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Woses lived in the Druadan Forest south of the White Mountains "at least since the Second Age". The Woses were "short-legged, thick-armed, and stumpy-bodied." They excelled at wood craft and poisoned arrows and darts. Their language was unlike that of Adunaic. Adunaic is the language of Numenor and is related to the language of the Men of the Vales of the Anduin. Westron or the Common Language, is descended from Adunaic. By the War of the Ring, all hobbits and humans speak Westron except the Woses, Dunlendings, and Rohirrim. The languages of Rhovanion and the Rohirrim were related to Westron.

Edain lived in Eriador under sway of Sauron.

Dunharrow was founded in the Second Age by the Men of the White Horn Mountains (White Mountains). The Men of the White Mountains were the ancestors of the Dunlendings. The statues at Dunharrow were called Pukel-men and featured crouching people with pot bellies and grimacing faces. The relationship between the Pukel-men and the Dunlendings is not known.

Druwaith Iaur was a land that at one time was inhabited by people related to the Woses and the Men of the Mountain. It was also called the Old Pukel-land.

The Dunlendings were a major power in the Second Age. They built many stone fortresses. They predated the founding of Gondor. Some Dunlendings were the descendants of the Haladin.

Dunlendings founded Bree. Other groups of Dunlendings later became primitive herders.

Erech was founded before Numenor. The King of the Mountains later swore allegiance to Isildur at the Stone of Erech.

Umbar also has a pre-Numenorean name but it is not known when the city was founded.

The Northmen of Rhovanion (Wilderland) were a strong confederation during the Second Age but they never have a united leader.

Sometime during the Second Age, Thranduil succeeded his father, Oropher, as king of Greenwood the Great. [It is not said when this happened but it may have been after SA 1350 - 1400, when Galadriel and Celeborn may have moved into Lothlorien. The War of the Elves and Sauron was in SA 1690s. That would be a likely time for Oropher to die. But Sauron was already active in Middle Earth and Oropher could have died from any number of reasons.]

SA 1 Grey Havens and Lindon were founded.

SA 32 Elros, the son of Eärendil took the throne of Númenor at Armenelos. Elros was 90. He was born 58 years before the Second Age began (FA 542?) His throne name was Tar-Minyatur. He ruled Númenor for 410 years from SA 32 - 442. He died in SA 442. His twin brother was Elrond.

The kings of Númenor were: 1) Elros Tar-Minyatur, 2) Vardamir Nólimon, 3) Tar-Amandil, 4) Tar-Elendil, 5) Tar-Meneldur, 6) Tar-Aldarion, 7) Tar-Ancalimë, 8) Tar-Anárion, 9) Tar-Súrion, 10) Tar-Telperien, 11) Tar-Minastir, 12) Tar-Ciryatan, 13) Tar-Atanamir the Great, 14) Tar-Ancalimon, 15) Tar-Telemmaaitë, 16) Tar-Vanimeldë/Tar-Anducal (Herucalmo), 17) Tar-Alcarin, 18) Tar-Calmacil (Ar-Belzagar), 19) Tar-Ardamin (Ar-Abattârik), 20) Ar-Adûnakhôr (Tar-Herunúmen), 21) Ar-Zimrathon (Tar-Hostamir), 22) Ar-Sakalthôr (Tar-Falassion), 23) Ar-Gimilzôr (Tar-Telemnar), 24) Tar-Palantir (Ar-Inziladûn), 25) Ar-Pharazon (Tar-Calion)/Tar Míriel (Ar-Zimraphel).

SA 40 Many Dwarves left their homes in Ered Luin and went to Moria.

SA 61 Vardamir, the son of Elros, was born.

SA 192 Tar-Amandil, son of Vardamir and grandson of Elros, was born.

SA 350 and 400 According to some drafts, Celeborn and Galadriel lived around Lake Nenuial (or Lake Evendim north of what would be the Shire) by this time. They became known as the Lord and Lady of the Eldar in Eriador. Noldor, Grey-Elves, Green-elves, and wandering groups of Nandorin Elves who had never moved to Ossiriand lived there. Their son, Amroth, was born between SA 350 and 500 at Lake Nenuial. Celebrían's birthplace and date are not known. She was born by Lake Nenuial or in Eregion before SA 1350 - 1400.

SA 350 Tar-Elendil, the son of Tar-Amandil and the great-grandson of Elros, was born.

SA 442 Elros Tar-Minyatur gave up his life at the age of 500. He had lived to see his great-grandchildren born.

SA 442 Vardamir Nólimon, the son of Elros, inherited the throne but gave it to his own son, Tar-Amandil. Vardamir Nólimon devoted his life to gathering the ancient lore of Elves and humans.

Tar-Amandil ruled from SA 442 - SA 590.

SA 471 Vardamir Nólimon, the son of Elros, died. He had surrendered the sceptre in SA 442.

SA 500 Sauron began to move again in Middle Earth.

SA 521 Silmarien, the daughter of Tar-Elendil, the son of Tar-Amandil, was born. She was the granddaughter of Tar-Amandil, the reigning king. Silmarien was the mother of Valandil. The Lords of Andúnië, and ultimately Elendil the Tall, were descended from her.

SA 543 Tar-Meneldur, son of Tar-Elendil (and grandson of Tar-Amandil) was born. Tar-Meneldur's birth name was Irimon.

SA 590 Tar-Amandil, son of Vardamir and grandson of Elros, gave up the throne. He had ruled for 148 years. He would not die until SA 603.

He was succeeded by his son, Tar-Elendil. Tar-Elendil, also called Parmaitë, made many books from the legends and lore gathered by his grandfather, Vardamir Nólimon. Tar-Elendil was the father of Silmarien and Tar-Meneldur. Tar-Elendil ruled from SA 590 - SA 740.

SA 600 Vëantur, Tar-Elendil's Captain of the King's Ships, traveled to Middle Earth. (Vëantur was born SA 451.) His ship was the Entulessë ("Return"). He followed the spring winds which pushed him to Mithlond. He returned to Númenor in autumn of SA 601. This marked the Númenoreans first venture to Middle Earth.

SA 700 Birth of Tar-Aldarion, son of Tar-Meneldur, the son of Tar-Elendil. His "right name" was Anardil but he was long known as Aldarion because of his love of timber and ship-building. Aldarion's sister was Ailinel. Tar-Aldarion would found Vinyalondë. He was the father of Tar-Ancalimë.

SA 700 Galadriel came to realize that there was an evil in the land so Galadriel and Celeborn moved eastwards and founded the Noldorin realm of Eregion around SA 700. Galadriel may have chosen to locate the realm near the Dwarves of Khazad-Dûm, which was growing as the Dwarves gradually left the eastern part of the Ered Lindon near Lake Nenuial and moved to Khazad-Dûm. Celeborn was less accepting of the Dwarves. He never forgave them for the destruction of Doriath even though it was only the Dwarves of Nogrod that destroyed Doriath. Nogrod's army was destroyed in the Battle of Sarn Athrad. So the Dwarves of Belegost who fled to Khazad-Dûm may have been innocent of the bloodshed at Doriath. Galadriel saw that Middle Earth would only be saved by a union of the different peoples and as a Noldor she had a natural affinity for the Dwarves.

SA 725 to 727 - Tar-Aldarion takes his first voyage to Middle Earth. He was the grandson of the reiging king, Tar-Elendil.

SA 740 Tar-Elendil surrendered the sceptre after reigning for 150 years. He would die in SA 751.

He was succeeded by his son, Tar-Meneldur. Tar-Meneldur took his name because of all the time he spent studying the stars. Meneldur's wife's name was Almarian, the daughter of Vëantur, who was Tar-Elendil's Captain of the King's Ships. Meneldur's elder sister was Silmarien. Tar-Meneldur reigned for 143 years from SA 740 - SA 883.

SA 750 - The Guild of Venturers was founded in Númenor.

c SA 750 (before TA 883) Tar-Aldarion founded Vinyalondë, the New Haven, at the mouth of the Gwathir or River of Shadow. The Gwathir was also called the Gwathlo or Greyflood. Vinyalondë was a Numenorean harbor and ship-yards in Eriador. Over time, the forests of the area were cut and the wood used for Numenorean ships. Vinyalondë was later called Lond Daer, or "Great Haven". It was also called Lond Daer Enedh, the Great Middle Haven, being between Lindon and Pelargir, so it must have lasted after Pelargir was founded. It was deserted by the time of the War of the Ring.

The Glanduin was the southern boundary of Eregion and the border with unfriendly pre-Numenoreans, such as the ancestors of the Dunlendings.

Tharbad was built up-river from Lond Daer and was a river-port and town where the North-South Road crossed the Gwathlo. It is not stated when the town was built. Tharbad was deserted by TA 2912.

SA 750 The Noldor founded Eregion. In the earliest drafts, Galadriel and Celeborn founded Eregion. Celebrimbor was originally a Noldorin craftsman and survivor of Gondolin. He later became the estranged grandson of Fëanor who stayed in Nargothrond when his father, Curufin, and his uncle, Celegorm, were kicked out. And he replaced Galadriel and Celeborn as Lord of Eregion. His friendship with the Dwarves is shown in the quote on the west gate at Khazad-Dûm, which said of its makers, "I, Narvi, made them. Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs." Ost-in-Edhil, the main city of Eregion, was founded in SA 750.

[The two versions of the story of Eregion could be reconciled by saying that Galadriel and Celeborn were the first Elves to come to Eregion and that Celebrimbor later became the dominant Elf Lord of Eregion, perhaps because Celeborn and Galadriel left.]

SA 771 Erendis was born. She was descended from Bereth, the sister of Baragund and Belegund. Bereth was the aunt of Morwen, mother of Túrin Turambar.

SA 800 Tar-Aldarion, son of Tar-Meneldur, was proclaimed the King's heir.

SA 806 to 813 Aldarion went on a seven year voyage.

SA 824 to 829 Aldarion left in 7 ships in defiance of his father, Meneldur.

SA 829 to 843 Aldarion went on a 14 year voyage.

SA 858 Aldarion and Erendis were betrothed.

SA 863 to 869 Aldarion went on another voyage.

SA 870 Aldarion and Erendis were married.

SA 873 Tar-Ancalimë was born in the spring. She was the daughter of Aldarion and Erendis.

SA 877 Aldarion set sail again.

SA 882 Aldarion and his wife, Erendis, separated because of Aldarion's long absences at sea.

SA 883 Tar-Meneldur surrendered the sceptre because of Gil-galad's uneasiness in Lindon. Gil-galad had become aware that a hostile spirit was at work in Middle Earth. Meneldur would not die until SA 942.

He was succeeded by his son, Tar-Aldarion. Tar-Aldarion reigned for 192 years. Aldarion was a great mariner and ship-builder and he was a friend of Gil-galad. Tar-Aldarion ruled from SA 883 - SA 1075.

SA 1000 Tar-Ancalimë, daughter of Tar-Aldarion, married Hallacar, son of Hallatan, a descendant of Vardamir, after being pressured to resign (as heir) by Soronto, Aldarion's nephew and potential heir. Soronto's mother was Ailinel, the elder sister of Aldarion.

SA 1000 Sauron began to build Barad-dûr in Mordor.

SA 1003 Tar-Anárion, son of Tar-Ancalimë and Hallacar, was born. There was strife between Tar-Ancalimë and Hallacar after the birth of their son.

SA 1075 Tar-Aldarion surrendered the sceptre to his daughter Tar-Ancalimë.

Tar-Ancalimë was the first Ruling Queen. This made Soronto, Aldarion's nephew and potential heir, upset. Tar-Ancalimë reigned for 205 years from SA 1075 - SA 1280.

SA 1098 Tar-Aldarion the father of Tar-Ancalimë, died. (He had surrendered the sceptre in SA 1075). After her father's death, Tar-Ancalimë ignored Aldarion's friendship with Gil-galad.

SA 1174 Tar-Súrion, the third child of Tar-Anárion, the son of Tar-Ancalimë, was born. He had two older sisters.

SA 1200 Sauron took on a fair form and came to Eregion as Annatar. He said that the Valar had sent him to help the Elves. The Valar did in fact send help to the Elves through Gandalf and the Istari. Sauron found that Celebrimbor wanted to rival the feats of his grandfather, Fëanor. Sauron realized that Galadriel would be a big threat to him and he tried to win her over. Galadriel rebuffed him but she never sent him out of Eregion. Sauron and Celebrimbor formed a secret society called the Gwaith-i-Mírdain. The Elves learned a lot under "Annatar". Later drafts do not mention Galadriel and Celeborn in Eregion.

SA 1200 The Numenoreans begin to establish permanent towns in Middle Earth.

SA 1280 Tar-Ancalimë surrendered the sceptre to her son, Tar-Anárion.

Tar-Anárion succeeded to the throne. He reigned for 114 years from SA 1280 - SA 1394.

SA 1285 Tar-Ancalimë died. (She had surrendered the sceptre in SA 1280).

SA 1320 Tar-Telperien, daughter of Tar-Súrion, was born. Her younger brother was Isilmo. Tar-Telperien was the granddaughter of Tar-Anárion, the reigning king, and the great-granddaughter of Tar-Ancalimë.

SA 1350 - 1400 Sauron got the Gwaith-i-Mírdain to revolt against Celeborn and Galadriel in Eregion.

SA 1350 - 1400 (or as late as the Third Age) Galadriel left Eregion and went through Khazad-Dûm to the Nandorin realm of Lórinand (Lothlórien) on the other side of the Misty Mountains. She brought many Noldorin with her including Celebrían and (in some versions) Amroth. There she began to rule. Celeborn would not enter the realm of the Dwarves. He stayed in Eregion where he was ignored by Celebrimbor. Later drafts do not mention Galadriel and Celeborn in Eregion.

Lórinand included the forests on both sides of the Great River (Anduin), including what was later Dol Guldur. The area had no rulers. Both Sindarin and Noldorin Elves came to live there.

By the Second Age, Oropher, the father of Thranduil and the grandfather of Legolas, withdrew the Silvan Elves north of the Gladden Fields to avoid the growing power of the Dwarves of Khazad-Dûm. Before then, they had ranged as far north as the woods around the Lonely Mountain and as far south as Lórien (they had been "neighbours" of their relatives in Lórien). Oropher also did not appreciate Celeborn and Galadriel's takeover of Lórien, which may have taken place as early as SA 1350 to 1400 or as late as the Third Age.

SA 1394 Tar-Anárion surrendered the sceptre to his son, Tar-Súrion. Tar-Súrion's two older sisters refused the sceptre. Tar-Anárion died in SA 1404.

Tar-Súrion succeeded to the throne and reigned for 162 years from SA 1394 - SA 1556.

SA 1474 Tar-Minastir, son of Isilmo, was born. Isilmo was the second child of Tar-Súrion. Tar-Telperien was Isilmo's first child. Tar-Minastir was thus the nephew of Tar-Telperien.

SA 1556 Tar-Súrion surrendered the sceptre to his daughter, Tar-Telperien. Tar-Súrion had reigned for 162 years. He died in SA 1574.

Tar-Telperien succeeded to the throne as the second Ruling Queen of Númenor. She ruled for 175 years. She refused to marry. She ruled from SA 1556 - SA 1731.

SA 1590 The Three Rings were made in Eregion by Celebrimbor.

Sauron left Eregion and Celebrimbor, who had been deceived by Sauron over the One Ring, went to Lórinand to consult Galadriel. They should have destroyed the three Rings of Power but instead they split them up. Celebrimbor gave Galadriel the White Ring, which Galadriel used to strengthen her realm. The other two rings were given to Gil-galad in Lindon. The three rings had been made by Celebrimbor alone.

SA 1600 Sauron forged the One Ring in Orodruin and completed Barad-dûr.

SA 1634 Tar-Ciryatan, the son of Tar-Minastir, was born. Tar-Ciryatan was the great-nephew of Tar-Telperien, the reigning queen.

SA 1693 The War of the Elves and Sauron began.

SA 1695-1697 Sauron's forces invaded Eriador. Gil-galad sent Elrond to Eregion.

Celeborn's forces turned Sauron's forces for a time and Celeborn's force was able to join Elrond's force, which Gil-galad had sent out, but ultimately Sauron's much larger force won. Celebrimbor was tortured and he revealed the locations of all but the Three Rings of Power. Celebrimbor was then killed.

Elrond's forces were only saved when Durin sent out an army of Dwarves from Khazad-Dûm. They attacked Sauron from the rear.

The Elves of Lórinand under Amroth came with the Dwarves.

Elrond escaped and founded Imladris in SA 1697.

The Dwarves and the Elves of Lórinand fled to the protection of Khazad-Dûm. Sauron then ravaged Eregion. The remaining Elves of the area fled north to Imladris.

SA 1699 Eriador was now in ruins. It was determined that the Elves would maintain Imladris rather than Eregion. Gil-galad gave Vilya, the Blue Ring to Elrond, who became his vice-regent in Eriador. Gil-galad kept the Red Ring until the day he set out in the days of the Last Alliance. At that time he gave the Red Ring to Círdan.

SA 1701 Sauron marched on Gil-galad to take one of the three Rings of Power but Lindon was ultimately saved by the Númenóreans.

SA 1731 Tar-Telperien surrendered the sceptre after 175 years of rule. She died later the same year.

She was succeeded by Tar-Minastir, son of Isilmo, the second child of Tar-Súrion. Tar-Minastir built a tower on the hill of Oromet near Andúnië in the west. He often gazed westward for he loved the Eldar but he also envied them. He sent a great fleet to help Gil-galad fight Sauron. Tar-Minastir ruled from SA 1731 - SA 1869.

SA 1800 Tar-Atanamir, son of Tar-Ciryatan, was born. Tar-Atanamir was the grandson of Tar-Minastir, the reigning king.

SA 1869 Tar-Minastir surrendered the sceptre after 138 years of rule. He died in SA 1873.

He was succeeded by Tar-Ciryatan, who was a mighty but greedy king. He built many royal ships and his servants oppressed the people of Middle-Earth and brought back a lot of metals and gems. He scorned the yearnings of his father and went on many voyages to the east, north, and south until he took the sceptre. It was said that he made his father give up the sceptre before he was ready to and that this was a sign of the Shadow coming to Númenor. Tar-Ciryatan ruled from SA 1869 - SA 2029.

SA 1986 Tar-Ancalimon was born. He was the son of Tar-Atanamir "the Great" and the grandson of Tar-Ciryatan, the reigning king.

SA 2029 Tar-Ciryatan surrendered the sceptre after 160 years of rule. He died in SA 2035.

He was succeeded by Tar-Atanamir the Great, who was a proud and greedy king. During his reign, the Númenoreans demanded a heavy tribute from the coastal peoples of Middle Earth. The Shadow fell on Númenor during this time and people began to speak against the ban of the Valar, although they did not defy the ban. Atanamir was also called the Unwilling because he refused to lay down his life or surrender the sceptre. He ruled from SA 2029 to SA 2221.

SA 2136 Tar-Telemmaaitë was born. He was the son of Tar-Ancalimon and the grandson of Tar-Atanamir, the reiging king.

SA 2221 Tar-Atanamir "the Great" (or the Unwilling) died after 192 years of rule.

He was succeeded by Tar-Ancalimon. During Tar-Ancalimon's reign the gap between the King's Men and the few who were still friends with the Eldar grew. Many of the King's Men stopped using the Elvish language and did not teach it to their children. The royal titles were still given in Quenya out of the fear of breaking with tradition. Tar-Ancalimon ruled from SA 2221 - SA 2386.

SS 2251 The Nazgul appeared.

SA 2277 Tar-Vanimeldë, the daughter of Tar-Telemmaaitë, was born. She was the granddaughter of Tar-Ancalimon, the reigning king.

SA 2280 Umbar became the chief Numenorean harbor and fortress on the mainland. Tne name was pre-Numenorean in origin.

SA 2286 Tar-Anducal (Herucalmo) was born. He was a descendant of Atanamir the Great.

SA 2350 Pelargir was founded. It also became a haven for Numenoreans.

Lond Daer Enedh (ancient Vinyalonde) was inhabited at least until the founding of Pelargir.

SA 2386 Tar-Ancalimon died after ruling for 165 years.

He was succeeded by his son, Tar-Telemmaaitë. Tar-Telemmaaitë ruled from SA 2386 - SA 2526.

SA 2516 Tar-Calmacil was born.

SA 2526 Tar-Telemmaaitë died after 140 years of rule. Beginning with him, the king of queen did not give up his or her scepter until he or she died.

He was succeeded by his daughter, Tar-Vanimeldë. She was the third Ruling Queen. She loved music and dance and spent little time ruling. The power was held by her husband, Herucalmo. Herucalmo was younger than Tar-Vanimeldë but he was also descended from Tar-Atanamir.

SA 2618 Tar-Ardamin, son of Tar-Calmacil, was born.

SA 2630 Gimilzagar, the second son of Tar-Calmacil, was born. Gimilzagar was the ancestor of Inzilbêth, wife of Ar-Gimilzôr.

SA 2637 Tar-Vanimeldë died. Tar-Vanimeldë's husband, Herucalmo, claimed the throne under the name, Tar-Anducal. Some do not count him as king.

SA 2657 Tar-Anducal (Herucalmo), husband of Tar-Vanimeldë's, died.

He was succeeded by his son, Tar-Alcarin, who had been the rightful king. Tar-Alcarin ruled from SA 2657 - SA 2737. Some considered his reign to be from SA 2637 - 2737.

SA 2709 Ar-Adûnakhôr was born.

SA 2737 Tar-Alcarin died. He had ruled for 80 years and had been the rightful king for 100 years.

He was succeeded by Tar-Calmacil. His name came from the years he spent as a captain before the took the sceptre. He conquered much of the coasts of Middle Earth and earned the ire of Sauron, who chose to retreat to the East. In the time of Tar-Calmacil, the name of the king was first given in Adûnaic. His name in Adûnaic was Ar-Belzagar. Tar-Calmacil ruled from SA 2737 - SA 2825.

SA 2798 Ar-Zimrathon (Tar-Hostamir) was born.

SA 2825 Tar-Calmacil died.

He was succeeded by Tar-Ardamin, who ruled from SA 2825 - 2899.

SA 2876 Ar-Sakalthôr (Tar-Falassion) was born.

SA 2899 Tar-Ardamin died after 74 years of rule. His name in Adûnaic was Ar-Abattârik.

He was succeeded by Ar-Adûnakhôr. He was the first king to take a throne name in Adûnaic. He also had a name in Quenya, Tar-Herunúmen. The Faithful felt that this name was blasphemous because it meant "Lord of the West", which was a title for the Valar and especially for Manwë. During Ar-Adûnakhôr's reign, the Elven languages could no longer be spoken or taught. The Faithful continued to teach them in secret. Ships from Eressëa seldom came and then only to the western shores of Númenor in secret. Ar-Adûnakhôr ruled from SA 2899 - 2962.

SA 2960 Ar-Gimilzôr (Tar-Telemnar) was born.

SA 2962 Ar-Adûnakhôr died after 63 years of rule.

He was succeeded by Ar-Zimrathon (Tar-Hostamir). Ar-Zimrathon ruled from SA 2962 - 3033.

SA 3033 Ar-Zimrathon died after 71 years of rule.

He was succeeded by Ar-Sakalthôr (Tar-Falassion). He ruled from SA 3033 - 3102.

SA 3035 Tar-Palantir (Ar-Inziladûn), the first son of Ar-Gimilzôr and Inzilbêth was born. He followed the ways of Inzilbêth and the Faithful.

SA 3044 Gimilkhâd, the younger son of Ar-Gimilzôr and Inzilbêth was born. He followed the ways of his father, Ar-Gimilzôr.

SA 3102 Ar-Sakalthôr died after 69 years of rule.

He was succeeded by Ar-Gimilzôr (Tar-Telemnar). Ar-Gimilzôr completely forbade the use of the Elvish tongues and did not allow the Eldar to come to Númenor. He punished those who welcomed the Eldar. He never went to the Hallow of Eru. Ar-Gimilzôr ruled from SA 3102 - 3177.

Ar-Gimilzôr was married to Inzilbêth. Inzilbêth was descended from Tar-Calmacil but was secretly one of the Faithful. Her mother was Lindôrië of the Lords of Andûnië. There was strife between the sons of Ar-Gimilzôr and Inzilbêth. The elder son was Inziladûn, who followed the ways of his mother. The younger son was Gimilkhâd and he followed the ways of his father. Ar-Gimilzôr was unable to make his younger son his heir.

SA 3117 Tar Míriel was born, the daughter of the faithful Tar-Palantir. She died in the Fall of Númenor.

SA 3177 Ar-Gimilzôr died after 75 years of rule.

He was succeeded by Tar-Palantir (Ar-Inziladûn), the eldest son of Ar-Gimilzôr and Inzilbêth. Tar-Palantir repented of the ways of the kings before him and would have restored the frienship with the Eldar. He took his name because he was far-sighted in vision and mind. He was known as a true-seer. He spent a lot of time in Andúnië because his grandmother, Lindórië was a sister of Eärendur, the fifteenth Lord and grandfather of Númendil, who was Lord of Andúnië in the days of Tar-Palantir. Tar-Palantir often went to the ancient tower of Tar-Minastir and look west, hoping to see ships coming from Eressëa. But they never came. Tar-Palantir's younger brother, Gimilkhâd, became the leader of the King's Party and he resisted Tar-Palantir's will as much as he could. The Faithful had peace during Tar-Palantir's reign. Once again, a king went to the Hallow of Eru and the White Tree was tended to. Tar-Palantir prophesied that when the Tree died then the line of Kings would also die. Tar-Palantir married late and had no sons. His daughter was Míriel.

SA 3243 Gimilkhâd, the younger son of Ar-Gimilzôr and Inzilbêth, died.

SA 3255 Tar-Palantir died after 78 years of rule.

He should have been succeeded by his daughter, Tar Míriel. But after his death, Ar-Pharazon, the son of Gimilkhâd, forced Tar Míriel to marry him and he seized the throne as Ar-Pharazon (Tar-Calion). He called Tar Míriel "Ar-Zimraphel".

SA 3319 Ar-Pharazon set sail for the Undying Lands, which led to the Downfall of Númenor. Ar-Pharazon, Tar Míriel, and many others are killed in the Downfall. Elendil escaped to Pelargir.

In some drafts, Amdír, a Sindarin Elf, ruled Lórien around the destruction of Númenor in the Second Age. Amdír may also be known as Malgalad of Lórien. Amdír later died at the Battle of Dagorlad during the Last Alliance of Men and Elves and was succeeded by his son, Amroth.

SA 3320 Elendil founded and ruled in Arnor, the senior Dunadan kingdom. Annuminas was built by Elendil and became the first capital of Arnor. Annuminas was deserted between TA 250 and 861 and later rebuilt by Elessar/Aragorn. Fornost was the capital of Arnor by TA 861. Fornost was later captured by Angmar in TA 1974 and its palantir lost.

SA 3320 Gondor was founded by Elendil. Gondor was to be ruled jointly by his two sons, Isildur and Anárion. Anárion was (in all sources save Tolkien and Middle Earth for Dummies) the younger son of Elendil the Tall.

SA 3320 Osgiliath was the first capital of Gondor. It is not stated when Osgiliath was built. Perhaps it was built in SA 3320. It was located between Minas Anor and Minas Ithil.

SA 3320 Isildur brought the Stone of Erech to Middle Earth from Númenor. The Stone was a black spherical stone that was 10 feet in diameter. Isildur set it on top of the ancient Hill of Erech in Morthond Vale as a symbole of the royalty of Gondor and its kinships with Númenor. The Men of the White Mountains were required to swear fealty on it. They later broke this oath. Much later they were summoned to the Stone of Erech to fulfill that vow and find peace.

SA 3320 Minas Anor (called Minas Tirith after TA 2002) was built by Anárion. The royal court (the King's House) was moved to Minas Anor in TA 1640.

SA 3320 Minas Ithil (called Minas Morgul after TA 2002) was built by Isildur.

SA 3320 Sauron returned to Mordor.

SA 3429 Sauron attacked Gondor. Ithilien and Minas Ithil was taken and the White Tree burned. Isildur fled to Arnor and joined Elendil. Anárion continued to defend Minas Anor and Osgiliath.

SA 3430 The Last Alliance was formed.

SA 3431 Gil-Galad and Elendil marched east to Imladris.

SA 3434 The Battle of Dagorlad was fought in front of the Black Gate. It was a victory for the Last Alliance of the Elves and Men. After this, the Last Alliance laid seige to Barad-dûr.

In some drafts, Amdír, the King of the Woodland (Grey) Elves in Lórien, died at the Battle of Dagorlad during the Last Alliance of Men and Elves. He was succeeded by his son, Amroth. In some versions, Galadriel and Celeborn did not rule Lórien until the Third Age. [Perhaps Amdír was the leader of a faction in Lórien that joined the Last Alliance or perhaps Galadriel and Celeborn had temporarily left Lórien for a time. Galadriel could have gone to Imladris to meet up with Celeborn. In some versions, Amroth is the son of Galadriel and Celeborn and the brother of Celebrían.]

SA 3440 Anárion was killed.

SA 3441 Sauron was overthrown. Elendil and Gil-galad were killed. The Second Age came to an end.

- Sources -

Appendices of the Lord of the Rings, J.R.R. Tolkien.

The Atlas of Middle-Earth, Karen Wynn Fonstad, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973, 1991.

The Complete Guide to Middle Earth: Tolkien's World From A to Z, Robert Foster, New York: Ballantine, 1978, 2001.

The Complete Tolkien Companion, by J. E. A. Tyler, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 1976, 1979, 2004 (3rd edition).

The Silmarillion, J.R.R. Tolkien.

Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia, David Day, New York: Fireside/Simon and Schuster, 1991.

Unfinished Tales: The Lost Lore of Middle-Earth, JRR and Christopher Tolkien, New York: Ballantine Books, 1980, 1988.

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