(iii) Băbars Masjid-i-Khurd (1527-28). Temple site.
(iv) Băbars RăjpűtoN-kî-Masjid. (1528). Temple site.
(v) Second or Humăyűns Masjid in the Fort (1538). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid at Gokaran (1558). Temple site.
(vii) DogroN Wălî Masjid (1571). Temple site.
(viii) Mast Khăn-kî-Masjid (1558-59) Temple site.


IX. Sonepat District.

1. Gohana, Dargăh of Shăh Ziăud-Dîn Muhammad. Temple site.
2. Sonepat

(i) Masjid and Mazăr of Imăm Năsir (renovated in 1277). Temple site.
(ii) Băbars ShykhzădoN-kî- Masjid (1530). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Khwăja Khizr. Temple site.
(iv) Humăyűn's Masjid (1538). Temple site.


 

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Kangra, Jahăngîrî Gate. Temple materials used.


 

KARNATAKA

I. Bangalore District.

1. Dodda-Ballapur, Dargăh of Muhiud-Dîn Chishtî of Ajodhan (d. 1700). Temple materials used.
2. Hoskot

(i) Dargăh of Saballî Săhib. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Qăsim Săhib. Converted temple.


II. Belgaum District.

1. Belgaum

(i) Masjid-i-Safa in the Fort (1519). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1585-86). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Badrud-Dîn Shăh in the Fort (1351-52). Temple site.

2. Gokak, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Hukeri

(i) Măn Sahib-kî-Dargă h (1567-68). Temple site.
(ii) Kălî Masjid (1584). Temple materials used.

4. Kudachi

(i) Dargăh of Makhdűm Shăh Walî. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Muhammad Sirăjud-Dîn Pîrdădî. Temple site.

5. Madbhavi, Masjid. iva Temple materials used.
6. Raibag, Jămi Masjid. Temple site,
7. Sampgaon, Masjid. Temple site.


III. Bellary District.

1. Bellary, Masjid built by Tîpű Sultăn (1789-90). Temple site.
2. Hampi, Masjid and Idgăh in the ruins of Vijayanagar. Temple materials used.
3. Hospet, Masjid in Bazar Street built by Tîpű Sultăn (1795-96). Temple site.
4. Huvinhadgalli, Fort. Temple materials used.
5. Kanchagarabelgallu, Dargăh of Husain Shăh. Temple site.
6. Kudtani, Dargăh. Durgevara Temple materials used.
7. Sandur, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
8. Siruguppa, Lăd Khăn Masjid (1674). Temple site.
9. Sultanpuram, Masjid on the rock. Temple site.


IV. Bidar District.

1. Bidar, Ancient Hindu city transformed into a Muslim capital. The following monuments stand on temple sites and/or temple materials have been used in their construction:

(i) Solă Khambă Masjid (1326-27).
(ii) Jămi Masjid of the Bahmanîs.
(iii) Mukhtăr Khăn-kî-Masjid (1671).
(iv) Kălî Masjid (1694).
(v) Masjid west of Kălî Masjid (1697-98).
(vi) Farrah-Băgh Masjid, 3 km outside the city (1671).
(vii) Dargăh of Hazrat Khalîlullăh at Ashtűr (1440).
(viii) Dargăh of Shăh Shamsud-Dîn Muhammad Qădirî known as Multănî Pădshăh.
(ix) Dargăh of Shăh Waliullăh-al- Husainî.
(x) Dargăh of Shăh Zainul-Dîn Ganj Nishîn.
(xi) Dargăh and Masjid of Mahbűb Subhănî.
(xii) Mazăr of Ahmad Shăh Walî at Ashtűr (1436).
(xiii) Mazăr of Shăh Abdul Azîz (1484).
(xiv) Takht Mahal.
(xv) Gagan Mahal.
(xvi) Madrasa of Mahműd Gawăn.

2. Chandpur, Masjid (1673-74). Temple site.
3. Chillergi, Jămi Masjid (1381). Temple site.
4. Kalyani, Capital of the Later Chălukyas. All their temples were either demolished or converted into mosques.

(i) Jămi Masjid (1323). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1406). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Shahpur (1586-87). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Maulăna Yăqűb. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Sayyid Pîr Păshă. Temple site.
(vi) Fort Walls and Towers. Temple materials used.
(vii) Nawăbs Bungalow. Temple materials used.

5. Kohir

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăhs of two Muslim saints. Temple sites.

6. Shahpur, Masjid (1586-87). Temple site.
7. Udbal, Jămi Masjid (1661-62). Temple site.


V. Bijapur District.

1. Afzalpur, Mahal Masjid. Trikűta Temple materials used.
2. Badami, Second Gateway of the Hill Fort. VishNu Temple materials used.
3. Bekkunal, Dargăh outside the village. Temple materials used.
4. Bijapur, Ancient Hindu city transformed into a Muslim capital. The following monuments are built on temple sites and/or temple materials have been used in their construction:

(i) Jămi Masjid (1498-99).
(ii) Karîmud-Dîn-kî- Masjid in the Ărk (1320-21).
(iii) ChhoTă Masjid on way to Mangoli Gate.
(iv) Khwăja Sambal-kî-Masjid (1522-13).
(v) Makka Masjid.
(vi) AnDű Masjid.
(vii) Zangîrî Masjid.
(viii) Bukhără Masjid (1536-37).
(ix) Dakhînî Idgah (1538-39).
(x) Masjid and Rauza of Ibrăhîm II Adil Shăh (1626).
(xi) Gol Gumbaz or the Rauza of Muhammad Adil Shăh.
(xii) JoD-Gumbad.
(xiii) Nau-Gumbad.
(xiv) Dargăh of Shăh Műsă Qădiri.
(xv) Gagan Mahal.
(xvi) Mihtar Mahal.
(xvii) Asar Mahal.
(xvii) Anand Mahal and Masjid (1495).
(xviii) Săt Manzil.
(xix) Ărk or citadel.
(xx) Mazăr of Pîr Mabarî Khandăyat.
(xxi) Mazăr of Pîr Jumnă.
(xxii) Dargăh of Shăh Mîrănji Shamsul-Haq Chishtî on Shahpur Hill.

5. Hadginhali, Dargăh. Temple materials used.
6. Horti, Masjid. Temple materials used.
7. Inglesvara, Muhiud-Dîn Săhib-kî-Masjid. Munipă Samădhi materials used.
8. Jirankalgi, Masjid. Temple materials used.
9. Kalleeri, Masjid near the village Chawdi. Keavadeva Temple materials used.
10. Mamdapur

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Kamăl Săhib. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Sadle Săhib of Makka. Temple site.

11. Naltvad, Masjid (1315). Temple materials used.
12. Pirapur, Dargăh. Temple site.
13. Salvadigi, Masjid. Temple materials used.
14. Sarur, Masjid. Temple materials used.
15. Segaon, Dargăh. Temple site.
16. Takli, Masjid. Temple materials used.
17. Talikota

(i) Jămi Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) PăNch Pîr-kî-Masjid and Ganji-i-Shahî dăn. Temple site.

18. Utagi, Masjid (1323). Temple site.


VI. Chickmanglur District.

Baba Budan, Mazăr of Dădă Hayăt Mîr Qalandar. Dattătreya Temple site.


VII. Chitaldurg District.

Harihar, Masjid on top of Harîharevara Temple.


VIII. Dharwad District.

1. Alnavar, Jămi Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
2. Bankapur

(i) Masjid (1538-39). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1602-03). Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard with a Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Dongar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Alăud-Dîn-Qădirî . Temple site.
(vi) Fort (1590-91). Temple materials used,

3. Balur, Masjid. Temple materials used.
4. Dambal, Mazăr of Shăh Abdullăh Walî. Temple materials used.
5. Dandapur, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
6. Dharwad, Masjid on Mailarling Hill. Converted Jain Temple.
7. Hangal

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.

8. Hubli, 17 Masjids built by Aurangzeb in 1675 and after Temple sites.
9. Hulgur

(i) Dargăh of Sayyid Shăh Qădirî. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near the above Dargăh. Temple site.

10. Lakshmeshwar, Kălî Masjid. Temple site.
11. Misrikot, Jămi Masjid (1585-86). Temple site.
12. Mogha, Jămi Masjid. Ădityadeva Temple materials used.
13. Ranebennur, Qală, Masjid (1742). Temple site.
14. Savanur

(i) Jămi Masjid reconstructed in 1847-48. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Khairullăh Shăh Bădshăh. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Kamăl. Temple site.


IX. Gulbarga District.

1. Chincholi, Dargăh. Temple site.
2. Dornhalli, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Firozabad

(i) Jămi Masjid (1406). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Khalîfatur-Rahmă n Qădirî (d. 1421). Temple site.

4. Gobur, Dargăh. Ratnarăya Jinălaya Temple materials used.
5. Gogi

(i) Arabaa Masjid (1338). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Chandă, Husainî (1454). Temple site.
(iii) Chillă of Shăh Habîbullăh (1535-36). Temple site.

6. Gulbarga, Ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital and the following among other monuments built on temple sites and/or with temple materials:

(i) Kalăn Masjid in Mahalla Mominpura (1373).
(ii) Masjid in Shah Bazar (1379).
(iii) Jămi Masjid in the Fort (1367).
(iv) Masjid-i-Langar in the Mazăr of Hăjî Zaida.
(v) Masjid near the Farman Talab (1353-54).
(vi) Dargăh of Sayyid Muhammad Husainî Bandă, Nawăz Gesű Darăz Chishtî, disciple of Shykh Nasîrud-Dîn Mahműd ChîrAgh-i-Dihlî .
(vii) Mazăr of Shykh Muhammad Sirăjud-Dîn Junaidî.
(viii) Mazăr of Hăjî Zaida of Maragh (1434)
(ix) Mazăr of Sayyid Husainud-Dîn Tigh-i-Barhna (naked sword).
(x) Fort Walls and Gates.

7. Gulsharam, Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Jalăl Husainî (1553). Temple site.
8. Malkhed, Dargăh of Sayyid Jafar Husainî in the Fort. Temple site.
9. Sagar

(i) Dargăh of Sűfî Sarmast Chishtî, disciple of Nîzămud-Dîn Awlîya of Delhi. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Munawwar Bădshăh. Temple site.
(iii) Ăshur Khăna Masjid (1390-91). Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1411-12). Temple materials used.

10. Seram, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
11. Shah Bazar, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
12. Shahpur

(i) Dargăh of Műsă Qădirî (1667-68). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Muhammad Qădirî (1627). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of IbrAhIm Qădirî. Temple site.

13. Yadgir

(i) Ăthăn Masjid (1573). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


X. Kolar District.

1. Mulbagal, Dargăh of Hyder Walî. Temple site.
2. Nandi, Masjid east of the village. Temple site.


XI. Mandya District.

1. Pandavapur, Masjid-i-Ala. Temple site.
2. Srirangapatnam, Jămi Masjid built by Tîpű Sultăn (1787). Stands on the site of the Ăńjaneya Temple.


XII. Mysore District.

Tonnur, Mazăr said to be that of Sayyid Sălăr Masűd (1358). Temple materials used.


XIII. North Kanara District.

1. Bhatkal, Jămi Masjid (1447-48). Temple site.
2. Haliyal, Masjid in the Fort. Temple materials used.


XIV. Raichur District.

1. Jaladurga, Dargăh of Muhammad Sarwar. Temple site.
2. Kallur, Two Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Koppal

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Araboń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Sailănî Păshă. Temple site.

4. Manvi, Masjid (1406-07). Temple materials used.
5. Mudgal

(i) Masjid at Kati Darwaza of the Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Naî Masjid (1583-84). Temple site.
(iii) Two Ashur Khănas built by Ali I Adil Shah. Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1588). Temple materials used.

6. Raichur

(i) Yak Mînăr Masjid in the Fort (1503). Temple site.
(ii) Daftarî Masjid in the Fort (1498-99). Temple materials used.
(iii) Hazăr Baig Masjid (1511-12). Temple site
(iv) Jămi Masjid in the Fort (1622-23). Temple materials used.
(v) Jămi Masjid in Sarafa Bazar (1628-29). Temple site.
(vi) Kălî Masjid in the Fort. Temple materials used.
(vii) Masjid inside the Naurangi. Temple materials used.
(viii) Chowk-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Jahăniyă Masjid (1700-01). Temple site.
(x) Dargăh of Shăh Mîr Hasan and Mîr Husain. Temple materials used.
(xi) Dargăh of Sayyid Abdul Husainî at Sikandari Gate. Temple site.
(xii) Păńch Bîbî Dargăh at Bala Hissar. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Mazăr of Pîr Sailănî Shăh in the Fort. Temple materials used.
(xiv) Fort. Temple materials used.

7. Sindhanur, Ălamgîrî Masjid near the Gumbad. Temple site.
8. Tawagera, Dargăh of Bandă Nawăz. Temple site.


XV. Shimoga District.

1. Almel, Mazăr of Ghălib Shăh. Temple site.
2. Basavpatna, Masjid near the Fort. Temple site.
3. Nagar, Masjid built by Tîpű Sultăn. Temple materials used.
4. Sante Bennur, Randhullă Khăn-kî-Masjid (1637). Materials of the Rańganătha Temple used.
5. Sirajpur, Masjid built on top of the Chhinnakeava Temple for housing Prophet Muhammads hair.  Images defaced and mutilated. Part of the temple used as a laterine.


XVI. Tumkur District,

1. Sira

(i) Ibrăhîm Rauza with many Mazărs and a Jămi Masjid. Converted temples.
(ii) Dargăh of Malik Rihăn. Temple site.

2. Sirol, Jămi Masjid (1696). Temple site.


 

KASHMIR

1. Amburher, Ziărat of Farrukhzăd Săhib. Temple materials used.
2. Badgam

(i) Ziărat of Abban Shăh in Ghagarpur. Temple site.
(ii) Ziărat of Sayyid Swălia Shăh in Narbai. Temple site.

3. Bijbehra, Masjid. Temple site.
4. Bumzu

(i) Ziărat of Băbă Bămdîn. Converted Bhîmakeava. Temple.
(ii) Ziărat of Ruknud-Dîn Rishî. Converted temple.
(iii) Ziărat farther up the valley. Converted temple.

5. Gulmarg, Ziărat of Băbă Imăm Dîn Rishî. Temple materials used.
6. Gupkar, Ziărat of Jyesther and other monuments. Temple materials used.
7. Hutmar, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
8. Khonmuh, Several Ziărats. Temple materials used.
9. Kitshom, Two Masjids. Stand amidst temple ruins.
10. Loduv, Ziărat. Temple materials used.
11. Lohar, Ziărat of Sayyid Chănan Ghăzî. Temple site.
12. Lokbavan, Garden Pavilion. Temple materials from Lokabhavana Tîrtha used.
13. Marsus, Ziărat of Shăh Abdullăh. Temple site.
14. Pampor

(i) Ziărat of Mîr Muhammad Hamadăni. VishNusvămin Temple materials used.
(ii) Several other Ziărats. Temple materials used.

15. Pandrethan, Masjid. Meruvardhanaswă min Temple materials used.
16. Sangar, Ziărat. Temple materials used.
17. Sar, Ziărat of Khwăja Khîzr. Temple materials used.
18. Shalmar Garden, Pavilion on the 4th terrace. Temple materials used.
19. Srinagar, Ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital. The following monuments stand on temple sites and most of them have been constructed with temple materials.

(i) Ziărat of Bahăud-Dîn SAhib. Jayasvămin Temple converted.
(ii) Graveyard and its Gate below the 4th Bridge.
(iii) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh-i-Hamadănî in Kalashpura. On the site of the Kălî Temple.
(iv) Nau or Patthar-kî-Masjid built by Nűr Jahăn.
(v) Graveyard near the Nau Masjid.
(vi) Ziărat of Malik Săhib in Didd Mar. On the site of Diddă Matha.
(vii) Masjid and Madrasa and Graveyard near Vicharnag. On the site and from materials of the Vikramevara Temple.
(viii) Madnî Săhib-kî-Masjid at Zadibal.
(ix) Ziărat south-west of Madnî Săhib-kî-Masjid.
(x) Jămi Masjid originally built by Sikandar Butshikan and reconstructed in later times.
(xi) Ziărat named Nűr Pirastăn. NarendrasăAmin Temple converted.
(xii) Maqbara of Sultăn Zainul-Abidin.
(xiii) Maqbara of Zainul-Ăbidins mother, queen of Sikandar Butshikan.
(xiv) Ziărat of Pîr Hăjî Muhammad Săhib, south-west of the Jămi Masjid. VishNu RaNasvămin Temple converted.
(xv) Ziărats of Makhdűm Săhib and Akhun Mulla on Hari Parbat. Bhîmasvamin Temple converted.
(xvi) Masjid of Akhun Mulla built by Dără Shikoh.
(xvii) Ziărat of Pîr Muhammad Basűr in Khandbavan. On the site of Skandabhavana Vihăra.
(xviii) Graveyard north-east of Khandbavan.
(xix) Dargăh of Pîr Dastgîr.
(xx) Dargăh of Naqshbandî.
(xxi) Ramparts and Kathi Gate of the Fort built by Akbar.
(xxii) Stone embankments on both sides and for several miles of the Jhelum river as its passes through Srinagar.
(xxiii) Astăna of MIr Shamsud-Dîn Syed Muhammad Irăqî.

20. Sudarbal, Ziărat of Hazrat Băl. Temple site.
21. Tapar, Bund from Naidkhai to Sopor built by Zainul-Ăbidin. Materials from Narendrevara Temple used.
22. Theda, Ziărat near Dampor. Temple materials used.
23. Vernag, Stone enclosure built by Jahăngîr. Temple materials used.
24. Wular Lake

(i) Suna Lanka, pleasure haunt built by Zainul-Ăbidîn in the midst of the Lake. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shukrud-DIn on the western shore. Temple site.

25. Zukur, Several Ziărats and Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
 
 

KERALA

1. Kollam, (Kozhikode District), Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Palghat, Fort built by Tîpű Sultăn. Temple materials used.
 
 

LAKSHADWEEP

1. Kalpeni, Muhiud-Dîn-Pallî Masjid. Temple site.
2. Kavarati, Prot-Pallî Masjid. Temple site.
 
 

MADHYA PRADESH

I. Betul District.

1. Pattan, Dargăh of Sulaimăn Shăh. Temple site.
2. Umri, Dargăh of Rahmăn Shăh. Temple site.


II. Bhopal District.

1. Berasia, Masjid (1716). Temple site.
2. Bhopal, Jămi Masjid built by Qudsia Begum. SabhămaNDala Temple site.


III. Bilaspur District.

Khimlasa

(i) Dargăh of Păńch Pîr. Temple site.
(ii) Nagînă Mahal. Temple site.
(iii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid with three domes. Temple site.


IV. Damoh District.

(i) Dargăh of Ghăzî Miăn. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.


V. Dewas District.

1. Dewas

(i) Masjid (1562). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1705). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1707). Temple site.

2. Gandhawal, Graveyard inside the village. Jain Temple materials used.
3. Sarangpur

(i) Madrasa (1493). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1640). Temple site.
(iii) Pîr Jăn-kî-Bhătî Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Unchod, Idgăh (1681). Temple site.


VI. Dhar District.

1. Dhar, Capital of Răjă Bhoja Paramăra converted into a Muslim capital. The following Muslim monuments tell their own story:

(i) Kamăl Maulă Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Lăt Masjid (1405). Jain Temple materials used.
(iii) Mazăr of Abdullăh Shăh Changăl. Temple site.

2. Mandu, An ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital and the following monuments built on the sites of and/or with materials from temples

(i) Jămi Masjid (1454).
(ii) Dilăwar Khăn-kî-Masjid (1405).
(iii) ChhoTî Jămi Masjid.
(iv) Pahredăroń-kî-Masjid (1417).
(v) Malik Mughîs-kî-Masjid.
(vi) Maqbara of Hushăng Shăh.
(vii) Jahăz Mahal.
(viii) Tawîl Mahal.
(ix) Năhar Jharokhă.
(x) Hindolă Mahal.
(xi) Rupmatî Pavilion.
(xii) Ashrafî Mahal.
(xiii) Dăî-kî-Chhotî Bahen-kă-Mahal.
(xiv) Băz Bahădur-kă-Mahal.
(xv) Nîlkanth Mahal.
(xvi) Chhappan Mahal.
(xvii) Fort and Gates.
(xviii) Gadă-Shăh-kă-Mahal.
(xix) Hammăm Complex.


VII. Dholpur District.

Bari, Masjid (1346 or 1351). Temple site.


VIII. East Nimar District.

1. Bhadgaon, Jămi Masjid (1328). Temple site.
2. Jhiri, Masjid (1581). Temple site.
3. Khandwa, Masjid (1619-20). Temple site.


IX. Guna District.

1. Chanderi, Muslim city built from the ruins of the old or Budhi Chanderi nearby. The following monuments stand on the sites of temples and/or have temple materials used in them:

(i) Masjid (1392).
(ii) Motî Masjid.
(iii) Jămi Masjid.
(iv) PăńchműhńDă Masjid.
(v) Qurbăni Chabűtră.
(vi) Dargăh of Mewă Shăh.
(vii) Mazăr known as BaDă Madrasa.
(viii) Mazăr known as ChhoTă Madrasa.
(ix) Răjă-kă-Maqbara.
(x) Rănî-kă-Maqbara.
(xi) Battîsî BăoDî Masjid (1488).
(xii) Hăthîpur-kî-Masjid (1691).
(xiii) Mazăr of Shykh Burhanud-Dîn.
(xiv) Fort.
(xv) Kushk Mahal.
(xvi) Idgăh (1495).

2. Pipari, Masjid (1451). Temple site.
3. Shadoragaon, Jămi Masjid (1621-22). Temple site.


X. Gwalior District.

1. Gwalior

(i) Dargăh of Muhammad Ghaus. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid near Gűjarî Mahal. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid near Ganesh Gate. Gawălîpă Temple site.
(iv) Graveyards on east and west of the Fort. Temple sites.

2. Jajao, Lăl Patthar-kî-Masjid, Temple materials used.
3. Mundrail, Several Masjids (1504). Temple sites.
4. Sipri, Several Masjids and Mazărs. Temple materials used.


XI. Indore District.

1. Depalpur, Masjid (1670). Temple site.
2. Maheshwar

(i) ShăhI Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Mehdipur

(i) Mazăr of Godăr Shăh. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Sanwar, Masjid (1674). Temple site.


XII. Mandsaur District.

1. Kayampur

(i) Masjid (1676). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1701-02). Temple site.

2. Mandsaur

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Rampura, Pădshăhî BăoDi. Temple materials used.


XIII. Morena District.

Alapur

(i) Masjid (1561-62). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1586-87). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1697-98). Temple site.


XIV. Panna District.

1. Ajaigarh, Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Nachna, Masjid. Converted temple.


XV. Raisen District.

Palmyka Mandir-Masjid. Temple materials used.


XVI. Rajgarh District.

Khujner, Mazăr of Dăwal Shăh.  Temple materials used.


XVII. Ratlam District.

Barauda, Masjid (1452-56). Temple site.


XVIII. Sagar District.

1. Dhamoni, Dargăh of Băl Jatî Shăh (1671). Temple site.
2. Kanjia

(i) Khăn Săhib-kî-Masjid (1594-95). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1640). Temple site.
(iv) Alamgîrî Masjid (1703). Temple site.
(iii) Qală-kî-Masjid (1643). Temple site.

3. Khimlasa, Păńch Pîr. Temple site.


XIX. Sehore District.

Masjid (1332). Temple site.


XX. Shajapur District.

Agartal, Masjid. Temple site.


XXI. Shivpuri District.

1. Narod, Zanzărî Masjid. Temple site.
2. Narwar

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Madăr. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1509). Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid inside Havapaur Gate (1509). Temple site.

3. Pawaya

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Several other Muslim monuments. Temple materials used.

4. Ranod

(i) Masjid (1331-32). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1441). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1633). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1640). Temple site.

5. Shivpuri, Jămi Masjid (1440). Temple site.


XXII. Ujjain District.

1. Barnagar, Masjid (1418). Temple site.
2. Ujjain,

(i) Jămi Masjid known as Bină-nîv-kî-Masjid (1403-04). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid unearthed near Chaubis Khamba Gate. Temple materials used.
(iii) MochI Masjid. Converted temple.


XXIII. Vidisha District.

1. Basoda, Masjid (1720-21). Temple site.
2. Bhonrasa,

(i) Qalandarî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jăgîrdăr-kî-Masjid (1683). Temple site.
(iii) BaDî Masjid in Bada Bagh (1685). Temple site.
(iv) Bandi Bagh-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Bără-Khambă Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Ek-Khambă Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Bină-nîv-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Graveyard in Bandi Bagh. Amidst temple ruins.
(ix) Idgăh. Temple site.
(x) Fort (1594). Temple materials used.

3. Parasari, Masjid (1694-95). Temple site.
4. Renkla, Masjid. (1647-48). Temple site.
5. Shamsabad, Masjid (1641). Temple site.
6. Sironj

(i) Ălamgîrî Masjid (1662-63). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Mahalla Rakabganj (1657-58). Temple site.
(iii) DargAh of Shykh Săhib (d. 1657). Temple site.

7. Tal, Masjid (1644-45). Temple site.
8. Udaypur

(i) Masjid (1336). Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Temple materials used.
(iii) Motî Masjid (1488-89). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1549). Temple site.
(v) Two Masjids of Shăh Jahăn. Temple sites.
(vi) Masjid of Jahăngîr. Temple site.

9. Vidisha

(i) Ălamgîrî or VijaimaNDal Masjid (1682). Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid on Lohangi Hill (1457). Temple site.
(iii) Shăh Jahăni Masjid (1650-51). Temple site.
(iv) City Wall. Temple materials used,


XXIV. West Nimar District.

1. Asirgarh

(i) Jămi Masjid (1584). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid built in the reign of Shăh Jahăn. Temple site.
(iii) Idgăh (1588-89). Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.

2. Bhikangaon, Idgăh (1643-44). Temple site.
3. Baidia, Masjid (1456-57). Temple site.
4. Burhanpur

(i) Jămi Masjid (1588-89). Temple site.
(ii) Bîbî Săhib-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Shăh Masűd-kî-Masjid (1582-83). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Bahăud- Dîn Băjan. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Sűfi Nűr Shăh. Temple site.


 

MAHARASHTRA

I. Ahmadnagar District.

1. Amba Jogi, Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Bhingar, Mulla Masjid (1367-68). Temple site.
3. Gogha

(i) Idgăh (1395). Temple site.
(ii) Morakhwada Masjid (1630). Temple site.

4. Jambukhed, Jămi Masjid (1687-88). Temple site.
5. Madhi, Dargăh of Ramzăn Shăh Mahî Sawăr. Temple site.


II. Akola District.

1. Akot, Jămi Masjid (1667). Temple site.
2. Balapur, Masjid (1717-18). Temple site.
3. Basim, Kăkî Shăh-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
4. Jamod

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Paulăd Shăh. Temple site.

5. Karanj

(i) Astăn Masjid (1659). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1669-70). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1698-99). Temple site.

6. Manglurpir

(i) Qadîmî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Hayăt Qalandar (d. 1253). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Sanam Săhib. Temple site.

7. Narnala

(i) Jămi Masjid (1509). Temple site.
(ii) Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.

8. Patur, Dargăh of Abdul Azîz alias Shykh Băbű Chishtî (d. 1388). Temple site.
9. Uprai, Dargăh of Shăh Dăwal. Temple site.


III. Amravati District.

1. Amner, Masjid and Mazăr of Lăl Khăn (1691-92). Temple site.
2. Ellichpur

(i) Jămi Masjid reconstructed in 1697. Temple site.
(ii) Dărushifa Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Chowk-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Idgăh. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Shăh Ghulăm Husain. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Abdul Rahmăn Ghăzî known as Dűlhă Shăh. Temple site.

3. Ritpur, Aurangzebs Jămi Masjid (reconstructed in 1878). Temple site.


IV. Aurangabad District.

1. Antur Fort, Qală-kî-Masjid (1615). Temple site.
2. Aurangabad

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Lăl Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Maqbara of Aurangzeb. Temple site.

3. Daulatabad

(i) Jămi Masjid (1315). Converted lain Temple.
(ii) Yak Minăr-kî-Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid-i-Hauz at Kazipura (1458). Temple site.
(iv) Idgăh (1359). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Pîr Kădű Săhib. Converted temple.
(vi) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Gangapur, Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
5. Kaghzipura, Dargăh of Shăh Nizămud-Dîn. Temple site.
6. Khuldabad

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Burhănud-Dîn Gharîb Chishtî (d. 1339). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh on Pari-ka-Talao. Converted temple.
(iii) Mazăr of Halîm Kăkă Săhib. Converted temple.
(iv) Mazăr of Jalălul-Haqq. Temple site.
(v) Bărădarî in Bani Begums Garden. Temple site.

7. Paithan

(i) Jămi Masjid (1630). Converted temple.
(ii) Maulăna Săhib-kî-Masjid. Converted ReNukădevî Temple.
(iii) Alamagîrî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Makhdűm Husain Ahmad (1507). Temple site.

8. Taltam Fort, Fort. Temple materials used.
9. Vaijapur

(i) Mazărs in Nau Ghazi. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Syed Ruknud-Dîn. Temple site.


V. Bid District.

Bid

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Qăzî Săhib-kî-Masjid (1624). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Sadr (1704-05). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid and Dargăh of Shăhinshăh Walî. Temple site.
(v) Idgăh (1704). Temple site.


VI. Bombay District.

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr at Mahim. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Maină Hajjăm. Converted Măhălakshmî Temple.


VII. Buldana District.

1. Fathkhelda, Masjid (1581). Temple site.
2. Malkapur, Masjid near Qazis house. Temple site.


VIII. Dhule District.

1. Bhamer

(i) Masjid (1481-82). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1529-30). Temple site.

2. Erandol, Jămi Masjid in Pandav-vada. Temple materials used.
3. Nandurbar

(i) Manyăr Masjid. Siddhevaradeva Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Sayyid Alăud-Dîn. Temple site.
(iii) Several Masjids amidst ruins of Hindu temples.

4. Nasirabad, Several old Masjids. Temple sites.
5. Nizamabad, Masjid. Temple site.


IX. Jalgaon District.

1. Jalgaon. Masjid. Temple site.
2. Phaskhanda, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Shendurni, Masjid-i-Kabî r (1597). Temple site.


X. Kolhapur District.

1. Bhadole, Masjid (1551-52). Temple site.
2. Kagal, Dargăh of Ghaibî Pîr. Temple site.
3. Kapshi, Masjid-e-Husainî . Temple site.
4. Panhala

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shykh Saidud-DIn. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of BaDă Imăm in the Fort. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Sădobă Pîr. Parăara Temple site.

5. Shirol, Jămi Masjid (1696). Temple site.
6. Vishalgarh, Mazăr of Malik Rihăn Pîr. Temple site.


XI. Nagpur District.

Ramtek, Masjid built in Aurangzebs reign. Converted temple.


XII. Nanded District.

1. Bhaisa

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Three Dargăhs. Temple sites.

2. Deglur, Mazăr of Shăh Ziăud-Dîn Rifai. Temple site.
3. Kandhar

(i) Jămi Masjid (1606). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid and Dargăh inside the Fort. Temple materials used.
(iii) Causeway of the Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Nanded, Idgăh in Khas Bagh. Temple site.


XIII. Nasik District.

1. Galna

(i) Dargăh of Pîr Pűlăd (1581). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

2. Gondengaon, Jămi Masjid (1703). Temple site.
3. Malegaon, Dargăh of Khăkî Shăh. Temple site.
4. Nasik, Jămi Masjid in the Fort. Converted Măhălakshmî Temple.
5. Pimpri, Mazăr of Sayyid Sadraud-Dîn. Temple site.
6. Rajapur, Masjid (1559). Temple site.


XIV. Osmanabad District.

1. Ausa, Masjid (1680). Temple site.
2. Naldurg, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
3. Parenda

(i) Masjid inside the Fort. Built entirely of temple materials.
(ii) Namăzgăh near the Talav. Converted Mănakevara Temple.


XV. Parbhani District.

1. Khari, Mazăr of Ramzăn Shăh. Temple site.
2. Latur

(i) Dargăh of Mabsű Săhib. Converted Minapurî Mătă Temple.
(ii) Dargăh of Sayyid Qădirî. Converted Somevara Temple.

3. Malevir, KhaDu Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.


XVI. Pune District.

1. Chakan, Masjid (1682). Temple site.
2. Ghoda, Jămi Masjid. Built in 1586 from materials of 33 temples.
3. Junnar

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple Site.
(ii) Diwăn Ahmad-kî-Masjid (1578-79). Temple site.
(iii) GunDi-kî-Masjid (1581). Temple site.
(iv) MadAr Chillă-kî-Masjid. (1611-12). Temple site.
(v) Kamăni Masjid on Shivneri Hill (1625). Temple site.
(vi) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Khed, Masjid and Mazăr of Dilăwar Khăn. Temple site.
5. Mancher, Masjid at the South-Western Gate. Temple site.
6. Sasvad, Masjid. Built entirely of Hemadapantî temple materials.


XVII. Ratnagiri District.

1. Chaul

(i) Mazăr of Pîr Sayyid Ahmad. Converted Sămba Temple.
(ii) Maqbara near Hinglaj Spur. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard. Temple site.

2. Dabhol, Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
3. Rajpuri, Aidrusia Khănqăh. Temple site.
4. Yeshir, Jămi Masjid (1524). Temple site.


XVIII. Sangli District.

1. Mangalvedh, Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Miraj

(i) Masjid (1415-16). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1506). Temple site.
(iii) Kălî Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Namăzgăh (1586-97). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of BaDă Imăm. Temple site.


XIX. Satara District.

1. Apti, Masjid (1611-12). Temple site.
2. Karad

(i) Jămi Masjid (1575-76). Temple materials used.
(ii) Qadamagăh of Alî (1325). Temple site.

3. Khanpur, Jămi Masjid (1325). Temple materials used.
4. Rahimatpur,

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Maqbara known as that of Jahăngîrs Mother (1649). Temple site.


XX. Sholapur District.

1. Begampur, Maqbara near Gadheshvar. Temple site.
2. Sholapur, Fort, Temple materials used.


XXI. Thane District.

1. Kalyan

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Yăqűb, Temple site.
(ii) Makka Masjid (1586). Temple site.

2. Malanggadh, Mazăr of Băbă MalaNg. Temple site.


XXII. Wardha District.

1. Ashti

(i) Jămi Masjid (1521). Temple site.
(ii) Lodî Masjid (1671-72). Temple site.

2. Girad, Mazăr of Shykh Farîd.  Converted temple.
3. Paunar, Qadîmî Masjid. Converted Rămachandra. Temple.


 

ORISSA

I. Baleshwar District.

Jămi Masjid in Mahalla Sunhat (163-74). rî ChanDî Temple site.


II. Cuttack District.

1. Alamgir Hill, Takht-i-Sulaimă n Masjid (1719). Temple materials used.
2. Cuttack

(i) Shăhî Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjids in Oriya Bazar. Temple sites.
(iii) Qadam Rasűl Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1668-69). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.

3. Jajpur

(i) DargAh of Sayyid Bukhări. Materials of many temples used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid built by Nawwăb Abu Năsir. Temple materials used.

4. Kendrapara, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Salepur, Masjid. Temple site.


III. Ganjam District.

Lalapet, Masjid (1690). Temple site.


 

PUNJAB

I. Bhatinda District.

Mazăr of Băbă Hăjî Rattan (1593). Converted temple.


II. Gurdaspur District.

Batala, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


III. Jalandhar District.

Sultanpur, Bădshăhi Sarai. Built on the site of a Buddhist Vjhăra.


IV. Ludhiana District.

(i) Dargăh and Masjid of Alî Sarmast (1570). Temple site.
(ii) Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1517). Temple site.


V. Patiala District.

1. Bahadurgarh, Masjid in the Fort (1666). Temple site.
2. Bawal, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
3. Samana

(i) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid (1495). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1614-15). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid near Imămbăra (1637). Temple site.
(iv) Pîrzăda-kî-Masjid (1647). Temple site.


VI. Ropar District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


VII. Sangrur District.

Sunam

(i) Qadîmî Masjid (1414). Temple site.
(ii) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple site.


 

RAJASTHAN

I. Ajmer District.

It was a Hindu capital converted into a Muslim metropolis. The following monuments stand on the site of and/or are built with materials from temples.

1. ADhăî-Dîn-kA-Jhoń pră (1199).
2. Qalandar Masjid at Taragarh.
3. Ganj-i-Shahîdă n at Taragarh.
4. Dargăh of Muinud-Dîn Chistî (d. 1236).
5. Chilia-i-Chishtî near Annasagar Lake.
6. Dargăh and Mazăr of Sayijid Husain at Taragah.
7. Jahăngîrî Mahal at Pushkar.
8. Shăhjahănî Masjid (1637).
9. Annasagar Bărădari.


II. Alwar District.

1. Alwar, Mazăr of Makhdűm Shăh. Temple site.
2. Bahror

(i) Dargăh of Qădir Khăn. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near the Dargăh. Temple site.

3. Tijara

(i) Bhartari Mazăr. Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid near the Dargăh. Temple site.


III. Bharatpur District.

1. Barambad, Masjid (1652-53). Temple site.
2. Bari

(i) Graveyard of Arabs and Pathans. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1510). Temple site.

3. Bayana

(i) Űkha or Nohăra Masjid. Converted Űshă Temple.
(ii) Qazîpără Masjid (1305). Temple materials used.
(iii) Faujdărî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Syyidpără Masjid. Temple materials used.
(v) Muffonkî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(vi) Pillared Cloister at Jhălar Băolî. Temple materials used.
(vii) Idgăh near Jhălar Băolî. Temple site.
(viii) Taletî Masjid in the Bijayagarh Fort. Converted temple.
(ix) Abu Qandahăr Graveyard. Temple site.
(x) Masjid in Bhitari-Bahari Mahalla. VishNu Temple materials used.

4. Etmada, Pirastăn. Temple site.
5. Kaman

(i) Chaurăsî Khambă Masjid. Converted Kămyakesvara Temple.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.


IV. Chittaurgarh District.

1. Mazăr of Ghăibî Pîr and the surrounding Graveyard. Temple sites.
2. Qanătî Masjid in the same area. Temple site.


V. Jaipur District.

1. Amber, Jămi Masjid (1569-70). Temple site.
2. Chatsu

(i) Chhatrî of Gurg Alî Shăh (d. 1571). Temple materials used.
(ii) Nilgaroń-kî-Masjid (1381). Temple site.

3. Dausa, Jămi Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.
4. Naraina

(i) Jămi Masjid (1444). Temple materials used.
(ii) Tripolia Darwaza. Temple materials used.

5. Sambhar

(i) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple site.
(ii) DargAh of Khwăja Hisămud-Dîn Jigarsukhta. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Nakhas (1695-96). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid in Rambagh (1696-97). Temple site.

4. Tordi, Khări Băolî. Temple materials used.


VI. Jaisalmer District.

1. Jaisalmer, Faqiron-kă-Takiyă . Temple site.
2. Pokaran, Masjid (1704-05). Temple site.


VII. Jalor District.

1. Jalor

(i) Shăhî or Topkhănă Masjid (1323). Părvanătha Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgăh (1318). Temple site.
(iii) Băoliwăli Masjid (1523). Temple site.

2. Sanchor, Jămi Masjid (1506). Temple site.


VIII. Jhalawar District.

Sunel, Masjid (1466-67). Temple site.


IX. Jhunjhunu District.

Narhad, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.


X. Jodhpur District.

1. Jodhpur, Yak-Minăr-kî-Masjid (1649). Temple site.
2. Mandor

(i) Shăhî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Ghulăm Khăn-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Tannă Pîr. Temple materials used.

3. Pipar City, Jămi Masjid (1658). Temple. site.


XI. Kota District.

1. Baran, Masjid (1680). Temple site.
2. Bundi, Mîrăn Masjid on the hill east of the town. Temple site.
3. Gagraun

(i) Jămi Masjid (1694). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Hazrat Hamîdud-Dîn known as Mitthă Shah. Temple site.

4. Shahabad

(i) Sher Shăh Sűrî-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. (1671-72). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Rahîm Khăn Dătă (1534-35). Temple site.

5. Shergarh, Fort of Sher Shăh Sűrî. Brăhmanical, Buddhist and Jain temple materials used.


XII. Nagaur District.

1. Amarpur, Masjid (1655). Temple site.
2. Bakalia, Masjid (1670). Temple site.
3. Balapir, Masjid. Temple site.
4. Badi Khatu

(i) Shăhî Masjid (around 1200). Temple materials used.
(ii) Qanătî Masjid (1301). Temple site.
(iii) Pahăriyoń-kî-Masjid and Chheh Shahîd Mazărs. Temple materials used.
(iv) Jăliyăbăs-kî-Masjid (1320). Temple site.
(v) BaDî and ChhoTî Masjid in Mahalla Sayiddan. Temple site.
(vi) Khănzădoń-kî-Masjid (1482). Temple site.
(vii) Masjid and Dargăh of Muhammad Qattăl Shahîd (1333). Temple materials used.
(viii) Dhobiyoń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Masjid-i-Sangatră shăn (1639). Temple site.
(x) Dargăh of Băbă Ishăq Maghribî (1360). Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Samman Shăh. Temple sites.
(xii) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple site.
(Xiii) Mominoń-kî-Masjid (1667). Temple site.
(xiv) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Basni, BaDî Masjid (1696). Temple site.
5. Chhoti Khatu, Dargăh of Shăh Nizăm Bukhărî (1670). Temple site.
6. Didwana

(i) Qăzioń-kî-Masjid (1252). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Gudri Bazar (1357). Temple site.
(iii) Band (closed) Masjid (1384). Temple site.
(iv) Shaikoń-kî-Masjid (1377). Temple site.
(v) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Qălă-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Havălă Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Takiyă-kî-Masjid (1582-83). Temple site.
(x) Kachahrî Masjid (1638). Temple site.
(xi) Dhobioń-kî-Masjid (1662).
(xii) Julăhoń-kî-Masjid (1664). Temple site.
(xiii) Lohăroń-kî-Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(xiv) Bisătiyoń-kî-Masjid (1675-76). Temple site.
(xv) Mochioń-kî-Masjid (1686). Temple site
(xvi) Shăh Chăngî Madărî Masjid (1711). Temple site.
(xvii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(xviii) Graveyard near Delhi Darwaza. Temple site.
(xix) Dîn Darwaza (1681). Temple site.
(xx) Mazăr of Rashîdud-Dîn Shahîd. Temple site.

7. Kathoti, Masjid (1569-70). Temple site.
8. Kumhari

(i) Masjid and Dargăh of Bălă Pîr (1496-97). Temple site.
(ii) Qalandarî Masjid. Temple site.

9. Ladnun

(i) Jămi Masjid (1371). Temple materials used.
(ii) Hazirawălî or Khaljî Masjid (1378-79). Temple site.
(iii) Shăhî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Umrăo Shahîd Ghăzî (1371). Temple site.
(v) Graveyard near the above Dargăh. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr-i-Murăd- i-Shahîd. Temple site.

10. Loharpura

(i) Dargăh of Pîr Zahîrud-Dîn. Temple site.
(ii) ChhoTî Masjid (1602). Temple site.

11. Makrana

(i) Jămi Masjid. (Sher Shăh). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near Pahar Kunwa (1653). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Gaur Bas (1678). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1643). Temple site.

12. Merta

(i) Masjid in Salawtan (1625-26). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Gaditan (1656). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid. (1665). Temple site.
(iv) Mochiyoń-kî-Masjid (1663). Temple site.
(v) Ghosiyoń-kî-Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(vi) Mominoń-kî-Masjid (1666). Temple site.
(vii) Masjid in Mahărăj-kî-Jăgîr (1666). Temple site
(viii) Chowk-kî-Masjid (1670). Temple site.
(ix) Hajjămoń-kî-Masjid (1686-87). Temple site.
(x) Miyăńjî-kî-Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
(xi) Sabungaroń-kî- Masjid. Temple site.
(xii) Dargăh of Ghaus Pîr. Temple site.
(xiii) Takiyă Kamăl Shăh. Temple site.

13. Nagaur

(i) Mazăr of Pîr Zahîrud-Dîn. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Băbă Badr. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Sűfî Hamîdud-Dîn Nagauri Chishtî. Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Shykh Abdul Qădîr Jilănî. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Makhdűm Husain Năgaurî. Temple site.
(vi) Dargăh of Ahmad Alî Băpjî. Temple site.
(vii) Dargăh of Sayyid Imăm Nűr (1527). Temple site.
(viii) Dargăh of Shăh Abdus-Salăm. Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Mîrăn Săhib. Temple site.
(xii) Shams Khăn Masjid near Shamsi Talav. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Jămî Masjid (1553). Temple site.
(xiv) Ek Mînăr-kî-Masjid (1505-06). Temple site.
(xv) Dhobiyoń-kî-Masjid (1552). Temple site.
(xvi) Chowk-kî-Masjid (1553). Temple site.
(xvii) Mahawatoń-kî-Masjid (1567-68). Tempe site.
(xviii) Hamaloń-kî-Masjid (1599-1600). Temple site.
(xix) Shăh Jahănî Masjid at Surajpole. Converted temple.
(xx) Masjid outside the Fort (1664). Temple site.
(xxi) Kharădiyoń-kî-Masjid( 1665). Temple site
(xxii) Ghosiyoń-kî-Masjid (1677). Temple site.
(xxiii) Masjid near Maya Bazar (1677). Temple site.
(xxiv) Qalandroń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(xxv) Kanehri Julăhoń-kî-Masjid (1669). Temple site.
(xxvi) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid (1433-34). Temple site.
(xxvii) AkhăDewălî Masjid (1475). Temple site.

14. Parbatsar, Mazăr of Badrud-Dîn Shăh Madăr. Temple site.
15. Ren, Masjid (1685). Temple site.
16. Rohal, Qăzioyń-kî-Masjid (1684). Temple site.
17. Sojat, Masjid (1680-81). Temple site.


XIII. Sawai Madhopur District.

1. Garh, Qală-kî-Masjid (1546-47). Temple site.
2. Hinduan

(i) Rangrezoń-kî-Masjid (1439). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Takiyă of Khwăja Alî. Temple site.
(iii) Kachahrî Masjid (1659-60). Temple site.
(iv) Bără Khambă Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(v) Graveyard east of the Talav. Temple site.
(vi) Masjid and Mazăr of Rasűl Shăh. Temple site.

3. Ranthambor, Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.


XIV. Sikar District.

Revasa, Masjid. Temple materials used.


XV. Tonk District.

Nagar, Ishăkhăn Băolî. Temple materials used.


XVI. Udaipur District.

Mandalgarh, Alăi Masjid. Converted Jain Temple.


 

TAMIL NADU

I. Chingleput District.

1. Acharwak, Mazăr of Shăh Ahmad. Temple site.
2. Kanchipuram

(i) Large Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Eight other Masjids. Temple sites.
(iii) Gumbad of Babă Hamîd Walî. Temple site.

3. Karkatpala, Mazăr of Murăd Shăh Mastăn. Temple site.
4. Kovalam, Dargăh of Malik bin Dinăr (1593-94). Temple site.
5. Munropet

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shăh Alî Mastăn. Temple site.

6. Pallavaram

(i) Hill of Panchapandyamalai renamed Maula Pahad and central hall of an ancient Cave Temple turned into a Masjid for worshipping a panjă (palm).
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Husain Qădirî alias Bűdű ShahId. Temple site.
(iii) Poonmalle, Mîr Jumlas Masjid (1653). Temple materials used.

7. Rajkoilpetta, Mazăr of Hăji Umar. Temple site.
8. Rampur, Takiyă of the Tabqătî order of Faqirs. Temple site.
9. Rayapeta, Walăjăhî Masjid. Temple site.
10. Walajahbad, Masjid. Temple site.


II. Coimbatore District.

1. Annamalai, Fort. Repaired by Tîpű Sultăn with temple materials.
2. Coimbatore, Large Masjid of Tîpű Sultăn. Temple site.
3. Sivasamudram, DargAh of Pîr Walî. Temple site.


III. Madras District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


IV. Madura District.

1. Bonduvarapetta, Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Devipatnam, Large Masjid. Temple site.
3. Goripalaiyam, Dargăh of Khwăja Alăud-Dîn. Temple site.
4. Madura, Dargăh of Khwăza Alăud-Dîn. Temple site.
5. Nimarpalli

(i) Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Jalălud-Dîn. Temple materials used.

6. Puliygulam, Masjid. Temple site.
7. Soravandam, Masjid. Temple site.
8. Tiruparankunram, Sikandar Masjid on top of the Hill. Stands admist ruins of Brahmanical, Buddhist and Jain temples.


V. North Arcot District.

1. Arcot, A city of temples before its occupation by Muslims.

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Tomb of Sadatullah Khăn. Atreya Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid and Mazăr of Tîpű Awliyă. Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Sayyid Husain Shăh. Temple site.
(v) Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Masjid of Shăh Husain Chishtî. Temple site.
(vii) Masjid and Gumbad of Păpă ShahId. Temple site.
(viii) Gumbad of Shăh Sădiq with a graveyard. Temple site.
(ix) Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Azmatullăh Qădirî. Temple site.
(x) Masjid of Shykh Natthar. Temple site.
(xi) Masjid of Murăd Shăh. Temple site.
(xii) Masjid of Mîr Asadullăh Khăn. Temple site.
(xiii) Masjid of Maulawî Jamăl Alî. Temple site.
(xiv) Masjid and Gumbad of Sayyid Ahmad alias Yăr Pîr. Temple site.
(xv) Masjid of Chandă Săhib. Temple site.
(xvi) Masjid of Miskîn Shăh with Gumbad of Amîn Pîr. Temple site.
(xvii) Masjid and Mazăr of Hazrat Usmăn Khăn Sarwar. Temple site.
(xviii) Masjid in the Maqbara of Mughlănî. Temple site.
(xix) Masjid of GhulAm Rasűl Khăn. Temple site.
(xx) Masjid of Shăh Ghulam Husain Dargăhi. Temple site.
(xxi) Masjid of Hăfiz Abdul Azîz. Temple site.
(xxii) Masjid of Hăfiz Karîmullăh. Temple site.
(xxiii) Masjid and Gumbad in Tajpura. Temple site. Outside the city
(xxiv) Takiyă of Qătil Păndű Sarguroh. Temple site.
(xxv) Masjid and Gumbad of Ahmad Tăhir Khăn. Temple site.
(xxvi) Masjid, Khănqăh, Graveyard and Gumbad in Hasanpura. Temple site.
(xxvii) Gumbad of Hazrat Antar Jămi with the Idgăh. Temple site.
(xxviii) Takiyă, of Săbit Alî Shăh. Temple site.
(xxix) Masjid and Mazăr of Sayyid KarIm Muhammad. Qădirî. Temple site.
(xxx) Masjid of Sădatmand Khăn. Temple site.
(xxxi) Masjid of Abul-Hasan Zăkir. Temple site.
(xxxii) Masjid of Daűd Beg. Temple site.
(xxxiii) Masjid and Gumbad of Hazrat Shăh Năsir. Temple site.
(xxxiv) Masjid of Punjî. Temple site.
(xxxv) Mazăr of Yadullăh Shăh. Temple site.
(xxxvi) Rangîn Masjid. Temple site.
(xxxvii) House of Relic which has a footprint of the Holy Prophet. Converted temple.

2. Arni

(i) Two Masjids. Temple sites.
(ii) Dargăh of Seven Shahîds. Temple site.

3. Kare, Naulakh Gumbad. Converted Gautama and Vivamitra. Temple
4. Kaveripak

(i) Idgăh. Temple site.
(ii) Takiyă. Temple site.
(iii) Three Masjids. Temple sites.

5. Nusratgarh, Many Masjids and Mazărs in the ruined Fort. Temple sites.
6. Pirmalipak, Mazăr of Wăjid Shăh Champăr Posh. Temple site.
7. Ramna

(i) Masjid of Kamtu Shăh. Temple site.
(ii) Takiyă of Shăh Sădiq Tabqăti. Temple site.

8. Vellore

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) ChhoTî Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Nűr Muhammad Qădirî who laid waste many temples. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shăh Abul-Hasan Qădirî.
(v) Mazăr of Abdul Latîf Zauqî. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Alî Husainî Chishtî. Temple site.
(vii) Mazăr of Hazrat Alî Sultăn. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Amîn Pîr. Temple site.
(ix) Mazăr of Shah Lutfullah Qădirî. Temple site.
(x) Mazăr of Săhib Pădshăh Qădirî. Temple site.

9. Walajahnagar, Masjid and Mazăr of Pîr Săhib on the Hill. Temple site.
10. Wali-Muhammad- Petta, Masjid. Temple site.


VI. Ramanathapuram District.

1. Eruvadi

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Ibrăhîm Shahîd. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Hazrat Fakhrud-Dîn Shahîd alias Kătbăbă Săhib. Temple site.

2. Kilakari

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Muhammad Qăsim Appă. Temple site.
(iii) Apparpallî Masjid. Temple site.

3. Periyapattanam, Dargăh of Sayyid Sultăn Walî. Temple site.
4. Valinokkam

(i) Pallîvăsal Masjid (1417-18). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Katupalli (1425). Temple site.

5. Ramanathapuram, Old Masjid. Temple site.


VII. Salem District.

Sankaridurg, Masjid on the ascent to the Fort. Temple site.


VIII. South Arcot District.

1. Anandapur, Masjid. Temple site.
2. Chidambaram

(i) Lălkhăn Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Nawal Khăn Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Amînud-Dîn Chishtî. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Sayyid Husain. Temple site.

3. Gingee

(i) Masjid (1718). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1732). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.

4. Kawripet, Mazăr of Qalandar Shăh. Temple site.
5. Manjakupham, Mazăr of Shăh Abdur-Rahîm. Temple site.
6. Mansurpeta, Itibăr Khăn-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
7. Nallikuppam

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Mîrăn Săhib. Temple site.

8. Pannuti

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Gumbad of Nűr Muhammad Qădirî. Temple site.

9. Swamiwaram, Masjid. Temple site.
10. Tarakambari

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Ismăil Săhib. Temple site.

11. Tirumalarayanapatna m, Mazăr of Abdul Qădir Yamînî. Temple site.
12. Warachkuri, Mazăr of Shăh Jalăl Husainî. Temple site.


IX. Thanjavur District.

1. Ammapettah

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Muînud-Dîn Husain Qădirî. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Shah Jăfar. Temple site.

2. Ilyur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Inăyatullăh Dirwesh. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Muhammad Mastăn. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Mîrăn Husain. Temple site.

3. Karambari

(i) Mazăr of Arab Săhib. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Mubtală Shăh. Temple site.

4. Kurikyalpalayam

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Makhdűm Hăjî. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Makhdűm Jahăn Shăh. Temple site.

5. Kurkuti, Gumbad of Hasan Qădirî alias Ghyb Săhib. Temple site.
6. Kushalpalayam

(i) Mazăr of Hazrat Tăj Firăq Badanshăhî. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Hidăyat Shăh Arzănî. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Yăr Shăh Husainshăhî. Temple site.

7. Nagur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Qădir Walî Shăh. Temple site.

8. Urancheri, Mazăr of Pîr Qutbud-Dîn. Temple site.
9. Vijayapuram, GumbaD of Sultăn Makhdűm. Temple site.
10. Wadayarkari, MazAr of Băwă SAhib Shăhid. Temple site.


X. Tiruchirapalli District.

1. Puttur, Mazăr. Temple materials used.
2. Tiruchirapalli

(i) Dargăh of NătThăr Shăh Walî. Converted iva Temple. Lingam used as lamp-post.
(ii) Masjid-i-Muhammadî . Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Băbă Muhiud-Dîn Sarmast. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Hazrat Fathullăh Nűrî. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Shams Parăn. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Sayyid Abdul Wahhăb. Temple site.
(vii) Mazăr of Shăh Fazlullah Qădirî. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Shăh Nasîrud-Dîn. Temple site.
(ix) Mazăr of Farîdud-Dîn Shahîd. Temple site.
(x) Mazăr of Hazrat Chănd Mastăn. Temple site.
(xi) Mazăr of Sayyid Zainul-Ăbidîn at Tinur. Temple site.
(xii) Mazăr of Sayyid Karîmud-Dîn Qădirî. Temple site.
(xiii) Mazăr of Alîmullăh Shăh Qădirî called Barhana Shamsîr (Năked Sword). Temple site.
(xiv) Mazăr of Shăh Imamud-Dîn Qădirî. Temple site.
(xv) Mazăr of Kăkî- Shăh. Temple site.
(xvi) Mazăr of Khwăja Aminud-Dîn Chistî. Temple site.
(xvii) Mazăr of Khwăja Ahmad Shăh Husain Chishtî. Temple site.
(xviii) Mazăr of Shăh Bhekă. Converted temple.
(xix) Mazăr of Shăh Jamălud-Dîn Husain Chishtî. Temple site.
(xx) Mazăr of Qăyim Shăh who destroyed twelve temples. Temple site.
(xxi) Mazăr of Munsif Shăh Suhrawardîyya. Temple site.
(xxii) Mazăr of Itiffăq Shăh. Temple site.
(xxiii) Mazăr of Sayyid Jalăl Qădirî. Temple site.
(xxiv) Mazăr of Mahtab Shah Shirăzî Suhrawardîyya. Temple site.
(xxv) Masjid of Hăjî Ibrăhîm where NăTThăr Shăh Walî (see i above) stayed on his arrival. Temple site.

3. Valikondapuram

(i) Masjid opposite the Fort. Converted temple.
(ii) Mazăr near the Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Sher Khăn-kî-Masjid (1690). Temple site.
(iv) Old Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XI. Tirunelvelli District.

1. Ambasamudram, Mazăr of Hazrat Rahmtullăh near the ruined Fort. Temple site.
2. Kayalpattanam

(i) Periyapallî Masjid (1336-37).
(ii) Sirupallî Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Nainăr Muhammad. Temple site.
(iv) Marukudiyarapallî Masjid. Temple site.

3. Tirunelvelli, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.


 

UTTAR PRADESH

I. Agra District.

1. Agra

(i) Kalăn Masjid in Saban Katra (1521). Temple materials used.
(ii) Humăyűn-kî-Masjid at Kachhpura (1537-38). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid of Jahănără (1644). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Kamăl Khăn Shahîd in Dehra Bagh. Temple material uses.
(v) Riverside part of the Fort of Akbar. Jain Temple sites.
(vi) Chînî kă Rauză. Temple site.

2. Bisauli, Masjid (1667-68).  Temple site.
3. Fatehpur Sikri

(i) Anbiyă Wălî Masjid and several others in Nagar.  Converted temples.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Shykh Salîm Chishtî. Temple site.
(iv) Fatehpur Sikri Complex. Several temple sites.


4. Firozabad, Qadîm Masjid. Temple site.
5. Jajau, Masjid. Temple site.
6. Rasulpur, Mazăr of Makhdűm Shah. Temple site.
7. Sikandra

(i) Maqbara of Akbar. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Mission Compound. Temple site.


II. Aligarh District

1. Aligarh

(i) Idgăh (1562-63). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn Chishtî Shamsul-Arifî n. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard with several Mazărs. Temple site.
(iv) Shershăhî Masjid (1542). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1676). Temple site.

2. Pilkhana, Băbarî or Jămi Masjid (1528-29). Temple: materials used.
3. Sikandara Rao, Jămi Masjid (1585). Temple site.


III. Allahabad District.

1. Allahabad

(i) Fort of Akbar. Temple sites.
(ii) Khusru Bagh. Temple sites.
(iii) Dargăh of Shăh Ajmal Khăn with a Graveyard. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1641-22). Temple site.
(v) Gulabbari Graveyard.  Temple site.

2. Koh Inam, Jămi Masjid (1384). Temple site.
3. Mauima, Qadîm Masjid. Temple site.
4. Shahbazpur, Masjid (1644-45). Temple site.


IV. Azamgarh District.

1. Dohrighat, Kalăn Masjid. Temple site.
2. Ganjahar, Masjid (1687-88). Temple site.
3. Mehnagar, Tomb of Daulat or Abhimăn. Temple site.
4. Nizambad

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Miăn Maqbűl and Husain Khăn Shahîd (1562).  Temple sites.

5. Qasba, Humăyűns Jămi Masjid (1533-34). Temple site.


V. Badaun District.

1. Alapur, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Badaun

(i) Shamsî or Jămi Masjid (1233). Temple materials used.
(ii) Shamsî Idgăh (1209). Temple materials used.
(iii) Hauz-i-Shamsî (1203). Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Wilăyat (1390). Temple site.
(v) Several other Masjids and Mazărs. Temple sites.

3. Sahiswan, Jămi Masjid (1300). Temple site.
4. Ujhani, Abdullăh Khăn-kî-Masjid. Temple site.


VI. Bahraich District.

DargAh of Sălăr Masűd Ghăzî. Sűryadeva Temple site.


VII. Ballia District. 

Kharid

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Ruknud-Dîn Shăh. Temple site.


VIII. Banda District.

1. Augasi, Masjid (1581-82). Temple site.
2. Badausa, Masjid (1692). Temple site.
3. Kalinjar

(i) Masjid in Patthar Mahalla (1412-13). Converted Lakshmî-NărăyaNa Temple.
(ii) Masjid (1660-61). Temple site.
(iii) Several other Masjids and Mazărs. Temple sites.

4. Soron, Dargăh of Shykh Jamăl. Temple site.


IX. Bara Banki District.

1. Bhado Sarai, Mazăr of Malămat Shăh. Temple site.
2. Dewa

(i) Dargăh of Hăjî Wăris Alî Shăh. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1665). Temple site.

3. Fatehpur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Imambără. Temple site.

4. Radauli

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Ahmad and Zuhră Bîbî. Temple site.

5. Rauza Gaon, Rauza of Daűd Shăh. Temple site.
6. Sarai-Akbarabad, Masjid (1579-80). Temple site.
7. Satrikh, Dargăh of Sălăr Săhű Ghăzî. Temple site.


X. Bareilly District.

1. Aonla

(i) Begum-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Maqbara of Alî Muhammad Rohilla. Temple site.

2. Bareilly, Mirzai Masjid (1579-80). Temple site.
3. Faridpur, Fort built by Shykh Farîd. Temple materials used.


XI. Bijnor District.

1. Barmih-ka-Khera, Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Jahanabad, Maqbara of Nawăb Shujaat Khăn. Temple site.
3. Kiratpur, Fort with a Masjid inside. Temple materials used.
4. Mandawar, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
5. Najibabad, Patthargarh Fort. Temple materials used.
6. Nihtaur, Masjid. Temple site.
7. Seohara, Masjid. Temple site.


XII. Bulandshahar District.

1. Aurangabad Sayyid, All Masjids stand on temple sites.
2. Bulandshahar

(i) Dargăh. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Materials of many temples used.
(iii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1311). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1538). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid (1557). Temple site.

3. Khurja, Mazăr of Makhdűm Săhib. Temple site.
4. Shikarpur, Several Masjids built in Sikandar Lodîs reign. Temple sites.
5. Sikandarabad, Several Masjids built in Sikandar Lodî a reign.  Temple sites.


XIII. Etah District.

1. Atranjikhera, Mazăr of Hazrat Husain (or Hasan). Temple site.
2. Jalesar

(i) Mazăr of Mîrăn Sayyid Ibrăhîm (1555). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Kasganj, Jămi Masjid (1737-38). Temple site.
4. Marahra, Masjid and Mazăr. Temple site.
5. Sakit

(i) Qadîm Masjid (1285). Temple materials used.
(ii) Akbarî Masjid (1563). Temple site.


XIV. Etawah District.

1. Auraiya, Two Masjids. Temple sites.
2. Etawah, Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.
3. Phaphund, Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Bukhărî (d. 1549). Temple site.


XV. Farrukhabad District.

1. Farrukhabad, Several Masjids. Temple materials used.
2. Kannauj

(i) Dînă or Jămi Masjid (1406). Sîtă-kî-Rasoî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Jahăniăn. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Băbă Hăji Pîr. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1663-64). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Bălă Pîr. Temple site.

3. Rajgirhar, Mazăr of Shykh Akhî Jamshed. Temple site.
4. Shamsabad, All Masjids and Mazărs. Temple sites.


XVI. Fatehpur District.

1. Haswa, Idgăh (1650-51). Temple site.
2. Hathgaon

(i) Jayachandi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Burhăn Shahîd. Temple site.

3. Kora (Jahanabad)

(i) Daraăh of Khwăja Karrak. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.

4. Kot, Lădin-ki-Masjid (built in 1198-99, reconstructed in 1296). Temple site.


XVII. Fyzabad District.

1. Akbarpur

(i) Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1660-61). Temple site.

2. Ayodhya

(i) Băbarî Masjid. RAma-Janmabhű mi Temple site.
(ii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Swargadvăra Temple site.
(iii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Tretă-kă-Thăkur Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shăh Jurăn Ghurî. Temple site.
(v) Mazărs of Sîr Paighambar and Ayűb Paighambar near Maniparvat. On the site of a Buddhist Temple which contained footmarks of the Buddha.

3. Fyzabad, Imămbără. Temple site.
4. Hatila, Mazăr of a Ghăzî. Aokanătha Mahădeva. Temple site.
5. Kichauchha, Dargăh of Makhdűm Ashraf in nearby Rasulpur. Temple site.


XVIII. Ghazipur District.

1. Bhitri

(i) Masjid and Mazăr. Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iii) Bridge below the Idgăh. Buddhist Temple materials used.

2. Ghazipur

(i) Mazăr and Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Chahal Sitűn Palace. Temple site.

3. Hingtar

(i) Qala-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Khagrol, Bără Khambă or Dargăh of Shykh Ambar. Temple site.
5. Saidpur, Two Dargăhs. Converted Buddhist Temples.


XIX. Gonda District.

Sahet-Mahet (răvastî)

(i) Maqbara. On the plinth of Sobhnăth Jain Temple.
(ii) Mazăr of Mîrăn Sayyid.  On the ruins a Buddhist Vihăra.
(iii) Imlî Darwăză. Temple materials used.
(iv) Karbală Darwăză. Temple materials used.


XX. Gorakhpur District.

1. Gorakhpur, Imămbără. Temple site.
2. Lar, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Pava, Karbală. On the ruins of a Buddhist Stűpa.


XXI. Hamirpur District

1. Mahoba

(i) Masjid outside Bhainsa Darwaza of the Fort (1322). Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid built on a part of the Palace of Parmardideva on the Hill. Temple materials used.
(iii) Two Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Pîr Muhammad Shăh. Converted Siva temple.
(v) Dargăh of MubArak Shăh and Graveyard nearby. Contain no less than 310 pillar from demolished temples.

2. Rath, Two Maqbaras. Temple materials used.


XXII. Hardoi District.

1. Bilgram

(i) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1438). Temple materials used.
(iii) Several other Masjids and Dargăhs. Temple materials used.

2. Gopamau, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Pihani

(i) Abdul Gafűr-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Sadr-i-Jahăn (1647-48). Temple site.

4. Sandila

(i) Qadîm Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr in Bărah Khambă. Temple site.


XXIII. Jalaun District.

1. Kalpi

(i) Chaurăsî Gumbad complex of tombs. Many temple sites.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Abdul Fath Alăi Quraishi (1449). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Shăh Băbű Hăjî Samad (1529). Temple site.
(iv) DeoDhi or Jămi Masjid (1554). Temple site.

2. Katra, Masjid (1649). Temple site.


XXIV. Jaunpur District.

1. Jaunpur

(i) Atălă Masjid (1408). Atala DevI Temple materials used.
(ii) Daribă Masjid. Vijayachandras Temple materials used.
(iii) Jhăńjarî Masjid.  Jayachandras Temple materials used.
(iv) Lăl Darwăză Masjid. Temple materials from the Vivevara Temple at Varanasi used.
(v) HammAm Darwăză Masjid (1567-68). Temple materials used.
(vi) Ibrăhîm Bărbak-kî-Masjid inside the Fort (1360). Temple materials used.
(vii) Jămi Masjid. Pătăla Devî Temple site.
(viii) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ix) Akbarî Bridge on the Gomatî. Temple materials used.
(x) Khălis Mukhlis or Chăr Angulî Masjid. Temple site.
(xi) Khăn Jahăn-kî-Masjid (1364). Temple site.
(xii) Rauză of Shăh Fîruz. Temple site.

2. Machhlishahar

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Karbală. Temple site.
(iii) Sixteen other Masjids. Temple sites.

3. Shahganj, Dargăh of Shăh Hazrat Alî. Temple site.
4. Zafarabad

(i) Masjid and Dargăh of Makhdűm Shah (1311 or 1321). Temple materials used.
(ii) Ibrăhîm Barbak-kî-Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Zafar Khăn-kî-Masjid (1397). Converted temple.
(iv) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple materials used.
(v) Fort. Temple materials used.
(vi) Early Sharqî buildings including many Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
(vii) Dargăh of Asarud-Dîn. Temple materials used.


XXV. Jhansi District.

1. Irich, Jămi Masjid (1412). Temple materials used.
2. Lalitpur, Băsă Masjid (1358). Materials of four temples used.
3. Talbhat

(i) Masjid (1405). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Tăj Băj. Temple site.


XXVI. Kanpur District.

1. Jajmau

(i) Dargăh of Alăud-Dîn Makhdűm Shăh (1360). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1307). Temple site.
(iii) Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Jămi Masjid (renovated in 1682). Temple site.

2. Makanpur, Mazăr of Shăh Madăr. Converted temple.


XXVII. Lucknow District.

1. Kakori, Jhăńjharî Rauza of Makhdűm Nizămud-Dîn. Temple materials used.
2. Lucknow

(i) Tîlewălî. Masjid Temple site.
(ii) Ăsafud-Daula Imambara. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Shăh Muhammad Pîr on Lakshmana Tila renamed Pir Muhammad Hill. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shykh Ibrăhîm Chishtî Rahmatullăh. Temple materials used.
(v) Nadan Mahal or Maqbara of Shykh Abdur-Rahîm. Temple site.
(vi) Machchi Bhavan. Temple sites.

3. Musanagar, Masjid (1662-63). Temple site.
4. Nimsar, Fort. Temple materials used.
5. Rasulpur, Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.


XXVIII. Mainpuri District. 

Rapri

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1312). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Faddű. Temple site.


XXIX. Mathura District.

1. Mahaban, Assî Khambă Masjid. Converted temple.
2. Mathura

(i) Idgăh on the Katră Mound. Kevadeva. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid built by Abdun-nabi (1662). Temple materials used.
(iii) Mazăr of Shykh Farîd. Temple materials used.
(iv) Mazăr of Makhdűm Shăh Wilăyat at Sami Ghat. Temple materials used.

3. Naujhil, Dargăh of Makhdűm Shykh Saheti Săhib. Temple materials used.


XXX. Mecrut District.

1. Barnawa, Humăyuns Masjid (1538-39). Temple site.
2. Garhmuktesar, Masjid (1283). Temple site.
3. Hapur, Jămi Masjid (1670-71). Temple site.
4. Jalali, Jămi Masjid (1266-67). Temple materials used.
5. Meerut

(i) Jămi Masjid. Stands on the ruins of a Buddhist Vihăra.
(ii) Dargăh at Nauchandi.  Nauchandî Devî Temple site.

6. Phalauda, Dargăh of Qutb Shăh. Temple site.


XXXI. Mirzapur District.

1. Bhuli, Masjid in Dakhni Tola. Temple site.
2. Chunar

(i) Mazăr of Shăh Qăsim Sulaimăn. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Mirzapur, Several Masjids. Temple sites.


XXXII. Moradabad District.

1. Amroha

(i) Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargăh and Masjid of Shykh Saddű. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Shykh Wilăyat. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1557-58). Temple site.
(v) Many other Masjids. Temple sites.

2. Azampur, Masjid (1555-56). Temple site.
3. Bachhraon, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
4. Moradabad, Jămi Masjid (1630). Temple site.
5. Mughalpura-Agwanpur, Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.
6. Sirsi, Qadîmî Masjid. Temple site.
7. Ujhari, Mazăr of Shykh Daűd. Temple site.
8. Sambhal

(i) Jămi Masjid. Converted VishNu Temple.
(ii) Masjid in Sarai Tarim (1503). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Miăn Hătim Sambhali. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shykh Panjű. Temple site.


XXXIII. Muzaffarnagar District.

1. Daira Din Panah, Mazăr of Sayyid Dîn Panăh. Temple site.
2. Ghausgah, Fort and Masjid. Temple materials used.
3. Jhinjhana

(i) Dargăh (1495). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Abdul Razzăq (1623). Temple site.

4. Kairana

(i) Dargăh. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1551). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1553-54). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1617-18). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1630-31). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid (1651-52). Temple site.

5. Majhera, Masjid and Mazăr of Umar Nűr. Temple site.
6. Sambhalhera, Two Masjids (1631-32). Temple site.
7. Thana Bhawan, Masjid (1702-03). Temple site.


XXXIV. Pilibhit District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XXXV. Pratapgarh District.

Manikpur, Many Masjids and Mazărs. On the ruins of demolished temples.


XXXVI. Rampur District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XXXVII. Rae Bareli District.

1. Datmau

(i) Idgăh (1357-58). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. On the ruins of Buddhist Stűpas.
(iii) Masjid (1616). Temple site.

2. Jais

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid (1674-75). Temple site.

3. Rae Bareli

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Jahăn Khăn Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Sayyid Jăfari. Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.


XXXVIII. Saharanpur District. 

1. Ambahata

(i) Masjid (1533-34). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1534-35). Temple site.

2. Deoband

(i) Masjid (1510). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1557). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid (1677-78). Temple site.

3. Gangoh

(i) Mazăr of Shykh Abdul Quddűs. Temple site.
(ii) Three Masjids. Temple sites.

4. Jaurasi, Masjid (1675-76). Temple site.
5. Kaliyar, Dargăh of Shykh Alăud-Dîn Alî bin Ahmad Săbrî, a disciple of Băbă Farîd Shakar Ganj of Pak Pattan. Temple site.
6. Manglaur

(i) Masjid (1285). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Wilăyat. Temple site.

7. Rampur, Mazăr of Shykh Ibrăhîm. Temple site.
8. Saharanpur, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
9. Sakrauda, Dargăh of Shăh Ruknud-Dîn or Shăh Nachchan. Temple site.
10. Sirsawa, Mazăr of Pîr Kilkilî Shăh. On top of temples destroyed.


XXXIX. Shahjahanpur District.

1. Kursi, Masjid (1652). Temple site.
2. Shahjahanpur, Bahadur Khăn-kî-Masjid (1647). Temple site.


XL. Sitapur District.

1. Biswan, Masjid (1637-38). Temple site.
2. Khairabad, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Laharpur, Mazăr of Shykh Abdur-Rahmăn. Temple site.


XLI. Sultanpur District.

1. Amethi, Mazăr of Shykh Abdul Hasan. Temple site.
2. Isuli

(i) Jămi Masjid (1646-47). Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Sayyid Ashraf Jahăngîr Simnănî. Temple site.


XLII. Unao District.

1. Bangarmau

(i) BaDi Dargăh of Alăud-Dîn Ghanaun (1320). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Jalălud-DIn (d. 1302). Temple site.
(iii) ChhoTî Dargăh (1374). Temple site.
(iv) Jămi Masjid (1384). Temple site.

2. Rasulabad, Alamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.
3. Safipur

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Shafî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Qudratullăh. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Fahîmullăh. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Hăfizullăh. Temple materials used.
(v) Dargăh of Abdullăh. Temple materials used.
(vi) Fourteen Masjids. Temple sites.


XLIII. Varanasi District.

1. Asla, Shăh Jahănî Masjid. Temple site.
2. Varanasi

(i) Masjid at Gyanavapi. Vivevara Temple material used.
(ii) Masjid at Panchaganga Ghat. KirîTavivevara Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid and Dargăh of Sayyid Fakhrud-Dîn Săhib Alvî (1375) Temple site.
(iv) Bindu Madhava Masjid (1669). Converted Bińdu-Mădhava Temple.
(v) Masjid and Mazăr at Bakariya Kund. Temple materials used.
(vi) ADhăi Kăńgră-kî-Masjid in Adampura. Temple site.
(vii) Darhară Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Lăl Khăn at Rajghat. Temple site.



Footnotes:

1 The word Hindu in the present context stands for all schools of Sanatana Dharma-Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism and the rest.

2 History of Aurangzeb, Calcutta, 1925-52.

3 Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, Bombay, 1962.

4 Advice tendered to this author by Dilip Padgaonkar, editor of The Times of India, in the context of quoting correct history. Small wonder that he has converted this prestigious daily into a platform for communist politicians masquerading as historians. Perhaps you want, wrote a reader, to invest them with some kind of academic glory by using the legend of JNU, but their best introduction, intellectually speaking, is that they are Stalinist historians Their ideological brothers in the press make sure, through selective reporting and publishing, that their views are properly advertised. The Times of India, too, is in this rank; its editorials, leading articles, special reports-all breathe venom, not just against Ram Janmabhumi but any Hindu viewpoint. Anything in sympathy with this viewpoint is conscientiously kept out (The Times of India, November 11, 1989, Letters).

5 Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report 1925-26.  Pp. 129-30. 

6 Ibid., p. 129.

7 Ibid., p. l28.

8 Ibid., 1907-08, p. 113.

9 Ibid., Pp. 114.

10 Ibid., p. 114-15.  Technical details have been omitted and emphasis added.

11 Ibid., p. 116.

12 Ibid., p. 120.

13 Ibid., p. 126.

14 Ibid., p. 61.

15 Ibid., 1907-08, Pp. 47, to 72.

16 Ibid., 1903-04, p. 86.

17 Ibid., 1902-3, p. 52.

18 Ibid., 1921-22, p. 83.

19 Ibid., p. 84.

20 Ibid., 1902-03, p. 56.

21 Ibid., 1933-34, Pp. 36-37.

22 Ibid., 1902-03, Pp. 16-17.

23 Ibid., 1993-4, Pp. 31-32.

24 Ibid., 1902-03, Pp. 17-18.

25 Ibid., 1903-04, p. 43.

26 Ibid., p. 63.

27 Ibid., 1904-05, p. 24.

28 Ibid., 1929-30, p. 29.

29 Ibid., 1928-29, Pp. 167-68.

30 Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire, New Delhi Reprint, 1962, Pp. 199-200.

31 Archaeological Survey of India, Volume I : Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65, Varanasi Reprint, 1972, Pp. 440-41.

32 Ratan Pribhdas Hingorani, Sites Index to A.S.I. Circle Reports New Delhi 1978, Pp. 17-262.

33 A decision to this effect was taken by the Archaeological Survey of India soon after independence, ostensibly under guidelines laid down by an international conference.

34 S.A.A. Rizvi, History of Sufism in India, Volume 1, New Delhi, 1978, P. 189.

35 Ghulăm Abdul Qădir Nazîr, Bahr-i-Azam or Travels of Azam Shăh Nawwăb Walăjăh, 1823, Madras, 1960, p. 128.

36 Ibid., p. 64.

37 Ibid., p. 128.

38 Dates given in brackets refer to the Christian era.

Let the Mute Witnesses Speak
Sita Ram Goel

The cradle of Hindu culture1 on the eve of its Islamic invasion included what are at present the Sinkiang province of China, the Transoxiana region of Russia, the Seistan province of Iran and the sovereign states of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Islamic invasion commenced around 650 A.D., when a Muslim army secured a foothold in Seistan, and continued till the end of the eighteenth century, when the last Islamic crusader, Tipu Sultan, was overthrown by the British. Hordes of Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Afghans who had been successively inspired by the Theology of Islam poured in, in wave after wave, carrying fire and sword to every nook and corner of this vast area. In the process, Sinkiang, Transoxiana region, Seistan and Afghanistan became transformed into darul-IslĂm where all vestiges of the earlier culture were wiped out.  The same spell has engulfed the areas which were parts of India till 1947 and have since become Pakistan and Bangladesh.

We learn from literary and epigraphic sources, accounts of foreign travellers in medieval times, and modern archaeological explorations that, on the eve of the Islamic invasion, the cradle of Hindu culture was honeycombed with temples and monasteries, in many shapes and sizes.  The same sources inform us that many more temples and monasteries continued to come up in places where the Islamic invasion had yet to reach or from where it was forced to retire for some time by the rallying of Hindu resistance.  Hindus were great temple builders because their pantheon was prolific in Gods and Goddesses and their society rich in schools and sects, each with its own way of worship.  But by the time we come to the end of the invasion, we find that almost all these Hindu places of worship had either disappeared or were left in different stages of ruination.  Most of the sacred sites had come to be occupied by a variety of Muslim monuments-masjids and îdgăhs (mosques), dargăhs and ziărats (shrines), mazărs and maqbaras (tombs), madrasas and maktabs (seminaries) , takiyăs and qabristăns (graveyards) .  Quite a few of the new edifices had been built from the materials of those that had been deliberately demolished in order to satisfy the demands of Islamic Theology.  The same materials had been used frequently in some secular structures as well-walls and gates of forts and cities, river and tank embankments, caravanserais and stepwells, palaces and pavilions.

Some apologists of Islam have tried to lay the blame at the door of the White Huns or Epthalites who had overrun parts of the Hindu cradle in the second half of the fifth century A.D. But they count without the witness of Hiuen Tsang, the famous Chinese pilgrim and Buddhist savant, who travelled all over this area from 630 A.D. to 644. Starting from Karashahr in Northern Sinkiang, he passed through Transoxiana, Northern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, North-Eastern Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Nepal, Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Mahakosal and Andhra Pradesh till he reached Tamil Nadu. On his return journey he travelled through Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Bharat, Sindh, Southern Afghanistan and Southern Sinkiang. In most of these provinces he found in a flourishing state many Buddhist establishments consisting of vihăras (monasteries) , chaityas (temples) and stűpas (topes), besides what he described as heretical (Jain) and deva (Brahmanical) temples.  The wealth of architecture and sculptures he saw everywhere confirms what we learn from Hindu literary sources.  Some of this wealth has been recovered in recent times from under mounds of ruins.

During the course of his pilgrimage, Hiuen Tsang stayed at as many as 95 Buddhist centres among which the more famous ones were at Kuchi, Aqsu, Tirmiz, Uch Turfan, Kashagar and Khotan in Sinkiang; Balkh, Ghazni, Bamiyan, Kapisi, Lamghan, Nagarahar and Bannu in Afghanistan; Pushkalavati, Bolar and Takshasila in the North-West Frontier Province; Srinagar, Rajaori and Punch in Kashmir; Sialkot, Jalandhar and Sirhind in the Punjab; Thanesar, Pehowa and Sugh in Haryana; Bairat and Bhinmal in Rajasthan, Mathura, Mahoba, Ahichchhatra, Sankisa, Kanauj, Ayodhya, Prayag, Kausambi, Sravasti, Kapilvastu, Kusinagar, Varanasi, Sarnath and Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh; Vaishali, Pataliputra, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodhgaya, Monghyr and Bhagalpur in Bihar; Pundravardhana, Tamralipti, Jessore and Karnasuvarna in Bengal; Puri and Jajnagar in Orissa; Nagarjunikonda and Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh; Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu; Badami and Kalyani in Karnataka; Paithan and Devagiri in Maharashtra; Bharuch, Junagarh and Valabhi in Gujarat; Ujjain in Malwa; Mirpur Khas and Multan in Sindh. The number of Buddhist monasteries at the bigger ones of these centres ranged from 50 to 500 and the number of monks in residence from 1,000 to 10,000.  It was only in some parts of Eastern Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province that monasteries were in a bad shape, which can perhaps be explained by the invasion of White Huns. But so were they in Kusinagar and Kapilavastu where the White Huns are not known to have reached.  On the other hand, the same invaders had ranged over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and most of Uttar Pradesh where Hiuen Tsang found the monasteries in a splendid state.  They had even established their rule over Kashmir where Hiuen Tsang saw 500 monasteries housing 5,000 monks. It is, therefore, difficult to hold them responsible for the disappearance of Buddhist centres in areas where Hiuen Tsang had found them flourishing. An explanation has to be found elsewhere. In any case, the upheaval they caused was over by the middle of the sixth century.  Moreover, the temples and monasteries which Hiuen Tsang saw were only a few out of many. He had not gone into the interior of any province, having confined himself to the more famous Buddhist centres.

What was it that really happened to thousands upon thousands of temples and monasteries? Why did they disappear and/or give place to another type of monuments? How come that their architectural and sculptural fragments got built into the foundations and floors and walls and domes of the edifices which replaced them? These are crucial questions which should have been asked by students of medieval Indian history. But no historian worth his name has raised these questions squarely, not to speak of finding adequate answers to them. No systematic study of the subject has been made so far. All that we have are stray references to the demolition of a few Hindu temples, made by the more daring Hindu historians while discussing the religious policy of this or that sultan. Sir Jadunath Sarkar2 and Professor Sri Ram Sharma3 have given more attention to the Islamic policy of demolishing Hindu temples and pointed an accusing finger at the theological tenets which dictated that policy. But their treatment of the subject is brief and their enumeration of temples destroyed by Aurangzeb and the other Mughal emperors touches only the fringe of a vast holocaust caused by the Theology of Islam, all over the cradle of Hindu culture, and throughout more than thirteen hundred years, taking into account what happened in the native Muslim states carved out after the British take-over and the formation of Pakistan after partition in 1947.

Muslim historians, in India and abroad, have written hundreds of accounts in which the progress of Islamic armies across the cradle of Hindu culture is narrated, stage by stage and period by period. A pronounced feature of these Muslim histories is a description- in smaller or greater detail but always with considerable pride-of how the Hindus were slaughtered en masse or converted by force, how hundreds of thousands of Hindu men and women and children were captured as booty and sold into slavery, how Hindu temples and monasteries were razed to the ground or burnt down, and how images of Hindu Gods and Goddesses were destroyed or desecrated. Commandments of Allah (Quran) and precedents set by the Prophet (Sunnah) are frequently cited by the authors in support of what the swordsmen and demolition squads of Islam did with extraordinary zeal, not only in the midst of war but also, and more thoroughly, after Islamic rule had been firmly established. A reference to the Theology of Islam as perfected by the orthodox Imams, leaves little doubt that the citations are seldom without foundation.

The men and women and children who were killed or captured or converted by force cannot be recalled for standing witnesses to what was done to them by the heroes of Islam. The apologists for Islam-the most dogged among them are some Hindu historians and politicians- have easily got away with the plea that Muslim court scribes had succumbed to poetic exaggeration in order to please their pious patrons. Their case is weakened when they cite the same sources in support of their owns speculation or when the question is asked as to why the patrons needed stories of bloodshed and wanton destruction for feeding their piety.  But they have taken in their stride these doubts and questions as well.

There are, however, witnesses who are not beyond recall and who can confirm that the court scribes were not at all foisting fables on their readers. These are the hundreds of thousands of sculptural and architectural fragments which stand arrayed in museums and drawing rooms all over the world, or which are waiting to be picked up by public and private collectors, or which stare at us from numerous Muslim monuments. These are the thousands of Hindu temples and monasteries which either stand on the surface in a state of ruination or lie buried under the earth waiting for being brought to light by the archaeologists spade. These are the thousands of Muslim edifices, sacred as well as secular, which occupy the sites of Hindu temples and monasteries and/or which have been constructed from materials of those monuments.  All these witnesses carry unimpeachable evidence of the violence that was done to them, deliberately and by human hands.

So far no one has cared to make these witnesses speak and relate the story of how they got ruined, demolished, dislocated, dismembered, defaced, mutilated and burnt.  Recent writers on Hindu architecture and sculpture-their tribe is multiplying fast, mostly for commercial reasons-ignore the ghastly wounds which these witnesses show on the very first sight, and dwell on the beauties of the limbs that have survived or escaped injury.  Many a time they have to resort to their imagination for supplying what should have been there but is missing.  All they seem to care for is building their own reputations as historians of Hindu art. If one draws their attention to the mutilations and disfigurements suffered by the subjects under study, one is met with a stunned silence or denounced downright as a Hindu chauvinist out to raise demons from the past4 with the deliberate intention of causing communal strife.

We, therefore, propose to present a few of these witnesses in order to show in what shape they are and what they have to say.

Tordi (Rajasthan)

At Tordi there are two fine and massively built stone baolis or step wells known as the Chaur and Khari Baoris. They appear to be old Hindu structures repaired or rebuilt by Muhammadans, probably in the early or middle part of the 15th century  In the construction of the (Khari) Baori Hindu images have been built in, noticeable amongst them being an image of Kuber on the right flanking wall of the large flight of steps5

Naraina (Rajasthan)

At Naraina is an old pillared mosque, nine bays long and four bays deep, constructed out of old Hindu temples and standing on the east of the Gauri Shankar tank The mosque appears to have been built when Mujahid Khan, son of Shams Khan, took possession of Naraina in 840 A.H. or 1436 A.D To the immediate north of the mosque is the three-arched gateway called Tripolia which is also constructed with materials from old Hindu temples6

Chatsu (Rajasthan)

At Chatsu there is a Muhammadan tomb erected on the eastern embankment of the Golerava tank. The tomb which is known as Gurg Ali Shahs chhatri is built out of the spoils of Hindu buildings On the inside of the twelve-sided frieze of the chhatri is a long Persian inscription in verse, but worn out in several places. The inscription does not mention the name of any important personage known to history and all that can be made out with certainty is that the saint Gurg Ali (wolf of Ali) died a martyr on the first of Ramzan in 979 A.H. corresponding to Thursday, the 17th January, 1572 A.D.7

SaheTh-MaheTh (Uttar Pradesh)

The ruined Jain temple situated in the western portion of MaheTh derives the name Sobhnăth from Sambhavanătha, the third TîrthaMkara, who is believed to have been born at răvastî8

Let us now turn our attention to the western-most part of Sobhnăth ruins. It is crowned by a domed edifice, apparently a Muslim tomb of the Pathăn period9

These remains are raised on a platform, 30 square, built mostly of broken bricks including carved ones This platform, no doubt, represents the plinth of the last Jain temple which was destroyed by the Muhammadan conquerors It will be seen from the plan that the enclosure of the tomb overlaps this square platform. The tomb proper stands on a mass of debris which is probably the remains of the ruined shrine10

3. Sculpture of buff standstone, partly destroyed, representing a TîrthaMkara seated cross-legged in the attitude of meditation on a throne supported by two lions couchant, placed on both sides of a wheel

4. Sculpture of buff sandstone, partly defaced, representing a TîrthaMkara seated cross-legged (as above)

8. Sculpture of buff sandstone, defaced, representing a TîrthaMkara standing between two miniature figures of which that to his right is seated.

9. Sculpture of buff standstone, defaced, representing a TîrthaMkara, standing under a parasol

12.  Sculpture of buff standstone, much defaced, representing a male and a female figure seated side by side under a palm tree.

13.  Sculpture of buff standstone, broken in four pieces, and carved with five figurines of TîrthaMkaras seated cross-legged in the attitude of meditation.  The central figure has a Năga hood. The sculpture evidently was the top portion of a large image slab.11

Coming to the ruins of a Buddhist monastery in the same complex, the archaeologist proceeds:

In the 23rd cell, which I identify with the store-room, I found half-buried in the floor a big earthen jar This must have been used for storage of corn

This cell is connected with a find which is certainly the most notable discovery of the season. I refer to an inscribed copper-plate of Govindachandra of Kanauj The charter was issued from Vărănasî on Monday, the full moon day of ĂshăDha Sam. 1186, which corresponds to the 23rd of June, 1130. The inscription records the grant of six villages to the Community of Buddhist friars of whom Buddhabhattăraka is the chief and foremost, residing in the great convent of the holy Jetavana, and is of a paramount importance, in as much as it conclusively settles the identification of MaheTh with the city of răvastî12

He describes as follows some of the sculptures unearthed at SrAvastI:

S.1. Statuette in grey stone of Buddha seated cross-legged in the teaching attitude on a conventional lotus.  The head, breast and fore-arms as well as the sides of the sculpture are broken.

S.2. Lower portion of a blue schist image of Avalokitevara in the sportive attitude (lîlăsana) on a lotus seat.

S. 3. Image of Avalokitevara seated in ardhaparyanka attitude on a conventional lotus The head and left arms of the main figure are missing.13

Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh)

The report of excavations undertaken in 1904-05 says that the inscriptions found there extending to the twelfth century A.D. show that the connection of Sarnath with Buddhism was still remembered at that date. It continues that the condition of the excavated ruins leaves little doubt that a violent catastrophe accompanied by willful destruction and plunder overtook the place.14 Read this report with the Muslim account that Muhammad GhurI destroyed a thousand idol-temples when he reached Varanasi after defeating Mahărăjă Jayachandra of Kanauj in 1193 A.D. The fragments that are listed below speak for themselves. The number given in each case is the one adopted in the report of the excavation.

a 42. Upper part of sculptured slab

E.8. Architectural fragment, with Buddha (?) seated cross-legged on lotus

a.22. Defaced standing Buddha, hands missing.

a.17. Buddha head with halo.

a. 8. Head and right arm of image.

E.22. Upper part of image.

E.14. Broken seated figure holding object in left hand.

a.11. Fragment of larger sculpture; bust, part of head, and right overarm of female chauri-bearer.

E.25. Upper part of female figure with big ear-ring.

E.6. Fragment of sculpture, from top of throne (?) on left side.

n.19. Seated figure of Buddha in bhűmisparamudră, much defaced.

n.221. Torso, with arms of Buddha in dharmachakramudră.

n.91. Lower part of Buddha seated cross-legged on throne. Defaced.

n.142. Figure of Avalokitevara in relief. Legs from knees downwards wanting.

n.1.  Relief partly, defaced and upper part missing. Buddha descending from the TrăyastriMă Heaven Head and left hand missing.

i.50. Lower half of statue. Buddha in bhűmisparamudră seated on lotus.

i.17. Buddha in attitude of meditation on lotus. Head missing.

i.46. Head of Buddha with short curls.

i.44. Head of Avalokitevara, with Amităbha Buddha in headdress.

n.10. Fragment of three-headed figure (? Mărîchî) of green stone.

i.49. Standing figure of attendant from upper right of image. Half of face, feet and left hand missing.

i.1. Torso of male figure, ornamented.

i.4. Female figure, with lavishly ornamented head. The legs from knees, right arm and left forearm are missing. Much defaced.

i.105. Hand holding Lotus.

n.172. Torso of Buddha.

n.18. Head of Buddha, slightly defaced.

n.16. Female figure, feet missing.

n.97. Lower part of female figure. Feet missing.

n.163. Buddha, seated.  Much defaced.

K.4. Fragment of seated Buddha in blue Gayă stone.

K.5. Fragment of large statue, showing small Buddha seated in bhűmisparamudră

K.18. Fragment of statue in best Gupta style.

J.S.18. 27 and 28.  Three Buddha heads of Gupta style.

J.S.7. Figure of Kubera in niche, with halo behind head.  Partly defaced.

r.67. Upper part of male figure, lavishly adorned.

r.72.  a and b. Pieces of pedestal with three Buddhas in dhyănamudră.

r.28. Part of arm, adorned with armlet and inscription in characters of 10th century, containing Buddhist creed.

B.22. Fragment of Bodhi scene (?); two women standing on conventional rock. Head and right arm of left hand figure broken.

B.33. Defaced sitting Buddha in dhyănamudră.

B.75. Lower part of Buddha in bhűmisparamudră seated cross-legged on lotus.

B.40. Feet of Buddha sitting cross-legged on lotus on throne.

B.38. Headless defaced Buddha seated cross-legged on lotus in dharmachakramudră.

Y.24. Headless Buddha stated cross-legged on throne in dharmachakramudră.

B.52. Bust of Buddha in dharmachakramudră.  Head missing.

B.16. Standing Buddha in varadamudră; hands and feet broken.

Y.34. Upper part of Buddha in varadamudră.

B.24. Bust of standing Buddha in abhayamudră; left hand and head missing.

B.31. Defaced standing Buddha in abhayamudră. Head and feet missing.

B.48. Feet of standing Buddha with red paint.

B.15. Lower part of AvalokiteSvara seated on lotus in lîlăsana.

Y.23. Bust of figure seated in lîlăsana with trace of halo.

B.59. Legs of figure sitting cross-legged on lotus.

B.7. Female bust with ornaments and high headdress. Left arm and right forearm missing.15

Vaishali (Bihar)

In the southern section of the city the fort of Răjă Bisăl is by far the most important ruin South-west of it stands an old brick Stűpa, now converted into a Dargăh The name of the saint who is supposed to have been buried there was given to me as Mîrăn-Jî16

Gaur and Pandua (Bengal)

In order to erect mosques and tombs the Muhammadans pulled down all Hindu temples they could lay their hands upon for the sake of the building materials

The oldest and the best known building at Gaur and Pandua is the Ădîna Masjid at Pandua built by Sikandar Shăh, the son of Ilyăs Shăh. The date of its inscription may be read as either 776 or 770, which corresponds with 1374 or 1369 A.D The materials employed consisted largely of the spoils of Hindu temples and many of the carvings from the temples have been used as facings of doors, arches and pillars17

Devikot (Bengal)

The ancient city of Kotivarsha, which was the seat of a district (vishaya) under Pundra-vardhana province (bhukti) at the time of the Guptas is now represented by extensive mounds of Bangarh or Ban Rajar Garh The older site was in continuous occupation till the invasion of the Muhammadans in the thirteenth century to whom it was known as Devkot or Devikot. It possesses Muhammadan records ranging from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century18

The Rajbari mound at the South-east corner is one of the highest mounds at Bangarh and. must contain some important remains.  The Dargah of Sultan Pir is a Muhammadan shrine built on the site of an old Hindu temple of which four granite pillars are still standing in the centre of the enclosure, the door jambs having been used in the construction of the gateway.

The Dargah of Shah Ata on the north bank of the Dhal-dighi tank is another building built on the ruins of an older Hindu or Buddhist structure The female figure on the lintels of the doorway now, fixed in the east wall of the Dargah appears to be Tara, from which it would appear that the temple destroyed was Buddhist19

Tribeni (Bengal)

The principal object of interest at Tribeni is the Dargăh of Zafar Khăn Ghăzî. The chronology of this ruler may be deduced from the two inscriptions of which one has been fitted into the plinth of his tomb, while the other is inside the small mosque to the west of the tomb. Both refer to him and the first tells us that he built the mosque close to the Dargăh, which dates from A.D. 1298; while the second records the erection by him of a Madrasah or college in the time of Shamsuddîn Fîroz Shăh and bears a date corresponding to the 28th April, 1313 A.D. It was he who conquered the Hindu Răjă of Panduah, and introduced Islam into this part of Lower Bengal The tomb is built out of the spoils taken from Hindu temples20

The eastern portion of the tomb was formerly a maNDapa of an earlier Krishna temple which stood on the same spot and sculptures on the inner walls represent scenes from the RămăyaNa and the Mahăbhărata, with descriptive titles inscribed in proto-Bengali characters The other frieze shows Vishnu with Lakshmî and Sarasvatî in the centre, with two attendents, and five avatăras of VishNu on both flanks Further clearance work has been executed during the year 1932-33 and among the sculptures discovered in that year are twelve figures of the Sun God, again in the 12th century style and evidently reused by the masons when the Hindu temple was converted into a Muslim structure21

Mandu (Madhya Pradesh)

MăNDű became the capital of the Muhammadan Sultăns of Mălvă who set about buildings themselves palaces and mosques, first with material pilfered from Hindu temples (already for the most part desecrated and ruined by the iconoclastic fury of their earlier co-religionists) , and afterwards with their own quarried material.  Thus nearly all the traces of the splendid shrines of the ParamAras of MAlvA have disappeared save what we find utilized in the ruined mosques and tombs22

The date of the construction of the Hindola Mahall cannot be fixed with exactitude There can, however, be no doubt that it is one of the earliest of the Muhammadan buildings in MăNDű. From its outward appearance there is no sign of Hindu workmanship but the repairs, that have been going on for the past one year, have brought to light a very large number of stones used in the structure, which appear, to have been taken from some pre-existing Hindu temple. The facing stones, which have been most accurately and smoothly cut on their outer surfaces, bear in very many cases on their inner sides the under faced images of Hindu gods, or patterns of purely Hindu design, while pieces of Hindu carving and broken parts of images are found indiscriminately mixed with the rubble, of which the core of the walls is made.23

Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)

The mosque itself appears from local tradition and from the numerous indications and inscriptions found within it to have been built on the site of, and to a large extent out of materials taken from, a Hindu Temple, known to the inhabitants as Răjă Bhojas school. The inference was derived sometime back from the existence of a Sanskrit alphabet and some Sanskrit grammatical forms inscribed in serpentine diagrams on two of the pillar bases in the large prayer chamber and from certain Sanskrit inscriptions on the black stone slabs imbedded in the floor of the prayer chamber, and on the reverse face of the side walls of the mihrăb.24

The Lăt Masjid built in A.D. 1405, by Dilăwar Khăn, the founder of the Muhammadan kingdom of Mălvă is of considerable interest not only on account of the Iron Lăt which lies outside it but also because it is a good specimen of the use made by the Muhammadan conquerors of the materials of the Hindu temples which they destroyed25

Vijayanagar (Karnataka)

During the construction of the new road-some mounds which evidently marked the remains of destroyed buildings, were dug into, and in one of them were disclosed the foundations of a rectangular building with elaborately carved base. Among the debris were lumps of charcoal and calcined iron, probably the remains of the materials used by the Muhammadans in the destruction of the building. The stones bear extensive signs of having been exposed to the action of fire. That the chief buildings were destroyed by fire, historical evidence shows, and many buildings, notably the ViThalaswAmin temple, still bear signs, in their cracked and fractured stone work, of the catastrophe which overtook them26

The most important temple at Vijayanagar from an architectural point of view, is the ViThalaswămin temple. It stands in the eastern limits of the ruins, near the bank of the TuNgabhadra river, and shows in its later structures the extreme limit in floral magnificence to which the Dravidian style advanced This building had evidently attracted the special attention of the Muhammadan invaders in their efforts to destroy the buildings of the city, of which this was no doubt one of the most important, for though many of the other temples show traces of the action of fire, in none of them are the effects so marked as in this.  Its massive construction, however, resisted all the efforts that were made to bring it down and the only visible results of their iconoclastic fury are the cracked beams and pillars, some of the later being so flaked as to make one marvel that they are yet able to bear the immense weight of the stone entablature and roof above27

Bijapur (Karnataka)

No ancient Hindu or Jain buildings have survived at Bijapur and the only evidence of their former existence is supplied by two or three mosques, viz., Mosque No. 294, situated in the compound of the Collectors bungalow, Krimud-d-din Mosque and a third and smaller mosque on the way to the Mangoli Gate, which are all adaptations or re-erections of materials obtained from temples. These mosques are the earliest Muhammadan structures and one of them, i.e., the one constructed by Karimud-d-din, must according to a Persian and Nagari inscription engraved upon its pillars, have been erected in the year 1402 Saka=A.D. 1324, soon after Malik Kafurs conquest of the.  Deccan.28

Badami (Karnataka)

Three stone lintels bearing bas-reliefs were discovered in, course of the clearance at the second gateway of the Hill Fort to the north of the Bhűtnăth tank at Badami These originally belonged to a temple which is now in ruins and were re-used at a later period in the construction of the plinth of guardroom on the fort.

The bas-reliefs represent scenes from the early life of KRISHNA and may be compared with similar ones in the BADAMI CAVES29

The Pattern of Destruction

The Theology of Islam divides human history into two periods-the Jăhiliyya or the age of ignorance which preceded Allahs first revelation to Prophet Muhammad, and the age of enlightenment which succeeded that event. It follows that every human creation which existed in the age of ignorance has to be converted to its Islamic version or destroyed. The logic applies to pre-Islamic buildings as much as to pre-Islamic ways of worship, mores and manners, dress and decor, personal and place names. This is too large a subject to be dealt with at present. What concerns us here is the fate of temples and monasteries that existed on the eve of the Islamic invasion and that came up in the course of its advance.

What happened to many abodes of the infidels is best described by a historian of Vijayanagar in the wake of Islamic victory in 1565 A.D. at the battle of Talikota. The third day, he writes, saw the beginning of the end. The victorious Mussulmans had halted on the field of battle for rest and refreshment, but now they had reached the capital, and from that time forward for a space of five months Vijayanagar knew no rest. The enemy had come to destroy, and they carried out their object relentlessly. They slaughtered the people without mercy; broke down the temples and palaces, and wreaked such savage vengeance on the abode of the kings, that, with the exception of a few great stone-built temples and walls, nothing now remains but a heap of ruins to mark the spot where once stately buildings stood. They demolished the statues and even succeeded in breaking the limbs of the huge Narsimha monolith. Nothing seemed to escape them. They broke up the pavilions standing on the huge platform from which the kings used to watch festivals, and overthrew all the carved work. They lit huge fires in the magnificently decorated buildings forming the temple of Vitthalswamin near the river, and smashed its exquisite stone sculptures. With fire and sword, with crowbars and axes, they carried on day after day their work of destruction. Never perhaps in the history of the world has such havoc been wrought, and wrought so suddenly, on so splendid a city: teeming with a wealthy and industrious population in the full plenitude of prosperity one day, and on the next seized, pillaged, and reduced to ruins, amid scenes of savage massacre and horrors beggaring description30

The Muslim victors did not get time to raise their own structures from the ruins of Vijayanagar, partly because the Hindu Raja succeeded in regrouping his forces and re-occupying his capital and partly because they did not have the requisite Muslim population to settle in that large city; another invader, the Portuguese, had taken control of the Arabian Sea and blocked the flow of fresh recruits from Muslim countries in the Middle East. What would have happened otherwise is described by Alexander Cunningham in his report on Mahoba. As Mahoba was, he writes, for some time the headquarters of the early Muhammadan Governors, we could hardly expect to find that any Hindu buildings had escaped their furious bigotry, or their equally destructive cupidity. When the destruction of a Hindu temple furnished the destroyer with the ready means of building a house for himself on earth, as well as in heaven, it is perhaps wonderful that so many temples should still be standing in different parts of the country. It must be admitted, however, that, in none of the cities which the early Muhammadans occupied permanently, have they left a single temple standing, save this solitary temple at Mahoba, which doubtless owed its preservation solely to its secure position amid the deep waters of the Madan-Sagar. In Delhi, and Mathura, in Banaras and Jonpur, in Narwar and Ajmer, every single temple was destroyed by their bigotry, but thanks to their cupidity, most of the beautiful Hindu pillars were preserved, and many of them, perhaps, on their original positions, to form new colonnades for the masjids and tombs of the conquerors.  In Mahoba all the other temples were utterly destroyed and the only Hindu building now standing is part of the palace of Parmal, or Paramarddi Deva, on the hill-fort, which has been converted into a masjid. In 1843, I found an inscription of Paramarddi Deva built upside down in the wall of the fort just outside this masjid. It is dated in S. 1240, or A.D. 1183, only one year before the capture of Mahoba by Prithvi-Raj Chohan of Delhi. In the Dargah of Pir Mubarak Shah, and the adjacent Musalman burial-ground, I counted 310 Hindu pillars of granite. I found a black stone bull lying beside the road, and the argha of a lingam fixed as a water-spout in the terrace of the Dargah. These last must have belonged to a temple of Siva, which was probably built in the reign of Kirtti Varmma, between 1065 and 1085 A.D., as I discovered an inscription of that prince built into the wall of one of the tombs.31

Many other ancient cities and towns suffered the same tragic transformation. Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Kabul, Ghazni, Srinagar, Peshawar, Lahore, Multan, Patan, Ajmer, Delhi, Agra Dhar, Mandu, Budaun, Kanauj, Biharsharif, Patna, Lakhnauti, Ellichpur, Daulatabad, Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda-to mention only a few of the more famous Hindu capitals-lost their native character and became nests of a closed creed waging incessant war on a catholic culture. Some of these places lost even their ancient names which had great and glorious associations. It is on record that the Islamic invaders coined and imposed this or that quranic concoction on every place they conquered. Unfortunately for them, most of these impositions failed to stick, going the way they came. But quite a few succeeded and have endured till our own times. Reviving the ancient names wherever they have got eclipsed is one of the debts which Hindu society owes to its illustrious ancestors.

On the other hand, a large number of cities, towns and centres of Hindu civilization disappeared from the scene and their ruins have been identified only in recent times, as in the case of Kăpiî, Lampaka, Nagarahăra, Pushkalăvatî, UdbhăNDapura, Takshilă, Ălor, Brăhmanăbăd, Debal, Nandana, Agrohă Virătanagara, Ahichchhatra, răvastî, Sărnăth, Vaiălî, Vikramîla, Nălandă, KarNasuvarNa, PuNDravardhana, Somapura, Jăjanagar, DhănyakaTaka, Vijayapurî, Vijayanagara, Dvărasamudra. What has been found on top of the ruins in most cases is a mosque or a dargăh or a tomb or some other Muslim monument, testifying to Allahs triumph over Hindu Gods. Many more mounds are still to be explored and identified. A survey of archaeological sites in the Frontier Circle alone and as far back as 1920, listed 255 dheris32 or mounds which, as preliminary explorations indicated, hid ruins of ancient dwellings and/or places of worship. Some dheris, which had been excavated and were not included in this count, showed every sign of deliberate destruction.  By that time, many more mounds of a similar character had been located in other parts of the cradle of Hindu culture. A very large number has been added to the total count in subsequent years. Whichever of them is excavated tells the same story, most of the time. It is a different matter that since the dawn of independence, Indian archaeologists functioning under the spell or from fear of Secularism, record or report only the ethnographical stratifications and cultural sequences.33

Muslim historians credit all their heroes with many expeditions each of which laid waste this or that province or region or city or countryside. The foremost heroes of the imperial line at Delhi and Agra such as Qutbud-Dîn Aibak (1192-1210 A.D.), Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish (1210-36 A.D.), Ghiyăsud-Dîn Balban (1246-66 A D.), Alăud-Dîn Khaljî (1296-1316 A.D.), Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-51 A.D.), Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq (135188 A.D.) Sikandar Lodî (1489-1519 A.D.), Băbar (1519-26 A.D.) and Aurangzeb (1658-1707 A.D.) have been specially hailed for hunting the peasantry like wild beasts, or for seeing to it that no lamp is lighted for hundreds of miles, or for destroying the dens of idolatry and God-pluralism wherever their writ ran. The sultans of the provincial Muslim dynasties-Malwa, Gujarat, Sindh, Deccan, Jaunpur, Bengal-were not far behind, if not ahead, of what the imperial pioneers had done or were doing; quite often their performance put the imperial pioneers to shame. No study has yet been made of how much the human population declined due to repeated genocides committed by the swordsmen of Islam. But the count of cities and towns and villages which simply disappeared during the Muslim rule leaves little doubt that the loss of life suffered by the cradle of Hindu culture was colossal.

Putting together all available evidence-literary and archaeological- from Hindu, Muslim and other sources, and following the trail of Islamic invasion, we get the pattern of how the invaders proceeded vis-a-vis Hindu places of worship after occupying a city or town and its suburbs. It should be kept in mind in this context that Muslim rule never became more than a chain of garrison cities and towns, not even in its heyday from Akbar to Aurangzeb, except in areas where wholesale or substantial conversions had taken place.  Elsewhere the invaders were rarely in full control of the countryside; they had to mount repeated expeditions for destroying places of worship, collecting booty including male and female slaves, and for terrorising the peasantry, through slaughter and rapine, so that the latter may become a submissive source of revenue.  The peasantry took no time to rise in revolt whenever and wherever Muslim power weakened or its terror had to be relaxed for reasons beyond its control.

1. Places taken by assault: If a place was taken by assault-which was mostly the case because it was seldom that the Hindus surrendered- it was thoroughly sacked, its surviving population slaughtered or enslaved and all its buildings pulled down. In the next phase, the conquerors raised their own edifices for which slave labour was employed on a large scale in order to produce quick results. Cows and, many a time, Brahmanas were killed and their blood sprinkled on the sacred sites in order to render them unclean for the Hindus for all time to come. The places of worship which the Muslims built for themselves fell into several categories. The pride of place went to the Jămi Masjid which was invariably built on the site and with the materials of the most prominent Hindu temple; if the materials of that temple were found insufficient for the purpose, they could be supplemented with materials of other temples which had been demolished simultaneously. Some other mosques were built in a similar manner according to need or the fancy of those who mattered. Temple sites and materials were also used for building the tombs of those eminent Muslims who had fallen in the fight; they were honoured as martyrs and their tombs became mazărs and rauzas in course of time. As we have already pointed out, Hindus being great temple builders, temple materials could be spared for secular structures also, at least in the bigger settlements. It can thus be inferred that all masjids and mazărs, particularly the Jămi Masjids which date from the first Muslim occupation of a place, stand on the site of Hindu temples; the structures we see at present may not carry evidence of temple materials used because of subsequent restorations or attempts to erase the evidence. There are very few Jămi Masjids in the country which do not stand on temple sites.

2. Places surrendered: Once in a while a place was surrendered by the Hindus in terms of an agreement that they would be treated as zimmis and their lives as well as places of worship spared. In such cases, it took some time to eradicate the emblems of infidelity. Theologians of Islam were always in disagreement whether Hindus could pass muster as zimmis; they were not People of the Book. It depended upon prevailing power equations for the final decision to go in their favour or against them. Most of the time, Hindus lost the case in which they were never allowed to have any say. What followed was what had happened in places taken by assault, at least in respect of the Hindu places of worship. The zimmi status accorded to the Hindus seldom went beyond exaction of jizya and imposition of disabilities prescribed by Umar, the second rightly-guided Caliph (634-44 A.D.).

3. Places reoccupied by Hindus: It also happened quite frequently, particularly in the early phase of an Islamic invasion, that Hindus retook a place which had been under Muslim occupation for some time. In that case, they rebuilt their temples on new sites. Muslim historians are on record that Hindus spared the mosques and mazărs which the invaders had raised in the interregnum. When the Muslims came back, which they did in most cases, they re-enacted the standard scene vis-a-vis Hindu places of worship.

4. Places in the countryside: The invaders started sending out expeditions into the countryside as soon as their stranglehold on major cities and towns in a region had been secured.  Hindu places of worship were always the first targets of these expeditions. It is a different matter that sometimes the local Hindus raised their temples again after an expedition had been forced to retreat. For more expeditions came and in due course Hindu places of worship tended to disappear from the countryside as well. At the same time, masjids and mazărs sprang up everywhere, on the sites of demolished temples.

5. Missionaries of Islam: Expeditions into the countryside were accompanied or followed by the missionaries of Islam who flaunted pretentious names and functioned in many guises. It is on record that the missionaries took active part in attacking the temples. They loved to live on the sites of demolished temples and often used temple materials for building their own dwellings, which also went under various high-sounding names. There were instances when they got killed in the battle or after they settled down in a place which they had helped in pillaging. In all such cases, they were pronounced shahîds (martyrs) and suitable monuments were raised in their memory as soon as it was possible. Thus a large number of gumbads (domes) and ganjs (plains) commemorating the martyrs arose all over the cradle of Hindu culture and myths about them grew apace. In India, we have a large literature on the subject in which Sayyid Sălăr Masűd, who got killed at Bahraich while attacking the local Sun Temple, takes pride of place. His mazAr now stands on the site of the same temple which was demolished in a subsequent invasion. Those Muslim saints who survived and settled down have also left a large number of masjids and dargAhs in the countryside. Almost all of them stand on temple sites.

6. The role of sufis: The saints of Islam who became martyrs or settled down were of several types which can be noted by a survey of their ziărats and mazărs that we find in abundance in all lands conquered by the armies of Islam. But in the second half of the twelfth century A.D., we find a new type of Muslim saint appearing on the scene and dominating it in subsequent centuries. That was the sufi joined to a silsila. This is not the place to discuss the character of some outstanding sufis like Mansűr al-Hallăj, Băyazîd Bistămî, Rűmî and Attăr. Suffice it to say that some of their ancestral spiritual heritage had survived in their consciousness even though their Islamic environment had tended to poison it a good deal. The common name which is used for these early sufis as well as for the teeming breed belonging to the latter-day silsilas, has caused no end of confusion. So far as India is concerned, it is difficult to find a sufi whose consciousness harboured even a trace of any spirituality. By and large, the sufis that functioned in this country were the most fanatic and fundamentalist activists of Islamic imperialism, the same as the latter-day Christian missionaries in the context of Spanish and Portuguese imperialism.

Small wonder that we find them flocking everywhere ahead or with or in the wake of Islamic armies. Sufis of the Chishtîyya silsila in particular excelled in going ahead of these armies and acting as eyes and ears of the Islamic establishment. The Hindus in places where these sufis settled, particularly in the South, failed to understand the true character of these saints till it was too late. The invasions of South India by the armies of Alăud-Dîn Khaljî and Muhammad bin Tughlaq can be placed in their proper perspective only when we survey the sufi network in the South. Many sufis were sent in all directions by Nizămud-Dîn Awliyă, the Chistîyya luminary of Delhi; all of them actively participated in jihăds against the local population.  Nizămud-Dîns leading disciple, Nasîrud-Dîn Chirăg-i-Dihlî , exhorted the sufis to serve the Islamic state.  The essence of sufism, he versified, is not an external garment. Gird up your loins to serve the Sultăn and be a sufi.34 Nasîrud-Dîns leading disciple, Syed Muhammad Husainî Banda Nawăz Gesűdarăz (1321-1422 A.D.), went to Gulbarga for helping the contemporary Bahmani sultan in consolidating Islamic power in the Deccan. Shykh Nizămud-Dîn Awliyăs dargăh in Delhi continued to be and remains till today the most important centre of Islamic fundamentalism in India.

An estimate of what the sufis did wherever and whenever they could, can be formed from the account of a pilgrimage which a pious Muslim Nawwăb undertook in 1823 to the holy places of Islam in the Chingleput, South Acort, Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli and North Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu. This region had experienced renewed Islamic invasion after the breakdown of the Vijayanagar Empire in 1565 A.D. Many sufis had flocked in for destroying Hindu temples and converting the Hindu population, particularly the Qădirîyyas who had been fanning out all over South India after establishing their stronghold at Bidar in the fifteenth century. They did not achieve any notable success in terms of conversions, but the havoc they wrought with Hindu temples can be inferred from a large number of ruins, loose sculptures scattered all over the area, inscriptions mentioning many temples which cannot be traced, and the proliferation of mosques, dargăhs, mazărs and maqbaras.

The pilgrim visited many places and could not go to some he wanted to cover. All these places were small except Tiruchirapalli, Arcot and Vellore. His court scribe, who kept an account of the pilgrimage, mentions many masjids and mazărs visited by his patron. Many masjids and mazărs could not be visited because they were in deserted places covered by forest. There were several graveyards, housing many tombs; one of them was so big that thousands, even a hundred thousand graves could be there. Other notable places were takiyăs of faqirs, sarăis, dargăhs, and several houses of holy relics in one of which a hair of the Holy Prophet is enshrined. The account does not mention the Hindu population except as harsh kafirs and marauders. But stray references reveal that the Muslim population in all these places was sparse. For instance, Kanchipuram had only 50 Muslim houses but 9 masjids and 1 mazăr.

The court scribe pays fulsome homage to the sufis who planted firmly the Faith of Islam in this region. The pride of place goes to Hazrat Natthar WalI who took over by force the main temple at Tiruchirapalli and converted it into his khănqăh. Referring to the destruction of the Sivalinga in the temple, he observes: The monster was slain and sent to the house of perdition.  His image namely but-ling worshipped by the unbelievers was cut and the head separated from the body. A portion of the body went into the ground. Over that spot is the tomb of WalI shedding rediance till this day.35 Another sufi, Qăyim Shăh, who came to the same place at a later stage, was the cause of the destruction of twelve temples.36 At Vellore, Hazrat Nűr Muhammad Qădirî, the most unique man regarded as the invaluable person of his age, was the cause of the ruin of temples which he laid waste. He chose to be buried in the vicinity of the temple which he had replaced with his khănqăh.37

It is, therefore, not an accident that the masjids and khAnqAhs built by or for the sufis who reached a place in the first phase of Islamic invasion occupy the sites of Hindu temples and, quite often, contain temple materials in their structures. Lahore, Multan, Uch, Ajmer, Delhi, Badaun, Kanauj, Kalpi, Biharsharif, Maner, Lakhnauti, Patan, Patna, Burhanpur, Daulatabad, Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Arcot, Vellor and Tiruchirapalli- to count only a few leading sufi center-shave many dargăhs which display evidence of iconoclasm.  Many masjids and dargăhs in interior places testify to the same fact, namely, that the sufis were, above everything else, dedicated soldiers of Allah who tolerates no other deity and no other way of worship except that which he revealed to Prophet Muhammad.

7. Particularly pious sultans: Lastly, we have to examine very closely the monuments built during the reigns of the particularly pious sultans who undertook to cleanse the land from the vices of infidelity and God-pluralism that had cropped up earlier, either because Islamic terror had weakened under pressure of circumstances or because the proceeding ruler (s) had wandered away from the path of rectitude. Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq, Sikandar Lodî and Aurangzeb of the Delhi-Agra imperial line belonged to this category.  They had several prototypes in the provincial Muslim dynasties at Ahmadabad, Mandu, Jaunpur, Lakhnauti, Gulbarga, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda. There is little doubt that all masjids and mazărs erected under the direct or indirect patronage of these sultans, particularly in places where Hindu population predominates, stand on the sites of Hindu temples.

A Preliminary Survey

We give below, state-wise and district-wise, the particulars of Muslim monuments which stand on the sites and/or have been built with the materials of Hindu temples, and which we wish to recall as witnesses to the role of Islam as a religion and the character of Muslim rule in medieval India. The list is the result of a preliminary survey. Many more Muslim monuments await examination. Local traditions which have so far been ignored or neglected, have to be tapped on a large scale.

We have tried our best to be exact in respect of locations, names and dates of the monuments mentioned.  Even so, some mistakes and confusions may have remained. It is not unoften that different sources provide different dates and names for the same monument. Many Muslim saints are known by several names, which creates confusion in identifying their mazărs or dargăhs. Some districts have been renamed or newly, created and a place which was earlier under one district may have been included in another. We shall be grateful to readers who point out these mistakes so that they can be corrected in our major study. This is only a brief summary.
 
 

ANDHRA PRADESH

I. Adilabad District.

Mahur, Masjid in the Fort on the hill. Temple site.


II. Anantpur District.

1. Gooty, Gateway to the Hill Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Kadiri, Jămi Masjid.  Temple site.
3. Konakondla, Masjid in the bazar. Temple materials used.
4. Penukonda

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort. Converted Temple.
(iii) Sher Khăns Masjid (1546).38 Converted Temple.
(iv) Dargăh of Babayya. Converted Îvara Temple.
(v) Jămi Masjid (1664-65). Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Shăh Fakbrud-Dîn (1293-94). Temple site.

5. Tadpatri

(i) Jămi Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh completed in 1725-26. Temple site.

6. Thummala, Masjid (1674-75). Temple site.


III. Cuddapah District

1. Cuddapah

(i) Bhăp Săhib-kî-Masjid (1692). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1717-18). Temple site.
(iii) Bahădur Khăn-kî-Masjid (1722-23). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Amînud-Dîn Gesű Darăz (1736-37). Temple site.

2. Duvvuru, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Gandikot, Jămi Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
4. Gangapuru, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Gundlakunta, Dastgîrî Dargăh. Temple site.
6. Gurrumkonda, Fort and several other Muslim buildings. Temple materials used.
7. Jammalmaduguu, Jămi Masjid (1794-95). Temple site.
8. Jangalapalle, Dargăh of Dastgîr Swămî. Converted Jangam temple.
9. Siddhavatam

(i) Qutb Shăhî Masjid (restored in 1808). Temple materials use.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1701). Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Bismillăh Khăn Qădirî. Temple materials used.
(iv) Fort and Gateways. Temple materials used.
(v) Chowk-kî-Masjid. Temple site.

10. Vutukuru

(i) Masjid at Naligoto. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid at Puttumiyyapeta. Temple site.


IV. East Godavari District.

Bikkavolu, Masjid. Temple materials used.


V. Guntur District.

1. Nizampatnam, Dargăh of Shăh Haidrî (1609). Temple site
2. Vinukonda, Jămi Masjid (1640-41). Temple site.


VI. Hyderabad District.

1. Chikalgoda, Masjid (1610). Temple site.
2. Dargah, Dargăh of Shăh Walî (1601-02). Temple site.
3. Golconda

(i) Jămi Masjid on Bălă Hissăr. Temple site.
(ii) Tărămatî Masjid. Temple site.

4. Hyderabad

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Műsă Qădirî. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid on the Pirulkonda Hill (1690). Temple site.
(iii) Tolî Masjid (1671). Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Miăn Mishk (d. 1680). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Mumin Chup in Aliyăbăd (1322-23). Temple site.
(vi) Hăjî Kamăl-kî-Masjid (1657). Temple site.
(vii) Begum Masjid (1593). Temple site.
(viii) Dargăh of Islăm Khăn Naqshbandî. Temple site.
(ix) Dargăh of Shăh Dăűd (1369-70). Temple site.
(x) Jămi Masjid (1597). Temple site.

4. Maisaram, Masjid built by Aurangzeb from materials of 200 temples demolished after the fall of Golconda.
5. Secunderabad, Qadam RasUl. Temple site.
6. Sheikhpet

(i) Shaikh-kî-Masjid (1633-34). Temple site.
(ii) SarăiwAlî Masjid (1678-79). Temple tite.


VII. Karimnagar District.

1. Dharampuri, Masjid (1693). TrikűTa Temple site.
2. Elangdal

(i) Mansűr Khăn-kî-Masjid (1525). Temple site.
(ii) Alamgîrî Masjid (1696). Temple site.

3. Kalesyaram, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.
4. Sonipet, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.
5. Vemalvada, Mazăr of a Muslim saint. Temple site.


VIII. Krishna District.

1. Gudimetta, Masjid in the Fort, Temple materials used.
2. Guduru, Jămi Masjid (1497). Temple materials used.
3. Gundur, Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.
4. Kondapalli

(i) Masjid built in 1482 on the site of a temple after Muhammad Shăh BahmanI had slaughtered the Brahmin priests on the advice of Mahműd Gawăn, the great Bahmanî Prime Minister, who exhorted the sultan to become a Ghăzî by means of this pious performance.
(ii) Mazăr of Shăh Abdul Razzăq. Temple site.

5. Kondavidu

(i) Masjid (1337). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Barandaula. Temple materials used.
(iii) Qadam Sharîf of Ădam. Converted temple.

6. Machhlipatnam

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh. Temple site.

7. Nandigram, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
8. Pedana, Iamail-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
9. Rajkonda, Masjid (1484). Temple site.
10. Tengda, Masjid. Temple site.
11. Turkpalem, Dargăh of Ghălib Shahîd. Temple site.
12. Vadpaili, Masjid near NarsiMhaswămîn Temple. Temple materials used.
13. Vijaywada, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


IX. Kurnool District.

1. Adoni

(i) Jămi Masjid (1668-69). Materials of several temples used.
(ii) Masjid on the Hill. Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort (1676-77). Temple materials used.

2. Cumbum

(i) Jămi Masjid (1649). Temple site.
(ii) Gachinălă Masjid (1729-30). Temple site.

3. Havli, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
4. Karimuddula, Dargăh. Akkadevi Temple materials used.
5. Kottakot, Jămi Masjid (1501). Temple site.
6. Kurnool

(i) Pîr Săhib-kă-Gumbad (1637-38). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1667). Temple site.
(iii) Lăl Masjid (1738-39). Temple site.

7. Pasupala, Kalăn Masjid. Temple site.
8. Sanjanmala, Masjid. Temple sites.
9. Siddheswaram, Ashurkhăna. Temple materials used.
10. Yadavalli, Mazăr and Masjid. Temple sites.
11. Zuhrapur, Dargăh of Qădir Shăh Bukhărî. Temple site.


X. Mahbubnagar District.

1. Alampur, Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Jatprole, Dargăh of Sayyid Shăh Darwish. Temple materials used.
3. Kodangal

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Nizămud-DIn. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.

4. Kundurg, Jămi Masjid (1470-71). Temple site.
5. Pargi, Jămi Masjid (1460). Temple site.
6. Somasila, Dargăh of Kamălud-Dîn Baba (1642-43) Temple site.


XI. Medak District.

1. Andol, Old Masjid. Temple site.
2. Komatur, Old Masjid. Temple site.
3. Medak

(i) Masjid near Mubărak Mahal (1641). VishNu Temple site.
(ii) Fort, Temple materials used.

4. Palat, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Patancheru

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shykh Ibrăhîm known as Makhdűmji (1583). Temple site.
(iii) Ashrufkhăna. Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1698). Temple materials used.


XII. Nalgonda District.

1. Devarkonda

(i) Qutb Shăhî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Sharîfud-Din (1579). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Qădir Shăh Walî (1591). Temple site.

2. Ghazinagar, Masjid (1576-77). Temple site.
3. Nalgonda

(i) Garhî Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Latîf. Temple site.
(iii) Qutb Shăhî Masjid (Renovated in 1897). Temple site.

4. Pangal, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.


XIII. Nellore District.

1. Kandukuru, Four Masjids. Temple sites.
2. Nellore, Dargăh named Dargămittă. Akkasălîvara Temple materials used.
3. Podile, Dargăh. Temple site.
4. Udayagiri

(i) Jămi Masjid (1642-43). Temple materials used.
(ii) Chhotî Masjid (1650-51). Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort. Temple materials used.


XIV. Nizambad District.

1. Balkonda

(i) Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh. Temple site.

2. Bodhan

(i) Deval Masjid. Converted Jain temple.
(ii) Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Ălamgîrî Masjid (1654-55). Temple site.

3. Dudki, Ashrufkhăna. Temple materials used.
4. Fathullapur, Muaskarî Masjid (1605-06). Temple site.


XV. Osmanabad District.

Ausa, Jămi Masjid (1680-81). Temple site.


XVI. Rangareddy District.

Maheshwar, Masjid (1687).  Madanna Pandits Temple site.


XVII. Srikakulam District

1. Icchapuram, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
2. Kalingapatnam, DargAh of Sayyid Muhammad Madnî Awliyă (1619-20). Temple materials used.
3. Srikakulam

(i) Jămi Masjid (1641- 42). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Bande Shăh Walî (1641- 42). Temple site.
(iii) Atharwălî Masjid (1671-72). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Burhănud-Dîn Awliyă. Temple site.


XVIII. Vishakhapatnam District.

1. Jayanagaram, Dargăh. Temple site.
2. Vishakhapatnam, Dargăh of Shăh Madnî. Temple site.


XIX. Warangal District.

Zafargarh, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XX. West Godavari District.

1. Eluru

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Sawăi Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Qăzis House. Somevara Temple materials used.

2. Nidavolu, Masjid. Mahădeva Temple materials used.
3. Rajamundri, Jămi Masjid (1324). Converted VeNugopălaswămin Temple.


 

ASSAM

District Kamrup
Hajo

(i) Poă Masjid (1657). Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of a Muslim saint who styled himself Sultăn Ghiyăsud-Dîn Balban. Temple site.


 

BENGAL

I. Bankura District.

Lokpura, Mazăr of Ghăzî Ismăil. Converted Venugopala temple.


II. Barisal District.

Kasba, Masjid. Temple site.


III. Birbhum District.

1. Moregram, Mazăr of Sayyid Băbă. Temple materials used.
2. Patharchapuri, Mază of Dătă, or Mahbűb Săhib. Temple site.
3. Rajnagar, Several Old Masjids. Temple sites.
4. Sakulipur, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
5. Siyan, Dargăh of Makhdűm Shăh (1221). Materials of many temples used.


IV. Bogra District.

Mahasthan

(i) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Sultăn Mahîswăr. Stands on the ruins of a temple.
(ii) Majid on ilădevî Ghat. Temple materials used.


V. Burdwan District.

1. Inchalabazar, Masjid (1703). Temple site.
2. Kasba, Răjă, Masjid. Temple materials used.
3. Kalna

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Majlis (1491-93). Temple site.
(ii) ShăhI Masjid (1533). Temple site.

4. Mangalkot, Jămi Masjid (1523-24). Temple site.
5. Raikha, Talăb-wălî Masjid. Temple site.
6. Suata

(i) Dargăh of Sayyid Shăh Shahîd Mahműd Bahmanî. Buddhist Temple materials site.
(ii) Masjid (1502-02). Temple site.


VI. Calcutta District.

Bania Pukur, Masjid built for Alăud-Dîn Alăul Haqq (1342). Temple materials used.


VII. Chatgaon District.

Dargăh of Badr Makhdűm. Converted Buddhist Vihăra.


VIII. Dacca District.

1. Dacca

(i) Tomb of Bîbî Parî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Saif Khăn-kî-Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Churihattă Masjid. Temple materials used.

2. Narayanganj, Qadam Rasűl Masjid. Temple site.
3. Rampal

(i) Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargăh of Băbă. Adam Shahîd (1308). Temple materials used.

4. Sonargaon, Old Masjid. Temple materials used.


IX. Dinajpur District.

1. Basu-Bihar, Two Masjids. On the ruins of a Buddhist Vihăra.
2. Devatala

(i) Dargăh of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn Tabrizi, Suhrawardîyyia sufi credited in Muslim histories with the destruction of many, temples. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1463). VishNu Temple site.

3. Devikot

(i) Dargăh and Masjid of Pîr Atăullah Shăh (1203). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Bukhărî. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Bahăud-Dîn. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Sultăn Pîr. Temple materials used.

4. Mahisantosh, Dargăh and Masjid. On the site of a big VishNu Temple.
5. Nekmard, Mazăr of Nekmard Shăh. Temple site.


X. Faridpur District.

Faridpzir, Mazăr of Farîd Shăh. Temple site.


XI. Hooghly District.

1. Jangipura, Mazăr of Shahîd Ghăzî. Temple materials used.
2. Pandua

(i) Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazăr of Shăh Safiud-Dîn. Temple site.
(iii) Fath Minăr. Temple materials used.

3. Santoshpur, Masjid near Molla Pukur (153-310). Temple site.
4. Satgaon, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
5. Tribeni

(i) Zafar Khăn-kî-Masjid (1298). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Zafar Khăn. Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid (1459). Temple site.


XII. Howrah District.

Jangalvilas, Pîr Săhib-kî-Masjid. Converted temple.


XIII. Khulna District.

1. Masjidkur

(i) Shăt Gumbaz. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazăr of Khanjă Ali or Khăn Jahăn. Temple site.

2. Salkhira, Dargăh of Maî Chămpă. Temple materials used.


XIV. Malda District.

1. Gangarampur

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Ată. iva Temple site.
(ii) Masjid on the river bank (1249). Temple site.

2. Gaur, Muslim city built on the site and with the ruins of LakshmaNăvatî, Hindu capital destroyed by the Muslims at the end of the twelfth century A.D. Temple materials have been used in the following monuments:

(i) Chhotî Sonă Masjid.
(ii) Qadam Rasűl Masjid (1530)
(iii) Tăntipără Masjid (1480)
(iv) Lăttan Masjid (1475)
(v) Badî Sonă Masjid (1526)
(vi) Dargăh of Makhadűm Akhî Sirăj Chishtî, disciple of Nizămud-Dîn Awliya of Delhi (1347)
(vii) Darsbărî or College of Theology.
(viii) Astănă of Shăh Niămatullăh.
(ix) Chămkattî Masjid (1459).
(x) Chikkă Masjid.
(xi) Gunmant Masjid.  Converted temple.
(xii) Dăkhil Darwăză.
(xiii) Kotwălî Darwăză.
(xiv) Fîruz Minăr.
(xv) ChaNDipur Darwăză.
(xvi) Bărăduărî Masjid.
(xvii) Lukăchuri Masjid.
(xviii) Gumtî Darwăză.

3. Malda

(i) Jămi Masjid (1566). Temple materials used.
(ii) Sak Mohan Masjid (1427). Temple site.

4. Pandua, Another Muslim city built with the ruins of LakshmaNăvatî. Temple materials have been used in the following monuments.

(i) Ădina Masjid (1368)
(ii) Yaklakhî Masjid.
(iii) Chheh Hazări or Dargăh of Nűr Qutb-i-Ălam (1415).
(iv) Băis Hazărî or Khănqăh of Jalălud-Dîn Tabrizî (1244).
(v) Sonă Masjid.
(vi) Barn-like Masjid.
(vii) Qadam Rasűl.


XV. Midnapur District.

1. Gagneswar, Karambera Garh Masjid (1509). iva Temple site.
2. Hijli, Masnad-i-Ălă-kî -Masjid. Temple site.
3. Kesiari, Masjid (1622). Mahădeva Temple materials used.
4. Kharagpur, Mazăr of Pîr Lohăni. Temple site.


XVI. Murshidabad District.

1. Chuna Khali, Barbak-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
2. Murshidabad, Temple materials have been used in the following monuments:

(i) Katră Masjid.
(ii) Motîjhîl Lake Embankments.
(iii) Sangî Dălăn.
(iv) Mahal Sară.
(v) Alîvardî Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(vi) Hazărduărî Mahal.

3. Rangamati, Dargăh on the Răkshasî DăNgă. Stands on the ruins of a Buddhist Vihăra.


XVII. Noakhali District.

Begamganj, Bajră Masjid. Converted temple.


XVIII. Pabna District.

Balandu, Madrasa. Converted Buddhist Vihăra.


XIX. Rajshahi District.

1. Bhaturia, Masjid. iva Temple materials used.
2. Kumarpura, Mazăr of Mukarram Shăh. Converted temple.
3. Kusumbha, Old Masjid (1490-93). Constructed entirely of temple materials.


XX. Rangpur District.

Kamatpur

(i) BaDă Dargăh of Shăh Ismăil Ghăzî. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh on a mound one mile away. Temple materials used.


XXI. Sylhet District.

1. Baniyachung, Famous Masjid. Temple site.
2. Sylhet

(i) Masjid of Shăh Jalăl. Temple site.
(ii) Mazărs of Shăh Jalăl and many of his disciples. Temple sites.


XXII. 24-Parganas District.

1. Barasat, Mazăr of Pîr Ekdil Săhib. Temple site.
2. Berchampa, Dargăh of Pîr GorăchăNd. Temple site.


 

BIHAR

I. Bhagalpur District.

1. Bhagalpur

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Shăhbăz (1502). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid of Mujahidpur (1511-15). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Shăh (1615). Temple site.

2. Champanagar

(i) Several Mazărs. On ruins of Jain temples.
(ii) Masjid (1491). Jain Temple site.

3. Sultanganj, Masjid on the rock on the river bank. Temple site.


II. Gaya District.

1. Amthua, Masjid (1536). Temple site.
2. Gaya, Shăhî Masjid in Nadirganj (1617). Temple site.
3. Kako, Dargăh of Bîbî Kamălo. Temple site.


III. Monghyr District.

1. Amoljhori, Muslim Graveyard. VishNu Temple site.
2. Charuanwan, Masjid (1576). Temple site.
3. Kharagpur

(i) Masjid (1656-57). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.

4. Monghyr

(i) Fort Gates. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Nafa Chishtî (1497-98). Temple site.


IV. Muzaffarpur District.

Zaruha, MaműN-BhăNjă-kă- Mazăr. Temple materials used.


V. Nalanda District.

1. Biharsharif, Muslim capital built after destroying UdaNDapura which had a famous Buddhist Vihăra. Most of the Muslim monuments were built on the site and from materials of temples. The following are some of them:

(i) Dargăh of Makhdűmul Mulk Sharîfud-Dîn. (d. 1380).
(ii) BaDă Dargăh.
(iii) Chhotă Dargăh.
(iv) Bărădarî.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Fazlullăh GosăîN.
(iv) Mazăr of Malik Ibrăhim Bayyű on Pîr PahăDî.
(vii) Kabîriud-Dîn-kî -Masjid (1353).
(viii) Mazăr of Sayyid Muhammad Siwistăni.
(ix) Chhotă Takiyă containing the Mazăr of Shăh Dîwăn Abdul Wahhăb.
(x) Dargăh of Shăh Qumais (1359-60).
(xi) Masjid in Chandpur Mahalla.
(xii) Jămi Masjid in Paharpur Mahalla.

2. Parbati, Dargăh of Hăjî Chandar or ChăNd Saudăgar. Temple materials used.
3. Shaikhupura, Dargăh of Shykh Săhib. Temple materials used.


VI. Patna District.

1. Hilsa

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Jumman Madărîyya (repaired in 1543). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid. (1604-05). Temple site.

2. Jana, Jămi Masjid (1539). Temple site.
3. Kailvan, Dargăh and Masjid. Temple site.
4. Maner, All Muslim monuments stand on temple sites. The following are prominent among them:

(i) BaDă Dargăh of Sultănul Makhdűm Shăh Yăhyă Manerî.
(ii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Daulat Shăh.
(iii) Jămi Masjid.
(iv) Mazăr of Hăjî Nizămud-Dîn.

5. Muhammadpur, Jămi Masjid (1510-11). Temple site.
6. Patna

(i) Patthar-kî-Masjid (1626). Temple materials used.
(ii) Begű Hajjăm-kî-Masjid (1510-11). Temple materials used.
(iii) Muslim Graveyard outside the Qiladari. On the ruins of Buddhist Vihăras.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Mîr Mansűr. On the ruins of a Buddhist Stűpa.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Arzăni. On the site of a Buddhist Vihăra.
(vi) Dargăh of Pîr Damariyă. On the site of a Buddhist Vihăra.
(vii) Mirza Măsűm-kî-Masjid (1605). Temple materials used.
(viii) Meetan Ghăt-kî-Masjid (1605). Temple site.
(ix) Katră Masjid of Shăista Khăn. Temple site.
(x) Khwăja Ambar Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.
(xi) Băbuganj Masjid (1683-86). Temple site.
(xii) Sher-Shăhî Masjid near Purab Darwaza. Temple site.
(xiii) Chamnî Ghăt-kî-Masjid. Temple site.

7. Phulwarisharif

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Pashmînăposh. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Minhăjud-Dîn Rastî. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Lăl Miăn. Temple site.
(iv) Sangî Masjid (1549-50). Temple site.


VII. Purnea District.

1. Hadaf, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
2. Puranea, Masjid in Keonlpura. Temple site.


VIII. Saran District.

1. Chirand, Masjid (1503-04). Temple site.
2. Narhan, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
3. Tajpur-Basahi Mazăr of Khwăja Bădshăh. Temple materials used.


IX. Shahabad District.

1. Rohtasgarh

(i) Masjid of Aurangzeb. Part of a temple converted.
(ii) Mazăr of Săqî Sultăn. Temple site.

2. Sasaram, Mazăr of Chandan Shahîd Pîr. Temple site.


X. Vaishali District.

1. Amer, Mazăr of Pîr Qattăl. Temple materials used.
2. Chehar

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.

3. Hajipur

(i) Hăjî Ilyăs-kî- Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargăh of Barkhurdăr Awliyă. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Shattărî. Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Hăjîul Harmain. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Pîr Jalălud-Dîn. Temple site.

4. Basarh

(i) DargAh of Pîr Mîrăn. On top of a Buddhist Stűpa.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Muhammad Faizullăh Ali alias Qăzin Shattărî. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard. Many tombs built with temple materials.
(iv) Masjid. Temple site.


XI. District to be determined.

1. Hasanpura, Mazăr of Makhdűm Hasan. On the site of a Buddhist Stűpa,
2. Jhangira, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


 

DELHI

Islamic invaders destroyed the Hindu cities of Indarpat and Dhillikă with their extensive suburbs and built seven cities successively. The following Muslim monuments stand on the site of Hindu temples; temple materials can be seen in some of them.

I. Mehrauli

1. Quwwatul Islăm Masjid (1198).
2. Qutb Mînăr.
3. Maqbara of Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish (1235.)
4. Dargăh of Shykh Qutbud-Dîn Bakhtyăr Kăkî (d. 1236).
5. Jahăz Mahal.
6. AlăI Darwăză.
7. AlăI Mînăr.
8. Madrasa and Maqbara of Alăud-Dîn Khaljî.
9. Maqbara of Ghiyăud-Dîn Balban.
10. Masjid and Mazăr of Shykh Fazlullăh known as Jamălî-Kamălî.
11. MaDhî Masjid.


II. Sultan Ghari

Maqbara of Năsirud-Dîn, son of Sultăn Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish (1231).


III. Palam

Băbrî (Ghazanfar) Masjid (1528-29).


IV. Begumpur

1. Masjid.
2. Bijai Mandal.
3. Kălu Sarăi-kî-Masjid.
4. Mazăr of Shykh Najîbud-Dîn Mutwakkal Chishtî (d. 1272).


V. Tughlaqabad

Maqbara of Ghiyăsud-Dîn Tughlaq.


VI. Chiragh-Delhi

1. Dargăh of Shykh Nasîrud-Dîn Chirăgh-i-Dehlî (d. 1356).
2. Maqbara of Bahlul Lodî.


VII. Nizamud-DIn

1. Dargăh and Jamat-Khăna Masjid of Shykh Nizămud-Dîn Awliyă (d. 1325).
2. Kalăn Masjid.
3. ChauNsaTh-Khambă .
4. Maqbara of Khăn-i-Jahăn Tilangănî.
5. Chillă of Nizămd-Dîn Awliyă.
6. Lăl Mahal.


VIII. Hauz Khas

1. Maqbara and Madrasa of Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq.
2. Dădî-Potî-kă-Maqbara.
3. Biran-kă-Gumbad.
4. Chhotî and Sakrî Gumtî.
5. Nîlî Masjid (1505-06).
6. Idgăh (1404-00).
7. Băgh-i-Ălam-kă- Gumbad (1501).
8. Mazăr of Nűrud-Dîn Mubărak Ghaznawî (1234-35).


IX. Malviyanagar

1. Lăl Gumbad or the Mazăr of Shykh Kabîrud-Dîn Awlîyă (1397).
2. Mazăr of Shykh Alăud-Dîn (1507).
3. Mazăr of Shykh Yűsuf Qattăl (d. 1527).
4. Khirkî Masjid.


X. Lodi Gardens

1. Maqbara of Muhammad Shăh.
2. BaDă Gumbad Masjid (1494).
3. Shîsh Gumbad.
4. Maqbara of Sikandar Lodî.


XI. Purana Qila

1. Sher Shăh Gate.
2. Qală-i-Kuhna Masjid.
3. Khairul Manzil Masjid.


XII. Shahjahanabad

1. Kălî Masjid at Turkman Gate.
2. Maqbara of Raziă Sultăn.
3. Jămi Masjid on Bhojala PahăDî.
4. Ghată or Zainatul Masjid.
5. Dargăh of Shăh Turkmăn (1240).


XIII. Ramakrishnapuram

1. Tîn Burjî Maqbara.
2. Malik Munîr-kî-Masjid.
3. Wazîrpur-kă-Gumbad.
4. Mundă Gumbads.
5. Bară-Lăo-kă-Gumbad.
6. Barje-kă-Gumbad.


XIV. The Ridge

1. Mălchă Mahal,
2. Bhűlî Bhatiyări-kă-Mahal.
3. Qadam Sharîf.
4. Chauburză Masjid.
5. Pîr Ghaib.


XV. Wazirabad

Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Ălam.


XVI. South Extension
1. Kăle Khăn-kă-Gumbad.
2. Bhűre Khăn-kă-Gumbad.
3. Chhote Khăn-kă-Gumbad.
4. BaDe Khăn-kă-Gumbad.

XVII. Other Areas

1. Maqbara of Mubărak Shăh in Kotla Mubarakpur.
2. Kushk Mahal in Tin Murti.
3. Sundar Burj in Sundarnagar.
4. Jămi Masjid in Kotla Fîruz Shăh.
5. Abdun-Nabî-kî- Masjid near Tilak Bridge.
6. Maqbara of Raushanăra Begum.


 

DIU

Jămi Masjid (1404). Temple site.


 

GUJARAT

I. Ahmadabad District.

1. Ahmadabad, Materials of temples destroyed at Asaval, Patan and Chandravati were used in the building of this Muslim city and its monuments. Some of the monuments are listed below :

(i) Palace and Citadel of Bhadra.
(ii) Ahmad Shăh-kî-Masjid in Bhadra.
(iii) Jămi Masjid of Ahmad Shăh.
(iv) Haibat Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(v) Rănî Rűpmatî-kî-Masjid.
(vi) Rănî Băî Harîr-kî-Masjid.
(vii) Malik SăraNg-kî-Masjid.
(viii) Mahfűz Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(ix) Sayyid Ălam-kî-Masjid.
(x) Pattharwăli or Qutb Shăh-kî-Masjid.
(xi) Sakar Khăn-kî-Masjid.
(xii) Băbă Lűlű-kî-Masjid.
(xiii) Shykh Hasan Muhammad Chishtî-kî-Masjid.
(xiv) Masjid at Isănpur.
(xv) Masjid and Mazăr of Malik Shabăn.
(xvi) Masjid and Mazăr of Rănî Sîprî (Sabarai).
(xvii) Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Ălam at Vatva.
(xviii) Maqbara of Sultăn Ahmad Shăh I.

2. Dekwara, Masjid (1387). Temple site.
3. Dholka

(i) Masjid and Mazăr of Bahlol Khăn Ghăzî. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Barkat Shahîd (1318). Temple site.
(iii) Tanka or Jămi Masjid (1316). Temple materials used.
(iv) Hillăl Khăn Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1333). Temple materials used.
(v) Khîrnî Masjid (1377). Converted Băvan Jinălaya Temple.
(vi) Kălî Bazar Masjid (1364). Temple site.

4. Isapur, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Mandal

(i) Sayyid-kî-Masjid (1462). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.

6. Paldi, Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
7. Ranpur, Jămi Masjid (1524-25). Temple site.
8. Sarkhej

(i) Dargăh of Shykh Ahmad Khattű Ganj Baksh (d. 1445). Temple materials used.
(ii) Maqbara of Sultăn Mahműd BegaDă. Temple materials used.

9. Usmanpur, Masjid and Mazăr of Sayyid Usmăn. Temple site.


II. Banaskantha District.

1. Haldvar, Mazăr of Lűn Shăh and Gűjar Shăh. Temple site.
2. Halol

(i) Ek Mînăr-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) PăNch MuNhDă-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid (1523-24). Temple site.

3. Malan, Jămi Masjid (1462). Temple materials used.


III. Baroda District.

1. Baroda

(i) Jămi Masjid (1504-05) Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Amîr Tăhir with its Ghăzî Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Pîr GhoDă (1421-23). Temple site.

2. Dabhoi

(i) Dargăh of PăNch Bîbî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazăr of Măî Dhokrî. Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort. Temple materials used.
(iv) Hira, Baroda, MabuDa and NandoDi Gates. Temple materials used.
(v) MahuNDi Masjid. Temple materials used.

3. Danteshwar, Mazăr of Qutbud-Dîn. Temple site.
4. Sankheda, Masjid (1515-16). Temple site.


IV. Bharuch District.

1. Amod, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Bharuch

(i) Jămi Masjid (1321). Brahmanical and Jain temple materials used.
(ii) Ghaznavî Masjid (1326). Temple site.
(iii) Idgăh (1326). Temple site.
(iv) ChunăwăDă Masjid (1458). Temple site.
(v) Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1609). Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Makhdűm Sharîfud-Dîn (1418). Temple site.

3. Jambusar, Jămi Masjid (1508-09). Temple site.
4. Tankaria, BaDî or Jămi Masjid (1453). Temple site.


V. Bhavnagar District.

1. Botad, Mazăr of Pîr Hamîr Khan. Temple site.
2. Tolaja, Idgăh and Dargăh of Hasan Pîr. Temple site.
3. Ghoda, Masjid (1614). Temple site.


VI. Jamnagar District.

1. Amran, Dargăh of Dawal Shăh. Temple materials used.
2. Bet Dwarka, Dargăh of Pîr Kirmănî. Temple site.
3. Dwarka, Masjid (1473). Temple site.


VII. Junagarh District.

1. Junagarh

(i) BorwăD Masjid (1470). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid in Uparkot. Jain Temple site.
(iii) Masjid at Măî GaDhechî. Converted Jain temple.

2. Loliyana, Dargăh of Madăr Shăh. Temple site.
3. Kutiana, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
4. Mangrol

(i) Rahmat Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1382-83). Temple materials used.
(iii) JűnI Jail-kî-Masjid (1385-86). Temple site.
(iv) Revălî Masjid (1386-87). Temple materials used.
(v) Masjid at Bandar. Temple materials used.
(vi) Dargăh near Revăli Masjid. Temple materials used.
(vii) Mazăr of Sayyid Sikandar alias Makhdűm Jahăniyă (1375). Temple materials used.
(viii) GaDhi Gate. Temple materials used.

5. Somnath Patan

(i) Băzăr Masjid (1436). Temple site.
(ii) Chăndnî Masjid (1456). Temple site.
(iii) Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1539). Temple site.
(iv) PathănwaDi Masjid (1326). Temple site.
(v) Muhammad Jamădăr-kî-Masjid (1420). Temple site.
(vi) MiThăshăh Bhang-kî-Masjid (1428). Temple site.
(vii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(viii) Masjid made out of the SomanAtha Temple of Kumărapăla.
(ix) Masjid at the back of the Somanătha Temple. Converted temple.
(x) Motă Darwăza. Temple materials used.
(xi) Măîpurî Masjid on the way to Veraval. Temple materials used.
(xii) Dargăh of Manglűri Shăh near Măîpurî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Shahîd Mahműd-kî-Masjid (1694). Temple site.

6. Vanasthali, Jămi Masjid. Converted VAmana Temple.
7. Veraval

(i) Jămi Masjid (1332). Temple site.
(ii) Nagîna Masjid (1488). Temple site.
(iii) Chowk Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) MăNDvî Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Sayyid Ishăq or Maghribî Shăh. Temple site.
(vi) Dargăh of Muhammad bin Hăjî Gilănî. Temple site.


VIII. Kachchh District.

1. Bhadreshwar

(i) Solăkhambî Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) ChhoTî Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Lăl Shăhbăz. Jain Temple materials used.

2. Bhuj

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Gumbad of Băbă Guru. Temple site.

3. Munra or MunDra, Seaport built from the materials of Jain temples of Bhadreshwar which were demolished by the Muslims; its Safed Masjid which can be seen from afar was built from the same materials.


IX. Kheda District.

1. Kapadwani

(i) Jămi Masjid (1370-71). Temple site.
(ii) Săm Shahîd-kî-Masjid (1423). Temple site.

2. Khambhat

(i) Jămi Masjid (1325). Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in Qaziwara (1326). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Undipet (1385). Temple site.
(iv) Sadi-i-Awwal Masjid (1423). Temple site.
(v) Fujră-kî-Masjid (1427). Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Umar bin Ahmad Kăzrűnî. Jain Temple materials used.
(vii) Mazăr of Qăbil Shăh. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Shykh Alî Jaulăqî known as Parwăz Shăh (1498). Temple site.
(ix) Mazăr of Shăh Bahlol Shahîd. Temple site.
(x) Maqbara of Ikhtîyărud-Daula (1316). Temple site.
(xi) IdgAh (1381-82). Temple site.

3. Mahuda, Jămi Masjid (1318). Temple site.
4. Sojali, Sayyid Mubărak-kî-Masjid. Temple site.


X. Mehsana District.

1. Kadi

(i) Masjid (1384). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1583). Temple site.

2. Kheralu, Jămi Masjid (1409-10). Temple site.
3. Modhera, Rayadi Masjid. Temple site.
4. Munjpur, Jămi Masjid (1401-02). Temple site.
5. Patan

(i) Jămi Masjid (1357). Temple materials used.
(ii) Phűtî Mahalla or Pinjar Kot-kî-Masjid (1417). Temple site.
(iii) Băzăr-kî-Masjid (1490). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid in a field that was the Sahasralinga Talav. Temple materials used.
(v) Masjid and Dargăh of Makhdűm Husămud-Dîn Chishtî, disciple of Shykh Nizămud-Dîn Awliya of Delhi. Temple materials used.
(vi) GűmDă Masjid (1542). Temple site.
(vii) RangrezoN-kî- Masjid (1410-11). Temple site.
(viii) Dargăh of Shykh Muhammad Turk Kăshgarî (1444-45). Temple site.
(ix) Dargăh of Shykh Farîd. Converted temple.

6. Sami, Jămi Masjid (1404). Temple site.
7. Sidhpur, Jămi Masjid. Built on the site and with the materials of the Rudra-mahălaya Temple of Siddharăja JayasiMha.
8. Una, Dargăh of Hazrat Shăh Pîr. Temple site.
9. Vijapur

(i) Kalăn Masjid (1369-70). Temple site.
(ii) Mansűrî Masjid. Temple site.


XI. Panch Mahals District.

1. Champaner

(i) Jămi Masjid (1524). Temple site.
(ii) Bhadra of Mahműd BegDă. Temple site.
(iii) Shahr-kî-Masjid.  Temple site.

2. Godhra, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Pavagadh

(i) Masjid built on top of the Devî Temple.
(ii) PăNch MuNhDă Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site,

4. Rayania, Masjid (1499-1500). Temple site.


XII. Rajkot District.

1. Jasdan, Dargăh of Kălű Pîr. Temple materials used.
2. Khakhrechi

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Kamăl Shăh Pîr. Temple site.

3. Mahuva, Idgah (1418). Temple site.
4. Malia, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
5. Morvi, Masjid (1553). Temple site.
6. Santrampur, Masjid (1499-1500). Temple site.


XIII. Sabarkantha District.

1. Hersel, Masjid (1405). Temple site.
2. Himmatnagar, Moti-Mohlat Masjid in Nani Vorwad (1471). Temple site.
3. Prantij

(i) Fath or Tekrewălî Masjid (1382). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Sikandar Shăh Shahîd (d. 1418). Temple materials used.


XIV.  Surat District.

1. Navasari

(i) Jămi Masjid (1340). Temple site.
(ii) Shăhî Masjid. Temple site.

2. Rander, The Jains who predominated in this town were expelled by Muslims and all temples of the former were converted into mosques. The following mosques stand on the site of and/or are constructed with materials from those temples:

(i) Jămi Masjid.
(ii) Nit Naurî Masjid.
(iii) Miăn-kî-Masjid.
(iv) Khărwă Masjid.
(v) Munshî-kî-Masjid.

3. Surat

(i) Mirză Sămi-kî-Masjid (1336). Temple site.
(ii) Nau Sayyid Săhib-kî-Masjid and the nine Mazărs on Gopi Talav in honour of nine Ghăzîs. Temple sites.
(iii) Fort built in the reign of Farrukh Siyăr. Temple materials used.
(iv) Gopi Talav (1718). Temple materials used.

4. Tadkeshwar, Jămi Masjid (1513-14). Temple site.


XV. Surendranagar District.

1. Sara, DarbargaDh-kî -Masjid (1523). Temple site.
2. Vad Nagar, Masjid (1694). Stands on the site of the Hătakevara Mahădeva temple.
3. Wadhwan, Jămi Masjid (1439). Temple site.


 

HARYANA

I. Ambala District.

1. Pinjor, Temple materials have been used in the walls and buildings of the Garden of Fidăi Khăn.
2. Sadhaura

(i) Masjid built in Khaljî times. Temple materials used.
(ii) Two Masjids built in the reign of Jahăngîr. Temple materials used.
(iii) QăzioN-kî-Masjid (1640). Temple site.
(iv) Abdul Wahăb-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Qumais. Temple site.


II. Faridabad District.

1. Faridabad, Jămi Masjid (1605). Temple site.
2. Nuh, Masjid (1392-93). Temple materials used.
3. Palwal

(i) Ikrămwălî or Jămî Masjid (1221). Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgăh (1211). Temple material Is used.
(iii) Mazăr of Sayyid Chirăgh. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Ghăzî Shihăbud-Dîn. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Sayyid Wărah. Temple site.


III. Gurgaon District.

1. Bawal, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
2. Farrukhnagar, Jămi Masjid (1276). Temple site.
3. Sohna

(i) Masjid (1561). Temple site.
(ii) Mazărs known as Kălă and Lăl Gumbad. Temple sites.


IV. Hissar District.

1. Barwala, Masjid (1289). Temple site.
2. Fatehabad

(i) Idgăh of Tughlaq times. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid built by Humănyűn (1539). Temple site.

3. Hansi

(i) Idgăh built in the reign of Shamsud-Dîn Iltutmish. Temple site.
(ii) JulăhoN-kî-Masjid built in the same reign. Temple site.
(iii) Bű Alî Baksh Masjid (1226). Temple site.
(iv) Ădina Masjid (1336). Temple site.
(v) Masjid in the Fort (1192). Temple site.
(vi) Shahîd-Ganj Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Humăyűn-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(viii) Dargăh of Niămatullăh Walî with adjascent Bărădarî. Temple materials used.
(ix) Dargăh of Bű Alî Qalandar (1246). Temple site.
(x) Dargăh of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn Haqq (1303). Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Mahammad Jamîl Shăh. Temple site.
(xii) Dargăh of Wilăyat Shăh Shahîd (1314). Temple site.
(xiii) Chahăr Qutb and its Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(xiv) Fort and City Gates. Temple materials used.

4. Hissar, This city was built by Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq with temple materials brought mostly from Agroha which had been destroyed by Muhammad Ghurî in 1192.

(i) Lăt-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Humayűns Jămi Masjid (1535). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid and Mazăr of Bahlul Lodî. Temple site.
(iv) Humăyűns Masjid outside Delhi Gate (1533). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Băbă Prăn Pîr Pădshăh. Temple materials used.
(vi) Fort of Fîruz Shăh Tughlaq. Temple materials used.
(vii) Jahăz Mahal. Converted Jain Temple.
(viii) Gűjarî Mahal. Temple materials used.

5. Sirsa

(i) Masjid in the Mazăr of Imăm Năsir (1277). Temple materials used.
(ii) Băbarî Masjid in the Sarai (1530). Temple site.
(iii) QăzIzăda-kî-Masjid (1540). Temple site.


V. Karnal District.

Panipat

(i) Masjid opposite the Mazăr of Bű Alî Qalandars mother (1246). Temple site.
(ii) Băbarî Masjid in Kăbulî Băgh (1528-29). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn (1499). Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Bű Alî Qalandar (1660). Temple site.


VI. Kurukshetra District.

1. Kaithal

(i) Dargăh of Shykh Salăhud-Dîn Abul Muhammad of Balkh (d. 1246). Temple materials used.
(ii) Shăh Wilăyat-kî-Masjid (1657-58). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Madrasa. Temple materials used.

2. Kurukshetra, Madrasa on the Tila. Temple site.
3. Thanesar

(i) Dargăh and Madrasa of Shykh Chillî or Chehalî Bannurî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Pathariă Masjid near Harsh-kă-Tîlă. Temple materials used.
(iii) Chînîwălî Masjid. Temple materials used.


VII.  Mahendergarh District.

Narnaul, Mazar of Pîr Turk Shahîd or Shăh Wilăyat (d. 1137). Temple site.


VIII. Rohtak District.

1. Jhajjar, Kălî Masjid (1397). Temple site.
2. Maham,

(i) PirzădoN-kî-Masjid built in Băbars reign (1529). Temple site.
(ii) Humăyűns Jămi Masjid (1531). Temple site.
(iii) QasăiyoN-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1669). Temple site.
(v) Daulat Khăn-kî-Masjid (1696). Temple site.

3. Rohtak

(i) Dînî Masjid (1309). Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort (1324). Temple site.
(iii) Băbars Masjid-i-Khurd (1527-28). Temple site.
(iv) Băbars RăjpűtoN-kî-Masjid. (1528). Temple site.
(v) Second or Humăyűns Masjid in the Fort (1538). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid at Gokaran (1558). Temple site.
(vii) DogroN Wălî Masjid (1571). Temple site.
(viii) Mast Khăn-kî-Masjid (1558-59) Temple site.


IX. Sonepat District.

1. Gohana, Dargăh of Shăh Ziăud-Dîn Muhammad. Temple site.
2. Sonepat

(i) Masjid and Mazăr of Imăm Năsir (renovated in 1277). Temple site.
(ii) Băbars ShykhzădoN-kî- Masjid (1530). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Khwăja Khizr. Temple site.
(iv) Humăyűn's Masjid (1538). Temple site.


 

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Kangra, Jahăngîrî Gate. Temple materials used.


 

KARNATAKA

I. Bangalore District.

1. Dodda-Ballapur, Dargăh of Muhiud-Dîn Chishtî of Ajodhan (d. 1700). Temple materials used.
2. Hoskot

(i) Dargăh of Saballî Săhib. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Qăsim Săhib. Converted temple.


II. Belgaum District.

1. Belgaum

(i) Masjid-i-Safa in the Fort (1519). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1585-86). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Badrud-Dîn Shăh in the Fort (1351-52). Temple site.

2. Gokak, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Hukeri

(i) Măn Sahib-kî-Dargă h (1567-68). Temple site.
(ii) Kălî Masjid (1584). Temple materials used.

4. Kudachi

(i) Dargăh of Makhdűm Shăh Walî. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Muhammad Sirăjud-Dîn Pîrdădî. Temple site.

5. Madbhavi, Masjid. iva Temple materials used.
6. Raibag, Jămi Masjid. Temple site,
7. Sampgaon, Masjid. Temple site.


III. Bellary District.

1. Bellary, Masjid built by Tîpű Sultăn (1789-90). Temple site.
2. Hampi, Masjid and Idgăh in the ruins of Vijayanagar. Temple materials used.
3. Hospet, Masjid in Bazar Street built by Tîpű Sultăn (1795-96). Temple site.
4. Huvinhadgalli, Fort. Temple materials used.
5. Kanchagarabelgallu, Dargăh of Husain Shăh. Temple site.
6. Kudtani, Dargăh. Durgevara Temple materials used.
7. Sandur, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
8. Siruguppa, Lăd Khăn Masjid (1674). Temple site.
9. Sultanpuram, Masjid on the rock. Temple site.


IV. Bidar District.

1. Bidar, Ancient Hindu city transformed into a Muslim capital. The following monuments stand on temple sites and/or temple materials have been used in their construction:

(i) Solă Khambă Masjid (1326-27).
(ii) Jămi Masjid of the Bahmanîs.
(iii) Mukhtăr Khăn-kî-Masjid (1671).
(iv) Kălî Masjid (1694).
(v) Masjid west of Kălî Masjid (1697-98).
(vi) Farrah-Băgh Masjid, 3 km outside the city (1671).
(vii) Dargăh of Hazrat Khalîlullăh at Ashtűr (1440).
(viii) Dargăh of Shăh Shamsud-Dîn Muhammad Qădirî known as Multănî Pădshăh.
(ix) Dargăh of Shăh Waliullăh-al- Husainî.
(x) Dargăh of Shăh Zainul-Dîn Ganj Nishîn.
(xi) Dargăh and Masjid of Mahbűb Subhănî.
(xii) Mazăr of Ahmad Shăh Walî at Ashtűr (1436).
(xiii) Mazăr of Shăh Abdul Azîz (1484).
(xiv) Takht Mahal.
(xv) Gagan Mahal.
(xvi) Madrasa of Mahműd Gawăn.

2. Chandpur, Masjid (1673-74). Temple site.
3. Chillergi, Jămi Masjid (1381). Temple site.
4. Kalyani, Capital of the Later Chălukyas. All their temples were either demolished or converted into mosques.

(i) Jămi Masjid (1323). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1406). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Shahpur (1586-87). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Maulăna Yăqűb. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Sayyid Pîr Păshă. Temple site.
(vi) Fort Walls and Towers. Temple materials used.
(vii) Nawăbs Bungalow. Temple materials used.

5. Kohir

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăhs of two Muslim saints. Temple sites.

6. Shahpur, Masjid (1586-87). Temple site.
7. Udbal, Jămi Masjid (1661-62). Temple site.


V. Bijapur District.

1. Afzalpur, Mahal Masjid. Trikűta Temple materials used.
2. Badami, Second Gateway of the Hill Fort. VishNu Temple materials used.
3. Bekkunal, Dargăh outside the village. Temple materials used.
4. Bijapur, Ancient Hindu city transformed into a Muslim capital. The following monuments are built on temple sites and/or temple materials have been used in their construction:

(i) Jămi Masjid (1498-99).
(ii) Karîmud-Dîn-kî- Masjid in the Ărk (1320-21).
(iii) ChhoTă Masjid on way to Mangoli Gate.
(iv) Khwăja Sambal-kî-Masjid (1522-13).
(v) Makka Masjid.
(vi) AnDű Masjid.
(vii) Zangîrî Masjid.
(viii) Bukhără Masjid (1536-37).
(ix) Dakhînî Idgah (1538-39).
(x) Masjid and Rauza of Ibrăhîm II Adil Shăh (1626).
(xi) Gol Gumbaz or the Rauza of Muhammad Adil Shăh.
(xii) JoD-Gumbad.
(xiii) Nau-Gumbad.
(xiv) Dargăh of Shăh Műsă Qădiri.
(xv) Gagan Mahal.
(xvi) Mihtar Mahal.
(xvii) Asar Mahal.
(xvii) Anand Mahal and Masjid (1495).
(xviii) Săt Manzil.
(xix) Ărk or citadel.
(xx) Mazăr of Pîr Mabarî Khandăyat.
(xxi) Mazăr of Pîr Jumnă.
(xxii) Dargăh of Shăh Mîrănji Shamsul-Haq Chishtî on Shahpur Hill.

5. Hadginhali, Dargăh. Temple materials used.
6. Horti, Masjid. Temple materials used.
7. Inglesvara, Muhiud-Dîn Săhib-kî-Masjid. Munipă Samădhi materials used.
8. Jirankalgi, Masjid. Temple materials used.
9. Kalleeri, Masjid near the village Chawdi. Keavadeva Temple materials used.
10. Mamdapur

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Kamăl Săhib. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Sadle Săhib of Makka. Temple site.

11. Naltvad, Masjid (1315). Temple materials used.
12. Pirapur, Dargăh. Temple site.
13. Salvadigi, Masjid. Temple materials used.
14. Sarur, Masjid. Temple materials used.
15. Segaon, Dargăh. Temple site.
16. Takli, Masjid. Temple materials used.
17. Talikota

(i) Jămi Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) PăNch Pîr-kî-Masjid and Ganji-i-Shahî dăn. Temple site.

18. Utagi, Masjid (1323). Temple site.


VI. Chickmanglur District.

Baba Budan, Mazăr of Dădă Hayăt Mîr Qalandar. Dattătreya Temple site.


VII. Chitaldurg District.

Harihar, Masjid on top of Harîharevara Temple.


VIII. Dharwad District.

1. Alnavar, Jămi Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
2. Bankapur

(i) Masjid (1538-39). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1602-03). Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard with a Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Dongar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Shăh Alăud-Dîn-Qădirî . Temple site.
(vi) Fort (1590-91). Temple materials used,

3. Balur, Masjid. Temple materials used.
4. Dambal, Mazăr of Shăh Abdullăh Walî. Temple materials used.
5. Dandapur, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
6. Dharwad, Masjid on Mailarling Hill. Converted Jain Temple.
7. Hangal

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.

8. Hubli, 17 Masjids built by Aurangzeb in 1675 and after Temple sites.
9. Hulgur

(i) Dargăh of Sayyid Shăh Qădirî. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near the above Dargăh. Temple site.

10. Lakshmeshwar, Kălî Masjid. Temple site.
11. Misrikot, Jămi Masjid (1585-86). Temple site.
12. Mogha, Jămi Masjid. Ădityadeva Temple materials used.
13. Ranebennur, Qală, Masjid (1742). Temple site.
14. Savanur

(i) Jămi Masjid reconstructed in 1847-48. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Khairullăh Shăh Bădshăh. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Kamăl. Temple site.


IX. Gulbarga District.

1. Chincholi, Dargăh. Temple site.
2. Dornhalli, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Firozabad

(i) Jămi Masjid (1406). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Khalîfatur-Rahmă n Qădirî (d. 1421). Temple site.

4. Gobur, Dargăh. Ratnarăya Jinălaya Temple materials used.
5. Gogi

(i) Arabaa Masjid (1338). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Chandă, Husainî (1454). Temple site.
(iii) Chillă of Shăh Habîbullăh (1535-36). Temple site.

6. Gulbarga, Ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital and the following among other monuments built on temple sites and/or with temple materials:

(i) Kalăn Masjid in Mahalla Mominpura (1373).
(ii) Masjid in Shah Bazar (1379).
(iii) Jămi Masjid in the Fort (1367).
(iv) Masjid-i-Langar in the Mazăr of Hăjî Zaida.
(v) Masjid near the Farman Talab (1353-54).
(vi) Dargăh of Sayyid Muhammad Husainî Bandă, Nawăz Gesű Darăz Chishtî, disciple of Shykh Nasîrud-Dîn Mahműd ChîrAgh-i-Dihlî .
(vii) Mazăr of Shykh Muhammad Sirăjud-Dîn Junaidî.
(viii) Mazăr of Hăjî Zaida of Maragh (1434)
(ix) Mazăr of Sayyid Husainud-Dîn Tigh-i-Barhna (naked sword).
(x) Fort Walls and Gates.

7. Gulsharam, Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Jalăl Husainî (1553). Temple site.
8. Malkhed, Dargăh of Sayyid Jafar Husainî in the Fort. Temple site.
9. Sagar

(i) Dargăh of Sűfî Sarmast Chishtî, disciple of Nîzămud-Dîn Awlîya of Delhi. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Munawwar Bădshăh. Temple site.
(iii) Ăshur Khăna Masjid (1390-91). Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1411-12). Temple materials used.

10. Seram, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
11. Shah Bazar, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
12. Shahpur

(i) Dargăh of Műsă Qădirî (1667-68). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Muhammad Qădirî (1627). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of IbrAhIm Qădirî. Temple site.

13. Yadgir

(i) Ăthăn Masjid (1573). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


X. Kolar District.

1. Mulbagal, Dargăh of Hyder Walî. Temple site.
2. Nandi, Masjid east of the village. Temple site.


XI. Mandya District.

1. Pandavapur, Masjid-i-Ala. Temple site.
2. Srirangapatnam, Jămi Masjid built by Tîpű Sultăn (1787). Stands on the site of the Ăńjaneya Temple.


XII. Mysore District.

Tonnur, Mazăr said to be that of Sayyid Sălăr Masűd (1358). Temple materials used.


XIII. North Kanara District.

1. Bhatkal, Jămi Masjid (1447-48). Temple site.
2. Haliyal, Masjid in the Fort. Temple materials used.


XIV. Raichur District.

1. Jaladurga, Dargăh of Muhammad Sarwar. Temple site.
2. Kallur, Two Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Koppal

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Araboń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Sailănî Păshă. Temple site.

4. Manvi, Masjid (1406-07). Temple materials used.
5. Mudgal

(i) Masjid at Kati Darwaza of the Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Naî Masjid (1583-84). Temple site.
(iii) Two Ashur Khănas built by Ali I Adil Shah. Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1588). Temple materials used.

6. Raichur

(i) Yak Mînăr Masjid in the Fort (1503). Temple site.
(ii) Daftarî Masjid in the Fort (1498-99). Temple materials used.
(iii) Hazăr Baig Masjid (1511-12). Temple site
(iv) Jămi Masjid in the Fort (1622-23). Temple materials used.
(v) Jămi Masjid in Sarafa Bazar (1628-29). Temple site.
(vi) Kălî Masjid in the Fort. Temple materials used.
(vii) Masjid inside the Naurangi. Temple materials used.
(viii) Chowk-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Jahăniyă Masjid (1700-01). Temple site.
(x) Dargăh of Shăh Mîr Hasan and Mîr Husain. Temple materials used.
(xi) Dargăh of Sayyid Abdul Husainî at Sikandari Gate. Temple site.
(xii) Păńch Bîbî Dargăh at Bala Hissar. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Mazăr of Pîr Sailănî Shăh in the Fort. Temple materials used.
(xiv) Fort. Temple materials used.

7. Sindhanur, Ălamgîrî Masjid near the Gumbad. Temple site.
8. Tawagera, Dargăh of Bandă Nawăz. Temple site.


XV. Shimoga District.

1. Almel, Mazăr of Ghălib Shăh. Temple site.
2. Basavpatna, Masjid near the Fort. Temple site.
3. Nagar, Masjid built by Tîpű Sultăn. Temple materials used.
4. Sante Bennur, Randhullă Khăn-kî-Masjid (1637). Materials of the Rańganătha Temple used.
5. Sirajpur, Masjid built on top of the Chhinnakeava Temple for housing Prophet Muhammads hair.  Images defaced and mutilated. Part of the temple used as a laterine.


XVI. Tumkur District,

1. Sira

(i) Ibrăhîm Rauza with many Mazărs and a Jămi Masjid. Converted temples.
(ii) Dargăh of Malik Rihăn. Temple site.

2. Sirol, Jămi Masjid (1696). Temple site.


 

KASHMIR

1. Amburher, Ziărat of Farrukhzăd Săhib. Temple materials used.
2. Badgam

(i) Ziărat of Abban Shăh in Ghagarpur. Temple site.
(ii) Ziărat of Sayyid Swălia Shăh in Narbai. Temple site.

3. Bijbehra, Masjid. Temple site.
4. Bumzu

(i) Ziărat of Băbă Bămdîn. Converted Bhîmakeava. Temple.
(ii) Ziărat of Ruknud-Dîn Rishî. Converted temple.
(iii) Ziărat farther up the valley. Converted temple.

5. Gulmarg, Ziărat of Băbă Imăm Dîn Rishî. Temple materials used.
6. Gupkar, Ziărat of Jyesther and other monuments. Temple materials used.
7. Hutmar, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
8. Khonmuh, Several Ziărats. Temple materials used.
9. Kitshom, Two Masjids. Stand amidst temple ruins.
10. Loduv, Ziărat. Temple materials used.
11. Lohar, Ziărat of Sayyid Chănan Ghăzî. Temple site.
12. Lokbavan, Garden Pavilion. Temple materials from Lokabhavana Tîrtha used.
13. Marsus, Ziărat of Shăh Abdullăh. Temple site.
14. Pampor

(i) Ziărat of Mîr Muhammad Hamadăni. VishNusvămin Temple materials used.
(ii) Several other Ziărats. Temple materials used.

15. Pandrethan, Masjid. Meruvardhanaswă min Temple materials used.
16. Sangar, Ziărat. Temple materials used.
17. Sar, Ziărat of Khwăja Khîzr. Temple materials used.
18. Shalmar Garden, Pavilion on the 4th terrace. Temple materials used.
19. Srinagar, Ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital. The following monuments stand on temple sites and most of them have been constructed with temple materials.

(i) Ziărat of Bahăud-Dîn SAhib. Jayasvămin Temple converted.
(ii) Graveyard and its Gate below the 4th Bridge.
(iii) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh-i-Hamadănî in Kalashpura. On the site of the Kălî Temple.
(iv) Nau or Patthar-kî-Masjid built by Nűr Jahăn.
(v) Graveyard near the Nau Masjid.
(vi) Ziărat of Malik Săhib in Didd Mar. On the site of Diddă Matha.
(vii) Masjid and Madrasa and Graveyard near Vicharnag. On the site and from materials of the Vikramevara Temple.
(viii) Madnî Săhib-kî-Masjid at Zadibal.
(ix) Ziărat south-west of Madnî Săhib-kî-Masjid.
(x) Jămi Masjid originally built by Sikandar Butshikan and reconstructed in later times.
(xi) Ziărat named Nűr Pirastăn. NarendrasăAmin Temple converted.
(xii) Maqbara of Sultăn Zainul-Abidin.
(xiii) Maqbara of Zainul-Ăbidins mother, queen of Sikandar Butshikan.
(xiv) Ziărat of Pîr Hăjî Muhammad Săhib, south-west of the Jămi Masjid. VishNu RaNasvămin Temple converted.
(xv) Ziărats of Makhdűm Săhib and Akhun Mulla on Hari Parbat. Bhîmasvamin Temple converted.
(xvi) Masjid of Akhun Mulla built by Dără Shikoh.
(xvii) Ziărat of Pîr Muhammad Basűr in Khandbavan. On the site of Skandabhavana Vihăra.
(xviii) Graveyard north-east of Khandbavan.
(xix) Dargăh of Pîr Dastgîr.
(xx) Dargăh of Naqshbandî.
(xxi) Ramparts and Kathi Gate of the Fort built by Akbar.
(xxii) Stone embankments on both sides and for several miles of the Jhelum river as its passes through Srinagar.
(xxiii) Astăna of MIr Shamsud-Dîn Syed Muhammad Irăqî.

20. Sudarbal, Ziărat of Hazrat Băl. Temple site.
21. Tapar, Bund from Naidkhai to Sopor built by Zainul-Ăbidin. Materials from Narendrevara Temple used.
22. Theda, Ziărat near Dampor. Temple materials used.
23. Vernag, Stone enclosure built by Jahăngîr. Temple materials used.
24. Wular Lake

(i) Suna Lanka, pleasure haunt built by Zainul-Ăbidîn in the midst of the Lake. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Shukrud-DIn on the western shore. Temple site.

25. Zukur, Several Ziărats and Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
 
 

KERALA

1. Kollam, (Kozhikode District), Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Palghat, Fort built by Tîpű Sultăn. Temple materials used.
 
 

LAKSHADWEEP

1. Kalpeni, Muhiud-Dîn-Pallî Masjid. Temple site.
2. Kavarati, Prot-Pallî Masjid. Temple site.
 
 

MADHYA PRADESH

I. Betul District.

1. Pattan, Dargăh of Sulaimăn Shăh. Temple site.
2. Umri, Dargăh of Rahmăn Shăh. Temple site.


II. Bhopal District.

1. Berasia, Masjid (1716). Temple site.
2. Bhopal, Jămi Masjid built by Qudsia Begum. SabhămaNDala Temple site.


III. Bilaspur District.

Khimlasa

(i) Dargăh of Păńch Pîr. Temple site.
(ii) Nagînă Mahal. Temple site.
(iii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid with three domes. Temple site.


IV. Damoh District.

(i) Dargăh of Ghăzî Miăn. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.


V. Dewas District.

1. Dewas

(i) Masjid (1562). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1705). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1707). Temple site.

2. Gandhawal, Graveyard inside the village. Jain Temple materials used.
3. Sarangpur

(i) Madrasa (1493). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1640). Temple site.
(iii) Pîr Jăn-kî-Bhătî Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Unchod, Idgăh (1681). Temple site.


VI. Dhar District.

1. Dhar, Capital of Răjă Bhoja Paramăra converted into a Muslim capital. The following Muslim monuments tell their own story:

(i) Kamăl Maulă Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Lăt Masjid (1405). Jain Temple materials used.
(iii) Mazăr of Abdullăh Shăh Changăl. Temple site.

2. Mandu, An ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital and the following monuments built on the sites of and/or with materials from temples

(i) Jămi Masjid (1454).
(ii) Dilăwar Khăn-kî-Masjid (1405).
(iii) ChhoTî Jămi Masjid.
(iv) Pahredăroń-kî-Masjid (1417).
(v) Malik Mughîs-kî-Masjid.
(vi) Maqbara of Hushăng Shăh.
(vii) Jahăz Mahal.
(viii) Tawîl Mahal.
(ix) Năhar Jharokhă.
(x) Hindolă Mahal.
(xi) Rupmatî Pavilion.
(xii) Ashrafî Mahal.
(xiii) Dăî-kî-Chhotî Bahen-kă-Mahal.
(xiv) Băz Bahădur-kă-Mahal.
(xv) Nîlkanth Mahal.
(xvi) Chhappan Mahal.
(xvii) Fort and Gates.
(xviii) Gadă-Shăh-kă-Mahal.
(xix) Hammăm Complex.


VII. Dholpur District.

Bari, Masjid (1346 or 1351). Temple site.


VIII. East Nimar District.

1. Bhadgaon, Jămi Masjid (1328). Temple site.
2. Jhiri, Masjid (1581). Temple site.
3. Khandwa, Masjid (1619-20). Temple site.


IX. Guna District.

1. Chanderi, Muslim city built from the ruins of the old or Budhi Chanderi nearby. The following monuments stand on the sites of temples and/or have temple materials used in them:

(i) Masjid (1392).
(ii) Motî Masjid.
(iii) Jămi Masjid.
(iv) PăńchműhńDă Masjid.
(v) Qurbăni Chabűtră.
(vi) Dargăh of Mewă Shăh.
(vii) Mazăr known as BaDă Madrasa.
(viii) Mazăr known as ChhoTă Madrasa.
(ix) Răjă-kă-Maqbara.
(x) Rănî-kă-Maqbara.
(xi) Battîsî BăoDî Masjid (1488).
(xii) Hăthîpur-kî-Masjid (1691).
(xiii) Mazăr of Shykh Burhanud-Dîn.
(xiv) Fort.
(xv) Kushk Mahal.
(xvi) Idgăh (1495).

2. Pipari, Masjid (1451). Temple site.
3. Shadoragaon, Jămi Masjid (1621-22). Temple site.


X. Gwalior District.

1. Gwalior

(i) Dargăh of Muhammad Ghaus. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid near Gűjarî Mahal. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid near Ganesh Gate. Gawălîpă Temple site.
(iv) Graveyards on east and west of the Fort. Temple sites.

2. Jajao, Lăl Patthar-kî-Masjid, Temple materials used.
3. Mundrail, Several Masjids (1504). Temple sites.
4. Sipri, Several Masjids and Mazărs. Temple materials used.


XI. Indore District.

1. Depalpur, Masjid (1670). Temple site.
2. Maheshwar

(i) ShăhI Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Mehdipur

(i) Mazăr of Godăr Shăh. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Sanwar, Masjid (1674). Temple site.


XII. Mandsaur District.

1. Kayampur

(i) Masjid (1676). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1701-02). Temple site.

2. Mandsaur

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Rampura, Pădshăhî BăoDi. Temple materials used.


XIII. Morena District.

Alapur

(i) Masjid (1561-62). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1586-87). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1697-98). Temple site.


XIV. Panna District.

1. Ajaigarh, Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Nachna, Masjid. Converted temple.


XV. Raisen District.

Palmyka Mandir-Masjid. Temple materials used.


XVI. Rajgarh District.

Khujner, Mazăr of Dăwal Shăh.  Temple materials used.


XVII. Ratlam District.

Barauda, Masjid (1452-56). Temple site.


XVIII. Sagar District.

1. Dhamoni, Dargăh of Băl Jatî Shăh (1671). Temple site.
2. Kanjia

(i) Khăn Săhib-kî-Masjid (1594-95). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1640). Temple site.
(iv) Alamgîrî Masjid (1703). Temple site.
(iii) Qală-kî-Masjid (1643). Temple site.

3. Khimlasa, Păńch Pîr. Temple site.


XIX. Sehore District.

Masjid (1332). Temple site.


XX. Shajapur District.

Agartal, Masjid. Temple site.


XXI. Shivpuri District.

1. Narod, Zanzărî Masjid. Temple site.
2. Narwar

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Madăr. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1509). Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid inside Havapaur Gate (1509). Temple site.

3. Pawaya

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Several other Muslim monuments. Temple materials used.

4. Ranod

(i) Masjid (1331-32). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1441). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1633). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1640). Temple site.

5. Shivpuri, Jămi Masjid (1440). Temple site.


XXII. Ujjain District.

1. Barnagar, Masjid (1418). Temple site.
2. Ujjain,

(i) Jămi Masjid known as Bină-nîv-kî-Masjid (1403-04). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid unearthed near Chaubis Khamba Gate. Temple materials used.
(iii) MochI Masjid. Converted temple.


XXIII. Vidisha District.

1. Basoda, Masjid (1720-21). Temple site.
2. Bhonrasa,

(i) Qalandarî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jăgîrdăr-kî-Masjid (1683). Temple site.
(iii) BaDî Masjid in Bada Bagh (1685). Temple site.
(iv) Bandi Bagh-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Bără-Khambă Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Ek-Khambă Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Bină-nîv-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Graveyard in Bandi Bagh. Amidst temple ruins.
(ix) Idgăh. Temple site.
(x) Fort (1594). Temple materials used.

3. Parasari, Masjid (1694-95). Temple site.
4. Renkla, Masjid. (1647-48). Temple site.
5. Shamsabad, Masjid (1641). Temple site.
6. Sironj

(i) Ălamgîrî Masjid (1662-63). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Mahalla Rakabganj (1657-58). Temple site.
(iii) DargAh of Shykh Săhib (d. 1657). Temple site.

7. Tal, Masjid (1644-45). Temple site.
8. Udaypur

(i) Masjid (1336). Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Temple materials used.
(iii) Motî Masjid (1488-89). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1549). Temple site.
(v) Two Masjids of Shăh Jahăn. Temple sites.
(vi) Masjid of Jahăngîr. Temple site.

9. Vidisha

(i) Ălamgîrî or VijaimaNDal Masjid (1682). Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid on Lohangi Hill (1457). Temple site.
(iii) Shăh Jahăni Masjid (1650-51). Temple site.
(iv) City Wall. Temple materials used,


XXIV. West Nimar District.

1. Asirgarh

(i) Jămi Masjid (1584). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid built in the reign of Shăh Jahăn. Temple site.
(iii) Idgăh (1588-89). Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.

2. Bhikangaon, Idgăh (1643-44). Temple site.
3. Baidia, Masjid (1456-57). Temple site.
4. Burhanpur

(i) Jămi Masjid (1588-89). Temple site.
(ii) Bîbî Săhib-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Shăh Masűd-kî-Masjid (1582-83). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh and Masjid of Shăh Bahăud- Dîn Băjan. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Sűfi Nűr Shăh. Temple site.


 

MAHARASHTRA

I. Ahmadnagar District.

1. Amba Jogi, Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Bhingar, Mulla Masjid (1367-68). Temple site.
3. Gogha

(i) Idgăh (1395). Temple site.
(ii) Morakhwada Masjid (1630). Temple site.

4. Jambukhed, Jămi Masjid (1687-88). Temple site.
5. Madhi, Dargăh of Ramzăn Shăh Mahî Sawăr. Temple site.


II. Akola District.

1. Akot, Jămi Masjid (1667). Temple site.
2. Balapur, Masjid (1717-18). Temple site.
3. Basim, Kăkî Shăh-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
4. Jamod

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Paulăd Shăh. Temple site.

5. Karanj

(i) Astăn Masjid (1659). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1669-70). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1698-99). Temple site.

6. Manglurpir

(i) Qadîmî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Hayăt Qalandar (d. 1253). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Sanam Săhib. Temple site.

7. Narnala

(i) Jămi Masjid (1509). Temple site.
(ii) Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.

8. Patur, Dargăh of Abdul Azîz alias Shykh Băbű Chishtî (d. 1388). Temple site.
9. Uprai, Dargăh of Shăh Dăwal. Temple site.


III. Amravati District.

1. Amner, Masjid and Mazăr of Lăl Khăn (1691-92). Temple site.
2. Ellichpur

(i) Jămi Masjid reconstructed in 1697. Temple site.
(ii) Dărushifa Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Chowk-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Idgăh. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Shăh Ghulăm Husain. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Abdul Rahmăn Ghăzî known as Dűlhă Shăh. Temple site.

3. Ritpur, Aurangzebs Jămi Masjid (reconstructed in 1878). Temple site.


IV. Aurangabad District.

1. Antur Fort, Qală-kî-Masjid (1615). Temple site.
2. Aurangabad

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Lăl Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Maqbara of Aurangzeb. Temple site.

3. Daulatabad

(i) Jămi Masjid (1315). Converted lain Temple.
(ii) Yak Minăr-kî-Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid-i-Hauz at Kazipura (1458). Temple site.
(iv) Idgăh (1359). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Pîr Kădű Săhib. Converted temple.
(vi) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Gangapur, Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
5. Kaghzipura, Dargăh of Shăh Nizămud-Dîn. Temple site.
6. Khuldabad

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Burhănud-Dîn Gharîb Chishtî (d. 1339). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh on Pari-ka-Talao. Converted temple.
(iii) Mazăr of Halîm Kăkă Săhib. Converted temple.
(iv) Mazăr of Jalălul-Haqq. Temple site.
(v) Bărădarî in Bani Begums Garden. Temple site.

7. Paithan

(i) Jămi Masjid (1630). Converted temple.
(ii) Maulăna Săhib-kî-Masjid. Converted ReNukădevî Temple.
(iii) Alamagîrî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Makhdűm Husain Ahmad (1507). Temple site.

8. Taltam Fort, Fort. Temple materials used.
9. Vaijapur

(i) Mazărs in Nau Ghazi. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Syed Ruknud-Dîn. Temple site.


V. Bid District.

Bid

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Qăzî Săhib-kî-Masjid (1624). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Sadr (1704-05). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid and Dargăh of Shăhinshăh Walî. Temple site.
(v) Idgăh (1704). Temple site.


VI. Bombay District.

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr at Mahim. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Maină Hajjăm. Converted Măhălakshmî Temple.


VII. Buldana District.

1. Fathkhelda, Masjid (1581). Temple site.
2. Malkapur, Masjid near Qazis house. Temple site.


VIII. Dhule District.

1. Bhamer

(i) Masjid (1481-82). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1529-30). Temple site.

2. Erandol, Jămi Masjid in Pandav-vada. Temple materials used.
3. Nandurbar

(i) Manyăr Masjid. Siddhevaradeva Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Sayyid Alăud-Dîn. Temple site.
(iii) Several Masjids amidst ruins of Hindu temples.

4. Nasirabad, Several old Masjids. Temple sites.
5. Nizamabad, Masjid. Temple site.


IX. Jalgaon District.

1. Jalgaon. Masjid. Temple site.
2. Phaskhanda, Masjid. Temple site.
3. Shendurni, Masjid-i-Kabî r (1597). Temple site.


X. Kolhapur District.

1. Bhadole, Masjid (1551-52). Temple site.
2. Kagal, Dargăh of Ghaibî Pîr. Temple site.
3. Kapshi, Masjid-e-Husainî . Temple site.
4. Panhala

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shykh Saidud-DIn. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of BaDă Imăm in the Fort. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Sădobă Pîr. Parăara Temple site.

5. Shirol, Jămi Masjid (1696). Temple site.
6. Vishalgarh, Mazăr of Malik Rihăn Pîr. Temple site.


XI. Nagpur District.

Ramtek, Masjid built in Aurangzebs reign. Converted temple.


XII. Nanded District.

1. Bhaisa

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Three Dargăhs. Temple sites.

2. Deglur, Mazăr of Shăh Ziăud-Dîn Rifai. Temple site.
3. Kandhar

(i) Jămi Masjid (1606). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid and Dargăh inside the Fort. Temple materials used.
(iii) Causeway of the Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Nanded, Idgăh in Khas Bagh. Temple site.


XIII. Nasik District.

1. Galna

(i) Dargăh of Pîr Pűlăd (1581). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

2. Gondengaon, Jămi Masjid (1703). Temple site.
3. Malegaon, Dargăh of Khăkî Shăh. Temple site.
4. Nasik, Jămi Masjid in the Fort. Converted Măhălakshmî Temple.
5. Pimpri, Mazăr of Sayyid Sadraud-Dîn. Temple site.
6. Rajapur, Masjid (1559). Temple site.


XIV. Osmanabad District.

1. Ausa, Masjid (1680). Temple site.
2. Naldurg, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
3. Parenda

(i) Masjid inside the Fort. Built entirely of temple materials.
(ii) Namăzgăh near the Talav. Converted Mănakevara Temple.


XV. Parbhani District.

1. Khari, Mazăr of Ramzăn Shăh. Temple site.
2. Latur

(i) Dargăh of Mabsű Săhib. Converted Minapurî Mătă Temple.
(ii) Dargăh of Sayyid Qădirî. Converted Somevara Temple.

3. Malevir, KhaDu Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.


XVI. Pune District.

1. Chakan, Masjid (1682). Temple site.
2. Ghoda, Jămi Masjid. Built in 1586 from materials of 33 temples.
3. Junnar

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple Site.
(ii) Diwăn Ahmad-kî-Masjid (1578-79). Temple site.
(iii) GunDi-kî-Masjid (1581). Temple site.
(iv) MadAr Chillă-kî-Masjid. (1611-12). Temple site.
(v) Kamăni Masjid on Shivneri Hill (1625). Temple site.
(vi) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Khed, Masjid and Mazăr of Dilăwar Khăn. Temple site.
5. Mancher, Masjid at the South-Western Gate. Temple site.
6. Sasvad, Masjid. Built entirely of Hemadapantî temple materials.


XVII. Ratnagiri District.

1. Chaul

(i) Mazăr of Pîr Sayyid Ahmad. Converted Sămba Temple.
(ii) Maqbara near Hinglaj Spur. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard. Temple site.

2. Dabhol, Patthar-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
3. Rajpuri, Aidrusia Khănqăh. Temple site.
4. Yeshir, Jămi Masjid (1524). Temple site.


XVIII. Sangli District.

1. Mangalvedh, Fort. Temple materials used.
2. Miraj

(i) Masjid (1415-16). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1506). Temple site.
(iii) Kălî Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Namăzgăh (1586-97). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of BaDă Imăm. Temple site.


XIX. Satara District.

1. Apti, Masjid (1611-12). Temple site.
2. Karad

(i) Jămi Masjid (1575-76). Temple materials used.
(ii) Qadamagăh of Alî (1325). Temple site.

3. Khanpur, Jămi Masjid (1325). Temple materials used.
4. Rahimatpur,

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Maqbara known as that of Jahăngîrs Mother (1649). Temple site.


XX. Sholapur District.

1. Begampur, Maqbara near Gadheshvar. Temple site.
2. Sholapur, Fort, Temple materials used.


XXI. Thane District.

1. Kalyan

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Yăqűb, Temple site.
(ii) Makka Masjid (1586). Temple site.

2. Malanggadh, Mazăr of Băbă MalaNg. Temple site.


XXII. Wardha District.

1. Ashti

(i) Jămi Masjid (1521). Temple site.
(ii) Lodî Masjid (1671-72). Temple site.

2. Girad, Mazăr of Shykh Farîd.  Converted temple.
3. Paunar, Qadîmî Masjid. Converted Rămachandra. Temple.


 

ORISSA

I. Baleshwar District.

Jămi Masjid in Mahalla Sunhat (163-74). rî ChanDî Temple site.


II. Cuttack District.

1. Alamgir Hill, Takht-i-Sulaimă n Masjid (1719). Temple materials used.
2. Cuttack

(i) Shăhî Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjids in Oriya Bazar. Temple sites.
(iii) Qadam Rasűl Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1668-69). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.

3. Jajpur

(i) DargAh of Sayyid Bukhări. Materials of many temples used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid built by Nawwăb Abu Năsir. Temple materials used.

4. Kendrapara, Masjid. Temple site.
5. Salepur, Masjid. Temple site.


III. Ganjam District.

Lalapet, Masjid (1690). Temple site.


 

PUNJAB

I. Bhatinda District.

Mazăr of Băbă Hăjî Rattan (1593). Converted temple.


II. Gurdaspur District.

Batala, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


III. Jalandhar District.

Sultanpur, Bădshăhi Sarai. Built on the site of a Buddhist Vjhăra.


IV. Ludhiana District.

(i) Dargăh and Masjid of Alî Sarmast (1570). Temple site.
(ii) Qăzî-kî-Masjid (1517). Temple site.


V. Patiala District.

1. Bahadurgarh, Masjid in the Fort (1666). Temple site.
2. Bawal, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
3. Samana

(i) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid (1495). Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1614-15). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid near Imămbăra (1637). Temple site.
(iv) Pîrzăda-kî-Masjid (1647). Temple site.


VI. Ropar District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


VII. Sangrur District.

Sunam

(i) Qadîmî Masjid (1414). Temple site.
(ii) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple site.


 

RAJASTHAN

I. Ajmer District.

It was a Hindu capital converted into a Muslim metropolis. The following monuments stand on the site of and/or are built with materials from temples.

1. ADhăî-Dîn-kA-Jhoń pră (1199).
2. Qalandar Masjid at Taragarh.
3. Ganj-i-Shahîdă n at Taragarh.
4. Dargăh of Muinud-Dîn Chistî (d. 1236).
5. Chilia-i-Chishtî near Annasagar Lake.
6. Dargăh and Mazăr of Sayijid Husain at Taragah.
7. Jahăngîrî Mahal at Pushkar.
8. Shăhjahănî Masjid (1637).
9. Annasagar Bărădari.


II. Alwar District.

1. Alwar, Mazăr of Makhdűm Shăh. Temple site.
2. Bahror

(i) Dargăh of Qădir Khăn. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near the Dargăh. Temple site.

3. Tijara

(i) Bhartari Mazăr. Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid near the Dargăh. Temple site.


III. Bharatpur District.

1. Barambad, Masjid (1652-53). Temple site.
2. Bari

(i) Graveyard of Arabs and Pathans. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1510). Temple site.

3. Bayana

(i) Űkha or Nohăra Masjid. Converted Űshă Temple.
(ii) Qazîpără Masjid (1305). Temple materials used.
(iii) Faujdărî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Syyidpără Masjid. Temple materials used.
(v) Muffonkî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(vi) Pillared Cloister at Jhălar Băolî. Temple materials used.
(vii) Idgăh near Jhălar Băolî. Temple site.
(viii) Taletî Masjid in the Bijayagarh Fort. Converted temple.
(ix) Abu Qandahăr Graveyard. Temple site.
(x) Masjid in Bhitari-Bahari Mahalla. VishNu Temple materials used.

4. Etmada, Pirastăn. Temple site.
5. Kaman

(i) Chaurăsî Khambă Masjid. Converted Kămyakesvara Temple.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.


IV. Chittaurgarh District.

1. Mazăr of Ghăibî Pîr and the surrounding Graveyard. Temple sites.
2. Qanătî Masjid in the same area. Temple site.


V. Jaipur District.

1. Amber, Jămi Masjid (1569-70). Temple site.
2. Chatsu

(i) Chhatrî of Gurg Alî Shăh (d. 1571). Temple materials used.
(ii) Nilgaroń-kî-Masjid (1381). Temple site.

3. Dausa, Jămi Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.
4. Naraina

(i) Jămi Masjid (1444). Temple materials used.
(ii) Tripolia Darwaza. Temple materials used.

5. Sambhar

(i) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple site.
(ii) DargAh of Khwăja Hisămud-Dîn Jigarsukhta. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Nakhas (1695-96). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid in Rambagh (1696-97). Temple site.

4. Tordi, Khări Băolî. Temple materials used.


VI. Jaisalmer District.

1. Jaisalmer, Faqiron-kă-Takiyă . Temple site.
2. Pokaran, Masjid (1704-05). Temple site.


VII. Jalor District.

1. Jalor

(i) Shăhî or Topkhănă Masjid (1323). Părvanătha Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgăh (1318). Temple site.
(iii) Băoliwăli Masjid (1523). Temple site.

2. Sanchor, Jămi Masjid (1506). Temple site.


VIII. Jhalawar District.

Sunel, Masjid (1466-67). Temple site.


IX. Jhunjhunu District.

Narhad, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.


X. Jodhpur District.

1. Jodhpur, Yak-Minăr-kî-Masjid (1649). Temple site.
2. Mandor

(i) Shăhî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Ghulăm Khăn-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Tannă Pîr. Temple materials used.

3. Pipar City, Jămi Masjid (1658). Temple. site.


XI. Kota District.

1. Baran, Masjid (1680). Temple site.
2. Bundi, Mîrăn Masjid on the hill east of the town. Temple site.
3. Gagraun

(i) Jămi Masjid (1694). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Hazrat Hamîdud-Dîn known as Mitthă Shah. Temple site.

4. Shahabad

(i) Sher Shăh Sűrî-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. (1671-72). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Rahîm Khăn Dătă (1534-35). Temple site.

5. Shergarh, Fort of Sher Shăh Sűrî. Brăhmanical, Buddhist and Jain temple materials used.


XII. Nagaur District.

1. Amarpur, Masjid (1655). Temple site.
2. Bakalia, Masjid (1670). Temple site.
3. Balapir, Masjid. Temple site.
4. Badi Khatu

(i) Shăhî Masjid (around 1200). Temple materials used.
(ii) Qanătî Masjid (1301). Temple site.
(iii) Pahăriyoń-kî-Masjid and Chheh Shahîd Mazărs. Temple materials used.
(iv) Jăliyăbăs-kî-Masjid (1320). Temple site.
(v) BaDî and ChhoTî Masjid in Mahalla Sayiddan. Temple site.
(vi) Khănzădoń-kî-Masjid (1482). Temple site.
(vii) Masjid and Dargăh of Muhammad Qattăl Shahîd (1333). Temple materials used.
(viii) Dhobiyoń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Masjid-i-Sangatră shăn (1639). Temple site.
(x) Dargăh of Băbă Ishăq Maghribî (1360). Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Samman Shăh. Temple sites.
(xii) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple site.
(Xiii) Mominoń-kî-Masjid (1667). Temple site.
(xiv) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Basni, BaDî Masjid (1696). Temple site.
5. Chhoti Khatu, Dargăh of Shăh Nizăm Bukhărî (1670). Temple site.
6. Didwana

(i) Qăzioń-kî-Masjid (1252). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Gudri Bazar (1357). Temple site.
(iii) Band (closed) Masjid (1384). Temple site.
(iv) Shaikoń-kî-Masjid (1377). Temple site.
(v) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Qălă-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Havălă Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Takiyă-kî-Masjid (1582-83). Temple site.
(x) Kachahrî Masjid (1638). Temple site.
(xi) Dhobioń-kî-Masjid (1662).
(xii) Julăhoń-kî-Masjid (1664). Temple site.
(xiii) Lohăroń-kî-Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(xiv) Bisătiyoń-kî-Masjid (1675-76). Temple site.
(xv) Mochioń-kî-Masjid (1686). Temple site
(xvi) Shăh Chăngî Madărî Masjid (1711). Temple site.
(xvii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(xviii) Graveyard near Delhi Darwaza. Temple site.
(xix) Dîn Darwaza (1681). Temple site.
(xx) Mazăr of Rashîdud-Dîn Shahîd. Temple site.

7. Kathoti, Masjid (1569-70). Temple site.
8. Kumhari

(i) Masjid and Dargăh of Bălă Pîr (1496-97). Temple site.
(ii) Qalandarî Masjid. Temple site.

9. Ladnun

(i) Jămi Masjid (1371). Temple materials used.
(ii) Hazirawălî or Khaljî Masjid (1378-79). Temple site.
(iii) Shăhî Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Umrăo Shahîd Ghăzî (1371). Temple site.
(v) Graveyard near the above Dargăh. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr-i-Murăd- i-Shahîd. Temple site.

10. Loharpura

(i) Dargăh of Pîr Zahîrud-Dîn. Temple site.
(ii) ChhoTî Masjid (1602). Temple site.

11. Makrana

(i) Jămi Masjid. (Sher Shăh). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near Pahar Kunwa (1653). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Gaur Bas (1678). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1643). Temple site.

12. Merta

(i) Masjid in Salawtan (1625-26). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Gaditan (1656). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid. (1665). Temple site.
(iv) Mochiyoń-kî-Masjid (1663). Temple site.
(v) Ghosiyoń-kî-Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(vi) Mominoń-kî-Masjid (1666). Temple site.
(vii) Masjid in Mahărăj-kî-Jăgîr (1666). Temple site
(viii) Chowk-kî-Masjid (1670). Temple site.
(ix) Hajjămoń-kî-Masjid (1686-87). Temple site.
(x) Miyăńjî-kî-Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
(xi) Sabungaroń-kî- Masjid. Temple site.
(xii) Dargăh of Ghaus Pîr. Temple site.
(xiii) Takiyă Kamăl Shăh. Temple site.

13. Nagaur

(i) Mazăr of Pîr Zahîrud-Dîn. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Băbă Badr. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Sűfî Hamîdud-Dîn Nagauri Chishtî. Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Shykh Abdul Qădîr Jilănî. Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Makhdűm Husain Năgaurî. Temple site.
(vi) Dargăh of Ahmad Alî Băpjî. Temple site.
(vii) Dargăh of Sayyid Imăm Nűr (1527). Temple site.
(viii) Dargăh of Shăh Abdus-Salăm. Temple site.
(xi) Dargăh of Mîrăn Săhib. Temple site.
(xii) Shams Khăn Masjid near Shamsi Talav. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Jămî Masjid (1553). Temple site.
(xiv) Ek Mînăr-kî-Masjid (1505-06). Temple site.
(xv) Dhobiyoń-kî-Masjid (1552). Temple site.
(xvi) Chowk-kî-Masjid (1553). Temple site.
(xvii) Mahawatoń-kî-Masjid (1567-68). Tempe site.
(xviii) Hamaloń-kî-Masjid (1599-1600). Temple site.
(xix) Shăh Jahănî Masjid at Surajpole. Converted temple.
(xx) Masjid outside the Fort (1664). Temple site.
(xxi) Kharădiyoń-kî-Masjid( 1665). Temple site
(xxii) Ghosiyoń-kî-Masjid (1677). Temple site.
(xxiii) Masjid near Maya Bazar (1677). Temple site.
(xxiv) Qalandroń-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(xxv) Kanehri Julăhoń-kî-Masjid (1669). Temple site.
(xxvi) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid (1433-34). Temple site.
(xxvii) AkhăDewălî Masjid (1475). Temple site.

14. Parbatsar, Mazăr of Badrud-Dîn Shăh Madăr. Temple site.
15. Ren, Masjid (1685). Temple site.
16. Rohal, Qăzioyń-kî-Masjid (1684). Temple site.
17. Sojat, Masjid (1680-81). Temple site.


XIII. Sawai Madhopur District.

1. Garh, Qală-kî-Masjid (1546-47). Temple site.
2. Hinduan

(i) Rangrezoń-kî-Masjid (1439). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Takiyă of Khwăja Alî. Temple site.
(iii) Kachahrî Masjid (1659-60). Temple site.
(iv) Bără Khambă Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(v) Graveyard east of the Talav. Temple site.
(vi) Masjid and Mazăr of Rasűl Shăh. Temple site.

3. Ranthambor, Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.


XIV. Sikar District.

Revasa, Masjid. Temple materials used.


XV. Tonk District.

Nagar, Ishăkhăn Băolî. Temple materials used.


XVI. Udaipur District.

Mandalgarh, Alăi Masjid. Converted Jain Temple.


 

TAMIL NADU

I. Chingleput District.

1. Acharwak, Mazăr of Shăh Ahmad. Temple site.
2. Kanchipuram

(i) Large Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Eight other Masjids. Temple sites.
(iii) Gumbad of Babă Hamîd Walî. Temple site.

3. Karkatpala, Mazăr of Murăd Shăh Mastăn. Temple site.
4. Kovalam, Dargăh of Malik bin Dinăr (1593-94). Temple site.
5. Munropet

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shăh Alî Mastăn. Temple site.

6. Pallavaram

(i) Hill of Panchapandyamalai renamed Maula Pahad and central hall of an ancient Cave Temple turned into a Masjid for worshipping a panjă (palm).
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Husain Qădirî alias Bűdű ShahId. Temple site.
(iii) Poonmalle, Mîr Jumlas Masjid (1653). Temple materials used.

7. Rajkoilpetta, Mazăr of Hăji Umar. Temple site.
8. Rampur, Takiyă of the Tabqătî order of Faqirs. Temple site.
9. Rayapeta, Walăjăhî Masjid. Temple site.
10. Walajahbad, Masjid. Temple site.


II. Coimbatore District.

1. Annamalai, Fort. Repaired by Tîpű Sultăn with temple materials.
2. Coimbatore, Large Masjid of Tîpű Sultăn. Temple site.
3. Sivasamudram, DargAh of Pîr Walî. Temple site.


III. Madras District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


IV. Madura District.

1. Bonduvarapetta, Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Devipatnam, Large Masjid. Temple site.
3. Goripalaiyam, Dargăh of Khwăja Alăud-Dîn. Temple site.
4. Madura, Dargăh of Khwăza Alăud-Dîn. Temple site.
5. Nimarpalli

(i) Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Jalălud-Dîn. Temple materials used.

6. Puliygulam, Masjid. Temple site.
7. Soravandam, Masjid. Temple site.
8. Tiruparankunram, Sikandar Masjid on top of the Hill. Stands admist ruins of Brahmanical, Buddhist and Jain temples.


V. North Arcot District.

1. Arcot, A city of temples before its occupation by Muslims.

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Tomb of Sadatullah Khăn. Atreya Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid and Mazăr of Tîpű Awliyă. Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Sayyid Husain Shăh. Temple site.
(v) Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Masjid of Shăh Husain Chishtî. Temple site.
(vii) Masjid and Gumbad of Păpă ShahId. Temple site.
(viii) Gumbad of Shăh Sădiq with a graveyard. Temple site.
(ix) Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Azmatullăh Qădirî. Temple site.
(x) Masjid of Shykh Natthar. Temple site.
(xi) Masjid of Murăd Shăh. Temple site.
(xii) Masjid of Mîr Asadullăh Khăn. Temple site.
(xiii) Masjid of Maulawî Jamăl Alî. Temple site.
(xiv) Masjid and Gumbad of Sayyid Ahmad alias Yăr Pîr. Temple site.
(xv) Masjid of Chandă Săhib. Temple site.
(xvi) Masjid of Miskîn Shăh with Gumbad of Amîn Pîr. Temple site.
(xvii) Masjid and Mazăr of Hazrat Usmăn Khăn Sarwar. Temple site.
(xviii) Masjid in the Maqbara of Mughlănî. Temple site.
(xix) Masjid of GhulAm Rasűl Khăn. Temple site.
(xx) Masjid of Shăh Ghulam Husain Dargăhi. Temple site.
(xxi) Masjid of Hăfiz Abdul Azîz. Temple site.
(xxii) Masjid of Hăfiz Karîmullăh. Temple site.
(xxiii) Masjid and Gumbad in Tajpura. Temple site. Outside the city
(xxiv) Takiyă of Qătil Păndű Sarguroh. Temple site.
(xxv) Masjid and Gumbad of Ahmad Tăhir Khăn. Temple site.
(xxvi) Masjid, Khănqăh, Graveyard and Gumbad in Hasanpura. Temple site.
(xxvii) Gumbad of Hazrat Antar Jămi with the Idgăh. Temple site.
(xxviii) Takiyă, of Săbit Alî Shăh. Temple site.
(xxix) Masjid and Mazăr of Sayyid KarIm Muhammad. Qădirî. Temple site.
(xxx) Masjid of Sădatmand Khăn. Temple site.
(xxxi) Masjid of Abul-Hasan Zăkir. Temple site.
(xxxii) Masjid of Daűd Beg. Temple site.
(xxxiii) Masjid and Gumbad of Hazrat Shăh Năsir. Temple site.
(xxxiv) Masjid of Punjî. Temple site.
(xxxv) Mazăr of Yadullăh Shăh. Temple site.
(xxxvi) Rangîn Masjid. Temple site.
(xxxvii) House of Relic which has a footprint of the Holy Prophet. Converted temple.

2. Arni

(i) Two Masjids. Temple sites.
(ii) Dargăh of Seven Shahîds. Temple site.

3. Kare, Naulakh Gumbad. Converted Gautama and Vivamitra. Temple
4. Kaveripak

(i) Idgăh. Temple site.
(ii) Takiyă. Temple site.
(iii) Three Masjids. Temple sites.

5. Nusratgarh, Many Masjids and Mazărs in the ruined Fort. Temple sites.
6. Pirmalipak, Mazăr of Wăjid Shăh Champăr Posh. Temple site.
7. Ramna

(i) Masjid of Kamtu Shăh. Temple site.
(ii) Takiyă of Shăh Sădiq Tabqăti. Temple site.

8. Vellore

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) ChhoTî Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Nűr Muhammad Qădirî who laid waste many temples. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shăh Abul-Hasan Qădirî.
(v) Mazăr of Abdul Latîf Zauqî. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Alî Husainî Chishtî. Temple site.
(vii) Mazăr of Hazrat Alî Sultăn. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Amîn Pîr. Temple site.
(ix) Mazăr of Shah Lutfullah Qădirî. Temple site.
(x) Mazăr of Săhib Pădshăh Qădirî. Temple site.

9. Walajahnagar, Masjid and Mazăr of Pîr Săhib on the Hill. Temple site.
10. Wali-Muhammad- Petta, Masjid. Temple site.


VI. Ramanathapuram District.

1. Eruvadi

(i) Dargăh of Hazrat Ibrăhîm Shahîd. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Hazrat Fakhrud-Dîn Shahîd alias Kătbăbă Săhib. Temple site.

2. Kilakari

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Muhammad Qăsim Appă. Temple site.
(iii) Apparpallî Masjid. Temple site.

3. Periyapattanam, Dargăh of Sayyid Sultăn Walî. Temple site.
4. Valinokkam

(i) Pallîvăsal Masjid (1417-18). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Katupalli (1425). Temple site.

5. Ramanathapuram, Old Masjid. Temple site.


VII. Salem District.

Sankaridurg, Masjid on the ascent to the Fort. Temple site.


VIII. South Arcot District.

1. Anandapur, Masjid. Temple site.
2. Chidambaram

(i) Lălkhăn Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Nawal Khăn Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Amînud-Dîn Chishtî. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Sayyid Husain. Temple site.

3. Gingee

(i) Masjid (1718). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1732). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.

4. Kawripet, Mazăr of Qalandar Shăh. Temple site.
5. Manjakupham, Mazăr of Shăh Abdur-Rahîm. Temple site.
6. Mansurpeta, Itibăr Khăn-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
7. Nallikuppam

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Mîrăn Săhib. Temple site.

8. Pannuti

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Gumbad of Nűr Muhammad Qădirî. Temple site.

9. Swamiwaram, Masjid. Temple site.
10. Tarakambari

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Shykh Ismăil Săhib. Temple site.

11. Tirumalarayanapatna m, Mazăr of Abdul Qădir Yamînî. Temple site.
12. Warachkuri, Mazăr of Shăh Jalăl Husainî. Temple site.


IX. Thanjavur District.

1. Ammapettah

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Muînud-Dîn Husain Qădirî. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Shah Jăfar. Temple site.

2. Ilyur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Inăyatullăh Dirwesh. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Muhammad Mastăn. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Mîrăn Husain. Temple site.

3. Karambari

(i) Mazăr of Arab Săhib. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Mubtală Shăh. Temple site.

4. Kurikyalpalayam

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Makhdűm Hăjî. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Makhdűm Jahăn Shăh. Temple site.

5. Kurkuti, Gumbad of Hasan Qădirî alias Ghyb Săhib. Temple site.
6. Kushalpalayam

(i) Mazăr of Hazrat Tăj Firăq Badanshăhî. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Hidăyat Shăh Arzănî. Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Yăr Shăh Husainshăhî. Temple site.

7. Nagur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Qădir Walî Shăh. Temple site.

8. Urancheri, Mazăr of Pîr Qutbud-Dîn. Temple site.
9. Vijayapuram, GumbaD of Sultăn Makhdűm. Temple site.
10. Wadayarkari, MazAr of Băwă SAhib Shăhid. Temple site.


X. Tiruchirapalli District.

1. Puttur, Mazăr. Temple materials used.
2. Tiruchirapalli

(i) Dargăh of NătThăr Shăh Walî. Converted iva Temple. Lingam used as lamp-post.
(ii) Masjid-i-Muhammadî . Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Băbă Muhiud-Dîn Sarmast. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Hazrat Fathullăh Nűrî. Temple site.
(v) Mazăr of Shams Parăn. Temple site.
(vi) Mazăr of Sayyid Abdul Wahhăb. Temple site.
(vii) Mazăr of Shăh Fazlullah Qădirî. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Shăh Nasîrud-Dîn. Temple site.
(ix) Mazăr of Farîdud-Dîn Shahîd. Temple site.
(x) Mazăr of Hazrat Chănd Mastăn. Temple site.
(xi) Mazăr of Sayyid Zainul-Ăbidîn at Tinur. Temple site.
(xii) Mazăr of Sayyid Karîmud-Dîn Qădirî. Temple site.
(xiii) Mazăr of Alîmullăh Shăh Qădirî called Barhana Shamsîr (Năked Sword). Temple site.
(xiv) Mazăr of Shăh Imamud-Dîn Qădirî. Temple site.
(xv) Mazăr of Kăkî- Shăh. Temple site.
(xvi) Mazăr of Khwăja Aminud-Dîn Chistî. Temple site.
(xvii) Mazăr of Khwăja Ahmad Shăh Husain Chishtî. Temple site.
(xviii) Mazăr of Shăh Bhekă. Converted temple.
(xix) Mazăr of Shăh Jamălud-Dîn Husain Chishtî. Temple site.
(xx) Mazăr of Qăyim Shăh who destroyed twelve temples. Temple site.
(xxi) Mazăr of Munsif Shăh Suhrawardîyya. Temple site.
(xxii) Mazăr of Itiffăq Shăh. Temple site.
(xxiii) Mazăr of Sayyid Jalăl Qădirî. Temple site.
(xxiv) Mazăr of Mahtab Shah Shirăzî Suhrawardîyya. Temple site.
(xxv) Masjid of Hăjî Ibrăhîm where NăTThăr Shăh Walî (see i above) stayed on his arrival. Temple site.

3. Valikondapuram

(i) Masjid opposite the Fort. Converted temple.
(ii) Mazăr near the Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Sher Khăn-kî-Masjid (1690). Temple site.
(iv) Old Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XI. Tirunelvelli District.

1. Ambasamudram, Mazăr of Hazrat Rahmtullăh near the ruined Fort. Temple site.
2. Kayalpattanam

(i) Periyapallî Masjid (1336-37).
(ii) Sirupallî Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Nainăr Muhammad. Temple site.
(iv) Marukudiyarapallî Masjid. Temple site.

3. Tirunelvelli, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.


 

UTTAR PRADESH

I. Agra District.

1. Agra

(i) Kalăn Masjid in Saban Katra (1521). Temple materials used.
(ii) Humăyűn-kî-Masjid at Kachhpura (1537-38). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid of Jahănără (1644). Temple site.
(iv) Dargăh of Kamăl Khăn Shahîd in Dehra Bagh. Temple material uses.
(v) Riverside part of the Fort of Akbar. Jain Temple sites.
(vi) Chînî kă Rauză. Temple site.

2. Bisauli, Masjid (1667-68).  Temple site.
3. Fatehpur Sikri

(i) Anbiyă Wălî Masjid and several others in Nagar.  Converted temples.
(ii) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Shykh Salîm Chishtî. Temple site.
(iv) Fatehpur Sikri Complex. Several temple sites.


4. Firozabad, Qadîm Masjid. Temple site.
5. Jajau, Masjid. Temple site.
6. Rasulpur, Mazăr of Makhdűm Shah. Temple site.
7. Sikandra

(i) Maqbara of Akbar. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Mission Compound. Temple site.


II. Aligarh District

1. Aligarh

(i) Idgăh (1562-63). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shykh Jalălud-Dîn Chishtî Shamsul-Arifî n. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard with several Mazărs. Temple site.
(iv) Shershăhî Masjid (1542). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1676). Temple site.

2. Pilkhana, Băbarî or Jămi Masjid (1528-29). Temple: materials used.
3. Sikandara Rao, Jămi Masjid (1585). Temple site.


III. Allahabad District.

1. Allahabad

(i) Fort of Akbar. Temple sites.
(ii) Khusru Bagh. Temple sites.
(iii) Dargăh of Shăh Ajmal Khăn with a Graveyard. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1641-22). Temple site.
(v) Gulabbari Graveyard.  Temple site.

2. Koh Inam, Jămi Masjid (1384). Temple site.
3. Mauima, Qadîm Masjid. Temple site.
4. Shahbazpur, Masjid (1644-45). Temple site.


IV. Azamgarh District.

1. Dohrighat, Kalăn Masjid. Temple site.
2. Ganjahar, Masjid (1687-88). Temple site.
3. Mehnagar, Tomb of Daulat or Abhimăn. Temple site.
4. Nizambad

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Miăn Maqbűl and Husain Khăn Shahîd (1562).  Temple sites.

5. Qasba, Humăyűns Jămi Masjid (1533-34). Temple site.


V. Badaun District.

1. Alapur, Ălamgîrî Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Badaun

(i) Shamsî or Jămi Masjid (1233). Temple materials used.
(ii) Shamsî Idgăh (1209). Temple materials used.
(iii) Hauz-i-Shamsî (1203). Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Shăh Wilăyat (1390). Temple site.
(v) Several other Masjids and Mazărs. Temple sites.

3. Sahiswan, Jămi Masjid (1300). Temple site.
4. Ujhani, Abdullăh Khăn-kî-Masjid. Temple site.


VI. Bahraich District.

DargAh of Sălăr Masűd Ghăzî. Sűryadeva Temple site.


VII. Ballia District. 

Kharid

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Ruknud-Dîn Shăh. Temple site.


VIII. Banda District.

1. Augasi, Masjid (1581-82). Temple site.
2. Badausa, Masjid (1692). Temple site.
3. Kalinjar

(i) Masjid in Patthar Mahalla (1412-13). Converted Lakshmî-NărăyaNa Temple.
(ii) Masjid (1660-61). Temple site.
(iii) Several other Masjids and Mazărs. Temple sites.

4. Soron, Dargăh of Shykh Jamăl. Temple site.


IX. Bara Banki District.

1. Bhado Sarai, Mazăr of Malămat Shăh. Temple site.
2. Dewa

(i) Dargăh of Hăjî Wăris Alî Shăh. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1665). Temple site.

3. Fatehpur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Imambără. Temple site.

4. Radauli

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Ahmad and Zuhră Bîbî. Temple site.

5. Rauza Gaon, Rauza of Daűd Shăh. Temple site.
6. Sarai-Akbarabad, Masjid (1579-80). Temple site.
7. Satrikh, Dargăh of Sălăr Săhű Ghăzî. Temple site.


X. Bareilly District.

1. Aonla

(i) Begum-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Maqbara of Alî Muhammad Rohilla. Temple site.

2. Bareilly, Mirzai Masjid (1579-80). Temple site.
3. Faridpur, Fort built by Shykh Farîd. Temple materials used.


XI. Bijnor District.

1. Barmih-ka-Khera, Masjid. Temple materials used.
2. Jahanabad, Maqbara of Nawăb Shujaat Khăn. Temple site.
3. Kiratpur, Fort with a Masjid inside. Temple materials used.
4. Mandawar, Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
5. Najibabad, Patthargarh Fort. Temple materials used.
6. Nihtaur, Masjid. Temple site.
7. Seohara, Masjid. Temple site.


XII. Bulandshahar District.

1. Aurangabad Sayyid, All Masjids stand on temple sites.
2. Bulandshahar

(i) Dargăh. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Materials of many temples used.
(iii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1311). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1538). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid (1557). Temple site.

3. Khurja, Mazăr of Makhdűm Săhib. Temple site.
4. Shikarpur, Several Masjids built in Sikandar Lodîs reign. Temple sites.
5. Sikandarabad, Several Masjids built in Sikandar Lodî a reign.  Temple sites.


XIII. Etah District.

1. Atranjikhera, Mazăr of Hazrat Husain (or Hasan). Temple site.
2. Jalesar

(i) Mazăr of Mîrăn Sayyid Ibrăhîm (1555). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Kasganj, Jămi Masjid (1737-38). Temple site.
4. Marahra, Masjid and Mazăr. Temple site.
5. Sakit

(i) Qadîm Masjid (1285). Temple materials used.
(ii) Akbarî Masjid (1563). Temple site.


XIV. Etawah District.

1. Auraiya, Two Masjids. Temple sites.
2. Etawah, Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.
3. Phaphund, Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Bukhărî (d. 1549). Temple site.


XV. Farrukhabad District.

1. Farrukhabad, Several Masjids. Temple materials used.
2. Kannauj

(i) Dînă or Jămi Masjid (1406). Sîtă-kî-Rasoî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Jahăniăn. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Băbă Hăji Pîr. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1663-64). Temple site.
(v) Dargăh of Bălă Pîr. Temple site.

3. Rajgirhar, Mazăr of Shykh Akhî Jamshed. Temple site.
4. Shamsabad, All Masjids and Mazărs. Temple sites.


XVI. Fatehpur District.

1. Haswa, Idgăh (1650-51). Temple site.
2. Hathgaon

(i) Jayachandi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Burhăn Shahîd. Temple site.

3. Kora (Jahanabad)

(i) Daraăh of Khwăja Karrak. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.

4. Kot, Lădin-ki-Masjid (built in 1198-99, reconstructed in 1296). Temple site.


XVII. Fyzabad District.

1. Akbarpur

(i) Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1660-61). Temple site.

2. Ayodhya

(i) Băbarî Masjid. RAma-Janmabhű mi Temple site.
(ii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Swargadvăra Temple site.
(iii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Tretă-kă-Thăkur Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shăh Jurăn Ghurî. Temple site.
(v) Mazărs of Sîr Paighambar and Ayűb Paighambar near Maniparvat. On the site of a Buddhist Temple which contained footmarks of the Buddha.

3. Fyzabad, Imămbără. Temple site.
4. Hatila, Mazăr of a Ghăzî. Aokanătha Mahădeva. Temple site.
5. Kichauchha, Dargăh of Makhdűm Ashraf in nearby Rasulpur. Temple site.


XVIII. Ghazipur District.

1. Bhitri

(i) Masjid and Mazăr. Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgăh. Temple site.
(iii) Bridge below the Idgăh. Buddhist Temple materials used.

2. Ghazipur

(i) Mazăr and Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Chahal Sitűn Palace. Temple site.

3. Hingtar

(i) Qala-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

4. Khagrol, Bără Khambă or Dargăh of Shykh Ambar. Temple site.
5. Saidpur, Two Dargăhs. Converted Buddhist Temples.


XIX. Gonda District.

Sahet-Mahet (răvastî)

(i) Maqbara. On the plinth of Sobhnăth Jain Temple.
(ii) Mazăr of Mîrăn Sayyid.  On the ruins a Buddhist Vihăra.
(iii) Imlî Darwăză. Temple materials used.
(iv) Karbală Darwăză. Temple materials used.


XX. Gorakhpur District.

1. Gorakhpur, Imămbără. Temple site.
2. Lar, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Pava, Karbală. On the ruins of a Buddhist Stűpa.


XXI. Hamirpur District

1. Mahoba

(i) Masjid outside Bhainsa Darwaza of the Fort (1322). Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid built on a part of the Palace of Parmardideva on the Hill. Temple materials used.
(iii) Two Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Pîr Muhammad Shăh. Converted Siva temple.
(v) Dargăh of MubArak Shăh and Graveyard nearby. Contain no less than 310 pillar from demolished temples.

2. Rath, Two Maqbaras. Temple materials used.


XXII. Hardoi District.

1. Bilgram

(i) Sayyidoń-kî-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jămi Masjid (1438). Temple materials used.
(iii) Several other Masjids and Dargăhs. Temple materials used.

2. Gopamau, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Pihani

(i) Abdul Gafűr-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Sadr-i-Jahăn (1647-48). Temple site.

4. Sandila

(i) Qadîm Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr in Bărah Khambă. Temple site.


XXIII. Jalaun District.

1. Kalpi

(i) Chaurăsî Gumbad complex of tombs. Many temple sites.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Abdul Fath Alăi Quraishi (1449). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Shăh Băbű Hăjî Samad (1529). Temple site.
(iv) DeoDhi or Jămi Masjid (1554). Temple site.

2. Katra, Masjid (1649). Temple site.


XXIV. Jaunpur District.

1. Jaunpur

(i) Atălă Masjid (1408). Atala DevI Temple materials used.
(ii) Daribă Masjid. Vijayachandras Temple materials used.
(iii) Jhăńjarî Masjid.  Jayachandras Temple materials used.
(iv) Lăl Darwăză Masjid. Temple materials from the Vivevara Temple at Varanasi used.
(v) HammAm Darwăză Masjid (1567-68). Temple materials used.
(vi) Ibrăhîm Bărbak-kî-Masjid inside the Fort (1360). Temple materials used.
(vii) Jămi Masjid. Pătăla Devî Temple site.
(viii) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ix) Akbarî Bridge on the Gomatî. Temple materials used.
(x) Khălis Mukhlis or Chăr Angulî Masjid. Temple site.
(xi) Khăn Jahăn-kî-Masjid (1364). Temple site.
(xii) Rauză of Shăh Fîruz. Temple site.

2. Machhlishahar

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Karbală. Temple site.
(iii) Sixteen other Masjids. Temple sites.

3. Shahganj, Dargăh of Shăh Hazrat Alî. Temple site.
4. Zafarabad

(i) Masjid and Dargăh of Makhdűm Shah (1311 or 1321). Temple materials used.
(ii) Ibrăhîm Barbak-kî-Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Zafar Khăn-kî-Masjid (1397). Converted temple.
(iv) Ganj-i-Shahîdă n. Temple materials used.
(v) Fort. Temple materials used.
(vi) Early Sharqî buildings including many Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
(vii) Dargăh of Asarud-Dîn. Temple materials used.


XXV. Jhansi District.

1. Irich, Jămi Masjid (1412). Temple materials used.
2. Lalitpur, Băsă Masjid (1358). Materials of four temples used.
3. Talbhat

(i) Masjid (1405). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Pîr Tăj Băj. Temple site.


XXVI. Kanpur District.

1. Jajmau

(i) Dargăh of Alăud-Dîn Makhdűm Shăh (1360). Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1307). Temple site.
(iii) Qală-kî-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Jămi Masjid (renovated in 1682). Temple site.

2. Makanpur, Mazăr of Shăh Madăr. Converted temple.


XXVII. Lucknow District.

1. Kakori, Jhăńjharî Rauza of Makhdűm Nizămud-Dîn. Temple materials used.
2. Lucknow

(i) Tîlewălî. Masjid Temple site.
(ii) Ăsafud-Daula Imambara. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Shăh Muhammad Pîr on Lakshmana Tila renamed Pir Muhammad Hill. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shykh Ibrăhîm Chishtî Rahmatullăh. Temple materials used.
(v) Nadan Mahal or Maqbara of Shykh Abdur-Rahîm. Temple site.
(vi) Machchi Bhavan. Temple sites.

3. Musanagar, Masjid (1662-63). Temple site.
4. Nimsar, Fort. Temple materials used.
5. Rasulpur, Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.


XXVIII. Mainpuri District. 

Rapri

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgăh (1312). Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Pîr Faddű. Temple site.


XXIX. Mathura District.

1. Mahaban, Assî Khambă Masjid. Converted temple.
2. Mathura

(i) Idgăh on the Katră Mound. Kevadeva. Temple site.
(ii) Jămi Masjid built by Abdun-nabi (1662). Temple materials used.
(iii) Mazăr of Shykh Farîd. Temple materials used.
(iv) Mazăr of Makhdűm Shăh Wilăyat at Sami Ghat. Temple materials used.

3. Naujhil, Dargăh of Makhdűm Shykh Saheti Săhib. Temple materials used.


XXX. Mecrut District.

1. Barnawa, Humăyuns Masjid (1538-39). Temple site.
2. Garhmuktesar, Masjid (1283). Temple site.
3. Hapur, Jămi Masjid (1670-71). Temple site.
4. Jalali, Jămi Masjid (1266-67). Temple materials used.
5. Meerut

(i) Jămi Masjid. Stands on the ruins of a Buddhist Vihăra.
(ii) Dargăh at Nauchandi.  Nauchandî Devî Temple site.

6. Phalauda, Dargăh of Qutb Shăh. Temple site.


XXXI. Mirzapur District.

1. Bhuli, Masjid in Dakhni Tola. Temple site.
2. Chunar

(i) Mazăr of Shăh Qăsim Sulaimăn. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

3. Mirzapur, Several Masjids. Temple sites.


XXXII. Moradabad District.

1. Amroha

(i) Jămi Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargăh and Masjid of Shykh Saddű. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Shykh Wilăyat. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1557-58). Temple site.
(v) Many other Masjids. Temple sites.

2. Azampur, Masjid (1555-56). Temple site.
3. Bachhraon, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
4. Moradabad, Jămi Masjid (1630). Temple site.
5. Mughalpura-Agwanpur, Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.
6. Sirsi, Qadîmî Masjid. Temple site.
7. Ujhari, Mazăr of Shykh Daűd. Temple site.
8. Sambhal

(i) Jămi Masjid. Converted VishNu Temple.
(ii) Masjid in Sarai Tarim (1503). Temple site.
(iii) Mazăr of Miăn Hătim Sambhali. Temple site.
(iv) Mazăr of Shykh Panjű. Temple site.


XXXIII. Muzaffarnagar District.

1. Daira Din Panah, Mazăr of Sayyid Dîn Panăh. Temple site.
2. Ghausgah, Fort and Masjid. Temple materials used.
3. Jhinjhana

(i) Dargăh (1495). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid and Mazăr of Shăh Abdul Razzăq (1623). Temple site.

4. Kairana

(i) Dargăh. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1551). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1553-54). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1617-18). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1630-31). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid (1651-52). Temple site.

5. Majhera, Masjid and Mazăr of Umar Nűr. Temple site.
6. Sambhalhera, Two Masjids (1631-32). Temple site.
7. Thana Bhawan, Masjid (1702-03). Temple site.


XXXIV. Pilibhit District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XXXV. Pratapgarh District.

Manikpur, Many Masjids and Mazărs. On the ruins of demolished temples.


XXXVI. Rampur District.

Jămi Masjid. Temple site.


XXXVII. Rae Bareli District.

1. Datmau

(i) Idgăh (1357-58). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. On the ruins of Buddhist Stűpas.
(iii) Masjid (1616). Temple site.

2. Jais

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid (1674-75). Temple site.

3. Rae Bareli

(i) Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Jahăn Khăn Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargăh of Makhdűm Sayyid Jăfari. Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.


XXXVIII. Saharanpur District. 

1. Ambahata

(i) Masjid (1533-34). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1534-35). Temple site.

2. Deoband

(i) Masjid (1510). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1557). Temple site.
(iii) Jămi Masjid (1677-78). Temple site.

3. Gangoh

(i) Mazăr of Shykh Abdul Quddűs. Temple site.
(ii) Three Masjids. Temple sites.

4. Jaurasi, Masjid (1675-76). Temple site.
5. Kaliyar, Dargăh of Shykh Alăud-Dîn Alî bin Ahmad Săbrî, a disciple of Băbă Farîd Shakar Ganj of Pak Pattan. Temple site.
6. Manglaur

(i) Masjid (1285). Temple site.
(ii) Dargăh of Shăh Wilăyat. Temple site.

7. Rampur, Mazăr of Shykh Ibrăhîm. Temple site.
8. Saharanpur, Jămi Masjid. Temple site.
9. Sakrauda, Dargăh of Shăh Ruknud-Dîn or Shăh Nachchan. Temple site.
10. Sirsawa, Mazăr of Pîr Kilkilî Shăh. On top of temples destroyed.


XXXIX. Shahjahanpur District.

1. Kursi, Masjid (1652). Temple site.
2. Shahjahanpur, Bahadur Khăn-kî-Masjid (1647). Temple site.


XL. Sitapur District.

1. Biswan, Masjid (1637-38). Temple site.
2. Khairabad, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
3. Laharpur, Mazăr of Shykh Abdur-Rahmăn. Temple site.


XLI. Sultanpur District.

1. Amethi, Mazăr of Shykh Abdul Hasan. Temple site.
2. Isuli

(i) Jămi Masjid (1646-47). Temple site.
(ii) Mazăr of Sayyid Ashraf Jahăngîr Simnănî. Temple site.


XLII. Unao District.

1. Bangarmau

(i) BaDi Dargăh of Alăud-Dîn Ghanaun (1320). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Jalălud-DIn (d. 1302). Temple site.
(iii) ChhoTî Dargăh (1374). Temple site.
(iv) Jămi Masjid (1384). Temple site.

2. Rasulabad, Alamgîrî Masjid. Temple site.
3. Safipur

(i) Dargăh of Shăh Shafî. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargăh of Qudratullăh. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargăh of Fahîmullăh. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargăh of Hăfizullăh. Temple materials used.
(v) Dargăh of Abdullăh. Temple materials used.
(vi) Fourteen Masjids. Temple sites.


XLIII. Varanasi District.

1. Asla, Shăh Jahănî Masjid. Temple site.
2. Varanasi

(i) Masjid at Gyanavapi. Vivevara Temple material used.
(ii) Masjid at Panchaganga Ghat. KirîTavivevara Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid and Dargăh of Sayyid Fakhrud-Dîn Săhib Alvî (1375) Temple site.
(iv) Bindu Madhava Masjid (1669). Converted Bińdu-Mădhava Temple.
(v) Masjid and Mazăr at Bakariya Kund. Temple materials used.
(vi) ADhăi Kăńgră-kî-Masjid in Adampura. Temple site.
(vii) Darhară Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Mazăr of Lăl Khăn at Rajghat. Temple site.



Footnotes:

1 The word Hindu in the present context stands for all schools of Sanatana Dharma-Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism and the rest.

2 History of Aurangzeb, Calcutta, 1925-52.

3 Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, Bombay, 1962.

4 Advice tendered to this author by Dilip Padgaonkar, editor of The Times of India, in the context of quoting correct history. Small wonder that he has converted this prestigious daily into a platform for communist politicians masquerading as historians. Perhaps you want, wrote a reader, to invest them with some kind of academic glory by using the legend of JNU, but their best introduction, intellectually speaking, is that they are Stalinist historians Their ideological brothers in the press make sure, through selective reporting and publishing, that their views are properly advertised. The Times of India, too, is in this rank; its editorials, leading articles, special reports-all breathe venom, not just against Ram Janmabhumi but any Hindu viewpoint. Anything in sympathy with this viewpoint is conscientiously kept out (The Times of India, November 11, 1989, Letters).

5 Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report 1925-26.  Pp. 129-30. 

6 Ibid., p. 129.

7 Ibid., p. l28.

8 Ibid., 1907-08, p. 113.

9 Ibid., Pp. 114.

10 Ibid., p. 114-15.  Technical details have been omitted and emphasis added.

11 Ibid., p. 116.

12 Ibid., p. 120.

13 Ibid., p. 126.

14 Ibid., p. 61.

15 Ibid., 1907-08, Pp. 47, to 72.

16 Ibid., 1903-04, p. 86.

17 Ibid., 1902-3, p. 52.

18 Ibid., 1921-22, p. 83.

19 Ibid., p. 84.

20 Ibid., 1902-03, p. 56.

21 Ibid., 1933-34, Pp. 36-37.

22 Ibid., 1902-03, Pp. 16-17.

23 Ibid., 1993-4, Pp. 31-32.

24 Ibid., 1902-03, Pp. 17-18.

25 Ibid., 1903-04, p. 43.

26 Ibid., p. 63.

27 Ibid., 1904-05, p. 24.

28 Ibid., 1929-30, p. 29.

29 Ibid., 1928-29, Pp. 167-68.

30 Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire, New Delhi Reprint, 1962, Pp. 199-200.

31 Archaeological Survey of India, Volume I : Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65, Varanasi Reprint, 1972, Pp. 440-41.

32 Ratan Pribhdas Hingorani, Sites Index to A.S.I. Circle Reports New Delhi 1978, Pp. 17-262.

33 A decision to this effect was taken by the Archaeological Survey of India soon after independence, ostensibly under guidelines laid down by an international conference.

34 S.A.A. Rizvi, History of Sufism in India, Volume 1, New Delhi, 1978, P. 189.

35 Ghulăm Abdul Qădir Nazîr, Bahr-i-Azam or Travels of Azam Shăh Nawwăb Walăjăh, 1823, Madras, 1960, p. 128.

36 Ibid., p. 64.

37 Ibid., p. 128.

38 Dates given in brackets refer to the Christian era.

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Jai Sri Krishna.

 

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