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Science (from Latin scientia - knowledge) refers to a system of acquiring knowledge � based on empiricism, experimentation, and methodological naturalism � aimed at finding out the truth. What Does the NAEP Science Assessment Measure? NAEP measures the science knowledge and skills of fourth-, eighth-, and twelfth-grade students. According to the NAEP science framework, developed by the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB), students are to be assessed in science in the following areas: knowledge of facts; an ability to integrate this knowledge into larger constructs; and the capacity to use the tools, procedures, and reasoning processes of science to develop an increased understanding of the natural world. Based on this framework, the science assessment measures and reports subscales for three major fields of science, as follows: Earth, physical, and life.
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Environmental Science A Comparison of Water Chemistry Between Natural, Modifi ed, and Manmade Ponds within Brookhaven National Laboratory. PRISCILLA RANDOLPH ( North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411) TIM GREEN (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973). Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is located in the center of the Long Island Pine Barrens. Within BNL�s 5,265-acre site there are 26 wetlands. Included are coastal plain ponds, vernal ponds, recharge basins, and streams, making it an ideal ecological site to study water chemistry. We tested water samples from seven coastal plain ponds on BNL: four natural (BP1, BP2, BP6, BP9), one man-modifi ed (BP7), and two manmade (BP13a, Meadow Marsh). Five water samples were collected from each pond. An eTrex Vista Cx Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to mark each water sample point. An YSI 659 MDS meter fi tted with a multiprobe was utilized to determine temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and turbidity at each sample point. Water samples were analyzed for sulfate, nitrate, iron, phosphorus, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, copper, tannin-lignin, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, and suspended solids using Hach DREL/2000 and CEL/890 water test kits. Water samples were also analyzed for eleven different elements using an ICP-AES. The pH in the anthropogenic ponds was found to be more basic than that of natural ponds. Phosphorous, tannin-lignin, and hardness were elevated in the natural ponds when compared to manmade and modifi ed ponds, but only the difference in tannin-lignin content proved statistically signifi cant. The natural ponds were shaded by the canopy of the surrounding forest while the manmade and modifi ed ponds where located directly in the sun. This had a affect on water temperature. The results of this research will give environmental scientists an insight into water chemistry and interrelationships between abiotic and biotic factors and will enable BNL to optimize the management of amphibian and reptile habitats.
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