Were We Alone?

Throughout human history we have looked to the heavens and wondered if there is life out there. Although in this modern day we have better technology and more knowledge of the heavens we still do not have a definitive answer. Through time there has been strong opposition to the possibility of life in the Universe and strong arguments for other life in the Universe. Although the Catholic Church has not changed its opposing view, many of those involved in science have changed through the discovery of planets orbiting foreign stars and bacterial life found in meteors.

Astronomy today is actually very similar to astronomy of the past. We look up to the heavens much like the ancients did, always discovering new wonders and mysteries. How significant and accurate was astronomy in ancient cultures, specifically the Egyptians and the Mayans, and how strong is the evidence showing a link between ancient cultures and extra terrestrial life? Astronomy played a very important part of ancient cultures since it was linked to religion, and they were as accurate in their measurements of astronomy as we are today. There is strong evidence of extra terrestrial contact with ancient cultures, yet there is no definite proof either way.

Astronomy in ancient cultures was extremely significant because it was inter woven with their religious beliefs and culture. Most ancient religions believed in a connection between their gods and the heavens. Many believed that the stars represented gods and/or that their gods came from the stars. In recent years our knowledge of ancient cultures has changed in that we are now interpreting evidence in new ways. We know that most ancient religions have a strong connection to astronomy, and that most ancient religions held a connection between the stars and gods.

Astronomy was significant to the Egyptians because they had a strong belief that their Gods resided in stars. The constellation now known as Orion represented their God of the Dead, Osiris; Sirius represented Osiris� sister, Isis; and the constellation Hyades (also the head of modern Taurus the Bull) represented Osiris� brother, Soth (Seth).

"The Dog Star was identified with Sirius; Orion was identified with Osiris. . . . It is not surprising to find an identification of Osiris with Orion . . .[for] one of the central themes of the Pyramid Texts was the complete identification of the dead king with Osiris . . ."1
"Behold he has come as Orion, behold Osiris has come as Orion . . . O king, the sky conceives you with Orion, the dawn-light bears you with Orion . . . you will regularly ascend with Orion from the eastern region of the sky . . . your third is Sothis (sirius) . . .[PT 820-2]"2
These quotes show how the Egyptians believed that different stars and constellations represented their Gods. In order to worship their Gods they worshipped the stars. They studied the stars in order to study their Gods. The high priests of Egypt were also the best astronomers in the world, although the specifics of their knowledge are not known due to their intense secrecy. Herodotus, a Greek historian, wrote, "The Egyptians, they said, were the first to discover the solar year and to portion out its course into twelve parts. They obtained this knowledge from the stars."3 If their high priests were the best astronomers in the world, then their whole religion and culture revolved around astronomy.

Egyptian religion was based on astronomy and their culture was based on religion. Their culture directly reflects this in that they believed that their king, or pharaoh, was the son of Osiris who was represented by the constellation Orion. The divine myth of Osiris (appendix 1) was very important to the Egyptians. The Main points of the myth are that Osiris died, was mummified, was reborn, and gave his seed to Isis to give birth to Horus. The culture of the Egyptians closely reflected this story. They believed that pharaohs, like Osiris, had to be mummified in order to ascend to the heavens to go to the Duat, or afterworld. The pyramid texts speak of this relationship between the stars and the pharaoh. These texts are a series of writings found on the walls and ceilings in some of the fifth and sixth dynasty pyramids (no writings were ever found in the fourth dynasty pyramids) and constitute the oldest religious writings in the world. They show that the king is a star and that he navigates the duat, along with Osiris, or Orion.

"O king, you are this Great Star, the companion of Orion, who traverses the sky with Orion, who Navigates the (Duat) Netherworld with Osiris; you ascend from the east of the sky, being renewed in your due season, and rejuvenated in your due time. The sky has born you with Orion. . . .[PT 882-2]"
". . . The king, a Star brilliant and far-travelling . . . the king appears as a Star . . .� [PT 262]"
"�May you ascend to the sky, may the sky give birth to you like Orion . . .� [PT 2116]
�Live and be young beside your father (Osiris), beside Orion in the sky . . .� [PT 2180]"4
This says that when a king dies he goes to the stars. This was very important to the Egyptians. Because of this strong astronomical belief they slaved in the construction of the pyramids for more than ten dynasties.

The pyramids of Egypt are considered by many to be monuments to astronomy and the power of the pharaohs. Robert Bauval, who grew up in Egypt and studied the Great Pyramids for over ten years, believes the architecture is made specifically to allow the pharaoh to ascend to the heavens as told in the pyramid texts. There are four shafts in the Great Pyramid (Khufu) which are called �air shafts�, but whose real purpose is yet unknown. Using the data collected from Gantenbrink�s UPUAUT 2, a robot that climbed up the shafts, and a computer program Bauval found crucial data. At the time of construction, estimated at 2450 BC, the four �air shafts�, king�s northern and southern and the queen�s northern and southern, are aimed at the stars Sirius, Zeta Orionis, Alpha Draconis and Beta Kochab.5 When the pharaoh died he was mummified and taken to the pyramid. In the queen�s chamber the opening of the mouth ceremony was performed by the pharaoh�s son and three high priests, facing the shaft that points to Sirius. Egyptians believed this allowed the pharaoh�s seed to go to the womb of Isis to give birth to a new Horus-king. The pharaoh was then taken to the king�s chamber where he faced the shaft pointing to Zeta Orionis, one of the three stars that are Orion�s belt, where the pharaoh went to the afterworld of Osiris to reside with him forever.6

This theory suggests a connection between the Egyptians� religious beliefs, astronomy, and culture. It seems to fit all of the calculations found and gives a detailed purpose for the Great Pyramids. Dr. Edwards, former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities of the British Museum and Vice-President of the Egyptian Exploration Society, fully agrees with Bauval and supports his findings. The current Keeper however, does not agree with Bauval. Since there are no hieroglyphics or pictures inside any of the Great Pyramids, this is still just a theory. Also, there were never any bodies found in the Great Pyramids to suggest that they were tombs. There have been pictures describing things such as the opening of the mouth ceremony found in other tombs to support the theory.

Astronomy was the central part of the Ancient Egyptians. Their culture, buildings and traditions all revolved around stars and astronomy. Their high priests were considered the best astronomers in the world. The divine myth of Osiris and the Horus-King cycle had a common basis in astronomy. They constructed huge buildings according to astronomical calculations. The Egyptian culture as a whole revolved around astronomy.

Astronomy was also significant to the ancient Mayans because it was the basis for their calendars and architecture, as well as their overall religion and culture. They built buildings to observe the stars and to mark the helindrical rising of constellations. Their calendars were based on the Sun, Venus, Earth, and the stars. Their high priests were masters of astronomy and led religious rituals to worship the stars. This suggests their whole culture revolved around astronomy.

The Mayans constructed buildings to observe the stars and mark the rising of the Sun, stars, and constellations. The Caracol Observatory at Chichen Itza was used by the high priests of the Mayans to observe the stars for the purpose of time keeping, religious prophesies, and recording the paths of constellations.7

"Windows in the ruined upper tower point toward the extreme northern and southern rise positions of Venus. The equinox sunset is visible through another window in the tower. . . . The corner-to-corner alignment of the base corresponds to the solstice axis. A perpendicular line from the base of the upper platform points to the location on the horizon where the sun sets on the dates of its zenith passage at the latitude of Chichen Itza. According to Aveni, around A.D. 1000 the last annual setting of the Pleiades could be viewed in late April from a window in the Caracol�s upper tower. . . . Aveni found fifteen other alignments that correspond reasonably well with astronomical events."�8
The observatory in Caracol shows how accurate the Mayans astronomy was. Hundreds of alignments have been found in this single building. How did they design such a magnificent building and how did they construct it so accurately? Most important is why did they build it. It is well known that astronomy was key to their religion and their culture. Many experts believe they built this to keep track of religious and cultural ceremonies.

Also in Chichen Itza is the Pyramid of Kukulcan. At around 4:00 p.m. on March 21 the Sun�s rays will cast a shadow that looks like the body of a snake. At the base is a three-dimensional snake�s head, which aligns with the shadow. On top of the Pyramid is a picture of the rattle of a rattlesnake, which represents the Pleiades constellation. On the rattle is a picture of a solar face, which represents the Sun. Also, on the day of the shadow the constellation Pleiades and the Sun are perfectly aligned directly over the Pyramid. Clearly, the Pyramid of Kukulcan was specifically built for this astronomical alignment.9 The design of Chichen Itza came from the Mayans knowledge of astronomy and was used for that same purpose.

Chichen Itza was not the only Mayan city with buildings related to astronomy. A group of temples in Uaxactun, Guatemala, were built to mark the spring and fall equinox, as well as the summer and winter solstice. They do this with a single pyramid used as an observation point and three small temples to mark where the Sun rises on these dates.10 In the Mayan city Teotihuacan, the Street of the Dead runs from the Pyramid of the Moon, past the Pyramid of the Sun, to the Temple of the Quetzalcoati at 15�30� east of north. There are many theories as to why the city is laid out in this manner. One is that it was built to face the setting of the Pleiades at the time it was constructed. Professor Gerald Hawkins thinks the Sirius-Pleiades axis may have been involved, yet does not know how.11 A new theory is that the layout depicts the solar system, including Pluto, which wasn�t discovered until the 20th century. Different pyramids represent different planets. No matter which theory you accept, there is no doubt that astronomy played a role in the design of Teotihuacan.

Many Mayan buildings were either used for astronomy or were built based on astronomy. Their religious ceremonies followed an extremely accurate calendar, which was based on the Sun, Moon, and Venus. Their culture was very spiritual, and both astronomical events and the movement of constellations due to precession (appendix 2) controlled their whole lives. Their whole population would gather for the rising of constellations and the eclipses of the sun and moon. The ancient Mayans� whole lives revolved around astronomy.

For all of human history we have looked up to the sky and wondered if there was life out there. Now, with our technology far superior to the technology of the past, we have come close to finding the answer. Through inner planetary space travel and deep range telescopes we have a superior advantage over those of our past. Members of SETI believe that within ten years of opening the new Hectare telescope they will find life.12 However, isn�t it possible that our past could have found the answer before us? Can we study our past to determine if ancient cultures had encounters with extra terrestrials? These questions are even today debated among archeologists and the scientific community.

Most scientists today believe that there is life in the Universe other than us. It was November 1961, in Green bank, West Virginia, when scientists held the first ever meeting devoted to SETI, the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence. Some of the scientists in attendance were Frank Drake, Nobel Prize winner Melvin Calvin, and the renowned Carl Sagan. Among the topics discussed were "What is intelligent life?" and the Green Bank Formula, now called the Drake equation.13 As Seth Shostak, who has a degree in Astronomy from Princeton and a PHD in Astronomy from Caltech, often says in his lectures, "Intelligent life is any living being who can build a radio transmitter. You are free to judge your neighbor accordingly."14 Scientists define intelligent life to be this because so far the only way for us to detect them is to hear them with radio telescopes or to pay them a visit. Unfortunately, given the space programs� funding and technological limitations, a visit should not be expected soon. The Drake equation below, written by Frank Drake, gives N, the number of extra terrestrial civilizations trying to contact us right now.

"N = R+fpneflfifcL     where
R+ = the average # of new stars like our sun
fp = number of stars with possible living beings
ne = the average # of planets that orbit these stars with conditions suitable for life
fl = # of these planets that actually have life
fi = # of these planets that have life which will become intelligent in the lifetime of their sun
fe = # of planets that have already developed intelligent civilizations
L = the life span of an intelligent civilization"15
Although we know very few of these numbers, using the lowest values we get N = 40 and using the highest values we get N = 50,000,000.16 Right now I Love Lucy has reached just over 300 other stars. Most people would think that with an average of 20,000,020 (using average values in the Drake Equation) other civilizations trying to contact us we should have heard something by now. This would be the case if SETI could look at more than 3% of the sky at any given time and if the nearest star wasn�t 4.3 light years17 away.

Even without SETI, numbers alone seem to make it highly likely that there is intelligent life in the universe.

"There are half a trillion (500,000,000,000) known galaxies in the Universe, each with half a trillion stars in them. This gives 250,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars, and if each has an average of 3 planets (ours has nine) then you get 750,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 planets in our Universe. People that say life is unique to Earth are saying that the chances of life are 1 to 7.5 x 1023 or 1/750,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!"18
Life may be unique, but the odds are against it being that unique. Because of these numbers and the possible life found in the Mars rock, many scientists now believe that there is life in the Universe. This has created a whole new field of science known as astrobiology. Astrobiologists are now working with NASA to find life on Europa and Io, two of Jupiter�s moons. These numbers and other discoveries provide proof for the possibility of extra terrestrial life in the Universe.

The myths of ancient cultures and religions discuss gods that come from the heavens or return to the heavens, but were these gods actually extra terrestrial beings who appeared as gods to primitive humans? The Aztecs and Mayans believed that their gods came from the Pleiades star system. The Egyptians believed that the stars of Orion represent their gods. The Mahabharata describes an airborne battle between the gods waged on Earth. Even the Bible mentions beings coming from and returning to the sky. Why do all these ancient cultures share similar faiths and myths of their gods? Did they all have the same gods? Did they have communications with each other and share beliefs?

In the Bible, Ezekiel describes his encounter with God, but could this �God� be an extra terrestrial? Ezekiel describes these �gods� from the sky in the passage,

"Now as I looked at the living creatures, I saw a wheel upon the earth beside the living creatures, one for each of the four of them. As for the appearance of the wheels and their construction: their appearance was like the gleaming of a chrystalite; and the four had the same likeness, their construction being as it were a wheel within a wheel. When they went they went in any of the four directions without turning as they went. The four wheels had rims, and they had spokes; and when the living creatures went, the wheels went beside them; and when the living creatures rose from the earth, the wheels rose."19
"And as I looked, behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, and a great cloud, with brightness round about it, and fire flashing forth continually, and in the mist of the fire, as if it were gleaming bronze. And from the mists it came the likeness of four living creatures. And this was their appearance: They had the form of men, but each had four faces, and each of them had four wings. Their legs were straight, and the soles of their feet were like the sole of a calf�s foot: and they sparkled like burnished bronze."
Ezekeil seems to describe a metallic craft, which comes from the sky. The occupants come out for a while then get back in and fly away. Why would a �god� come from the north if he is everywhere? Why would he need a metallic craft, and why were there more than one? Obviously this does not describe one true god, and sounds more like a UFO encounter. To be evidence there must be other stories in the Bible to back this conclusion. There are in Genesis. According to the Bible "in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth"20 and then proceeded to create man. "Then God said let us make man in our own image and our own likeliness."21 There is no mention of little green aliens anywhere, or is there? Notice the underlined words. Why does God speak in plural? Is it because he is everywhere, or is there more than one God, more than one extra terrestrial? We already know that God is not everywhere from Ezekeil�s description of God coming from the north. These passages provides evidence in support of ET life, yet based on interpretation there is evidence for both sides of the debate.

Other cultures had contact with �Gods� as well. The Aztecs and the Mayans believed their gods came from the Pleiades star system and told them of Earth�s past races and how they were destroyed. These gods visited them and gave them knowledge. They even predicted the end of the fifth sun, or dynasty, to be Dec. 21, 2012, just 12 years from now.22 You can easily write this off as nonsense; however, consider that the end of the fourth sun was Aug. 13, 3114 BC which is described as being a great flood. Perhaps this flood is the same great flood described in the Bible and by the ancient Chinese. This suggests that the �gods� that visited the Mayans and Aztecs had knowledge of the history of Earth and were not fictitious stories used in religion. Ancient cultures had similar myths of gods because they all worshiped a common race of extra terrestrials.

Because ancient cultures believed in gods from the sky, astronomy was very important to these cultures, and evidence of their knowledge can be seen around the world. These cultures built huge megalith designs with giant stones for the purpose of astronomy. These can be seen on six continents and even under water. The most famous of these is Stonehenge, found in Great Britain. Other sites of stone megaliths include: Drombeg�s axis in southwest Ireland, Namoratunga II in northwestern Kenya, Castle Rigg and the Shedon of Bourtie in north east Scottland, Bighorn Medicine Wheel near Sheridan Wyoming, Le Grand Menhir Bris� in Carnac Britain, Sucancain Cerro Picchu, and the Plan of Piedra Parada in Finca Naranijo Guatemala.23

Why would all these separate ancient cultures move huge stones, some hundreds of miles, and arrange them in designs reflecting astronomical observations? Many believe they did this to create a calendar to keep track of time or for religious ceremonies. Others believe they got their knowledge of astronomy from their �gods� and built these megaliths as an attempt to bring the �gods� back. Some even believe that extra terrestrials built these designs and moved these stones which weigh up to 200 tons each. Without the invention of the wheel, people who lived up to ten thousand years ago could not have moved these stones. A circle of stones near Carnac is evidence of their age because half of the stones are submerged under water.24 Scientists believe these stones had to be there before the Ice Age, when the ice melted the water level rose and submerged the stones. How could these stones have been moved without the aid of an extra terrestrial race? On Easter Island a team moved and raised a huge stone by levering it up slowly and putting rocks beneath it to support it.25 But, this created a large indent on the ground from the weight of the huge stone. So far, experts have found no evidence of these indents in the ground next to or near the stone megaliths scattered around the world. Built in our prehistory, many researchers believe these megaliths are a product of extra terrestrial intervention.

As these ancient cultures evolved they began constructing of temples and buildings to mark these astronomical locations. The Forbidden City in China, Group E in Uaxactun Guatemala, and The Great Temple of Atum-Re in Egypt are examples of this. They are all aligned to show specific positions of the sun. They can be used to observe the summer and winter solstice, as well as the fall and spring equinox. They used these temples and observations to keep track of time. Think of the Sun as a giant pendulum and each end is represented by a solstice. Using these temples they could measure the solar year and seasons. They then used these temples and observations to create calendars. Every ancient culture had a calendar to mark religious ceremonies and seeding/harvest times. Their calendars were very accurate and were very sacred to the people. These temples and megaliths were used to tell time and can be used by anyone for all of time to discover the solar year and seasons. Ancients cultures studied astronomy in order to study their gods. Ancient cultures saw the stars as their gods because the gods came from the stars. They gave them a calendar based on stars, based on the gods. Their whole religion revolved around their calendar, which came from the gods.

The Pyramids of Egypt are filled with astronomical information. The layout of the fourth dynasty pyramids alone has its origins in astronomy. Their layout creates an exact, scale replica of the constellation Orion which represented their god Osiris. The Nile River is the Milky Way, the pyramid at Abu Ruwash is Orion�s left foot, the pyramid at Zawyat Al Aryan is Orion�s right shoulder, the three pyramids at Giza are Orion�s belt, and the pyramids at Abusir are Orion�s head. The two pyramids at Dashur correlate to the constellation Hyades, or the southern Orion, also considered the constellation of Seth. Because the ancient Egyptians believed their pharaoh was a god, they built these pyramids to create a heaven on Earth. This would aid the dead pharaohs in their ascent to the stars. Inside the Great Pyramid at Giza are four shafts aimed at the stars Sirius, Zeta Orionis, Alpha Draconis and Beta Kochab. The first two stars represent Isis and Osiris while the other two are polar stars, used as the North Pole as the Earth wobbles. All these calculations are related to advanced astronomy and extremely accurate observational equipment.

The Pyramids also have mathematical calculations, which can only be a product of extra terrestrial contact. The dimensions of the Great Pyramid have an immense amount of hidden knowledge. The grand gallery is exactly 365 pyramid inches long. The Great Pyramid is just .05 degrees off true north (probably due to continental shifting). The two opposite corners are level to less than 6 inches. It is located on the exact center of land mass of Earth and the meridian that passes through Giza separates the continents into two equal proportions and covers the most land of any other meridian. The length of the square side is 365.342 Egyptian yards. The height squared is equal to the perimeter and the Great Pyramid is the exact same distance to the North Pole and the center of the Earth.26 By taking the tangent of the slope angle of the pyramid you can find pi (3.1415926), used for measuring area and perimeters of circles, sphere�s, cones, etc. Other pyramids give the number 2.7182818, which equals epsilon, a constant used in calculus.27 The area of the base of the Great Pyramid is the same as the area of the base of the Mayan Pyramid of the Sun.28 A circle containing the perimeter of the Great Pyramid is proportional to the equator of the Earth when the top of the pyramid represents the North Pole. While some say you can find any measurement in anything, these measurements are unbelievable, and unexplained.

Could the measurements of the fourth dynasty pyramids be a product of extra terrestrial knowledge? How could the ancient Egyptians known the distance to the center of the Earth, the North Pole, and the equator? How did they even know the earth wasn�t flat? They had to have some one teach them this knowledge, some one smart enough to obtain it. Grahm Hancock, who has researched and authored many books on ancient cultures and ancient mysteries, believes a lost race of humans gave them this knowledge, perhaps the Atlantians. Erich Von Daniken, who has researched and written about ancient cultures since his teens, believes that extra terrestrials not only taught the Egyptians this knowledge but also helped them build it into the pyramids. The ancient Egyptians alone could not have known many of these numbers. Their technology was limited to copper tools, which could not have been used to build the pyramids. In the King�s Chamber of the Great Pyramid the granite blocks are cut so accurately that not even a razor blade can fit between them. Many of these measurements are very accurate, and it is yet unknown how the Egyptians could build them.

Who�s technology did the Ancient Egyptians use to get such great accuracy and what tools did they use? Most current archeologists still believe that they were built using wooden sleds pulled over wooden logs used as rollers. They used huge mud ramps to get them up the side of the pyramids. Apparently, they also used copper picks to cut the blocks extremely accurately and boats to get the blocks down the Nile.29

There are, however, many flaws in this theory. First, they did not have enough wood for rollers, which would have constantly cracked under the immense pressure. The only wood in Egypt were fruit trees, which would have been needed to feed the thousands of slaves used to build the pyramids. In order to keep the mud ramps moist, to prevent cracking and decay, would have required an amount of water equal to a quarter of the Nile River. Copper tools could not have cut the huge stones to the accuracy required for the pyramids.30 The tools and knowledge couldn�t have been their own.

Today, we cannot reproduce the accuracy seen in the king�s chamber with lasers and other current technology. Several years ago a team tried to build a replica pyramid with cranes and current technology. The team failed due to too much stress on the equipment. Finally, where did all of their knowledge go, for there is no evidence of how they build the pyramids, or even why they built them? Herodotus, a Greek historian was the only person to write an account of what happened. More than 2000 years after their completion he interviewed several Egyptians and concluded that the Egyptians alone built them and that there was enormous hatred towards Khufu for making them build the pyramids.31 Egyptologists made their conclusions based on this account, and that of the Bible, which says Jewish slaves were forced to build the pyramids. Obviously the current theory cannot be accepted if it contradicts itself.

The reason the pyramids were built is still unknown. They are considered to be tombs of the pharaohs and monuments to the pharaoh�s power, but why have no bodies ever been recovered from the fourth dynasty pyramids (pyramids at Giza and Dashur). Unlike the tombs in the Valley of the Kings, there are no writings or treasures in the pyramids. In the Valley of the Kings, pharaohs were buried with servants and supplies for the afterlife. The fourth dynasty pyramids had none of these. Why are these few �tombs� so completely unlike all the other tombs? Why were the fourth dynasty pyramids built with such great accuracy while those that preceded and followed them have all fallen to disrepair? Were the fourth dynasty pyramids even Egyptian? Many researchers believe they were designed and built by an outside influence, an extra terrestrial influence. This would explain the vast differences between the fourth dynasty pyramids, and the pyramids that preceded and followed them. The fourth dynasty pyramids have many secrets in them, some of which we know, and some that are yet to be discovered.

Some people believe the pyramids were a way to contact extra terrestrials. It is well known that the pyramid shape has many �magical� properties. For example, it has the ability to dehydrate things. You can keep your razor in a pyramid and be able to use it over 180 times. You can even remove mold from bread, and age wine many years in a few months. Gerhard Leiner of Austria put one egg in a pyramid and one out. After 200 days the one outside was rotten, but the one inside was still edible.32

Pyramids have also been proven to amplify signals. Many people believe the Great Pyramid was used to send signals to extra terrestrials. Richard Elfving, who has spent years collecting information and researching ET contact, has another theory. He believes "the Great Pyramid was used as a stargate like the one on the TV show."33 The Grand Gallery has 56 ramp holes (26 on each side) which run up the sides of the floor the whole way up. They are equidistant from each other and are 6" X 20.61" X 10".34 Richard Elfving believes "these slots were used to hold a great machine that would act like a stargate. They could send someone at the speed of thought from one �stargate� to another."35 The fact that the pyramid shape amplifies signals helps this theory. Also, since the pyramids weren�t used as tombs this gives them a purpose. After all, isn�t moving a few thousand stones worth interplanetary travel? Although the idea of the pyramids being tombs is the most widely accepted belief, there is certainly good evidence that they were used to communicate with extra terrestrials.

The gods from the Pleiades star system, described by the Aztecs and Mayans, are currently known as the Pleiadians, a race of extra terrestrials. According to Richard Elfving, these Pleiadians have been studying humans since our ancient past. They created three libraries, each containing the complete history of the human species. One of these is located under the left paw of the Sphinx, where a room has been found, but not explored. The Pleiadians are now abducting people to prepare us for first contact. There have been thousands of similar abduction cases were the abductees give descriptions of Earth�s history in great detail, given to them by the Pleiadians.36 Immanuel Velikovsky, who has studied and written about ancient religious texts, confirmed these descriptions.

Through studying many ancient religious texts he found that the history the Pleiadians were describing is accurate. According to the Pleiadians a great comet passed near the Earth. The earth did not rotate for 9 days, then rotated the other direction. The impact also disturbed Earth�s orbit, making it about five days longer and caused great floods. It is uncontested among experts that all ancient cultures originally used a 360-day calendar.

" Sun and moon stood still in heaven� The earth quaked and trembled from the noise of Thy thunders. (Ginzberg Legends, IV, 11-12"38
"Desolation . . . stretched to heaven; all that was bright was turned into darkness. . . . Nor could a brother distinguish his brother. . . . Six days . . . the hurricane, deluge, and tempest continued sweeping the land . . . and all human back to its clay was returned. (The Epic of Gilgamish)"39
"�and during these nine days of upheaval there was such a tempest that neither men nor gods could see the faces of those beside them. (G. Goyon)"40
These quotes show how many cultures describe the same event. If many cultures around the world witnessed the same event it is reasonable to believe that it most likely happened. The comet passed very close to Earth. Its gravitational pull stopped the Earth�s rotation, and caused huge tides, like the moon but much stronger. The peoples of Earth described these huge tides and floods.
"The water was well up on the mountains, and the foothills could not be seen at all. (Psalm 104, 107)"41
"In the lifetime of Yao the sun did not set for ten full days and the entire land was flooded. In their vast extent they embrace the hills and overtop the great heights, threatening the heavens with their floods. (The Shu King)"42
Yao spent his whole lifetime trying to drain the waters, but success was only enjoyed by his son. Thousands died during this project. The Pleiadians told their abducties all of this and now Velikovsky�s research has confirmed it. How could thousands of people suddenly learn human�s ancient history? They had to be taught this. Those who first recorded human�s history taught them this. These same Pleiadians were those who appeared before our ancestors and were viewed as gods.

Holy books of ancient cultures constantly describe things that can only be explained through extra terrestrial contact. Ezekiel described a group of extra terrestrials that landed, walked around, and left. The Egyptian book of the dead describes sun ships that went into space. The Mahabharata (appendix 3) describes an airborne battle between extra terrestrials, which can be backed up by the Bible. Stories from the Cabbala give descriptions of other planets and their inhabitants. These stories from ancient cultures give evidence of extra terrestrial encounters.

The Mahabharata describes an extra terrestrial airborne battle, but can it be confirmed? The story describes ships flying and shooting projectiles. One of these projectiles described is very similar to an atomic bomb. In the story, two cities were destroyed by this weapon. The Bible also describes the fate of these two cities.

"Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven; and he overthrew those cities, and all the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground. But Lot�s wife behind him looked back, and she became a pillar of salt� and he looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and toward the valley, and beheld, and lo, the smoke of the land went up like the smoke of a furnace."43
This description and that from the Mahabharata are very similar and probably two descriptions of the same thing. Ancient cultures obviously didn�t have nuclear missiles to shoot at each other. The Mahabharata also describes an encounter where extra terrestrials explain the Universe.
"Brighu, asked about the dimensions of the tent of the sky, answered:
	�Infinite is that space inhabited by the blessed and the divinities, delightful it 
	is, studded with many dwellings, and its boundary is unattainable.�
	�Above its sphere of power and below, the sun and moon are no longer seen, there 
	the gods are their own light, shining like the sun and flashing like fire.�
	'And even they do not see the boundary of the mighty outspread tent of the heavens, 
	because it is hard to reach, because it is infinite . . . But upwards and ever upwards 
	that Universe that cannot be measured by the gods is filled with flaming, self 
	illuminating beings.�"44
These gods know that the Universe is infinite and has no boundaries. In space the only light is that coming from their ship and their propulsion, flashing like fire. The story also tells of a Universe with many civilizations of self illuminating beings. Some of these civilizations are far more advanced then us since this race knows more than us. This could only be a description of extra terrestrials.

The Mahabharata and the Bible are not the only holy books that describe extra terrestrials; the Cabbala gives descriptions as well. The Cabbala is an interpretation of ancient Jewish law and books. In it is a description of the travels of a man(appendix 4). The man travels to space and describes seven different worlds, seven different planets. The inhabitants of these planets eat different things and have different food sources. Some worlds even have different stars or multiple stars. How did ancient cultures know about suns that differ from our own, or about double stars? Is Earth the sixth world described? If it is, it explains how Adam was the first human and how he got here. It also says that we were constantly visited, which would explain the stories other ancient cultures described. Most importantly, it says we forgot where we came from which explains why we think humans, and life, originated on Earth. These stories, if correct, are evidence of extra terrestrial contact.

Many people believe these are just stories and misinterpretations, but are they? How would ancient cultures know so much about the Universe? How could they describe technologies that were discovered in the twentieth century? Why are these stories found all over the world? This knowledge could not have originated from ancient cultures. It had to come from something extra terrestrial, perhaps those visitors we forgot about.

There are many myths about beings flying to the stars and descriptions of other worlds, but did our ancestors have technology to do this? What technology did our ancient cultures possess? And, if they did have advanced technology, where did it go? There are many theories to account for this. One is they simply didn�t have advanced technology. Others believe descriptions of advanced technology were really descriptions of God. On the other side, some believe ancient cultures were more advanced than we are today, and through wars we lost all knowledge of this technology. While these theories range from one end of the spectrum to the other, is there evidence to support either side?

The Valley of the Kings in Egypt may hold evidence of ancient technology. The tombs in the Valley of the Kings were cave like tombs burrowed laboriously into the sides of hills. They were constructed to act as the burial place for a dead pharaoh. To carve the tombs would have been impossible with out light. There is no evidence that any type of candles or flames were used in the construction of the tombs. In other tombs around the world there is a chemical residue left on the ceiling from the flame that scientists can find. There was never any trace of this residue found in the tombs of the Valley of the Kings. So, what light did they use? Erich Von Daniken believes he�s found the answer.

While exploring the Temple of Dendera, he discovered pictures on the wall depicting light bulbs.45 Based on the pictures, he and a colleague built a replica of the light bulb. It worked perfectly providing more than enough light than that required by the workers several thousand years ago.46 Did the ancient Egyptians use these light bulbs? If so, how did they discover and make them? Were they the product of extra terrestrials or an invention lost in time? Many sided with Von Daniken after learning of a new discovery near Baghdad.

In 1936, an ancient battery was unearthed near Baghdad. Could this battery have once been used to power the Egyptian light bulbs? Did it even store a charge? The �battery� was a pottery vase with a cylinder made of a copper alloy of pewter and lead inside. An iron rod went from inside the cylinder, through the bitumen cap and out the top. When filled with an acid it creates a voltage. The actual battery was tested in 1957 and proved that an electric current flowed through it. With an exact replica, F. M. Gray proved that it functioned as a battery. Similar devices were also found along the Tigris River.47 An Indian text describes the process of electrolysis, or separating water with ancient batteries.

"Place a well-cleaned copper plate in an earthenware vessel. Cover it first by copper sulfate and then moist sawdust. After that put a mercury-amalgamated-zinc sheet on top of an energy known by the twin name of Mitra-Varuna(anode-cathode). Water will be split by this current into Pranavayu and Udanavayu(hydrogen and oxygen). A chain of one hundred jars is said to give you a very active and effective force."48
How could ancient cultures know of Electrolysis, a process that uses batteries to separate water into its elements? Were did their knowledge of this go? I believe they were describing an extra terrestrial energy source, like that seen in the movie Chain Reaction where scientists separate water and burn the hydrogen to turn a turbine, creating energy. Where did these inventions and technology come from? Were they just inventions lost in time? Perhaps they are misinterpreted pictures and texts, or are we looking for something where there�s nothing. Could they have been a product of extra terrestrial knowledge or contact? If so, is there any other evidence of extra terrestrial technology in our past? There is.

In 1994, Alberto Ruz, a Mexican archeologist, opened a second tomb in the Pyramid at Palenque and found the coffin of Lord Pacal. He was probably the most powerful of all the Mayan kings. The body is unimportant though; it is the sarcophagus that is interesting. First of all, the sarcophagus itself resembles Egyptian design, rather then Mayan design. Most important is the picture on the 10 inch thick stone lid. It depicts the king in a rocket like device, sitting on his back with his hands and feet controlling levers. At the base of the rocket are flames providing thrust, much like our Saturn 5 rockets.49 Archeologists believe this picture symbolizes the king travelling to the stars to meet the gods. Others believe this is an actual machine used to take the king to meet the gods, extra terrestrials. Perhaps the same extra terrestrials that came from the Plaiedes star system. This rocket appears to be the product of extra terrestrial knowledge, knowledge that was lost when the Spanish conquered the Mayans and Aztecs.

Many mysteries surround the descriptions of this advanced ancient technology. They could be extra terrestrial technology left here, or discoveries lost in time. Many believe the evidence supports an extra terrestrial influence. I feel the extra terrestrial theory is very likely, but more evidence must be found to prove it without a doubt.

There is as much evidence supporting extra terrestrial contact by ancient cultures, as there is against contact. Clifford Wilson is one of the leaders of this belief. Along with him are many people of the religious and archeological community who believe there has not been extra terrestrial contact in our past. They have just as many theories to explain these ancient mysteries, and have evidence to support their side.

In Nazca Peru there are roads that lead nowhere, were these runways for extra terrestrials as Daniken believes? Clifford Wilson, an archeologists and author of Crash Go the Chariots, believes these roads were trading routes used by early American cultures. He believes that they originally had a destination, because in the Middle East there is a Greek road which abruptly ends in the Dead Sea, but resumes on the other side. He says this is the same for the Nazca roads, we just haven�t found the destinations yet.50 Daniken and others believe they were ancient runways used by extra terrestrials. Why else would there be perfectly straight roads running parallel and perpendicular to each other that abruptly begin and end seemingly randomly. Clifford Wilson explains these roads by comparing them to something very different while Daniken and others interpret what they see and form their opinions based on what is there.

Ronald Story, who has researched Von Daniken's ideas, believes the megaliths seen around the world were raised in the same manner as those on Easter Island. He believes they were all raised with levers and stones.51 His theory is hard to accept since the indentations found near the Easter Island megaliths have never been found anywhere else. He is explaining the construction of thousands of megalith designs based on a small group of statues built by a single culture that never left their island home. In math do you find one equation for a graph, and assume all other graphs use the same equation? No, you learn that each graph has a unique equation, therefore each megalith probably had a unique method of construction and a unique purpose.

Those of strong religious faith believe God created man, and only man. There is no mention of God creating little green men. There is also no mention of him creating Martian bacteria, or even Earthen bacteria. Basically, these people believe God created man, and the heavens, and the Earth, and no aliens. They read the stories about aliens and write them off as metaphors and nonsense. But how accurate is a book written around 200 AD by scholars who had no evidence or guiding hand to follow? These ideas were written when men thought the Earth was flat, when they thought the sky was heaven. They thought we were the center of the Universe and everything revolved around us. Their ideas are very arrogant, and have no facts to support them.

Can the evidence against extra terrestrial contact be accepted? These researchers take one example and apply it to everything else. Can you judge a person based on one thing they do? Can you judge an author from one book you�ve read? The truth is everything in history must be examined, not compared to things completely different. Archeologists tend to create an idea of how things fit together and then work new findings into their already existing theories. This does not always give you the truth, but one man�s theory. Is one man�s theory really history, or a story of what history might have been.

History is the interpretation of evidence; there is no way to determine the past without first hand evidence. On the matter of extra terrestrials, there is no first hand evidence to support either side. All of the evidence so far presented is based solely on interpretation. As seen, there are many ways to interpret the same evidence. I found there is a lot of evidence supporting extra terrestrial contact. I find the interpretations of those like Von Daniken and Hancock more realistic that those of Wilson and Story, because they interpret the evidence in front of them rather than comparing it to other things. The evidence they present is strong and backed up while the evidence of Wilson and Story can not be backed up. I believe the evidence for extraterrestrial contact is strong and explains why astronomy was so important to ancient cultures.

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