In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. There are hardware telephone protocols. There are protocols between each of several functional layers and the corresponding layers at the other end of a communication. Both end points must recognize and observe a protocol. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard.
User
Datagram Protocol: -
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications protocol that offers a limited amount of service when messages are exchanged between computers in a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an alternative to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and, together with IP, is sometimes referred to as UDP/IP. Like the Transmission Control Protocol, UDP uses the Internet Protocol to actually get a data unit (called a datagram) from one computer to another.
TRANSMISSION
CONTROL PROTOCOL:-
(TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level.
OR
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a set of rules (protocol) used
along with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units
between computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual
delivery of the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the individual units of
data (called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient routing
through the Internet.
PACKETS:
-
A packet is the unit of data that is routed between an origin and a
destination on the Internet or any other packet-switched network. When any file
(e-mail message, HTML file, Graphics Interchange Format file, Uniform Resource
Locator request, and so forth) is sent from one place to another on the
Internet, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer of TCP/IP divides the
file into "chunks" of an efficient size for routing.
A packet-switching scheme is an efficient way to handle transmissions on
a connectionless network such as the Internet.
ADDRESSING:
-
People use this word several ways. You can ask someone for the address of
their server, or for their home page on the Web, or where to send e-mail. So an
"address" can mean the unique location of either (1) an Internet
server, (2) a specific file (for example, a Web page), or (3) an e-mail user. It
is also used to specify the location of data within computer storage.
A
file (or home page) address is expressed as the defining directory path
to the file on a particular server. (A Web page address is also called a Uniform
Resource Locator, or URL.)
Example:
http://www.hitmil.com/computers/computerhx1.html
Hypertext
Transfer Protocol:
-
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. Relative to the TCP/IP suite of protocols (which are the basis for information exchange on the Internet), HTTP is an application protocol.
UNIFORM
RESOURCE LOCATOR: -
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) (pronounced YU-AHR-EHL
or, in some quarters, UHRL)
is the address of a file (resource) accessible on the Internet. The type of
resource depends on the Internet application protocol. Using the World Wide
Web's protocol, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the resource can be an
HTML page (like the one you're reading), an image file, a program such as a
common gateway interface application or Java applet, or any other file supported
by HTTP. The URL contains the name of the protocol required to access the
resource, a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet, and
a hierarchical description of a file location on the computer.
For
example http://www.geocities.com/shujawallpapers.html
ROUTING: -
On the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases, software in a
computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be
forwarded toward its destination.
The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to
send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of
the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any gateway (where one
network meets another), including each Internet point-of-presence. A router is
often included as part of a network switch.
Routing is a function associated with the Network layer (layer 3) in the
standard model of network programming, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model. A layer-3 switch is a switch that can perform routing functions.