Civil War (1860 - 1864)
-April 1862 - Congress passed bill abolishing slavery in District of Columbia
-June 1862 - outlawed slavery in territories
-July 1862 - Confiscation Act
-September 1863 - Emancipation Proclamation
-May 1863 - Bureau of Colored Troops
-Massachusetts 54th regiment
Post-Civil War - Reconstruction (1864 - 1877)
-Black Codes
-13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments (1865) (1868) (1870)
-Freedman�s Bureau
-Civil Rights Act (1866)
-Reconstruction Acts with enfranchising African Americans
-�Carpetbaggers�
-Sharecropping
-�Black Republican� governments
-Union League of America
-Ku Klux Klan, White Camelia, Pale Faces
-Force Acts (1870 - 1871)
Post-Reconstruction, The Progressive Era, and World War I (1877 - 1917)
-Segregation, lynchings (most in south), almost total suppression of black rights in south
-Literacy tests and Poll taxes to vote
-Hall v. De Cuir (1878), Civil Rights Cases (1883), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
-Booker T. Washington - Atlanta Compromise
-Slater Fund and Peabody Fund - Hampton Institute and Tuskegee Institute
-T. Thomas Fortune - Afro-American League (1887)
-Southern farmer voting power divided - Colored Alliance and Populists
-William E. B. Du Bois - The Crisis
-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP - 1909)
-Carter G. Woodson - Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (1915)
- During WWI -
-Wartime �great migration� - strikebreakers
-Blacks fought in segregated units, few were commissioned officers
The Roaring Twenties
-Continued migration to north - ghettos - concentration did allowed for political power
-Organized labor still reluctant to admit black workers
-Marcus Garvey - Universal Negro Improvement Association
-The �Harlem Renaissance� - Jazz music
The New Deal (1933-1941)
-Black vote shifts to Democratic party
-Blacks were shortchanged in most New Deal programs, but �Half a loaf was more than any American government had given blacks since the U.S. Grant�
-Charles Foreman, Mary McLeod Bethune, William Hastie
-CIO accepted black members
World War II (1941 - 1945)
-Hitler�s racism caused many whites to reexamine their view on race
-Treated more fairly than in WWI in armed forces - 1st black general in army
-Still segregated
-Labor shortage caused intense migration to cities
-Fair Employment Practices Committee
Post-World War II to Watergate (1946 - 1973)
-Color barrier broken in baseball (1947)
-Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) - reversed Plessy decision
-Thurgood Marshall
-1957 Little Rock, Arkansas high school incident
-Civil Rights Act of 1957
-Civil Rights Commission, Civil Rights Division in Dept. of Justice
-Gradual development of southern black middle class
-Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr.
--Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
-Sit-ins - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (1960)
-Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X
-Birmingham and Washington demonstrations
- 1964 Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Watts riot and 1967 riots - Governor Otto Kerner of Illinois
-Black Panther party - Eldridge Cleaver
