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Distributed computing

The building of networks and the establishment of communication protocols have led to distributed systems, in which computers linked in a network cooperate on tasks. A distributed database system, for example, consists of databases (see the section Information systems and databases) residing on different network sites. Data may be deliberately replicated on several different computers for enhanced availability and reliability, or the linkage of computers on which databases already reside may accidentally cause an enterprise to find itself with distributed data. Software that provides coherent access to such distributed data then forms a distributed database management system.

Client-server architecture

The client-server architecture has become important in designing systems that reside on a network. In a client-server system, one or more clients (processes) and one or more servers (also processes, such as database managers or accounting systems) reside on various host sites of a network. Client-server communication is supported by facilities for interprocess communication both within and between hosts. Clients and servers together allow for distributed computation and presentation of results. Clients interact with users, providing an interface to allow the user to request services of the server and to display the results from the server. Clients usually do some interpretation or translation, formulating commands entered by the user into the formats required by the server. Clients may provide system security by verifying the identity and authorization of the users before forwarding their commands. Clients may also check the validity and integrity of user commands; for example, they may restrict bank account transfers to certain maximum amounts. In contrast, servers never initiate communications; instead they wait to respond to requests from clients. Ideally, a server should provide a standardized interface to clients that is transparent, i.e., an interface that does not require clients to be aware of the specifics of the server system (hardware and software) that is providing the service. In today's environment, in which local area networks are common, the client-server architecture is very attractive. Clients are made available on individual workstations or personal computers, while servers are located elsewhere on the network, usually on more powerful machines. In some discussions the machines on which client and server processes reside are themselves referred to as clients and servers.

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