Fungi are ______________ organisms that obtain food by _______________________. They lack chloroplasts & contain _______________ in their cell walls. The body of a fungus is made of several thin, individual filaments called ________________ that contain cytoplasm & ___________. These secrete ________________ that digest food. Digestion is performed ___________________. The intertwined mass of hyphae is termed _____________________________. It is a tangled mass primarily found under the substrate. The _____________________________ is the visible portion of the fungus. Fungi are either _______________________ or ______________________. Fungi are classified according to ____________________________________. They are able to grow under a wide range of conditions which makes them annoying pests at times, but also helpful in baking, brewing, winemaking, cheesemaking, & antibiotics. All but ____________ are multicellular. Many fungi are saprophytic. Drawing of a typical fungus: include mycelia, hyphae, septa,
Basic Characteristics:
1. Fungi are heterotrophic �
2. Fungi have filamentous bodies �
3. Fungal cells contain chitin �
4. Fungi have nuclear mitosis �
5. Fungi are eukaryotes -
REPRODUCTION
Fungi reproduce by releasing ______________. These form asexually or sexually at the tips of the hyphae. Spores may be suspended in the air for long periods of time & can be carried great distances (ideal form of reproduction for organisms stationed in one area). Fungal spores are ___________ (n).
Sometimes fungi contain 2 haploid nuclei, this is termed a ____________________.
FOUR FUNGI PHYLA
1. _________________________ - also known as zygote fungi � haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form _____________ zygotes � develop into zygosporangia - have _____________ that are surface hyphae & ____________________ that are like �mini-roots� (anchor the fungus) � most common example = _________________________________ - usually has asexual reproduction with spores � has + & - mating strains
2. ________________________ - form fine asexual spores � sexual spores in asci � hyphae divided by perforated septa � dikaryons � ex. = ______________________________________________
3. ________________________ - reproduction is usually sexual � hyphae divided by septa � have a characteristic club-shaped reproductive structure ex.= ____________________________________
4. _______________________ - (Fungi Imperfecti) � no known sexual stage of life cycle � ex. = _________________________________________________
FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS
____________________ refers to a close relationship between 2 organisms. Fungi form symbiotic associations with plants, green algae, & cyanobacteria.
1. ___________________ - mutualistic relationships between fungi (almost always ascomycetes) & cyanobacteria, green algae, or both; the photosynthetic partners live among the ____________ of the fungus; the fungus derives energy from its photosynthetic partners & cannot survive without them � the fungus provides minerals & protection from the environment for its partner � can live in harsh environments & are often known as _______________________ organisms � sensitive to pollution � good indicators about the environment
2. ______________________ - mutualistic relationships between fungi & the roots of plants; 80% of all plants have mycorrhizae associated with their roots;; the plant provides sugars to the fungi; in return, the fungi serve as accessory roots, greatly increasing the surface area available for the absorption of ____________________ 2 types: 1) ____________________________ - mycorrhizae penetrate the plant root (probably led to the invasion of land by plants),
2) ____________________________ - mycorrhizae wrap around the root � important for most trees