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See the Hair Formula 37 Hair Supplement
Vitamins and your hair
(a report)
Product Research Division - Scientific
Research Basis
Report To: CosVetic Laboratories, Atlanta,
GA
Report By: Paul Hagan, MS, Atlanta,
Georgia
Index:
Growth and Development
of Hair || Aging of the Human Scalp || Zinc
|| Copper
Manganese and Iron
|| Iodine || Folic Acid and B12
|| Choline and Inositol
Calcium Pantothenate
|| Niacin || Diet and Your Hair
In response to your request for information
regarding the growth and nutrition of hair, particularly scalp hair of
humans, I have done extensive research on the matter and wish to give you
the following report:
I. Growth
and Development of Hair
According to Myers and Hamilton (1)
a follicle of the human scalp produces approximately .35 millimeters of
hair shaft per day. Regardless of its size, only a small mass of cells
at the base of the follicle, the matrix, produces this germinative tissue,
and for the synthesis of complex proteins farther up in the follicle, to
produce this much hair is of a magnitude greater than is found in most
tissues (2). Within each follicle, mitotic activity of the cells of the
matrix and synthesis of protein go on unceasingly as long as the hair is
growing; growth, however, is periodically abruptly arrested and generation
of a hair ceases. At this time there is a destruction of the major portion
of the hair root and what cells remain enter a period of absolute quiescence.
After a variable interval of time, the dormant follicle bursts into activity.
A period of organogenesis follows during which an entirely new hair root
is regenerated and the production of a hair is resumed. The cycles of growth
of each follicle consist of the building up and tearing down of the structure.
After a period of rest the follicle is built anew from raw materials and
each hair follicle goes through the identical processes. It is important
to point out at this point that many of the metabolic requirements of the
cells of the hair follicle must be met at this time or adequate and optimal
hair growth will not occur. This means that certain vitamins and minerals
must be present in adequate proportions or there will be faulty or nonexistent
hair growth.
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Abundant ribonucleic acid (RNA) is
characteristic of those cells of the hair follicle that carry out appreciable
protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is found only in the nucleus
of the hair follicle cell. Like that of RNA, the content of DNA increases
in cells during division. An increase in DNA content appears to be indirectly
related to an increase in protein synthesis (3).
For this reason, those nutritional
factors such as folic acid and B12 which are vital for synthesis of some
of the building blocks of nucleic acid must be included in and formula
for hair growth. These will be covered later in this report.
Flesch (7) has reviewed the effect
of diet on hair growth and states that impaired growth or loss of hair
is a common and early nonspecific response to many nutritional deficiencies
in animals. Van Koetsveld (8) has reviewed work on the influence of feeding
on the coats of animals.
In actively growing cells of the hair
follicle, the glycogen content has been shown to be greatly increased (4&5).
Very little of the glycogen is present in resting follicles and Montagna
(6) assumes that the glycogen in the outer root sheath of the follicle
is the source of the energy for protein synthesis during hair growth. For
this reason, enzymes related to glucose metabolism and glycogen build-up
are very important in hair growth and those minerals and vitamins used
by the body as cofactors must be present in adequate amounts.
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II. Aging
of the Human Scalp
Montagna and Ellis (9) have done studies
of the capillaries surrounding the hair follicles and have called attention
to some of the striking changes that occur during the aging process in
the human scalp. These observations have led to a comprehensive survey
of the human male scalp from birth to senescence, and it will be shown
that remarkable changes do occur in the cutaneous structure of the scalp
and their accompanying blood vessels.
Certain aging changes in the human
male scalp such as a receding hairline, the gradual thinning and graying
of the hair, and, frequently, the partial or complete balding are quite
apparent. These are changes that involve the hair follicle and are the
result of interactions between the sex hormones of the male and the genetic
constitution of the individual (10). In Montagna and Ellis' book (see reference
2, page 474) they adequately demonstrate the fact that in an older person
the total number of the capillary loops supplying the hair follicles is
considerably diminished. This diminution of blood supplied to the hair
follicle would of necessity require either greater blood flow through these
follicles or an increased amount of nutrients of various types such as
vitamins, minerals and amino acids in order to supple the hair follicle
with the same amount of these materials. Since the former is unlikely,
it appears that the latter course, mainly supplying more nutrients, would
be the most logical way to keep the hair follicle in its presenescent state.
Bullough (12) has shown that mitotic
activity in the epidermis is dependent upon an adequate supply of glucose
and oxygen. The scant subepidermal circulation in the aged scalp cannot
provide a very rich supply of nutrients to the epidermis. The loss of rete
pegs results in a considerable decrease in surface area at the dermal-epidermal
junction, and this might be considered to be a compensatory factor.
The causes of the circulatory changes
are not known. There is a distinct correlation between the presence of
hair in the scalp and the integrity of the subepidermal plexus of blood
vessels. Even the scalps of very old subjects have remnants of the subepidermal
plexus around growing hair follicles.
I will now attempt to numerate some
of the nutritional factors that should be present in any preparation designed
to assist nutritionally with the growth and health of hair. I will begin
with certain minerals which I feel are very important and progress from
there to certain of the B-complex and other vitamins.
III. Zinc
It has been known for many years that
in animals when there is zinc deficiency, the hair follicles will atrophy
(13&14). It has also been noted that there is a marked impairment of
DNA and protein synthesis in experimental animals whenever zinc deficiency
is present (15&16). And in fact, without DNA replication, growth and
protein synthesis are severely limited (17&18). Studies by Altmann
(19), Shin (20) and Tal (21) have shown that zinc influences the confirmation
of nucleic acids. As previously mentioned, without the proper formation
of nucleic acids, the cell replication and hence hair growth cannot occur
normally.
It has been shown in many species (22)
that coarse and sparse growth of hair generally accompanies zinc deficiency.
Duncan's textbook of diseases of metabolism (23) also points out the vital
role which zinc plays not only in protein synthesis but in certain enzymes
including carbonic anhydrase, malic dehydrogenase as well as lactic anglutamic
dehydrogenasis. Malic dehydrogenase is very active in the Krebs cycle and
lactic dehydrogenase is associated intimately with the glycolytic cycle.
These enzymes are reviewed extensively in Duncan.
For all the above reason related to
its action and enzyme chemistry and protein synthesis, I recommend zinc
as being a primary or being the primary mineral present in your formula.
I would recommend, however, that when possible you utilize zinc gluconate
or orotate as a more easily absorbed salt than zinc sulfate. I have found
through experience that zinc sulfate occasionally will cause some gastrointestinal
distress whereas I have never seen it with the gluconate or the orotate
salt of zinc. Back to Top of Page
IV. Copper
Copper deficiencies in experimental
animals have reduced the pigmentation of hair (24, 25, 26 & 27).
According to Duncan (23), when human
copper deficiency is observed it is the result of limited intake, inhibition
of absorption or excessive loss of the metal. The importance of copper
in hair metabolism is pointed out quite well by Fell (29) in his study
of copper content of human tissues and body fluids. Fell points out that
only two of the tissues in the body contain more copper than hair, mainly
liver and brain tissue. Beinert (28) has shown that copper is present in
the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, along with iron. This particular enzyme
is very important in hydrogen transport mechanisms of respiration of the
hair follicle cell.
Another very important enzyme present
in hair follicle cells is tyrosinase, present principally in the melanosomes
of the skin and eye. This is an enzyme which catalyzes a series of reactions
resulting in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. This melanin is very
important in certain types of hair color. Absence of tyrosinase or of its
function results in albinism (30). You can see the importance, therefore,
of copper in the metabolism of the hair follicle.
Another important function of copper
has been shown in experiments by Sieve (31). The graying of hair has been
produced experimentally by this investigator by a lack of copper along
with folic acid, pantothenic acid and PABA. While this particular experiment
did not demonstrate that deficiency of copper alone caused graying, it
certainly was suggested that copper deficiency plays an important factor
in some cases of graying of the hair.
In the synthesis of hair protein, the
formation of disulfide bonds is very important for the integrity and structure
of the hair itself. Copper has been shown to play an important catalytic
role in the formation of these disulfide bonds (32&33). One demonstration
of this or the effects of this defect of copper deficiency can be found
in Menke's kinky hair syndrome which was described by Danks (34). In this
particular defect there is a marked change in the texture of the hair caused
by copper deficiency which can be corrected by the adequate addition of
copper to the patient.
The basic defect found in the hair
is an abnormality of the hair shaft structure and increased virility of
the hair. The serum copper is decreased and the hair sulphydryl-disulfide
ratio is increased. The hairs appear similar to those found in the wool
of copper deficient sheep and the defect appears to be associated in these
patients with a defect in intestinal absorption of copper. It is postulated
by Danks that copper deficiencies in general might produce a similar problem.
Another hair pigment which is found
in humans is called pheomelanin which appears to produce the yellow red
pigment found in hair. According to Flesch and Rothman (35) and Russell
(36), this is also a tyrosinase dependent pigment and requires copper for
its action and its formation. It is postulated that lack of adequate copper
for an enzyme cofactor would produce defective pigment formation in patients
with yellow or red or combined coloring. Mason also points out that zinc
is required in addition to copper for part of the chain of chemical reactions
triggered by enzymes that finally produces melanin or its derivatives.
V. Manganese
and Iron
I will cover manganese and iron together
in the same section since some of the enzyme reactions and some of the
biochemical pathways in which they are active are the same. Wacker (39)
discusses nucleic acids and metals in his paper. It was found that chromium,
manganese, nickel, iron and other metals were present in RNA from diverse
biological sources, pointing out the importance of manganese and iron in
the synthesis of RNA. Prasad (40&41) points out that manganese and
iron are important in the Kreb cycle. Without the presence of adequate
amounts of these two metals, the Kreb cycle of oxidative energy production
cannot occur at optimal levels. Isocitric dehydrogenase (IDH) which is
a manganese dependent enzyme and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) which is
an iron dependent enzyme are two important links in the chain of the Kreb
cycle. Without optimal function of the Kreb cycle, adequate high energy
phosphate bonds cannot be produced and therefore adequate glycogen which
is vital for follicle growth cannot be built up to be used as energy at
a later date. Histochemical studies of the hair follicle by Montagna (42)
have shown how easily iron can be localized in the hair follicle and how
important it is, both in the oxidative and hydrogen transport systems of
the hair follicle. Incidentally, hydrogen transport is the usual method
by which cells oxidize materials. Instead of direct addition of oxygen,
hydrogen is removed which accomplishes the same thing, mainly oxidation
of a compound.
Another study by Cunningham (43) showed
that iron deficiency could cause hairlessness in rats.
VI. Iodine
Iodine intake of many persons has been
shown to be markedly deficient according to a study by Saxena (44).
Organic iodine such as found in kelp
is better retained (45) and less readily lost in the urine than potassium
iodide (46).
In thyroid deficiency caused by low
iodine intake in certain experimental animals, there was loss of hair as
noted by Cuthbertson (47). This indicated the importance of an adequate
supply of iodine and its formation into thyroxine for hair growth to proceed
normally and at optimal levels.
Thyroxine then stimulates a spontaneous
replacement of hair in intact and thyroid hormone deficient animals (2,
page 369). The cycle of growth remains normal regardless of how activity
is initiated in the follicle. The mechanism of thyroid action on hair growth
is not known, but it is believed that this may enhance the utilization
of essential nutrients by the follicle (48). Perhaps thyroxine stimulates
the skin and hair follicles directly and acts at the mydocondrial level
of organization on exidited enzyme systems.
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VII. Folic
Acid and B12 Back
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An adequate supply of nucleic acids
for formation of nucleo-proteins must be present at the hair follicle site
for adequate and healthy hair growth to occur. both folic acid and vitamin
B12 appear to be separately concerned with production of nucleic acids
(50). Some believe that vitamin B12 is concerned with the synthesis of
uracil, one of the building blocks of RNS and that folic acid converts
uracil to thiamine, which is found in the RNA as a very necessary component
(51).
It has been noted that persons made
deficient in folic acid often become completely bald, but the hair grows
in normally after the vitamin is given (52). reference is made to the article
by Sieve (31) in which lack of folic acid is one of the components which
cause graying of hair with restoration to its natural color when replacement
therapy was given.
A folic acid deficiency prevents dozens
of important physiological functions: interferes with the utilization of
sugar and amino acids, stops all cell division and healing, and causes
the hair, eyebrows and eyelashes to fall out (53,54&55). Almost all
of these functions are related to adequate and healthy hair growth.
The folic acid / tetrafolic acid system
provides a unique mechanism for the reduction of carbon to methyl that
can be transferred to a methyl acceptor. This is the explanation of the
synthesis of choline, creatine and other methyl containing metabolites
in animals fed diets deficient in sources of preformed methyl. Thus the
folic acid / tetrafolic acid system is a vital part of the metabolism of
man and is very important in the synthesis of hair follicle proteins and
structural compounds. The folic acid / tetrafolic acid system by reversed
reactions also provides a mechanism for the addition of partially oxidized
carbon during the synthesis of serinen to such structures as the purine
and pyrimidine rings (ref 56, page 47).
Duncan (23) has described folic acid
deficiency as possibly the most common vitamin deficiency in North America
today. Its prevalence seems to be on the increase and responsibility for
this at least in part rests on the exclusion of folic acid from many diets
in this country today. Many physicians hesitate to give folic acid and
many patients hesitate to take folic acid because of the fear that it might
correct the anemia of certain B12 deficiencies while allowing neurological
manifestations to progress.
According to Duncan there may be many
reasons for the deficiency of folate including dietary lack, impaired absorption,
increased requirements, antagonism from drugs prescribed for patients and
lack of protection of folate coenzymes that is related to either vitamin
C or iron deficiency.
Studies show that vitamin B12 is closely
related in function to four of the important amino acids or forms of protein,
folic acid, and pantothenic acid. Thus without vitamin B12, the function
of the nutritional elements may not be optimal (57). Duncan (23) has also
pointed out the function of vitamin B12 in immediate reduction and isomerization
reactions. It is intimately related metabolically with folic acid. In this
regard, vitamin B12 can alter the reduction level of the single carbon
units transferred by folic acid coenzymes.
It participates in the reduction of
ribos to deoxy ribos, converting uracil ribotide to uracil deoxyribotide
prior to the addition of a single carbon unit by folic acid coenzyme to
form thiamine deoxyribotide. In addition, vitamin B12 is an accessory to
folic acid in some transmethylation reactions and may be necessary for
the activity of folic acid conjugases. The conversion of methyl malonyl
CoA to succinyl CoA requires vitamin B12, and in the deficiency state,
large amounts of methyl malonylate are excreted in the urine.
For all the reasons cited above and
to somewhat repeat myself, it is important for any actively growing tissues
such as the hair follicle to have adequate supplies of folic acid and vitamin
B12 present daily for optimal hair growth and for healthy hair growth to
occur. Therefore, i strongly agree with the addition of these most important
elements to your vitamin formula, Head Start.
VIII. Choline
and Inositol
Choline and inositol are also very
important for the metabolism of hair both in a direct and indirect manner.
It has been noted that thyroxine cannot be made without choline (58) and
that rats become hairless if kept on diets low in inositol (59). Inositol
was mentioned in the Science Newsletter (60) in 1956. It was stated there
that inositol was needed for growth and survival of cells and bone marrow,
eye membranes, embryos, gut and other rapidly growing tissues like hair
follicles. Inositol has been known to appear in human hair with speculation
as to its value in restoring color to gray hair. In the book "Inositol"
(61) published by Corn Products Sales Company, Many observed physiological
values of inositol are listed.
Choline is important in methylation
reactions that result in the formation of thiamines and thymydylic acids
from uracil and deoxyuridilic, respectively. Of great importance is the
occurrence of additional methylation reactions that are believed to occur
after nucleatides are built into polymeric, macro molecular nucleic acids
(62).
Changes in hair pigment were produced
by omission of choline or pantothenic acid from the diet (63) and Wooley
(64) showed the relationship of choline and inositol to growth of hair
in animal experiments.
Engle (65) found inositol to be an
essential growth factor for normal cells including hair follicle cells.
And Wooley (66) showed that spontaneous cure of alopecia in animals was
dependent on an adequate supply of inositol. In light of the apparently
essential role that choline and inositol play in the growth and proper
nutrition of hair cells, it would be certainly logical to include both
of these important compounds in any formula supplying the needs of the
hair.
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IX. Calcium
Pantothenate
Pantothenic acid and its calcium salt,
calcium pantothenate are also quite important in hair growth and in nutrition
of the actively growing hair follicle cells. As previously mentioned in
a paper by Owens (63) changes in hair pigment were produced by omission
of either choline or pantothenic acid from the diet. Pantothenic acid was
found by Wooley (67&68) to influence alopecia in animal experiments.
Flesch (7) has noted that one of the deficiencies said to cause impaired
hair growth is pantothenic acid. Deficiency of pantothenic acid and riboflavin
in black children not only caused depigmentation, but made their hair grow
straight (69). This deficiency seems to be associated with the utilization
of copper. The skin of rats deficient in pantothenic acid may contain as
much as five times the amount of copper in normal skin, ie: the copper
cannot be utilized and accumulates (70). One can therefore see the complex
relationship of the vitamins and minerals to each other and to the proper
growth of the hair follicle cells.
Pantothenic acid and inositol functions
are related in that too little pantothenic acid in the diet appears to
disrupt the function of inositol (57).
Rodell's book on the vitamins gives
a number of references to graying of hair and paraminobenzoic acid and
panthenol as well as the efficiency of unsaturated fatty acids when adequate
supplies of pantothenic acid are present. It should be pointed out that
where unsaturated fatty acid deficiencies are present you may find dry
skin, brittle, lusterless falling hair and dandruff. Therefore, the pantothenic
acid appears to have a rather protective effect on these unsaturated fatty
acids. Reference is also made by an article in the British Medical Journal
(71) to restoration of color to gray hair using pantothenic acid in certain
experiments.
Pantothenic acid functions and is present
in all living cells, mostly in the form of coenzyme A. CoA is the cofactor
of one of the most important enzymes of intermediate metabolism. It is
formed by joining pantothenic acid with other materials to form a structure
of coenzyme A. CoA activates acetate by converting it to an acetyl CoA.
The pivotal compound for many pathways. Duncan (23) states that acetyl
CoA is concerned with #1 - acetylation of choline, aromatic amins and other
substances detoxified by acetylation; #2 - synthesis of fatty acids, acetoacetic
acid, cholesterol and styroids; and #3 - oxidation of pyruvate.
For our purposes in designing a formula
which would help stimulate the metabolism of the hair follicle, the third
is the most important. In the metabolism of glucose and other substances,
pyruvate plays a pivotal role. In order to enter the Kreb cycle and produce
energy by oxidation it is necessary to change pyruvate to acetate in order
for the two carbon acetates to enter the Kreb cycle. Without adequate supplies
of coenzyme A this will be impossible and the hair follicle nutrition will
suffer. Therefore, it is an absolute necessity that pantothenic acid be
added to this formula. X. Paramino Benzoic Acid In the experiment by Sieve
(31) the lack of copper, folic acid, pantothenic acid and PABA influences
the intestinal bacteria so that they can produce folic acid and folic acid
in turn helps the body to assimilate pantothenic acid. Ansbacher (72) also
seems to give corroboration to the theory of the action of PABA and pantothenic
acid in protecting the natural color of the hair.
XI. Niacin
Those preceding nutrients in the B
complex and niacin have been found to be very important in the nutrition
of various experimental animals and the vitamin B complex taken over long
periods has been found to restore human hair pigmentation (73). There was
also an article by Hudgins (74) concerning the peripheral blood vessel
dilating effect of niacin which would include, of course, the blood vessels
of the scalp.
Frost (75) has noted that dietary deficiencies
of certain vitamins can cause achromotrichia (problems with hair color).
Bullough (12) has shown that there is a known dependence of epidermal mycosis
on the active respiration of the epidermal cells. His experiments show
that this was also similarly dependent in the follicular matrix. Energy
produced through the oxidation of carbohydrates is the primary source of
the energy necessary for synthesis of hair cells or of hair in the follicle.
Both in the oxidation of glucose and glycogen and in the formation of glycogen
from its precursors. This is doubly important in the hair follicle cell
since the synthetic potential of the proliferating cells of the follicle
bulb is high relative to that of other tissues (ref 2, page 307).
In summary, certain vitamins, minerals
and amino-acids are crucial to the metabolic pathways involved in keratin
protein metabolism. Without the nutrients cited, the hair growth process
will slow or cease.
Therefore, I conclude that there is
an adequate research basis to justify product effectiveness claims for
a vitamin, mineral and amino-acid complex designed to supply the nutrients
needed by healthy growing hair.
Paul Hagan, M.S.
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Diet and Your
Hair
The quality of your hair reflects in
part the adequacy of your diet: regular, well-rounded meals are best for
you and your hair. Consuming extra protein or amino acid preparations will
not promote hair growth. In fact, there is evidence that megadoses of some
vitamins-particularly A and E may contribute to hair loss. Iron deficiency,
due to inadequate consumption of red meat or heavy menstrual bleeding in
women, could cause hair shedding. Crash diets and eating disorders such
as anorexia nervosa can damage hair dramatically.
Various claims are made for the value
of analysis of hair samples-- measuring its mineral content -- as a means
of assessing nutritional status or detecting nutritional deficiencies,
but the process has no validity and can be considered one of the many scams
aimed at appealing to people concerned about their health. The chance of
getting accurate information from a single hair strand is nil. The results
are distorted by contamination from sweat, the shampoos, conditioners,
sprays and coloring agents used to groom hair, and by the hair's rate of
growth. It's highly questionable whether the metal or mineral content of
a hair accurately reflects amounts elsewhere in the body.
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