| REPORTED SPEECH (He said that ... / She told me that ...) (Dedi ki ... / O bana dedi ki ...) Birilerinin bize s�ylediklerini ba�kalar�na aktarman�n iki yolu var. 1. Direct Speech or Quoted Speech (Do�rudan aktarma): S�ylenileni oldu�u gibi, hi�bir de�i�iklik yapmadan aktar�yor ve c�mleyi t�rnak i�inde g�steriyoruz. Tom: I am helping my father today. (Bug�n babama yard�m ediyorum.) Tom said that �I am helping my father today.� Tom �Bug�n babama yard�m ediyorum,� dedi. 2. Indirect Speech or Reported Speech (Dolayl� aktarma): Bu t�r aktarmada ki�inin a�z�ndan ��kan baz� s�zc�klerde de�i�lik yapmam�z gerekiyor. Ki�inin s�yledi�i art�k ge�mi�te kald��� i�in c�mlede kullan�lan zaman�n bir derece past��n� al�yoruz. Tom: I am helping my father today. Tom said that he was helping his father that day. (Tom o g�n babas�na yard�m etmekte oldu�unu s�yledi.) Tom�un a�z�ndan ��kan c�mlede neler de�i�ti? Subject: I � he (Kim sorusuna cevap: O) Tense: am helping � was helping (C�mlenin zaman� present continuous iken � past continuous oldu.) Object: my father � his father (Kimin babas� sorusuna cevap: Onun babas�) Adverb of time: today � that day (ne zaman sorusuna cevap: bug�n � o g�n) SAY and TELL S�ylemek, demek anlam�na gelirler. Present, past ve past participle halleri ��yledir: say � said � said / tell � told � told �Tell� fiilini kulland���m�z zaman c�mlenin kime s�ylendi�ini belirtmek zorunday�z. Bu nedenle tell fiilinden sonra ya nesne durumunda bir zamir ya da bir isim bulunur. She told me that she was fine. (Bana iyi oldu�unu s�yledi.) She told Jane that she was fine. ( Jane�e iyi oldu�unu s�yledi.) �Say� fiilini kulland���m�z zaman b�yle bir zorunluluk yoktur. She said that she was fine. Ama yine de kime s�ylendi�ini belirtmek istiyorsak, say�den sonra �to� edat�n� kullanmam�z gerekir. She said to me that she was fine. She said to Jane that she was fine. Tell fiili ayr�ca anlatmak, bahsetmek anlam�ndad�r. He told us a story. (Bize bir hikaye anlatt�.) He told us about his new job. (Bize yeni i�inden bahsetti.) Say fiilini bu anlamda kullan�lmaz. TENSE CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH (dolayl� aktarma c�mlelerinde tense de�i�ikli�i) A�a��daki �rneklerde ilk c�mleler do�rudan aktarma (Quoted Speech), ikinci c�mleler dolayl� yoldan aktarmad�r (Reported Speech). �kinci c�mlelerde yap�lan tense de�i�ikli�ine dikkat ediniz. 1. She said, �I am watching TV.� She said she was watching TV. (am � was) 2. She said, �Mary is going to watch TV� She said Mary was going to watch TV. (is � was) 3. She said, �I have watched TV.� She said she had watched TV. (have � had) 4. She said, �Mary has to watch TV.� She said Mary had to watch TV. (has � had) 5. She said, �I will watch TV.� She said she would watch TV. (will � would) 6. She said, �I can watch TV.� She said she could watch TV. (can � could) 7. She said, �I may watch TV.� She said she might watch TV. (may � might) 8. She said, �I watch TV every day.� She said she watched TV every day. (watch � watched) 9. She said, �I don�t watch TV very often.� She said she didn�t watch TV very often. (do � did) 10. She said, �Mary doesn�t watch TV very often.� She said Mary didn�t watch TV very often. (does � did) 11. She said, �I must watch TV.� She said she must watch TV. (must � must)* 12. She said, �I should watch TV.� She said she should watch TV. (should � should)* *must ve should s�zc�klerinin past hali yoktur. CHANGES IN THE ADVERBS OF TIME (zaman zarflar�nda de�i�iklik) now � then, at that time (�imdi � o zaman) today � that day (bug�n � o g�n) this morning � that morning these days � those days (bu g�nlerde � o g�nlerde) tomorrow � the next day / the following day yesterday � the day before, the previous day last week � the week before, the previous week I�m busy now. / He said he was busy then. I feel ill today. / He told me he felt ill that day. We�re working hard these days. / They said they were working hard those days. I�ll call you tomorrow. / She said she would call us the next day. We visited the museum yesterday. / They said they visited the museum the day before. REPORTED QUESTIONS Yes / No Questions Jane: Are you happy? Jane asked me if I was happy. / whether I was happy. Jane: Do you like this city? Jane asked me if I liked this city. Jane: Can you play chess? Jane wanted to know if I could play chess. Jane: Will you join the swimming club? Jane wanted to know if I would join the swimming club. Question Words Robert: What are you doing? Robert asked me what I was doing. Robert: Where do you live? Robert wanted to know where I lived. Robert: How long have you been in this city? Robert asked me how long I had been in this city. Robert: What time can you call me? Robert wanted to know what time I could call him. REPORTED IMPERATIVES (tell somebody to do something) The doctor: Stop smoking! My doctor told me to stop smoking. Kate: Go out! Kate told Jack to go out. The teacher: Be quiet! The teacher told us be quiet. (tell somebody not to do something) Larry: Don�t talk too much. Larry told his friend not to talk too much. The policeman: Don�t park your car here! The policeman told me not to park my car there. Peter: Don�t stand on my way. Peter told the men not to stand on his way. |