Pp6}
rnlrqaf6 rlr{t ag]sf gfos
sfdgf
-dfl;s_, jif{
!^, cª\s !@, k"0F{ª\s !$^, @)%& dª\l;/
g]kfnL
rnlrq hutsf cu|h :j= lx/fl;+x vqLn] cfkm\gf x/]s 8s'd]G6«L rnlrq¿df dnfO{ g}
ufpg] cj;/ lbg'x'GYof] . o;} qmddf @)@! ;fndf ‘cfdf’
rnlrqsf nflu uLt /]sl8{ª u/fpg pxF;u d snsQf uPsf] lyP . ToxLa]nf
/]sl8{ªsf] sfd ;s]/ xfdL lx/fl;+x a;]sf] xf]6]ndf lrofkfgsf nflu uof} .
lgdf{0Flwg rnlrq cfdfsf nflu ufos 5gf]6 ljifodf s'/f
rNof] .
Sofd/f
Dofg b]phL efO / lgb]{zs lx/fl;+x aLr s]xL a]/sf] s'/fsfgLkl5 pxFx¿n] dnfO{ pQm
lkmNddf v]Ng] xf] < eGg]] k|Zg ug'{eof] . d}n]
klg rnlrqsf] gfos aGg kfpg] ePkl5 x'G5 elglbP . s]xL lbgkl5 g} pgLx¿ sf7df8f} cfP/ cfp6 8f]/ ;'l6ª sf7df8f}
d} eof] . OG8f]/ ;'l6ªsf nflu eg] xfdL km]l/ snsQf
uof} . ;'l6ªsf bf}/fg ePsf] Pp6f /dfOnf] 36gf dnfO{ cem};Dd klg ;Demgf
5 . syfsf] ljifoj:t' cg';f/ nfx'/]sf] e"ldsfdf clt g} df]6f] sk8f nufP/
;'l6ª ug'{kg]{ x'GYof] . t/ udL{sf] ;do / snsQfsf] 7fpFdf o;/L Og8f]/ ;'l6ª
ubf{ d l5g l5gdf cQflnP/ k+vf glhs hfg] uy]{ .
cljid/0fLo
36gfsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] rnlrq ‘cfdf’
s} lk|ldo/ ;f]df tTsfnLg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| ;/sf/åf/f xf};nf a9fpFb}
‘nf} ca lx/f] klg eO;\’
eg]/ d]/f] sFwdf wfk dfl/aS;]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/af6 Tolta]nf gfos gflosfnfO{
%÷% xhf/ kfl/>lds lbg' eGg]] x's'd aS:of] . Tof] kFr xhf/sf] d"Nofª\sg
ug]{ xf] eg] Tolta]nf sf7df8f}d} rfx]sf] 7fpFdf Ps
/f]kgL hUuf lsGg ;lsGYof] . lkmNddf v]n]jfkt
/fhfaf6 dx]Gb|/Tg cfe"if0f klg aS; ePsf] xf] . dnfO{ rnlrq If]qn] gfd / bfd b'j} kIfdf /fd|f] ;xof]u
u¥of] . t/ klg To;kl5 d}n] ;ª\uLt If]qnfO{ dfq ckgfP . ca t cj;/ cfP
klg OR5f 5}g . t/ ;ª\uLt If]qdf eg] s]xL xb;Dd
clxn] klg ;lqmo g} 5' eGg'k¥of] . clxn]sf rnlrqx¿
!÷@ j6f afx]s ;a} Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] agfOPsf] h:tf]
nfU5 .
g]kfndf
lgdf{0f ePsf] klxnf] rnlrq cfdfsf gfos Pj+ g]kfnL ;fª\uLlts If]qsf rlr{t JolQmTj
lzjz+s/ dfgGw/ o;/L cfkm\gf] snf ofqfsf af/]df a]nLla:tf/ nufp5g\ . jf:tjdf
klxnf] g]kfnL lkmNdsf gfos eg]/ pgsf] gfd h;/L g]kfnL rnlrqsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{
cIf/n] sf]l/Psf] 5, To;}u/L g]kfnL ;fª\uLlts kmF6df klg pgsf] rrf{ eO{ g} /xg]
5 .
lktf
dfgaxfb'/ / dftf /fddfofsf] sf]vaf6 lj=;+= !(*( kmfu'g
!@ ut] lzj/fqLs} lbg hlGdPsf sf/0f logsf] gfd lzjz+s/ /xg uPsf]
/x]5 .
cfkm\gf]
;fª\uLlts ofqf / To;kl5sf] hLjgz}nL, clg jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;ª\uLtsf] l:yltsf af/]df
sfdgf ;Dkfbs s'zn uf}td;Fu s'/fsfgL ub}{ lzjz+s/ M
æsnfofqf
s;/L ;'? eof] eGg]]af/] pNn]v ubf{ xfd|f] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld klg ;ª\uLt;Fu ;Da4
ePsfn] dnfO{ o; If]qdf nfUg] k|]/0F ldn]sf] xf] . a'jf bfkf vnM sf] ;~rfns
ePsf] gftfn] vnM cGt/ut x'g] ljleGg ;F:s[lts sfo{qmd / ehgdf hfg]
ug'{x'GYof] . d klg pxFs} kl5 nfu]/ hfGy]F / ufpg] ahfpg] uy]{F .
;ª\uLt l;sfpg] ;+:yfx¿ geP klg cfkm\g} k|of;af6 #÷$ jif{s} pd]/df d}n] afhf
ahfpg yfn]sf] x' . u'kmf a:g] s]6Lx¿n] dnfO{ ;fgf] s]6f] eg]/ gfrufgdf dfbn
ahfpg nfg] uy]{ . kl5 ehgd08nLdf ufpg] ahfpg] / /]l8of] ;'g]/ ;ª\uLtsf] 1fg
xfl;n ug]{ ul/of] .
@))&
;fndf /]l8of] g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 d]/f] ;fyL ;To ;'/asf] ;Nnfxn] xfdL
/]l8of]df uof} . l/x;{n e}/x]sf] a]nf afns[i0f ;dn] tkfO{+sf] :j/ /fd|f]
/x]5 ca ufpg] ug'{;\ eGg'ePkl5 d}n] ToxF uLt ufpg yfn] . t/ dfl;s ! ;o ?k}oF kfpg] u/L ‘s’
>]0fLsf] ufossf] ¿kdf d]/f] lgo'lQm eg] @))* ;fn h]7 !% ut] ePsf] xf] .
;'?df g]kfnL uLtsf] cefj ePsf sf/0f lxGbL uLtnfO{ pNyf
u/]/ ufpg] ul/GYof] .
uLtsf] ;+Vofsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;'? ;'?df t b}lgs @÷# j6} uLt ufOof] xf]nf . To;sf] t s]xL
n]vf hf]vf g} ePg, kl5 ;ª\uLt lbg klg yflnof] . cfkm"n] ufPsf] / ;ª\uLt
lbPsf] u/L uLtsf] ;ª\Vof sl/a xhf/ afx| ;o hlt k'Uof] xf]nf . lkmNdL ;ª\uLtdf klg d]/f] ;+nUgtf
eof] .
@))*
;fnb]lv @)$( ;fn;Dd /]l8of]df hflu/] x'g'sf ;fy} s]xL jif{ s/f/ ;]jfdf klg sfd
ul/of] . To;cl3 @)$# ;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn;Dd /Tg /]sl8{ª ;+:yfgdf cWoIf tyf
dxfk|jGws kbsf] lhDd]jf/L klg jxg u/]sf] x'F . /]l8of]df cjsfz lnbf gftLsfhL, tf/fb]jL / d pk;lrj ;/xsf]
kbdf lyof} . To;avt snfsf/sf] kbf]Gglt;DaGwL vf;} lgodfjnL gePsf sf/0f
/]l8of]sf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L u/fP/ xfdLn] /fhf;usf] bz{g e]6df af/Daf/ hfx]/L ug]{
uYof}{ . clg /fhfaf6 lgufx aS; eP/ g} xfdLnfO{ kbf]Gglt ug]{ x's'd
k|jf·L
ePsf] xf] . /fh;+:yfaf6 b]zsf] snf ;+:s[lt hu]gf{ ug]{ dfdnfdf lgs} g}
;sf/fTds sfd ePsf] d}n] dx;"; u/]sf] 5' .
snfsf/nfO{
xf};nf lbP/ cl3 a9\g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ju{ g} ;|f]tfx¿ x'g\ . d]/f] pGgltdf ;fyL efO / cfkmGtx¿sf] klg of]ubfg
5 .
/]l8of]
g]kfnk|lt ;a}n] tLtf] kf]Vg] u/]sf] ;DaGwdf jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] Tolta]nf clxn]
h:tf] Pkm=Pd= / 6LeL lyPgg\ . Pp6f /]l8of] g]kfnn] sltnfO{ cj;/ lbg] <
To:tf] cj;/ kfpg g;Sg]x¿ g} /]l8of] g]kfndfly vlgg] u/]sf 5g\ . oyfy{df To:tf] kIfkft xfd|f kfnfdf ePsf] xf]Og . t/ uLt k|;f/0f ug]{ dfdnfdf wFwnL x'G5 eGg]] cf/f]krflxF ;To
xf] . To:tf] klxn] klg x'GYof] / clxn] klg x'g]
ub{5 .
clxn]sf
;ª\uLtsf] ljifodf eGg'kbf{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;ª\uLt eg]sf] snfTds / efjgfTds geO{
c¿af6 egfOPsf] / u/fOPsf] h:tf] nfU5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ Jofkfl/s ;ª\uLtsf]
;+1f lbg'k5{ xf]nf .
d]/f]
kfl/jfl/s cj:yf ;fdfGo xf], sf7df8f}F 6ª\s]Zj/df
cfkm\g} k|of;af6 3/ agfPsf] 5' . bfDkTo hLjgsf] Pp6} af6f]df ofqf ul//x]sf]
d]/L >LdtL ab|Ls'df/Ln] b'O{ jif{cl3 o; ;+;f/af6 labf lnPkl5 d]/f] hLjgdf
lg/fzfn] 5fof] . t/ klg ca 5f]/f, a'xf/L, gftL, gfltgLsf] d'v x]/]/ Tof]
kL8fnfO{ sd ug]{ k|of; ub}{5' . d]/f] h]7f] 5f]/f uf}/Lz+s/ lqljdf lj1fg
ljifosf] k|fWofks 5 eg] dfOnf] /ljz+s/n] Jofkf/sf] nfOg ;dft]sf] 5 . To;}u/L sfG5f] 5f]/f zzLz+s/ eg] OlGhlgo/ 5 . kl/jf/af6 dnfO{ ;Gtf]if g} 5 .
laxfg
% ah] p7]/ lgTo sd{kl5 zf/Ll/s s;/t / dlg{ªjfs u5'{ . lrof vfO;s]kl5 ;dfrf/
;'Gg] / !) ah] ljxfgsf] vfgf vfG5' . lbpF;f] eg] 6]lnlehg x]g]{ / kqklqsf
k9\g] u5'{ . ;do latfpg dnfO{ s'g} sl7gfO 5}g . gflt gfltgL;u a;]/ /dfOnf] u5'{ . bz} ltxf/df t /dfOnf]sf] nflu
pgLx¿;Fu tf; klg v]lnG5 . a]n'sf ( ah]lt/ vfgf
vfP/ !) ah]lt/ ;'Tg] u5'{ . slxn]sfxL /flt lgb|fn]
5f]8] klg k|foM lgb|f nfU5 .
clxn]
c7\;¶L jif{ eOof], dnfO{ vf;} /f]u 5}g . An8k|];/
a9]sf]n] cFvfdf s]xL v/faL b]lvPsf] lyof] . t/
:jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fP/ cf}iflw pkrf/ u/]kl5 s]xL lgsf] ePsf]
5 .Æ
sf]
s;/L snfsf/ ag] <
k/b]zL -dfl;s klqsf_, cu:6,
@))@
snfsf/
x'g]x¿sf] cf–cfkm\g} sxfgL 5, ;fg}b]lv snf If]qdf nfUg ToxL cg'¿ksf] lzIF xfl;n
ug]{ jftfj/0f gePsf] xfd|f] d'nsdf nx}nx}df klg snfsf/ ag]sf
5g\ .
klxnf]
g]kfnL rnlrq ‘cfdf’
sf] uLt /]sl8{ª u/fpg snsQf k'u]sf lzjz+s/nfO{ ‘lx/f]’
eOPnf eGg]] k6Ss} nfu]sf] lyPg . ‘sNkgf;Dd gu/]sf]
s'/f, lx/f] eP/ sxnfP’
pgL uj{sf ;fy ;'gfpF5g\ .
pgL
lx/f] x'g'df klg crDdsf] sxfgL 5, snsQfsf] :6'l8of]df uLt /]s8{ u/fP/ Psl5g
cf/fd ul//x]sf] a]nf To; rnlrqsf lgb]{zs lx/f l;+x / Sofd/fDofg b]phL efO k6]nn]
PsfPs lzjz+s/nfO{ ‘lx/f] aGg] xf] <’
eGg]] k|:tfj /fv]5g\ . ;ª\uLt If]qdf gfd sdfO;s]sf
lzjz+s/nfO{ rnlrq If]qaf6 klg gfd sdfpg] OR5f hfu]/ cfof] pgn] x'G5
elglbP . To;kl5 s]xL lbg ToxF a;]/ ‘cfp68f]/
;'l6ª’sf
nflu pgLx¿ sf7df8f}F cfP . sf7df8f}Fsf] sfdkl5
‘Og8f]/ ;'l6ª’
sf nflu pgLx¿ k'gM snsQf g} uP . o; rnlrqsL gflosf e'jg rGb eg] klxn] g}
‘:6]h’ sfo{qmddf clego / gfRg] uly{g .
/]l8of] g]kfndf uflosfsf] ¿kdf pgsf] k|j]z ;fg}b]lv
ePsf] xf] . ;ª\uLtsf/ e}/jaxfb'/sL 5f]/L e'jg /fd|L snfsf/ x'g\, eGg]]
nfu]kl5 To; rnlrq o'lg6sf xtf{stf{n] pgnfO{ gflosfsf] nflu k|:tfj /fv], pgn]
;lhn} :jLsf/ ul/g\ .
cfkm"
gfos ePsf] If0fnfO{ ;DemFb} lzjz+s/ eG5g\ –‘dnfO{ lx/fl;+xn] cfkm\gf] k|foM h;f]
8s'd]G6«Ldf ufpg] cj;/ lbg'x'GYof] . cfdf rnlrqdf klg dnfO{ g} ufossf] ¿kdf 5gf]6 u/]/ pxFn] uLt /]sl8{ªsf
nflu snsQf n}hfg'ePsf] lyof] .
PsfPs lx/f] aGg] k|:tfj cfPkl5 t d b+u k/]+, :juL{o /fhf dx]Gb|;Fu klg d]/f]
;f¥x} lgs6 ;DaGw lyof] . snfk|]dL /fhfåf/f pQm
rnlrqsf] glhsaf6 cWoog ul/aS;]sfn] ;/sf/af6} dnfO{ gfosdf /fVg' eGg]] x's'd
ePsf] x'g;S5 . of] rnlrqsf] lk|ldo/ ;f] gh/ ePkl5 /fhfn] dnfO{ ca t ufos
dfq xf]Og gfos klg eof}, eGb} wfk dfl/aS;]sf] xf] . k'/:sf/:j¿k Tolta]nf %
xhf/ ?k}oF aS; ePsf] xf] . d}n] klxnf] g]kfnL
rnlrqdf gfos x'g] cj;/ kfP/ 7"nf] pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] 5' .’
lzjz+s/
/ e'jgrGbsf] h:tf] lkmNdL Oltxf; cGo snfsf/sf] gx'g;S5,
t/ lkmNdL If]qdf k|j]z kfpg] tf}/tl/sf ;a} snfsf/sf] cf–cfkm\g} vfn] 5 .
sf]xL rnlrqdf nufgL u/]/ snfsf/ ag]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xL ukm nufPs} e/df cfkm"nfO{
snfsf/ agfpg] k|of;df nfu]sf 5g\ . rfx] cª\u k|bz{g ug]{ zt{df xf];\ jf
lgdf{tf lgb]{zssf] s'g} klg k|:tfj dfGg] zt{df xf];\ clxn]sf w]/} snfsf/nfO{
kbf{df h;/L ePklg b]lvg'k/]sf] 5 . cfkm\g} ana'tf / Ifdtf k|bz{g u/]/ snfsf/ x'g]sf] ;+Vof lgs} sd
5 .
;ª\uLtsf/
lzjz+s/ eGg'x'G5
/fhwfgL,
OGb|]0fL ;f]daf/,
!$ k';, @)^)
g]kfnL
;fª\uLlts kmF6df k|j]z ug]{ goF ;ª\uLtsdL{sf] ;ª\Vofdf k|ltlbg j[l4 eO/x]sf]
5 . ;of}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf v'n]sf ;ª\uLt k|lzIf0f ;+:yf, uLt /]sl8{ª :6'l8of] /
PkmPd :6]zgsf sf/0f klg o'jfk':tfsf] ;ª\uLt df]x a9\b} uPsf] xf] . æxfd|f]
kfnfdf h:tf] /x]g ca, ;ª\uLtn] Jofkf/ ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . o;}dfly aFRg]x¿sf]
;ª\Vofdf klg j[l4 x'Fb}5 . xfd|f kfnfdf sxF o:tf]
lyof] / <Æ zf:qLo ;ª\uLtsf] gfd lng] lalQs} emsf]{ dfGg]x¿ klg clxn] of]
;ª\uLtk|lt Wofg lbg yfn]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL
rnlrqsf k|yd gfos
rnlrq
d~r -klqsf_, ;fpg
@)^!
g]kfnL
rnlrq / uLt;ª\uLtsf nflu lzjz+s/ dfgGw/ Pp6f l;ª\u} Oltxf; dflgg'x'G5 .
lj=;+= !(*( kmfu'g !@ ut] kfsf], Go"/f]8df hGdg'ePsf dfgGw/n] ‘of] vf]nfsf]
wldnf] kfgL, Pp6f ¿dfn w'Fb}df lbg hfg]’
af]nsf] uLt @)!% ;fndf snsQfdf /]s8{ u/fO{ ;fª\uLlts ofqf ;'? ug'{ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL syfgs rnlrq ‘cfdf’
sf gfos dfgGw/ g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]usf k|yd gfos dflgg'x'G5 . lj=;+= @)@! df k|ydk6s g]kfnleq
lgdf{0f k|f/De u/L @)@@ ;fndf cfdfsf] k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] . dgsf] aFw,
s'df/L, klRr; a;Gt ;lxt cfwf bh{g rnlrqdf pxFn] ;ª\uLt klg el/;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
dx]Gb|–/Tg cfe"if0f, uf]/vf blIf0fafx', l5Ggntf k'/:sf/, lqzlQmk§, g]kfn df];g
lkSr/ Pjf8{, ;'k|bLKt jL/]Gb| k|hftGq ef:s/nufot bh{gf} k'/:sf/ Pj+ ;Ddfg k|fKt
ul/;Sg'ePsf dfgGw/ lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv @)$( ;fn;Dd lg/Gt/ /]l8of] g]kfndf
sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . csf{ ;zQm ;ª\uLtsf/ gfltsfhL >]i7sf] ;ª\uLt ;[hgfsf
hf]8L klg dflgg'x'G5 pxF . g]kfnL uLt–;ª\uLt Pj+
rnlrqnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg' ePsf lzjz+s/ dfgGw/;u czf]s /fO{n] ug'{ePsf]
s'/fsfgLsf] d'Vo cª\z M
clxn]
g]kfnL rnlrqsf] ahf/nfO{ s;/L x]g'{ePsf] 5 <
g]kfnL
rnlrq la:tf/} ljsf; x'Fb} cfP klg %÷^ jif{ otfb]lv rnlrqsf] ahf/df cfPsf]
lzlyntfn] ;a}nfO{ df/df kf/]sf] 5 t/ of] cj:yf x6]/ hfg]5 eGg]] ljZjf; d}n]
lnPsf] 5' .
g]kfnL
rnlrqdf df}lnskgsf] s'/f eO/xG5 . o;nfO{ s;/L
d"Nofª\sg ug'{ePsf] 5 <
clxn]sf
g]kfnL rnlrqdf lxGbL rnlrqsf] Jofks k|efj 5 . clego, g[To, e]ife"iF,
uLt;ª\uLt ;a}df t/ Tof] /fd|f] xf]Og lsgls ljZjsf] s'g} klg :yfgdf g]kfnL rnlrq
k|bz{g ul/of] eg] Tof] d'n'ssf dfG5]n] ;f] rnlrq x]/]/ g]kfnLkg, g]kfnL ;dfhsf
af/]df s]xL s'/f hfGg kfjf];\ . olb ltgLx¿sf] h:t}
gSsn ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnL rnlrqsf] cy{ /xG5 / <
g]kfnLkgsf
w]/} rnlrq grn]sf Oltxf; klg 5g\ lg, sf/0f s] xf]nf <
k|foM
grn]sf xf]nfg\ t/ ;a}n] Joj;flos lx;fan] rnlrq lgdf{0f
u/]sf 5g\ . h:tf] rnlrq rN5, To:t} lgdf{0f ug'{
:jfefljs} xf] . t/ Jofj;flos lx;fan] dfq cl3 a9\bf
clxn] l;ª\uf] pBf]u g} 6«ofs 5f8]/ stf stf k'u] h:tf] nfU5 . t;y{
Jofj;flostf;Fu} df}lnstfdf klg Wofg lbg'k5{ .
o;f] x'g'df s;sf] uNtL xf]nf t <
o;}sf]
uNtL eGg ;lsGg . lgdf{tfn] k};f sdfpg vf]Hg',
Jofj;flos ¿kdf cl3 a9\g' l7s} xf] . snfsf/, ;ª\uLtsf/ eg]sf t h:tf] eGof],
To:t} ug]{ dfG5] x'g\ . t/ lgdf{tf, lgb]{zs, k|fljlws / snfsf/ ;a}n] ;f]Rg'
rflx k5{ lsgeg] of] ;d"xsf] sfd xf] .
l;ª\uf] g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]usf] k|yd gfos x'g'x'G5 .
To;a]nf / clxn]sf] rnlrqaLr t'ngfubf{ s] km/s
kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
w]/}
km/s kfPsf] 5' . To;a]nf clego e]ife"iF, uLt;ª\uLt
x/]s s'/fdf :jfefljstf / jf:tljstf x'GYof] . t/
clxn] :jfefljs / jf:tljstfeGbf klg >[+uf/k6f/ / agfj6L s'/fnfO{ Wofg
lbOG5 . To;n] klg g]kfnL rnlrqn] cfkm\gf]
klxrfgsf] af6f] 5f]8]sf] xf] . clxn]sf] rnlrq
dnfO{ lrq sf]/]h:tf], /ª\u xfn]h:tf] nfU5 .
clxn]sf
goF lgb]{zs, snfsf/x¿ tkfO{+ sxF ;Nnfx ;'emfj lng sltsf] cfpF5g
<
slxn]sfxLF sfo{qmddf e]6 x'Fbf k|;+ujz s'/f x'g] dfq} xf] .
gq cfpFb}gg\ .
tkfO{+n]
rnlrq cfdfdf u/]sf] clego clxn] x]bf{ s:tf] nfU5 <
d}n]
elgxfn]F lg, To;a]nf :jfefljstfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'gfn] s'g} cK7\of/f] dx;";
x'Fb}g . clxn] klg Tof] d]/f] clegodf d ;Gt'i6
5' . To;a]nf 5foFsg:yndf k|foM ;a} b[Zox¿ Ps}
6]sdf cf]s] x'GYof] . lsgls ToxF >[+uf/k6f/
agfj6Lsf] s'/} lyPg . vfln ;xh / :jfefljs ¿kdf sfd
x'GYof] .
clxn]
tkfO{+sf] ;fª\uLlts ofqf s;/L rNb}5 <
/]l8of]
g]kfn 5f]8]kl5 lj:tf/} Tof] dfxf}naf6 d 6fl9b}5' . pd]/n] klg xf]nf . klxn]h:tf]
hf]z hFu/ cfhsfn 5}g . tfklg goF kl/l:ylt, kl/j]zn] 5f]of] eg] ;ª\uLt ug{
dg nfU5 / u5'{ klg .
clxn]
nf]s, cfw'lgs eGbf klg kk uLt a9L rn]sf] 5, o;nfO{ s;/L
x]g'{ ePsf] 5 <
;ª\uLt
eg]sf] ;dodf e/kg]{ s'/f xf] . tfklg d]/f] ljrf/df
;x/L If]qdf kk a9L rn] klg ufpFa];L, s'gfsGb/fdf nf]s efsf Pj+ ;bfaxf/
cfw'lgs uLt g} clxn] klg u'lGhg] ub{5 .
lzjz+s/
–
g]kfnL
;ª\uLtsf lzv/
g/]Gb|/fh
k|;fO{
;fu/
xf] :jf:gLdfG5] pm t a'em krfpg ;S5]
;f/f
/x:o 5ftLleq} n'sfpg ;S5]
-:j/ M dfl0fs/Tg, ;ª\uLt M lzjz+s/, zAb M ls/0f
v/]n_
lzjz+s/sf ;ª\uLtdf cfwfl/t uLtx¿n] g]kfnL ;+;f/df ‰ofnL lk6]sf]
5g\ . Pp6f ;dodf logn] k|bfg u/]sf ;'dw'/ ;ª\uLtn] g]kfnL ;fª\uLlts cfsfzdf
ce"tk"j{ b]g lbPsf 5g\ . To;a]nfb]lv o;a]nf;Ddsf] lx;fa ug]{ xf] eg] logn]
tLg xhf/eGbf a9L ;ª\uLt k|bfg u/] . ;fy} logn] rf/
;oj6f uLt ufP/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfkm\gf] ufog k|ltefsf] klg kl/ro
lbP .
;+jt\
!(*( ;fnsf] lzj/flqsf] lbg lzjz+s/sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . oL sf7df8f}Fdf hGd]sf lyP . lzj/flqsf lbg hGd]sfn] logsf afa' dfgaxfb'/ dfgGw/ / cfdf /fddfofn] cfkm\gf]
5f]/fsf] gfp lzjhL /fv]sf
lyP . t/ /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 klxnf] uLt ufpFbf
pb\3f]ifsn] lzjz+s/ eg]sfn] To; lbgb]lv logsf] cfkm\gf] gfpF lzjz+s/ g}
/fv] . hflgkmsf/x¿ eG5g\ klg ælzjz+s/sf] Pp6f afgL / csf]{ a]xf]/f klg emGg} ldNg hfG5 .Æ
lzjz+s/sf
afa' / afh] ;ª\uLtk|]dL lyP . To;}n] logn] ;fg}b]lv ;ª\uLtdf lxF8\g] jftfj/0f k|fKt u/]sf
lyP . :s'nsf] dfWolds :t/Lo lzIF xfl;n u/L logL
;ª\uLthut\df g} s]lGb|t eP . ;fg}b]lv 6f]n, l5d]s / :s'ndf uLt ufP/ logn]
cfkm\gf] snfsf] :jR5 k|bz{g u/]sf lyP .
lzjz+s/
@))* ;fn h]7 ! ut]b]lv /]l8of] g]kfndf ufossf ¿kdf egf{
ePsf lyP . logL To;} 7fpFdf hflu/] eP/ lbg k|ltlbg uLt ufpg / ;ª\uLt ug{
;dlk{t eO{ nfu] . hflu/] hLjgaf6} pgn] cfkm\gf] ;ª\uLtofqfnfO{ dflyNnf]
sf]l6df k'¥ofP . logsf] :j/ / ;ª\uLt g]kfnL
hghLjgdf 6\ofKk} uFl;Fb} hfg yfNof] . logn] zf:qLob]lv nf]sefsf;Ddsf]
;fª\uLlts cg'ej af]s] .
lzjz+s/sf]
;ª\uLt / :j/;Fu kl/lrt hf] sf]xL klg pgL;Fu klUng] uy]{ . jf:tjdf pgL
;ª\uLtdf hlt kf}/vL 5g\ JolQmut hLjgdf klg Tolt g} ;f}Do b]lvG5g\ . pgsf]
d]nf]8L ;ª\uLtaf6 /fhf >L % dx]Gb| klg cfslif{t xf]OaS;GYof] .
df};'kmaf6 cfkm" o'j/fhlw/fh x'Fbf g} lzjz+s/nfO{ bz{ge]6 aS;]sf] lyof] .
df};'kmaf6} pgnfO{ uLt l/sl8{ª ug{ vr{ lbP/ sf]nsftf k7fOaS;]sf] lyof] .
uLlthut\sf] ;ª\nf] kfgLdf lgy|'Ss} leh]/ pgn] ;Sbf]
of]ubfg lbP . pgsf] ;]jfn] g]kfnL ;ª\uLt emg} x/fe/f
eof] . tf/fb]jL;Fu :j/ hf]8]/ pgn] y'k|} uLtdf
efsf /fVt} uLt ufP M
s]
xf] ltd|f] gfp atfpm s] xf] ltd|f]
gfpF
sxF
ltd|f] ufp b]vfpm sxF ltd|f] ufpF <
-:j/ / ;ª\uLt M lzjz+s/, zAb M ls/0f
v/]n_
lzjz+s/n]
@$ jif{sf] pd]/df ab|Ls'df/L;Fu lax]
u/] . lzj–ab|Lsf tLg ;Gtfg uf}/Lz+s/,
/ljz+s/ / zlzz+s/ hGd] . lzjz+s/ g]kfnL ;fª\uLlts
cfsfzsf hlt;'s} rxlsnf] aQL eP tfklg logsf] lkFwd'lg cFWof/f] g} lyof] .
cyjf egF"" aQLd'lg cFWof/f] eg]em} logsf] 3/fo;L l:ylt
lyof] . lsgeg] logsf cfkm\gf ;Gtfgx¿ ;ª\uLtaf6
cnUu} /x] . lzjz+s/n] rflx rfx] 3/df xf];\ rfx]
/]l8of] g]kfndf xf];\ lbgx' xfdf]{lgod ahfpg 5f]8]gg\ . pgsf] hLjg g} xfdf]{lgod;u
uFl;of] .
lzjz+s/ :j/;ª\uLtdf hlt kf/\ª\ut eP pgsf] clegosnf klg TolQs} ;zQm
b]lvof] . pgn] k|yd g]kfnL rnlrq ‘cfdf’
df gfossf] e"ldsf v]n]/ To; avtsf] ;xl/of hghgdf klg pgL kl/lrt eP . To;
rnlrqdf v]n]afkt pgn] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 dx]Gb|/Tg
cfe"if0f;lxt kFr xhf/ ?lkoF k'/:sf/ kfP . x'g t
o;eGbf cl3 klg 8s'd]G6«Ldf pgn] cfkm\gf] clego k|:t't u/]sf lyP . pgn]
slxn] gfltsfhL;Fu ldn]/ / slxn] rGb|/fh zdf{;Fu ldn]
rf/j6f g]kfnL rnlrqdf ;ª\uLt klg k|bfg u/] .
lzjz+s/n]
/]l8of] g]kfnåf/f cfof]lht ljleGg ;ª\uLt ;Dd]ngdf klg
efu lnP . tL ;Dd]ngx¿df pgL slxn] :j/df k|yd x'Gy]
clg slxn] ;ª\uLtdf k|yd x'Gy] . ljleGg ;dodf cfof]lht To; k|sf/sf ;Dd]ngdf
k|ltof]uL ag]/ pgn] rf/j6f :j0f{kbs k|fKt u/] . pgL k|an uf]/vf blIf0fafx',
ljVoft lqzlQmk§ / jL/]Gb| P]Zjo{ ;]jfkbs cflbaf6 klg
lje"lift eP . pgn] l5Ggntf k'/:sf/, dxfb]j ;Ddfgnufot ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfaf6
b'O{ bh{ghlt clegGbg klg k|fKt u/] .
g]kfnL
uLt;ª\uLt / :j/sf] ljsf;df lzjz+s/sf] cTolws nug kfOG5 . hlxn];'s} klg pgn]
cfkm\gf] :j/ / ;ª\uLtn] g]kfnL zAbx¿nfO{ vf/]/ 8F8fkfvf
/ª\ufPsf 5g\ . ;dsfnLg ;ª\uLt;fwgfnfO{ sFwdf af]s]/ cfw'lgs snfdf aFWg ;Sg]
pgL hfu[ltsf nx/f lyP . To;}n] pgn] k|bfg u/]sf
;ª\uLtx¿ g]kfnL uLltkydf ;w} x/fe/f eP M
ltd|f]
xfd|f] lhGbufgL 3fd5foF xf] ls h:tf]
eml/Psf
cF;'x¿ zLtsf] yf]kf xf] ls h:tf]
-:j/M c?0F nfdf, ;ª\uLt M lzjz+s/, zAb
ljZjaNne_
lzjz+s/n]
gf6sdf klg ;ª\uLt k|bfg u/] . uLltgf6sx¿df klg
logsf] ;ª\uLtn] of]ubfg lbof] . g[Togfl6sfx¿df klg lzjz+s/n] cfkm\gf] pNn]vgLo w'g l;h{gf
ck{0f u/] .
lzjz+s/n]
uLt ufP/ d'n'ssf ljleGg e"efu 3'd] . ;ª\uLts}
l;nl;nfdf logn] ljb]zsf] klg e|d0f u/] . logn] e|d0f u/]sf b]zx¿ ef/t, rLg, pQ/ sf]l/of, adf{ / ;f]leot ¿;
lyP . tL b]zx¿df logn] g]kfnsf] ;ª\uLtsf ljifodf
k|sfz kf/] . ef/tdf a;]/ logn] ;ª\uLtsf] klg cWoog
u/] . logn] $@ jif{sf] pd]/df k|ofu ;ª\uLt ;ldlt
Onfxfjfbaf6 ;ª\uLt ljzf/b u/] .
lzjz+s/
/]l8of] g]kfndf y'k|} jif{ v/bf/ eP†
s]xL jif{ gfoa;'Aaf eP / @)## ;fnb]lv /fhfsf x's'dn] zfvf clws[t:t/sf ;ª\uLtsf/
eP . pgL Ps bzs;Dd /]l8of] g]kfndf zf:qLo ;ª\uLt k|aGws eP . pgL /Tg
/]sl8{ª ;+:yfgsf dxfk|aGws klg eP . pgL hxFhxF uP ;s] klg / g;s] klg g]kfnL
;ª\uLtsf] k|j4{gsf nflu dfq cu|;/ eO/x] .
lzjz+s/
g]kfnL ;ª\uLthut\df Pp6f pTs[i6 JolQmTjsf ¿kdf :yflkt gfp xf] . ;/ntf / OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy cfkm\gf] ;fwgfnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] lzjz+s/
pRr:t/Lo ;ª\uLtsf/ x'g\ . :j/;fwgfeGbf pgsf]
;ª\uLt;fwgfn] ljho xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . t/ klg pgnfO{
ufos eg]/ klg TolQs} lrlgG5 .
lzjz+s/
g]kfnL ;fª\uLlts cfsfzdf cfkm\gf] ;dk{0f, of]ubfg /
kl/>daf6 k|l;4 ePsf x'g\ . pgsf] ;fª\uLlts
of]ubfgsf] Oltxf; ljlzi6 ¿kdf k|:t't x'g] u5{ . y'k|}–y'k|} :t/Lo g]kfnL
ufosx¿sf nflu lzjz+s/sf] ;ª\uLtn] nufgL nufof] . To;}n] logsf] ;ª\uLtsf] dlxdfn] g]kfnL cfsfz 9kSs 9fs]sf] klg
kfOG5 M
nx/
xf] nf]Ug]dfG5] pm glur cfpg
;S5
lsgf/x¿
cFufnL 5f]8]/ hfg ;S5 .
-:j/ M tf/fb]jL, ;ª\uLt M lzjz+s/, zAb M ls/0f
v/]n_
;a}sf
lk|o ufos lzjz+s/
k|lt;/f ;fodL
-g]kfn ;dfrf/kq /fli6«o b}lgs, k'; !#, d+unaf/,
@)^!_
d]/f]
sfgdf aHg] s0f{lk|o Pp6f uLt ;DemG5' clxn]
–
nf}
eg bfh' s] s] 5 , Tof] ltd|f] /ftf]
emf]nfdf
/fhf
/ /fgLsf] t:jL/ 5 , of] d]/f] /ftf]
emf]nfdf
of]
uLtsf /rgfsf/, ;ª\uLtsf/ sf] lyP sfo{qmd k|:tf]tfn] hlt eg] klg dnfO{ jf:tf lyPg
t/ ;fª\uLlts b'lgofsf] rngh:t} s]jn ufos lzjz+s/ / uflosf tf/fb]jLsf] gfd eg]
clxn];Dd klg dnfO{ s07} 5 . To:t} Pp6f /fli6«o
uLt
d d/] klg d]/f] b]z aflr/xf];\ .
lxdfnsf]
6fs'/fdf, kxf8sf sGb/fdf, ;"o{ / rGb| cª\lst em08f km/km/
gflr/xf];\
of]
clxn]sf] ;dodf klg plQs} ;do;fk]If 5 . clxn]
xfd|f] b]zsf] l:ylt x]bf{ ef]ln
xfd|f] b]z g]kfn / xfdL g]kfnL xf}F eGg]] efjgfnfO{ kvfn]/} ;d]t lkOb]nfg\ ls
clxn]sf /fhgLlts cv8fsf kxnjfg egfpFbfx¿n] eGg]] 8/n] ;tfpF5 . uLt /Rg],
;ª\uLt eg]{, ;'dw'/ :j/n] ;hfpg] ;a} stf–stf k'u], s] s] eP t/ ltgLx¿sf lglDt
jt{dfg eGg]] ‘xfdL xf], xfdLk|ltsf] ofrgf /]l8of], 6LeLdf ;'Gbf dgdf eSsfgf]
5'6\5 . tL sfnhoL uLtdf ;|i6fx¿sf] dg slt ?Fbf]
xf] ;f]Rg afWo t'NofpF5 . Pp6f a~h/ hldgdf
;|i6fsf] dgsf] xnf]n] hf]t]/ s]xL pAhfpF5 . tL zAbx¿nfO{ ;'Gb/
s0f{lk|o ;ª\uLtn] l;Fuf/]/ ;'dw'/ :j/n] u'~hodfg ug]{ tL cd/ snfsf/ klg s] aGb's
le/]/ xfn xfdLn] lbgx'F b]Vg] u/]sf] ;}lgs hjfgx¿eGbf sd alnof 5g\ < aGb'ssf]
uf]nLeGbf sndsf] af]nL cem ltvf] / tLI0f x'G5 . t;y{ tL snfsf/ hf] b]zsf
uxgf x'g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ s'g} hflt, ju{, lnª\udf ;Lldt /flvg'x'Gg lsgeg] ltgLx¿sf]
:j/n] b]zsf] ;Ldf gf3]/ ;+;f/ yls{g ;S5 .
d
;fgL
5bfsf] ;Demgfdf u'l~hg] lzjz+s/sf] w]/} uLtdWo] Pp6f /dfOnf] nfUg] uLt ;lDemG5'
s]
xf] ltd|f] gfp atfpm, s] xf] ltd|f] gfp <
sxf
ltd|f] ufp atfpm, sxf ltd|f] ufp <
pxfsf]
cg'xf/ s:tf] lyof], :jefj s:tf] xf]nf egL sf}t'xn nfUYof] d]/f] afn dl:tisdf .
ljrf/ uy]{ /f]dflG6s :jfefjsf xf]nfg, ‘cfdf’
l;g]dfsf gfos lyP . d sNkgf uy]{F ‘nf} eg bfh' s] s] 5’
uLt aHbf Pp6f l76fn] /ftf] emf]nfdf /fhf–/fgLsf] kmf]6f] af]s]/ cfPsf xf]nfg\ /
cfkm\gf] ;dosf] km];gcg'¿k b'O{lt/ skfn af6]sL l76Ln] ;f]Wg] xf]lng\ egL uLt
aHb} ubf{ clxn] 6LeLdf ;fsf/ ePsf b[Zox¿h:t} sNkgf uy]{ d . To:t} s] xf]
ltd|f] gfp elg/xFbf klg o:t} ;'Gb/ b[Zox¿sf] sNkgf uy]{F wGo . efUodfgL /x]5' / clxn]
>Job[Zosf] hdfgf cfPsf]n] /rgfsf/, ;ª\uLtsf/ ufos–uflosfnfO{ ;b[Zo x]g{ kfPsf
5f}F . /, o:tf cd/ uLtsf
ufosnfO{ kbf{ / ;fy;fy} d}n] hLjgdf tLg–rf/kN6 e]6\g] ;'cj;/ kfPsf] lyPF .
d
s]Gb|Lo dfgGw/ ;ª\3sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/L
5bf yfxf kfP pxf klg ‘dfgGw/’
g} x'g'xF'bf]/x]5 . s'/f] @)%#÷%$ tfsfsf] xf]nf, xfdLn] ;Dk"0f{ dfgGw/
;d'bfo ldn]/ xfldleqsf ;Ifd dfgGw/ k|ltefx¿ vf]Hg] k|of; u¥of} . xfd|f]
;d'bfoleq 6f]n, u'7L, vnM, k'rMsf ;Dk"0f{ !$ c~rn &% lhNnfsf dfgGw/ ;d'bfodf
;';"lrt u/L l6s6df sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{df >4]o lzjzªs\/ ‘hh
Kofgn’
df a:g'ePsf] ;Demgf 5 t/ dfOsdf af]Ng pxf cln ;+sf]r dfGg' x'bf]/x]5 eGg]] d]/f]
dgdf nfUof] . To:t} d]/f] :j= a'af sfsfefO dfgGw/åf/f /lrt tyf ;ª\uLta4
uLtx¿sf] ;Fufnf] ‘pg}sf] ofbdf Sof;]6 tyf ;L8L ljdf]rg ;df/f]xdf klg s]xL efj
JoQm ul/lbg'x'g w]/} cg'/f]w ubf{ klg af]Ng rfxg'ePg . t/ jl/i7 ufos of]u]z
j}BnfO{ af]Ng nufpgnfO{ / pxfsf] :ki6 cleJolQm lbg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] eg] v'nf lbnn]
k|z+;f ug'{ePsf] ;DemG5' . ;w}F /ftf]lk/f] cg'xf/, l:dt xf;f]n] kf]ltPsf], xFl;nf] cfvfx¿
;lhPsf Tof] bz{gLo JolQmTj cfh xfdLdfem 5}g .
;fgL
5bf dnfO{ sf}t'xn nfUg] Pp6f ljifo lyof] – :s'ndf egf{ x'Fbf dh:tL ;fgL
km'RrLsf] t y/ 5 t/ /]l8of]df lbglbg} km'Sg] gfd ePsf dfG5]x¿sf lsg y/ gePsf
xf]nfg\ eg]/ v'a 3f]l/g] uy]{ . ;fyLefOx¿;Fu ;f]wF' ;a, dh:t} ef/]e'/] lyP,
hjfkm s] lbGy] / < c¿ sf];u ;f]Wg] < Pp6f ;do o:tf] klg cfof] pxfx¿ ;a}sf
cf–cfkm\gf] y/ klg /x]5g\ . ;fyLefOnfO{ d
x'ls{;s]kl5 eg] klg . ;fyLx¿n] klg eg] ‘cF xf] t
lg, ;a} g]jf/x¿ kf] /x]5g\ . ls/0f v/]n, wd{/fh yfkf, /Tgzdz]/ yfkf,
d=jL=lj= zfx, 1fg' /f0f, c¿0f nfdf, uf]kfn of]~hg cflb ;a}sf y/ /]l8of]df
3lGsg], t/ tL g]jf/ ;d'bfosf k|a'4 / ;zQm snfsdL{sf] gfd k5fl8sf] y/
n'Sg'k5fl8sf] /x:o aNn d]/f] hLjgsf] t];|f] bzs kf/ ul/;s]kl5 dfq yfxf kfpg]
df}sf kfP .
otf
cfkm\gf] dft[efifsf ;fª\uLlts kmf6sf JolQmTjx¿n] eg] g]kfnL uLlt If]qnfO{ a9L
dfof u/], s'g} ;+:yf, JolQmsf] :t'lt ufg ug{lt/ nfu], dfg, kbjL, lje"if0f,
cnª\sf/sf vflt/ cfkm\gf] dft[efifnfO{ la;]{ eGg]]h:tf w]/} cf/f]k nufPsf] d
;'Gg] uy]{ . d]/} a'afn] klg Tof] ;do s}og g]kfnL uLt /rgf u/]/ hfg'eof],
Pp6f ufpsf snfsf/ eP/ pxf ;Ddfg kfpg dfq ;kmn x'g'ePg t/ /fhwfgLsf snfsf/x¿ eP/
hGdg'df km:6fpg d2t ldNg' :jfeljs}h:tf] nfU5 .
d]/f]
ljrf/df oL d"w{Go snfsf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] dft[efifsf] kmf6df Nofpg g;Sgfsf] k5fl8
xfd|} klg s]xL bf]if kf] lyof] ls < pxfx¿df cfkm\gf] dft[efifk|lt cg'/fu g}
gePsf] sxf xf]nf / < To;f] eg]/ lzjz+s/sf g]kfnefifsf uLtx¿ Pp6} gePsf /
pxfn] gufpg' g} ePsf] t xf]Og . pxfnfO{ dft[efifsf uLttkm{ cfslif{t ug{
k|of; sd ePsf] xf] ls h:tf] nfUb5 .
;fRrL
a'4 / c/lgsf]n] hGde"ld o; w/tLnfO{ zflGt / ;b\efjgfsf b"t agL pxfx¿n] ljZjnfO{
lbP/ hfg'eof] . cd/ ufossf s0f{lk|o :j/n] of] o'4e"lddf kl/0ft x'glt/
d'vl/t xfd|f] b]znfO{ k'gM zflGtsf] cfef; lbg ;sf];\, cf;'sf bxdf bUw gogx¿df
zLtntf 5g{ d2t ldnf];\, b]znfO{ sxfnLnfUbf] d?e"ld x'gaf6 arfpg oL ;|i6fx¿sf]
k|To]s zAbn], ;ª\uLtsf k|To]s t/n], :j/sf k|To]s cf/f]x–cj/f]xn] ;Gb]z lbg
;kmntf ldnf];\ . d]/f afn dgn] ;Fufn]sf ltd|}
uLtx¿sf ;Demgf;Fu} xflb{s >4f~hnL