Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Doug Aberley, Boundaries of home : mapping for local empowerment. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers, 1993.
Contents: The lure of mapping: an introduction; Eye memory: the inspiration of aboriginal mapping; Mapping the experience place; New terrain: current mapping thought; How to map your bioregion: a primer for community activists; Evolving maps, evolving selves: access to further resources.

Abstract: Maps are invaluable and enjoyable tools for learning about and communicating the intricacies of places, but they are too often controlled by distant bureaucrats or companies. The 15 contributors to this book introduce a wide range of home-grown, creative maps that show more than roads and political boundaries. Using overlays, tapestries and stories, communities are mapping what's crucial to them: water and air flow, community patterns, distribution of species, local history. The book also provides a step-by-step description of how to use accessible sources - from libraries and oral histories to sophisticated computers- to compile truly empowering images of one's home place.

Our ability to express in visual terms the places where we live returns the power over our circumstances to us. Mapmaking, traditionally the province of those in power, has been and is used principally to denote property; the boundaries are thus arbitrary, artificial, and unrepresentative of any true living experience of the region. We've lost touch with our ability to conceptualize our own surroundings.... Re-visualizing, redefining our places through mapmaking - however untechnical or unskilled our efforts - can be a tool for regaining those places....

It might require a stretch of the imagination to visualize metropolitan Chicago as the Wild Onion Bioregion, but being able to do so means an understanding of that place's relationship to the entire Upper Illinois Valley watershed and a stronger sense of connection with the natural world. Says Beatrice Briggs, whose bioregional community group members spent more than four years learning how they could map - and thus define for themselves - their place, there is nothing like "a good map to teach us some important lessons about the place we call home."

The map they eventually produced... shows the are's surface geology, forest cover, wetlands, and Indian settlements before the arrival of Europeans.
Christopher Alexander, Notes on the Synthesis of Form, Harvard University Press, 1964
Bruce Allsopp, Towards a humane architecture, Frederick Muller, UK, 1974

The book questions the orthodoxy of modern architecture, not with nostalgia but proposing steps for improvement and change in the future. Architecture is not for the architect - it is for people; the book discusses the social role of the architect, examines architecture as a phenomenon (for the architect) and as an experience (for its dwellers).

There are several important suggestions, made by the author on the role of the architect in society, which I may appropriate and elaborate on in the last chapter of my thesis.
Joe Austin, Taking the Train: How Graffiti Art became an Urban Crisis in New York City, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001

Graffiti are a sophisticated and illegal art practices. Through their painting, writers �made a place� for themselves in the city�s public network, claiming a �right to the city� as a valuable and necessary part of its social and cultural life. Controversy of issues related to graffiti include debates on art, aesthetics of public spaces, government authorities, urban environment and its people who share the city. In my argument graffiti is going to become a metaphor for the imposition of Islamic pattern designs layed over modernist buildings and how this contributes to create a sense of place.
Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space: The classic look at how we experience intimate spaces, Beacon Press, Boston, 1994

In the book Gaston Bachelar attempts to analyse the psychology of the house: house as a home, a place of memories and emotions that are linked to its structure, like the attick, a stair case etc. He looks beyond the geometric properties of the house, to find poetry of living, suggesting that a house is a portal to metaphors of imagination. His offers a cross-cultural analysis of physical spaces and the impact of human habitation on geometric forms as well as the impact of the form upon human inhabitants. The book demonstrates that space can be poetry.

In regards to my project more than my thesis it is an excellent resource, because it gives justification to my findings that there is something beyond the architectural structures that links us to places and spaces. That it is in fact, memories, relationships and emotions that make us remember a place, not its architectural and designed significance.
Chris Barker, Chapter 7. "Ethnicity, Race and Nation", Cultural Studies: theory and practice, Sage Publishers, London, 2000

This chapter opens up issues of ethnicity race and nation as forms of cultural identity. It goes into discussions of these classifications on the basis of power relationships and domination of one nation over another. National identity elaborates more on the political aspects of the cultural identity.

This information will be used in my discussion of the several types of national identities in Uzbekistan. Issues related to Orientalism and stereotyping (when native population of Uzbekistan is stereotyped as savages and slaves in the beginning of Uzbek-Russian relationship) and its impact on the further historical and political developments will be discussed.
Jean Baudrillard, The Precession of Simulacra, Simulations, Semiotext [e], USA, 1983

The main argument that was put forward in this article is that we are living in a world dominated by mass media, images, signs, and any other simulacra. It is a realm of hyper reality and simulations where truths no longer exist. Baudrillard examines notions of simulation and representation and argues that simulations start from the radical negation of the sign as value, from the signs reversion and death sentence of every reference. And the representation assumes that the sign and the real are equivalent and it tries to absorb simulation by interpreting it as false representation. In the reading Baudrillard also comments that everything is 'hyper', in excess of itself, postmodernism as the era of consumer culture and other. "We live in the world of simulations. There is no 'real' external to them, no 'original', no longer a realm of the 'real' versus that of 'imitation' or 'mimicry', but rather a level in which there are only simulations."
For my thesis it is going to become very useful because one of the issues raised by Jean Baudrillard in his paper was the political power of the image. Power produces nothing but the signs of its resemblance, supporting and reinforcing itself. Baudrillard's observations could be helpful to explain how Uzbek political battles establish signs of their power through architecture.
Marshall Blonsky, Michel de Certeau - 'Practices of Space', On Signs: a Semiotic Reader, Basil Blackwell, UK, 1985

A city is a site of transformations, contradictory movements, the object of interventions, continually being enriched with new attributes. Behind the strategic power forces in the city lie habits, memories and stories related to place which complete the city's experience.

This becomes a base for my thesis when I adapt this theory to Tashkent to discover how these experiences help to appropriate and adapt to the city.
Bloom, Jonathan and Sheila Blair, Islamic Art, Phaidon, 1997

This book is a narrative that touches on many significant facets of Islamic culture, particularly those that are expressed visually in architecture and the other arts. The authors argue that art is a window into culture and history and put forward possible Western interpretations of Islamic art and architecture. However, their hypothesis might be argues due to deeper knowledge of the culture and new discoveries in interpretation.

For the thesis it is interesting to see the artistic, creative nature of artefacts in everyday life, not only outside (mosaics on architecture), but also from the inside, by meanings of ornaments on carpets, textiles, books. Although, architecture has changed its form on the outside the meaning of everyday life still remains very culturally creative on the inside.
Hazel Conway and Rowan Roenisch, Site and Place, Understanding Architecture: an introduction to architecture and architectural history, Routledge, London and New York, 1994
William J. R. Curtis, Cubism, De Stijl and New Conceptions of Space, Modern Architecture since 1900, Phaidon Press Limited, UK, 1996

The article discusses prominent tendencies of modern architecture from the art history point of view, justified political, social and creative preconditions of the newly arrived De Stijl movement.

For the purpose of this work, the article serves a more descriptive function, identifying most evident characteristics of the modernist movement applied to architecture.
William J. R. Curtis, Architecture and Revolution in Russia, Modern Architecture since 1900, Phaidon Press Limited, UK, 1996

The essay looks at the particular example of the rise of modernism in Russia. The form of modern architecture cannot be understood apart from the social ideals which gave rise to them. It explains the task of architects in Russia formulating an architecture which expresses the value of the existing order, progressive attitudes of the Revolution.

For my thesis it is a good information resource to demonstrate how social and political ideals are expressed in modernist architecture in Russia. It is important, because this architecture became adapted to Uzbekistan, without important consideration of social, economic and political conditions.
Guy-Ernest Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, Black & Red, UK, 1983

This book presents significant and influential debates on modernism, capitalism and everyday life in the late 20th century. It illustrates the theory of the spectacle, its power over politics, economic and social aspects of life. A spectacle is a social relationship between people mediated by media images (consumption of entertainment) that transforms a world view into the materialistic consumption force.

A city becomes an arena for spectacles to occur. Architecture and town-planning strategies encourage the existence of spectacles and mediate their power over the society. In my work I will try to unpack the means of "spectacular" appropriation of architecture and the reasons behind it.
Michel De Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, University of California Press, 1988

The book articulates explicit systems of actions, which compose a culture and a place and gives characteristics of its users, examining interactions between people and situations, places, their relational tactics, artistic creations and ethical code. Everyday life invents itself by tactics, like reading, talking, walking etc., which establish situations and impose them on individuals, making it possible to live in them by reinforcing its significance and goals in our environment.
Paul Devereux, Re-Visioning the Earth, Fireside, Published by Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996

Paul Devereux has taken a global approach to appropriation of place. He presents new ways, in which humans can be at home with their earth: taking into account scientific, ecological, psychological, cultural as well as emotional, mental and spiritual aspects. This work opens up a new terrain of eco-psychology, which is concerned about human responsibilities towards the place we live in and the earth.

For my own work, the book offers interesting discussions on the sense of place and our relationship to place in time and on the global perspective of these issues.
Constantinos A. Doxiadis, Ekistics: an introduction to the science of human settlements, Hutchinson of London, UK, 1968

Ekistics is intended to provide the widest possible knowledge basis for design synthesis at various scales. As a design related science, however, Ekistics does not place the emphasis on design method. There are brief sections on design and planning methodology but the focus is always upon the physical artifact. Doxiadis asserts, �we can only learn about settlements from the settlements themselves� There are several disciplines, including economics, the social sciences, the political sciences, the technological disciplines, topography, history, geography, economy and the cultural disciplines that Doxiadis have addressed. He distinguishes scale of settlements, which ranges from the individual, the room and the dwelling at the lower end, to the urban region, the urban continent and the world city at the other end, as well as five elements to all settlements: nature, society, shells, networks and nature. His system is a convenient way to organize information and map out the relationships between these.
Oleg Grabar, The Mediation of Ornament, Princeton University Press, USA, 1992

The book deals with the specific factors and processes that surrounded the creation of Ornament in Traditional Islamic Architecture and tries to legitimise its interpretation within their historical context. It not only discusses the character and meaning of ornaments but also the experience and its impact on the author's perception of architecture and view on life. It takes ornament, calligraphy, geometry, architecture and nature and gives dense philosophical, anthropological and semiological interpretation of it as means of expression.

This book becomes a good source of reference because as ornament becomes adapted to Soviet architecture it brings the traditional Islamic connotations associated with ornament and calligraphic decorations with it which have some impact on architecture's function and use in contemporary context.
Paul Greenhalgh, Quotations and Sources on Design and Decorative Arts, Manchester University Press, UK, 1993.

The title says it all. For my work I use the quotes on modernism and its view on decoration and ornament.
Ernest Grube, The World of Islam, McGraw-Hill, New York and Toronto, 1966

Leslie K. Guice, Concrete for Architecture and Construction, Louisiana Tech Univeristy, USA, 2001
Robert Hillenbrand, Islamic Art and Architecture, Thames and Hudson, London, UK, 1999

It attempts to make sense of Islamic art and architecture as a whole while maintaining its chronological framework. It demonstrates the impact of Islamic art and architecture on contemporary world, however keeping its historical context.

For my thesis it is helpful to justify the historic references to styles, their origins, building types and their functions in Islamic architecture.
Melinda L. Jackson, A Sense of Place, University of Texas, Austin, 1997

The work discusses crucial issues about our relationship to place. The author develops the idea of the loss of our sense of place in our modern societies with development of The Internet, arguing that we have lost our intimacy with nature, with our own neighbours and communities, with the other peoples and cultures of the world. We have lost our interconnectedness within both our private and shared places. The work offers three considerations of a sense place: Place in Nature, Place in Community and Place in Digital Space.
T.F. Kadirova, Architecture of the Soviet Uzbekistan, StroyIzdat, Moscow, 1987

The book is a wider approach of developments of architecture in Uzbekistan. It presents a historic overview of architecture, its major tendencies and town planning models, creative direction of contemporary Uzbek architecture and specific geographic and cultural factors influencing architecture and the building construction process during the Soviet era on the territory of Uzbek republic.

The book becomes a valuable resource for my thesis because it specifically is concerned with architecture and building in Uzbekistan and gives justifications to architectural and town planning decisions made during the Soviet period in history.
Critchlow Keith & Nasr Seyyed Hussein, Islamic Patterns: An Analytical and Cosmological Approach, Inner Traditions Intl Ltd, 1999

For centuries the nature and meaning of Islamic art has been wrongly regarded in the West as mere decoration. In truth, because the portrayal of human and animal forms has always been discouraged on Islamic religious principles that forbid idolatry, the abstract art of Islam represents the sophisticated development of a no naturalistic tradition. The author shows the essential philosophical and practical basis of every art creation - whether a tile, carpet, or wall - and how this use of mathematical tessellations affirms the essential unity of all things. Patterns are a significant feature in Islamic Architecture and meaning of Muslim patterns has underlying meaning that needs to be explained in my thesis.
Bahereh Khodadoost, “CLAY, LIFE, and PEOPLE”, http://www.wyndows.com/gb/bjwrart.htm, 1997
Ken Knabb, Situationist International Anthology, Bureau of Public Secrets, California, USA, 1981

The book is a collection of essays on urban geography, which includes discussions on the poetics of everyday life, study of the invisible laws and specific effects of the geographic environment on the emotions and behaviour of individuals as well as continuous discovery of place through experiences and everyday situations.

In my thesis I would argue that a city acquires a sense of place through the emotional well-being and mood of its people within the space rather than through architectural constructions.
Timur Kocaoglu, Cholpan and the 20th century, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/003.html, 1996
Spiro Kostof, The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form Through History, Thames and Hudson, London, 1992

The book is an exploration of the overlap between the 2 major forces that construct the city: architectureal form and human activity. The author argues that the message of the city lies in its human activity: in processes political, military, recreational and economic, which assume the primacy of built form, completely disregarding the power of the physical form. The author tried illustrate the universal experience of making cities, based on the legitimate parameters of architectural history.

This book is an excellent resource for my thesis because it emphasises the fact that urban forms can never be taken out of their social context. The city is a maze of everyday life events that link us to architecture. It is the narratives, the stories that reveal the city to us, sometimes in most unexpected ways. It is the people that charge urban forms with common sense. People's participation, continuously recovering life from the harsh, dominant modernist architectural forms gives hopes to the city, shaping its futures.
Eric Laurier, City of Glas/z, PhD Thesis, University of Wales, 1995

Abstract to the Thesis by Eric Laurier

In this thesis I took full advantage of a series of heated debates in cultural geography, anthropology, sociology of scientific knowledge and cultural studies surrounding reflexivity. My approach drew on two aspects of the debate: reflexivity as manifest in new styles of academic writing and reflexivity as manifest in self-reflective research practice. Inspired by the intellectual endeavours of Meaghan Morris, Roland Barthes, Michel de Certeau, Susan Sontag and Dick Hebdige and the foot-note-o-philic writings of David Foster Wallace and Nicolson Baker, I fashioned this hybrid document and it in turn fashioned me. The plot takes place in a 'day-in-the-life' of my fieldwork in the City of Glasgow, using to it to shape a series of what I hope are evocative encounters between theory, me and ordinary life. The Big Topics are: Everyday Life in the City, Ethnography, Cultural Theory, Mobility, Space, Technology, Writing, Glasgow, Identity and Self-fashioning. Running around amongst the Big Topics are a crowd of other topics: me (again), car seating arrangements, sexualising sandwiches, problems with flatmates, having to listen to someone else's walkman during a train journey etc. Looking back on my thesis now I know that I no longer hold with many of its contentions and worry that it probably goes too far in places, there is too much of me (though that was part of the point of exorcising reflexivity) and too much knowing irony. Then again it was written back in those heady days when cultural geography was too new to know what it meant.

(Download as much of City of Glas/z as you like - it is 'copyleft' - so though I certainly will not pursue anyone through the courts for quoting from this document, I would appreciate it being referenced appropriately. )

This thesis will be most useful for my work!
Henri Lefebvre, Writings on Cities, UK, Blackwell Publishers, 2000

The selection of essays gathered in this book raises questions about the conceptualisation of the city, the rights of its citizens and articulation of time, space and the everyday. Aspects like the role of architecture, the future of the city, structuring of temporalities of everyday life, especially the theory of moments are examined with careful attention. Lefebvre also elaborates on the theory of urban form, where "forms are derived from differences of content and in turn codify the practices with which a particular content operates".

The author had opened a critique of the fragmentation of everyday life, which was later picked up by the Situationist Internationale. (Guy Debord the main theoretician had been a pupil of Lefebvre in the 1950's.) He also presents several analyses of influential writings by Marx (critique of alienation ideologies and everyday life); Bachelard (poetics of space and time). Lefebvre argues that people want to be able to hold onto something, and combine oppositions, such as inside / outside, intimacy and environment and thereby reinvent a symbolic dimension of architecture. For my work his comments on the appropriation and reappropriation of space will be very useful.
Malcolm Miles, The Uses of Decoration: Essays in the Architectural Everyday, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK, 2000

This book is one from the recently emerging literature on the architectural everyday. It is a book about the aesthetic and social dimensions of the built environment and the role of people in the determination of what constitutes a city. It gives a critical, rather than practical evaluation of political, economic, social and cultural factors shaping urban features and argues for sustainable steps to be taken by the people on the local, rather than global level to influence and shape future living conditions in cities.

My work will also contribute to the same area of architectural everyday and suggest practical steps to achieve sustainable living.
V. A. Nilsen, The Origins of Modern Town-Planning in Uzbekistan, Publishing House of the Literature and Art named after Gafur Gulam, The Tashkent Polytechnical Institute named after Abu Reyhon Beruni, Tashkent, 1988

The book explains the beginnings of Uzbek cities at the end of 19th, beginning of 20th century and their architecture. It looks at social and cultural preconditions for the city development, paying individual attention to different cities all around Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Samarkand, Khiva, Bukhara, etc. and in the concluding chapter identifies the unifying characteristics and patterns of the national architectural style and development tendencies for the future.

The book becomes useful, as it presents a specific case study of Tashkent's architectural developments and town-planning strategies and identifies the underlying forces (not only social and cultural, but political and economic as well) that shaped the urban forms.
Winfried Noth, 'Architecture', Handbook of Semiotics, Indiana University Press, USA, 1995

The semiotics of architecture is a special branch of semiotics that is closely linked to aesthetics and semiotics of objects and of space. It discovers the language of the city, with architectonic signs and codes. The chapter discusses all aspects of meaning and functions of architecture: denotations and connotations, codes and architectural signs. Semiotics of architecture attempts to read the city as a text.

This chapter will serve as a guide for my semiotic analysis of Uzbek architecture, in order to give the full account of its functions and meanings.
Nottingham Psychogeographical Unit, Nottingham Mental Mapping Workshop, Nottingham, UK, 1998, also piblished online,
Jerry Palmer & Mo Dodson, Roger Scruton - Judging Architecture, Design and Aesthetic: A Reader, Routledge, London & New York, 1996

The article raises issues related to tastes and preferences in architecture. It argues that we cannot judge a building by its abstract significance unless that significance first affects our experiences of a building. In other words, we relate to architecture not on the basis of its aesthetic beauty and importance but by the experiences that link us to it.

This argument supports my findings during the research, that people's preferences in architecture are more linked to the activities performed in it and its architectural beauty and aesthetics issues become secondary and in most cases forgotten at all.
Jerry Palmer & Mo Dodson, Jos Boys - (Mis)representations of society? Problems in the relationship between architectural aesthetics and social meanings, Design and Aesthetic: A Reader, Routledge, London & New York, 1996

The article is a critical essay on architectural forms as means of interpreting a society; a critical account of contradictions and historic struggles to legitimise cultural productions in architecture within modernist period, through the post-modern era until today.

For my work, it opened up the contradictions, misinterpretations and appropriations of social and cultural meanings f architecture and guided into taking more humanistic approach in understanding the culture around architectural forms.
C. Rainfield, Rumi: Selected Poems, http://www.kalimunro.com/rumi_poems.pdf, 2001
Witold Rybczynski, The Most Beautiful House in the World, Viking, USA, 1989

Witold Rybczynski tells the story of the designing and building of his own house. It began as a work shed, however, his structure gradually evolved into a house. In tracing this evolution, he touches on theoretical and practical matters, distinguished structural and ritualistic origins of the elements of classical architecture. Rybczynski also discussed feng-shui, the ancient Chinese art of locating a home in the landscape, and also considers the theories and work of such architects as Palladio, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. The book offers an interesting overview of �installing ourselves in a place, of establishing a spot where it would be safe to dream�. The important thing, that relates to my thesis and ideas that relate to my research is the examination of the links between being and building.
Joseph Rykwert, �Style, Type and Urban Fabric�, The Seduction of Place: the city in the twenty-first century, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2000

The book analyses European Architecture, aspects of its style development and ornament. It introduces an interesting concept of urban fabric, which refers to the concept that style of buildings can be identified by ornaments and materials. It discusses the idea of whether style could signal the building�s function, and whether this style is dictated by ethnic and political powers.
Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, Vintage, Great Britain, 1989

As the historian Michael Doyle puts it, �Empire is a relationship, formal or informal, in which one state controls the effective political sovereignty of another political society. It can be achieved by force, by political collaboration, economic, social or cultural dependence. Imperialism is simply the process or policy of establishing or maintaining an empire. Out of the imperial experiences, notions about culture were clarified, reinforced, criticized or rejected�. Russia, acquired its imperial territories almost exclusively by adjacence, that is to say, taking territories that are east or south of the actual borders of Russia. The relevance of his study to my research and thesis is that there are several varieties of domination and responses to it, and Russian and Uzbek relationships, along with the resistance they provoked is one of the good examples. There was local, domestic resistance to imperialisation in Uzbekistan and in my research I will have to explain this relationships.
Nikos A. Salingaros, A Theory of Architecture, Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, Plan Net Online Architectural Resources, 2001 - 2002

Geometrical fundamentalism is in part responsible for the resentment the rest of the world feels against the industrialized western nations, because it replaces traditional buildings and cities with structures that are perceived as alien. A philosophy about geometrical shapes thus has an enormous socio-economic impact, by generating forces against globalisation. The modernist movement is based on a fundamentalist belief in elementary abstractions: the reductionist machine geometry and imposed it upon buildings and cities around the world.

The book describes reasons and causes behind modernism and links it to imperial and totalitarism of the 20th century. It is also an important resource for me, because it also links modernism to Islamic geometric patterns and explains their interactions, the idea that I will adapt when analysing Uzbek architecture.
Donald A. Schon, The Reflective Practitioner, Ashgate Arena, UK, 1991

In the book Schon offers an approach to epistemology of practice based on close examination of what some practitioners actually do. If makes an assumption that competent practitioners usually know more than they can say - tacit knowing in practice and some practitioners reveal a capacity for reflection on their intuitive knowing during the action, which helps them cope with unique, uncertain and conflicted situations in practice.

In my thesis, intuitive, but not yet consciously reflective practices helped Uzbek architects overcome cultural uncertainties during Modernist domination in architectural urban forms and adapt to it in order to support and save their cultural heritage. I propose to introduce the concept of reflection in action to architectural education in Uzbekistan to legitimise tacit intuitive decisions and encourage further practices of architectural appropriation.
Donald A. Schon, Educating the Reflective Practitioner, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1987

The book proposes that professional education should be redesigned to become a reflective practicum, which means to combine teaching of applied science with coaching in the artistry of reflection - in action. It emphasises on the positive side of education for practice. However, Schon here only gives theoretical suggestions on WHAT can be done, without considering HOW the teaching of applied science might best be combined with a reflective practicum.

For my thesis, it has several uses. First of all - it presents detailed observations report of an architectural studio's practice, which will be of help, and secondly, I will attend to the the question on benefits of reflection in action in architectural practice and how it could be achieved through education.
Lois Smirnoff, The Colour of Cities: an international perspective, McGraw-Hill, USA, 200

Coffee-table book which looks at colour as a signifying practice in cities around the world.
Y.A.Sokolov, Tashkent, Tashkent's People and Russia, Publishing house "Uzbekistan", Tashkent, 1965

The book is a collection of essays, debating the relationships between Central Asia and Russia. It considers the reasons for the trade, economic and political interest of Russia in Central Asia. It also looks at the first steps into the new Russian regime, actions taken and reaction of the local Uzbek population to the 'invasion' of their territory.

For my work it is very relevant to consider the reasons and the results of the Russian powerful political imposition onto Uzbekistan in the chapter that looks at the historical issues.
Jason Weidemann , Some Words on de Certeau, 2000
Bruno Zevi, Architecture as Space: how to look at architecture, Di Capo Press, New York, 1993.

The book explains how to look at and interpret architecture. Chapter 5 of this book �interpretations of architecture� gives an extensive and critical overview of 9 different methods: political, philosophical-religious, scientific, economic-social, materialist, technical, physio-psychological, formalist, spatial.

Taken in a balanced combination these could become the interesting study of city environment of Tashkent.

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