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workstation

a high-performance computer system that is basically designed for a single user and has advanced graphics capabilities, large storage capacity, and a powerful microprocessor (central processing unit). A workstation is more capable than a personal computer (PC) but is less advanced than a midrange computer (which can manage a large network of peripheral PCs or workstations and handle immense data-processing and reporting tasks). The term workstation is also sometimes ascribed to dumb terminals (i.e., without any processing capacity) that are connected to mainframe computers.

Most workstation microprocessors employ reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture, as opposed to the complex instruction set computing (CISC) used in most PCs. Because it reduces the number of instructions permanently stored in the microprocessor, RISC architecture streamlines and accelerates data processing. A corollary of that feature is that applications software run by workstations must include more instructions and complexity than CISC-architecture applications. Workstation microprocessors typically offer 32-bit addressing (indicative of data-processing speed), compared to the exponentially slower 16-bit systems found in most PCs. Some advanced workstations employ 64-bit processors, which possess four billion times the data-addressing capacity of 32-bit machines.

Their raw processing power allows high-end workstations to accommodate high-resolution or three-dimensional graphic interfaces, sophisticated multitask software, and advanced abilities to communicate with other computers. Workstations are used primarily to perform computationally intensive scientific and engineering tasks. They have also found favour in some complex financial and business applications. In addition, high-end workstations often serve a network of attached "client" PCs, which use resident tools and applications to access and manipulate data stored on the workstation.

The workstation was developed in the United States in 1981 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for its Apollo space program and was introduced commercially in 1983. The chief delineation between PCs and workstations has traditionally been the latter's advanced graphics and data-processing capabilities. But advanced graphic interfaces, powerful microprocessors, and the integration of RISC technology into high-end PCs makes them barely distinguishable from low-end workstations. Likewise, high-end, 64-bit workstations closely mimic the processing prowess of some midrange computer systems.

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