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Distributed operating systems
With the advent of computer networks, in which
many computers are linked together and are able to
communicate with one another, distributed computing
became feasible. A distributed computation is one that
is carried out on more than one machine in a cooperative
manner. A group of linked computers working
cooperatively on tasks, referred to as a distributed
system, often requires a distributed operating system to
manage the distributed resources. Distributed operating
systems must handle all the usual problems of operating
systems, such as deadlock. Distributed deadlock is very
difficult to prevent; it is not feasible to number all
the resources in a distributed system. Hence, deadlock
must be detected by some scheme that incorporates
substantial communication among network sites and
careful synchronization, lest network delays cause
deadlocks to be falsely detected and processes aborted
unnecessarily. Inter process communication must be
extended to processes residing on different network
hosts, since the loosely coupled architecture of computer
networks requires that all communication be done by
message passing. Important systems concerns unique to
the distributed case are workload sharing, which
attempts to take advantage of access to multiple
computers to complete jobs faster; task migration, which
supports workload sharing by efficiently moving jobs
among machines; and automatic task replication at
different sites for greater reliability. These concerns,
in addition to the overall design of distributed
operating systems and their interaction with the
operating systems of the component computers, are
subjects of current research.
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