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The rise of quantitative research and computers
The emphasis on theory building and theory
integrating after World War II was perhaps a reaction
against the emphasis on methodology inherent in the
historical and institutional studies of the 1930s. In
turn, the renewed interest in empirical research after
the behavioral decade probably was a reaction against
the excessively intensive theorizing. Only part of the
renewal of interest in data gathering and data analysis
can be accounted for in this way, however. The marked
increase in quantitative data studies after the
mid-1960s has resulted from the direct influence of the computer.
Computerization came late to the field of international
relations; how to use the machines to good advantage was
not apparent at first because most observations on the
conditions of international relations are recorded in
narrative or literary form.
The first big discovery about computers in the study
of international relations was that they could be made
to serve the function of marvelously efficient
librarians. By placing data collections under computer
management, researchers could improve their
investigations by incorporating vastly larger
collections of facts in their work. Facts that had a
narrative, nonquantitative form could be included in
storage and retrieval systems almost as readily as
numerical data. The second revelation was that by
systematic coding and counting, many kinds of
nonquantitative data could be transformed into
quantitative indicator information and then be condensed
and evaluated by mathematical and statistical
procedures. Vistas on new research possibilities were
opened and exploratory studies were made in a number of
directions. Through quantitative, computer-assisted
research detailed, painstaking examination of historical
records has again become important. The new research
also gives promise of bringing the interests of academic
theory and research into closer accord with the
interests of government analysts and the practitioners
of diplomacy.
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