Sex has to be determined in cases of

1. Marriage, & Divorce,
2. Legitimacy,
3. Impotence,
4. Rape, etc.

Sex Chromatin :

It is a small plano-convex mass, lying near nuclear membrane. In the buccal smear , the percentage of nuclei containing chromatin body ranges from o to 4 in males and 20 to 80 in females.

[1] Hermaphroditism,

[2] Concealed sex,

[3] Advanced decomposition, and

(4) Skeleton.

INTER-SEX:

Characters of both sexes present in one individual .

It results from some defect in the embryonic development.

It can be divided into four groups.

[1] Gonadal Agenesis:

In this condition the testes or ovaries have never developed.

The nuclear sex is negative.

[2] Gonadal Dysgenesis

In this condition, the external sexual structures are present, but at puberty the testes or the ovaries fail to develop.

(A) Klinefelter's Syndrome :

In this condition, the anatomical structure is male but the nuclear sexing is female.

The sex chromosome pattern is, XXY.(47 chromosomes).

It is usually diagnosed when there is a delay of puberty, behavioral disorders and mental retardation.

Axillary and pubic hair .are absent, and hair on chest and chin are reduced.

Gynecomastia, azoospermia. low levels of Teslosterone, Sterility, increased urinary gonadotrophins, signs of eunachoidism and increased Testicular dysgnesis; and hyalinisation of seminiferous tubules is seen. histologically.

(Bl Turner's Syndrome :

In this condition, the anatomical structure is female,

But the nuclear .sexing is male.

It can be recognised at birth by oedema of the dorsum of the hands and feet, loose skin folds in the nape of the neck .low birth weight and short stature.

It is characterised by:

Primary amenorrhoea,

sterility,

lack of development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics,

increased urinary gonadotrophin excretion,

short stature,

pigmented naevi,

a short fourth metatarsal webbed-neck shield-chest wide-set nipples,

high arched palate,

low-set ears,

slow growth,

learning problems,

spina-bifida,

coarctation aorta,

septal defects,

renal defects,

Cushing' syndrome and a high incidence of diabetes mellitus.

The gonads do not contain primordial follicles. The sex chromosome pattern is XO (45 chromosomes).

This is a very rare condition of Bi-sexuality in which an ovary and a testicle or two ovo-testis are present with the external genitalia of both sexes.

The gonad may be abdominal, inguinal or labio-scrotal in position.

There may be uterus.

Phallus may be penile or clitoral; the labia may be bifid as in female or fused resembling the scrotum of the male. Neither gonad is completely functional.

The somatic sex chromatin may be male or female.

(4) ] Pseudo-hermaphroditism:

In this condition the presence of gonadal tissue of only one sex is seen internally. but external appearance is of the opposite sex

(A] Male pseudo hermaphroditism:

Nuclear sex is XY, but sex organs and sexual characteristics deviate to female form, because of testicular feminisation.

Nuclear -sex is XX, but deviation of sex organs and sexual characters towards male are seen, due to adrenal hyperplasia.

Concealed Sex;

Criminals may conceal their sex to avoid detection by changing dress or by other methods. This can be detected by physical examination. In advanced putrefaction, sex can be determined by identifying uterus or prostate

Recognisable sex differences do not appear until after puberty except in the pelvis, and the accuracy is about 75 to 80%.

The determination of sex is based mainly upon the appearances of the pelvis, the skull the sternum and the long bones. Additional information may be obtained from the scapula and metacarpal bones.

Medullary Index:

The sex of the long bones can be determined on the basis of their medullary index from tibia, humerus, ulna and radius. There is also a correlation between this index and the age of the subject.

According to Krogman, the degree of accuracy in sexing adult skeletal remains is as follows :

Entire skeleton 100 percent

Pelvis alone 95 percent

Skull alone 90 percent

Pelvis plus skull 98 percent

Long bones alone 80 percent