Without prejudice to the application of any rules set forth in the present Convention
to which treaties between one or more States and one or more international organizations
or between international organizations would be subject under international
law independently of the Convention, the Convention applies only to such treaties
concluded after the entry into force of the present Convention with regard to
those States and those organizations.
The present Convention applies to any treaty between one or more States and
one or more international organizations which is the constituent instrument
of an international organization and to any treaty adopted within an international
organization, without prejudice to any relevant rules of the organization.
The capacity of an international organization to conclude treaties is governed
by the rules of that organization.
Article 8
Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization
An act relating to the conclusion of a treaty performed by a person who cannot
be considered under article 7 as authorized to represent a State or an international
organization for that purpose is without legal effect unless afterwards confirmed
by that State or that organization.
Article 9
Adoption of the text
- 1. The adoption of the text of a treaty takes place by the consent of all the
states and international organizations or, as the case may be, all the organizations
participating in its drawing up except as provided in paragraph 2.
- 2. The adoption of the text of a treaty at an international conference takes
place in accordance with the procedure agreed upon by the participants in that
conference. If, however, no agreement is reached on any such procedure, the
adoption of the text shall take place by the vote of two-thirds of the participants
present and voting unless by the same majority they shall decide to apply a
different rule.
Article 10
Authentication of the text
- 1. The text of a treaty between one or more States and one or more international
organizations is established as authentic and definitive:
- (a) by such procedure as may be provided for in the text or agreed upon by the
States and organizations participating in its drawing up; or
- (b) failing such procedure, by the signature, signature ad referendum or initialing
by the representatives of those States and those organizations of the text of
the treaty or of the Final Act of a conference incorporating the text.
- 2. The text of a treaty between international organizations is established as
authentic and definitive:
- (a) by such procedure as may be provided for in the text or agreed upon by the
organizations participating in its drawing up; or
- (b) failing such procedure, by the signature, signature ad referendum or initialing
by the representatives of those organizations of the text of the treaty or of
the Final Act of a conference incorporating the text.
Article 11
Means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty
- 1. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature,
exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval
or accession, or by any other means if so agreed.
- 2. The consent of an international organization to be bound by a treaty may
be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, act
of formal confirmation, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means
if so agreed.
Article 12
Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by signature
- 1. The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by
a treaty is expressed by the signature of the representative of that State or
of that organization when:
- (a) the treaty provides that signature shall have that effect;
- (b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States and negotiating
organizations or, as the case any be, the negotiating organizations were agreed
that signature should have that effect; or
- (c) the intention of the State or organization to give that effect to the signature
appears from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the
negotiation.
- 2. For the purposes of paragraph 1:
- (a) the initialing of a text constitutes a signature of the treaty when it is
established that the negotiating States and negotiating organizations or, as
the case may be, the negotiating organizations so agreed;
- (b) the signature ad referendum of a treaty by the representative of a State
or an international organization, if confirmed by his State or organization,
constitutes a full signature of the treaty.
Article 13
Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by an exchange of instruments constituting
a treaty
The consent of States or of international organizations to be bound by a treaty
constituted by instruments exchanged between them is expressed by that exchange
when:
- (a) the instruments provide that their exchange shall have that effect, or
- (b) it is otherwise established that those States and those organizations or,
as the case may be, those organizations were agreed that the exchange of instruments
should have that effect.
Article 14
Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by ratification, act of formal confirmation,
acceptance or approval
- 1. The consent of a State to be bound by at treaty is expressed by ratification when;
- (a) the treaty provides for such consent to be expressed by means of ratification;
- (b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States and negotiating
organizations were agreed that ratification should be required;
- (c) the representative of the State has signed the treaty subject to ratification; or
- (d) the intention of the State to sign the treaty subject to ratification appears
from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation.
- 2. The consent of an international organization to be bound by a treaty is expressed
by an act of formal confirmation when:
- (a) the treaty provides for such consent to be expressed by means of an act of formal confirmation;
- (b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States and negotiating
organizations or, as the case may be, the negotiating organizations were agreed
that an act of formal confirmation should be required;
- (c) the representative of the organization has signed the treaty subject to
an act of formal confirmation; or
- (d) the intention of the organization to sign the treaty subject to an act of
formal confirmation appears from the full powers of its representative or was
expressed during the negotiation.
- 3. The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by
a treaty is expressed by acceptance or approval under conditions similar to
those which apply to ratification or, as the case may be, to an act of formal
confirmation.
Article 15
Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by accession
The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by a
treaty is expressed by accession when:
- (a) the treaty provides that such consent may be expressed by that State or
that organization by means of accession;
- (b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States and negotiating
organizations or, as the case may be, the negotiating organizations were agreed
that such consent may be expressed by that State or that organization by means
of accession; or
- (c) all the parties have subsequently agreed that such consent may be expressed
by that State or that organization by means of accession.
Article 16
Exchange or deposit of instruments of ratification, formal confirmation, acceptance,
approval or accession
- 1. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments of ratification, instruments
relating to an act of formal confirmation or instruments of acceptance, approval
or accession establish the consent of a State or of an international organization
to be bound by treaty between one or more States and one or more international
organizations upon:
- (a) their exchange between the contracting States and contracting organizations;
- (b) their deposit with the depositary; or
- (c) their notification to the contracting States and to the contracting organizations
or to the depositary, if so agreed.
- 2. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments relating to an act of formal
confirmation or instruments of acceptance, approval or accession establish the
consent of an international organization to be bound by a treaty between international
organizations upon:
- (a) their exchange between the contracting organizations;
- (b) their deposit with the depositary; or
- (c) their notification to the contracting organizations or to the depositary, if so agreed.
Article 17
Consent to be bound by part of a treaty and choice of differing provisions
- 1. Without prejudice to articles 19 to 23, the consent of a State or of an international
organization to be bound by part of a treaty is effective only if the treaty
so permits, or if the contracting States and contracting organizations or, as
the case may be, the contracting organizations so agree.
- 2. The consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound by
a treaty which permits a choice between differing provisions is effective only
if it is made clear to which of the provisions the consent relates.
Article 18
Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force
A State or an international organization is obliged to refrain from acts which
would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when:
- (a) that State or that organization has signed the treaty or has exchanged instruments
constituting the treaty subject to ratification, act of formal confirmation,
acceptance or approval, until that State or that organization shall have made
its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; or
- (b) that State or that organization has expressed its consent to be bound by
the treaty, pending the entry into force of the treaty and provided that such
entry into force is not unduly delayed.
SECTION 2
RESERVATIONS
Article 19
Formulation of reservations
A State or an international organization may, when signing, ratifying, formally
confirming, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, formulate a reservation
unless:
- (a) the reservation is prohibited by the treaty;
- (b) the treaty provides that only specified reservations, which do not include
the reservation in question, may be made; or
- (c) in cases not falling under sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), the reservation is
incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.
Article 20
Acceptance of and objection to reservations
- 1. A reservation expressly authorized by a treaty does not require any subsequent
acceptance by the contracting States and contracting organizations or, as the
case may be, by the contracting organizations unless the treaty so provides.
- 2. When it appears from the limited number of the negotiating States and negotiating
organizations or, as the case may be, of the negotiating organizations and the
object and purpose of a treaty that the application of the treaty in its entirety
between all the parties is an essential condition of the consent of each one
to be bound by the treaty, a reservation requires acceptance by all the parties.
- 3. When a treaty is a constituent instrument of an international organization
and unless it otherwise provides, a reservation requires the acceptance of the
competent organ of that organization.
- 4. In cases not falling under the preceding paragraphs and unless the treaty
otherwise provides:
- (a) acceptance of a reservation by a contracting State or by a contracting organization
constitutes the reserving State or international organization a party to the
treaty in relation to the accepting State or organization if or when the treaty
is in force for the reserving State or organization and for the accepting State
or organization;
- (b) an objection by a contracting State or by a contracting organization to
a reservation does not preclude the entry into force of the treaty as between
the objecting State or international organization and the reserving State or
organization unless a contrary intention is definitely expressed by the objecting
State or organization;
- (c) an act expressing the consent of a State or of an international organization
to be bound by the treaty and containing a reservation is effective as soon
as at least one contracting State or one contracting organization has accepted
the reservation.
- 5. For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 4 and unless the treaty otherwise provides,
a reservation is considered to have been accepted by a State or an international
organization if it shall have raised no objection to the reservation by the
end of a period of twelve months after it was notified of the reservation or
by the date on which it expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty, whichever
is later.
Article 21
Legal effects of reservations and of objections to reservations
- 1. A reservation established with regard to another party in accordance with
articles 19, 20 and 23:
- (a) modifies for the reserving State or international organization in its relations
with that other party the provisions of the treaty to which the reservation
relates to the extent of the reservation; and
- (b) modifies those provisions to the same extent for that other party in its
relations with the reserving State or international organization.
- 2. The reservation does not modify the provisions of the treaty for the other
parties to the treaty inter se.
- 3. When a State or an international organization objecting to a reservation
has not opposed the entry into force of the treaty between itself and the reserving
State or organization, the provisions to which the reservation relates do not
apply as between the reserving State or organization and the objecting State
or organization to the extent of the reservation.
Article 22
Withdrawal of reservations and of objections to reservations
- 1. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a reservation may be withdrawn at any
time and the consent of a State or of an international organization which has
accepted the reservation is not required for its withdrawal.
- 2. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, an objection to a reservation may be
withdrawn at any time.
- 3. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, or it is otherwise agreed:
- (a) the withdrawal of a reservation becomes operative in relation to a contracting
State or a contracting organization only when notice of it has been received
by that State or that organization;
- (b) the withdrawal of an objection to a reservation becomes operative only when
notice of it has been received by the State or international organization which
formulated the reservation.
Article 23
Procedure regarding reservations
- 1. A reservation, an express acceptance of a reservation and an objection to
a reservation must be formulated in writing and communicated to the contracting
States and contracting organizations and other States and international organizations
entitled to become parties to the treaty.
- 2. If formulated when signing the treaty subject to ratification, act of formal
confirmation, acceptance or approval, a reservation must be formally confirmed
by the reserving State or international organization when expressing its consent
to be bound by the treaty. In such a case the reservation shall be considered
as having been made on the date of its confirmation.
- 3. An express acceptance of, or an objection to, a reservation made previously
to confirmation of the reservation does not itself require confirmation.
- 4. The withdrawal of a reservation or of an objection to a reservation must
be formulated in writing.
SECTION 3
ENTRY INTO FORCE AND PROVISIONAL APPLICATION OF TREATIES
Article 24
Entry into force
- 1. A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it may provide
or as the negotiating States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may
be, the negotiating organizations may agree.
- 2. Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon
as consent to be bound by the treaty has been established for all the negotiating
States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may be, all the negotiating
organizations.
- 3. When the consent of a State or of an international organization to be bound
by a treaty is established on a date after the treaty has come into force, the
treaty enters into force for that State or that organization on that date, unless
the treaty otherwise provides.
- 4. The provisions of a treaty regulating the authentication of its text, the
establishment of consent to be bound by the treaty, the manner or date of its
entry into force, reservations, the functions of the depositary and other matters
arising necessarily before the entry into force of the treaty apply from the
time of the adoption of its text.
Article 25
Provisional application
- 1. A treaty or a part of a treaty is applied provisionally pending its entry
into force if:
- (a) the treaty itself so provides; or
- (b) the negotiating States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may
be, the negotiating organizations have in some other manner so agreed.
- 2. Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the negotiating States and negotiating
organizations or, as the case may be, the negotiating organizations have otherwise
agreed, the provisional application of a treaty or a part of a treaty with respect
to a State or an international organization shall be terminated if that State
or that organization notifies the States and organizations with regard to which
the treaty is being applied provisionally of its intention not to become a party
to the treaty.
PART III
OBSERVANCE, APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF TREATIES
SECTION 1
OBSERVANCE OF TREATIES
Article 26
Pacta sunt servanda
Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed
by them in good faith.
Article 27
Internal law of States, rules of international organizations and observance
of treaties
- 1. A State party to a treaty may not invoke the provisions of its internal law
as justification for its failure to perform the treaty.
- 2. An international organization party to a treaty may not invoke the rules
of the organization as justification for its failure to perform the treaty.
- 3. The rules contained in the preceding paragraphs are without prejudice to
article 46.
SECTION 2
APPLICATION OF TREATIES
Article 28
Non-retroactivity of treaties
Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise established,
its provisions do not bind a party in relation to any act or fact which took
place or any situation which ceased to exist before the date of the entry into
force of the treaty with respect to that party.
Article 29
Territorial scope of treaties
Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise established,
a treaty between one or more States and one or more international organizations
is binding upon each State party in respect of its entire territory.
Article 30
Application of successive treaties relating to the same subject-matter
- 1. The rights and obligations of States and international organizations parties
to successive treaties relating to the same subject-matter shall be determined
in accordance with the following paragraphs.
- 2. When a treaty specifies that it is subject to, or that it is not to be considered
as incompatible with, an earlier or later treaty, the provisions of that other
treaty prevail.
- 3. When all the parties to the earlier treaty are parties also to the later
treaty but the earlier treaty is not terminated or suspended in operation under
article 59, the earlier treaty applies only to the extent that its provisions
are compatible with those of the later treaty.
- 4. When the parties to the later treaty do not include all the parties to the
earlier one:
- (a) as between two parties, each of which is a party to both treaties, the same
rule applies as in paragraph 3;
- (b) as between at party to both treaties and a party to only one of the treaties,
the treaty to which both are parties governs their mutual rights and obligations.
- 5. Paragraph 4 is without prejudice to article 41, or to any question of the
termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty under article 60 or to
any question of responsibility which may arise for a State or for an international
organization from the conclusion or application of a treaty the provisions of
which are incompatible with its obligations towards a State or an organization
under another treaty.
- 6. The preceding paragraphs are without prejudice to the fact that, in the event
of a conflict between obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and
obligations under a treaty, the obligations under the Charter shall prevail.
SECTION 3
INTERPRETATION OF TREATIES
Article 31
General rule of interpretation
- 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary
meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light
of its object and purpose.
- 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise,
in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes:
- (a) any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties
in connection with the conclusion of the treaty;
- (b) any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with
the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument
related to the treaty.
- 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context:
- (a) any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation
of the treaty or the application of its provisions;
- (b) any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes
the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation;
- (c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between
the parties.
- 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the
parties so intended.
Article 32
Supplementary means of interpretation
Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the
preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order
to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine
the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31:
- (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or
- (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.
Article 33
Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages
- 1. When a treaty has been authenticated in two or more languages, the text is
equally authoritative in each language, unless the treaty provides or the parties
agree that, in case of divergence, a particular text shall prevail.
- 2. A version of the treaty in a language other than one of those in which the
text was authenticated shall be considered an authentic text only if the treaty
so provides or the parties so agree.
- 3. The terms of a treaty are presumed to have the same meaning in each authentic
text.
- 4. Except where a particular text prevails in accordance with paragraph 1, when
a comparison of the authentic texts discloses a difference of meaning which
the application of articles 31 and 32 does not remove, the meaning which best
reconciles the texts, having regard to the object and purpose of the treaty,
shall be adopted.
SECTION 4
TREATIES AND THIRD STATES OR THIRD ORGANIZATIONS
Article 34
General rule regarding third States and third organizations
A treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State or a
third organization without the consent of that State or that organization.
Article 35
Treaties providing for obligations for third States or third organizations
An obligation arises for a third State or a third organization from a provision
of a treaty if the parties to the treaty intend the provision to be the means
of establishing the obligation and the third State or the third organization
expressly accepts that obligation in writing. Acceptance by the third organization
of such an obligation shall be governed by the rules of that organization.
Article 36
Treaties providing for rights for third States or third organizations
- 1. A right arises for a third State from a provision of a treaty if the parties
to the treaty intend the provision to accord that right either to the third
State, or to a group of States to which it belongs, or to all States, and the
third State assents thereto. Its assent shall be presumed so long as the contrary
is not indicated, unless the treaty otherwise provides.
- 2. A right arises for a third organization from a provision of a teaty if the
parties to the treaty intend the provision to accord that right either to the
third organization, or to a group of international organizations to which it
belongs, or to all organizations, and the third organization assents thereto.
Its assent shall be governed by the rules of the organization.
- 3. A State or an international organization exercising a right in accordance
with paragraph 1 or 2 shall comply with the conditions for its exercise provided
for in the treaty or established in conformity with the treaty.
Article 37
Revocation or modification of obligations or rights of third States or third organizations
- 1. When an obligation has arisen for a third State or a third organization in
conformity with article 35, the obligation may be revoked or modified only with
the consent of the parties to the treaty and of the third State or the third
organization, unless it is established that they had otherwise agreed.
- 2. When a right has arisen for a third State or a third organization in conformity
with article 36, the right may not be revoked or modified by the parties if
it is established that the right was intended not to be revocable or subject
to modification without the consent of the third State or the third organization.
- 3. The consent of an international organization party to the treaty or of a
third organization, as provided for in the foregoing paragraphs, shall be governed
by the rules of that organization.
Article 38
Rules in a treaty becoming binding on third States or third organizations through
international custom
Nothing in articles 34 to 37 precludes a rule set forth in a treaty from becoming
binding upon a third State or a third organization as a customary rule of international
law, recognized as such.
PART IV
AMENDMENT AND MODIFICATION OF TREATIES
Article 39
General rule regarding the amendment of treaties
- 1. A treaty may be amended by agreement between the parties. The rules laid
down in Part II apply to such an agreement except in so far as the treaty may
otherwise provide.
- 2. The consent of an international organization to an agreement provided for
in paragraph 1 shall be governed by the rules of that organization.
Article 40
Amendment of multilateral treaties
- 1. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, the amendment of multilateral treaties
shall be governed by the following paragraphs.
- 2. Any proposal to amend a multilateral treaty as between all the parties must
be notified to all the contracting States and all the contracting organizations,
each one of which shall have the right to take part in:
- (a) the decision as to the action to be taken in regard to such proposal;
- (b) the negotiation and conclusion of any agreement for the amendment of the treaty.
- 3. Every State or international organization entitled to become a party to the
treaty shall also be entitled to become a party to the treaty as amended.
- 4. The amending agreement does not bind any State or international organization
already a party to the treaty which does not become a party to the amending
agreement; article 30, paragraph 4(b), applies in relation to such State or
organization.
- 5. Any State or international organization which becomes a party to the treaty
after the entry into force of the amending agreement shall, failing an expression
of a different intention by that State or that organization:
- (a) be considered as a party to the treaty as amended; and
- (b) be considered as a party to the unamended treaty in relation to any party
to the treaty not bound by the amending agreement.
Article 41
Agreements to modify multilateral treaties between certain of the parties only
- 1. Two or more of the parties to a multilateral treaty may conclude an agreement
to modify the treaty as between themselves alone if:
- (a) the possibility of such a modification is provided for by the treaty; or
- (b) the modification in question is not prohibited by the treaty and:
- (i) does not affect the enjoyment by the other parties of their rights under
the treaty or the performance of their obligations;
- (ii) does not relate to a provision, derogation from which is incompatible with
the effective execution of the object and purpose of the treaty as a whole.
- 2. Unless in a case falling under paragraph 1 (a) the treaty otherwise provides,
the parties in question shall notify the other parties of their intention to
conclude the agreement and of the modification to the treaty for which it provides.
PART V
INVALIDITY, TERMINATION AND SUSPENSION OF THE OPERATION OF TREATIES
SECTION 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 42
Validity and continuance in force of treaties
- 1. The validity of a treaty or of the consent of a State or an international
organization to be bound by a treaty may be impeached only through the application
of the present Convention.
- 2. The termination of a treaty, its denunciation or the withdrawal of a party,
may take place only as a result of the application of the provisions of the
treaty or of the present Convention. The same rule applies to suspension of
the operation of a treaty.
Article 43
Obligations imposed by international law independently of a treaty
The invalidity, termination or denunciation of a treaty, the withdrawal of a
party from it, or the suspension of its operation, as a result of the application
of the present Convention or of the provisions of the treaty, shall not in any
way impair the duty of any State or of any international organization to fulfill
any obligation embodied in the treaty to which that State or that organization
would be subject under international law independently of the treaty.
Article 44
Separability of treaty provisions
- 1. A right of a party, provided for in a treaty or arising under article 56,
to denounce, withdraw from or suspend the operation of the treaty may be exercised
only with respect to the whole treaty unless the treaty otherwise provides or
the parties otherwise agree.
- 2. A ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the
operation of a treaty recognized in the present Convention may be invoked only
with respect to the whole treaty except as provided in the following paragraphs
or in article 60.
- 3. If the ground relates solely to particular clauses, it may be invoked only
with respect to those clauses where:
- (a) the said clauses are separable from the remainder of the treaty with regard
to their application;
- (b) it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that acceptance of
those clauses was not an essential basis of the consent of the other party or
parties to be bound by the treaty as a whole; and
- (c) continued performance of the remainder of the treaty would not be unjust.
- 4. In cases falling under articles 49 and 50, the State or international organization
entitled to invoke the fraud or corruption may do so with respect either to
the whole treaty or, subject to paragraph 3, to the particular clauses alone.
- 5. In cases falling under articles 51, 52 and 53, no separation of the provisions
of the treaty is permitted.
Article 45
Loss of a right to invoke a ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing
from or suspending the operation of a treaty
- 1. A State may no longer invoke a ground for invalidating, terminating, withdrawing
from or suspending the operation of a treaty under articles 46 to 50 or articles
60 and 62 if, after becoming aware of the facts:
- (a) it shall have expressly agreed that the treaty is valid or remains in force
or continues in operation, as the case may be; or
- (b) it must by reason of its conduct be considered as having acquiesced in the
validity of the treaty or in its maintenance in force or in operation, as the
case may be.
- 2. An international organization may no longer invoke a ground for invalidating,
terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty under
articles 46 to 50 or articles 60 and 62 if, after becoming aware of the facts:
- (a) it shall have expressly agreed that the treaty is valid or remains in force
or continues in operation, as the case may be; or
- (b) it must by reason of the conduct of the competent organ be considered as
having renounced the right to invoke that ground.
SECTION 2
INVALIDITY OF TREATIES
Article 46
Provisions of internal law of a State and rules of an international organization
regarding competence to conclude treaties
- 1. A State may not invoke the fact that its consent to be bound by a treaty
has been expressed in violation of a provision of its internal law regarding
competence to conclude treaties as invalidating its consent unless that violation
was manifest and concerned a rule of its internal law of fundamental importance.
- 2. An international organization may not invoke the fact that its consent to
be bound by a treaty has been expressed in violation of the rules of the organization
regarding competence to conclude treaties as invalidating its consent unless
that violation was manifest and concerned a rule of fundamental importance.
- 3. A violation is manifest if it would be objectively evident to any State or
any international organization conducting itself in the matter in accordance
with the normal practice of States and, where appropriate, of international
organizations and in good faith.
Article 47
Specific restrictions on authority to express the consent of a State or an international
organization
If the authority of a representative to express the consent of a State or of
an international organization to be bound by a particular treaty has been made
subject to a specific restriction, his omission to observe that restriction
may not be invoked as invalidating the consent expressed by him unless the restriction
was notified to the negotiating States and negotiating organizations prior to
his expressing such consent.
Article 48
Error
- 1. A State or an international organization may invoke an error in a treaty
as invalidating its consent to be bound by the treaty if the error relates to
a fact or situation which was assumed by that State or that organization to
exist at the time when the treaty was concluded and formed an essential basis
of the consent of that State or that organization to be bound by the treaty.
- 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the State or international organization in
question contributed by its own conduct to the error or if the circumstances
were such as to put that State or that organization on notice of a possible
error.
- 3. An error relating only to the wording of the text of a treaty does not affect
its validity; article 80 then applies.
Article 49
Fraud
A State or an international organization induced to conclude a treaty by the
fraudulent conduct of a negotiating State or a negotiating organization may
invoke the fraud as invalidating its consent to be bound by the treaty.
Article 50
Corruption of a representative of a State or of an international organization
A State or an international organization the expression of whose consent to
be bound by a treaty has been procured through the corruption of its representative
directly or indirectly by a negotiating State or a negotiating organization
may invoke such corruption as invalidating its consent to be bound by the treaty.
Article 51
Coercion of a representative of a State or of an international organization
The expression by a State or an international organization of consent to be
bound by a treaty which has been procured by the coercion of the representative
of that State or that organization through acts or threats directed against
him shall be without any legal effect.
Article 52
Coercion of a State or of an international organization by the threat or use of force
A treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of
force in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter
of the United Nations.
Article 53
Treaties conflicting with a peremptory norm of general international law (jus
cogens)
A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory
norm of general international law. For the purposes of the present Convention,
a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized
by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no
derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm
of general international law having the same character.
SECTION 3
TERMINATION AND SUSPENSION OF THE OPERATION OF TREATIES
Article 54
Termination of or withdrawal from a treaty under its provisions or by consent
of the parties
The termination of a treaty or the withdrawal of a party may take place:
- (a) in conformity with the provisions of the treaty; or
- (b) at any time by consent of all the parties after consultation with the contracting
States and contracting organizations.
Article 55
Reduction of the parties to a multilateral treaty below the number necessary
for its entry into force
Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a multilateral treaty does not terminate
by reason only of the fact that the number of the parties falls below the number
necessary for its entry into force.
Article 56
Denunciation of or withdrawal from a treaty containing no provision regarding
termination, denunciation or withdrawal
- 1. A treaty which contains no provision regarding its termination and which
does not provide for denunciation or withdrawal is not subject to denunciation
or withdrawal unless:
- (a) it is established that the parties intended to admit the possibility of
denunciation or withdrawal; or
- (b) a right of denunciation or withdrawal may be implied by the nature of the
treaty.
- 2. A party shall give not less than twelve months' notice of its intention to
denounce or withdraw from a treaty under paragraph 1.
Article 57
Suspension of the operation of a treaty under its provisions or by consent of
the parties
The operation of a treaty in regard to all the parties or to a particular party
may be suspended:
- (a) in conformity with the provisions of the treaty; or
- (b) at any time by consent of all the parties after consultation with the contracting
States and contracting organizations.
Article 58
Suspension of the operation of a multilateral treaty by agreement between certain
of the parties only
- 1. Two or more parties to a multilateral treaty may conclude an agreement to
suspend the operation of provisions of the treaty, temporarily and as between
themselves alone, if:
- (a) the possibility of such a suspension is provided for by the treaty; or
- (b) the suspension in question is not prohibited by the treaty and:
- (i) does not affect the enjoyment by the other parties of their rights under
the treaty or the performance of their obligations;
- (ii) is not incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.
- 2. Unless in a case falling under paragraph 1(a) the treaty otherwise provides,
the parties in question shall notify the other parties of their intention to
conclude the agreement and of those provisions of the treaty the operation of
which they intend to suspend.
Article 59
Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty implied by conclusion
of a later treaty
- 1. A treaty shall be considered as terminated if all the parties to it conclude
a later treaty relating to the same subject-matter and:
- (a) it appears from the later treaty or is otherwise established that the parties
intended that the matter should be governed by that treaty; or
- (b) the provisions of the later treaty are so far incompatible with those of
the earlier one that the two treaties are not capable of being applied at the
same time.
- 2. The earlier treaty shall be considered as only suspended in operation if
it appears from the later treaty or is otherwise established that such was the
intention of the parties.
Article 60
Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence of its
breach
- 1. A material breach of a bilateral treaty by one of the parties entitles the
other to invoke the breach as a ground for terminating the treaty or suspending
its operation in whole or in part.
- 2. A material breach of a multilateral treaty by one of the parties entitles:
- (a) the other parties by unanimous agreement to suspend the operation of the
treaty in whole or in part or to terminate it either:
- (i) in the relations between themselves and the defaulting State or international
organization, or
- (ii) as between all the parties;
- (b) a party specially affected by the breach to invoke it as a ground for suspending
the operation of the treaty in whole or in part in the relations between itself
and the defaulting State or international organization;
- (c) any party other than the defaulting State or international organization
to invoke the breach as a ground for suspending the operation of the treaty
in whole or in part with respect to itself if the treaty is of such a character
that a material breach of its provisions by one party radically changes the
position of every party with respect to the further performance of its obligations
under the treaty.
- 3. A material breach of a treaty, for the purposes of this article, consists
in;
- (a) a repudiation of the treaty not sanctioned by the present Convention; or
- (b) the violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment of the object
or purpose of the treaty.
- 4. The foregoing paragraphs are without prejudice to any provision in the treaty
applicable in the event of a breach.
- 5. Paragraphs 1 to 3 do not apply to provisions relating to the protection of
the human person contained in treaties of a humanitarian character, in particular
to provisions prohibiting any form of reprisals against persons protected by
such treaties.
Article 61
Supervening impossibility of performance
- 1. A party may invoke the impossibility of performing a treaty as a ground for
terminating or withdrawing from it if the impossibility results from the permanent
disappearance or destruction of an object indispensable for the execution of
the treaty. If the impossibility is temporary, it may be invoked only as a ground
for suspending the operation of the treaty.
- 2. Impossibility of performance may not be invoked by a party as a ground for
terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty if the
impossibility is the result of a breach by that party either of an obligation
under the treaty or of any other international obligation owed to any other
party to the treaty.
Article 62
Fundamental change of circumstances
- 1. A fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred with regard to those
existing at the time of the conclusion of a treaty, and which was not foreseen
by the parties, may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing
from the treaty unless:
- (a) the existence of those circumstances constituted an essential basis of the
consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty; and
- (b) the effect of the change is radically to transform the extent of obligations
still to be performed under the treaty.
- 2. A fundamental change of circumstances may not be invoked as a ground for
terminating or withdrawing from a treaty between two or more States and one
or more international organizations if the treaty establishes a boundary.
- 3. A fundamental change of circumstances may not be invoked as a ground for
terminating or withdrawing from a treaty if the fundamental change is the result
of a breach by the party invoking it either of an obligation under the treaty
or of any other international obligation owed to any other party to the treaty.
- 4. If, under the foregoing paragraphs, a party may invoke a fundamental change
of circumstances as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from a treaty it
may also invoke the change as a ground for suspending the operation of the treaty.
Article 63
Severance of diplomatic or consular relations
The severance of diplomatic or consular relations between States parties to
a treaty between two or more States and one or more international organizations
does not affect the legal relations established between those States by the
treaty except in so far as the existence of diplomatic or consular relations
is indispensable for the application of the treaty.
Article 64
Emergence of a new peremptory norm of general international law (jus cogens)
If a new peremptory norm of general international law emerges, any existing
treaty which is in conflict with that norm becomes void and terminates.
SECTION 4
PROCEDURE
Article 65
Procedure to be followed with respect to invalidity, termination, withdrawal
from or suspension of the operation of a treaty
- 1. A party which, under the provisions of the present Convention, invokes either
a defect in its consent to be bound by a treaty or a ground for impeaching the
validity of a treaty, terminating it, withdrawing from it or suspending its
operation, must notify the other parties of its claim. The notification shall
indicate the measure proposed to be taken with respect to the treaty and the
reasons therefor.
- 2. If, after the expiry of a period which, except in cases of special urgency,
shall not be less than three months after the receipt of the notification, no
party has raised any objection, the party making the notification may carry
out in the manner provided in article 67 the measure which it has proposed.
- 3. If, however, objection has been raised by any other party, the parties shall
seek a solution through the means indicated in Article 33 of the Charter of
the United Nations.
- 4. The notification or objection made by an international organization shall
be governed by the rules of that organization.
- 5. Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall affect the rights or obligations
of the parties under any provisions in force binding the parties with regard
to the settlement of disputes.
- 6. Without prejudice to article 45, the fact that a State or an international
organization has not previously made the notification prescribed in paragraph
1 shall not prevent it from making such notification in answer to another party
claiming performance of the treaty or alleging its violation.
Article 66
Procedures for judicial settlement, arbitration and conciliation
- 1. If, under paragraph 3 of article 65, no solution has been reached within
a period of twelve months following the date on which the objection was raised,
the procedures specified in the following paragraphs shall be followed.
- 2. With respect to a dispute concerning the application or the interpretation
of article 53 or 64:
- (a) if a State is a party to the dispute with one or more States, it may, by
a written application, submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice
for a decision;
- (b) if a State is a party to the dispute to which one or more international
organizations are parties, the State may, through a Member State of the United
Nations if necessary, request the General Assembly or the Security Council or,
where appropriate, the competent organ of an international organization which
is a party to the dispute and is authorized in accordance with Article 96 of
the Charter of the United Nations, to request an advisory opinion of the International
Court of Justice in accordance with article 65 of the Statute of the Court;
- (c) if the United Nations or an international organization that is authorized
in accordance with Article 96 of the Charter of the United Nations is a party
to the dispute, it may request an advisory opinion of the International Court
of Justice in accordance with article 65 of the Statute of the Court;
- (d) if an international organization other than those referred to in sub-paragraph
(c) is a party to the dispute, it may, through a Member State of the United
Nations, follow the procedure specified in sub-paragraph (b);
- (e) the advisory opinion given pursuant to sub-paragraph (b), (c) or (d) shall
be accepted as decisive by all the parties to the dispute concerned;
- (f) if the request under sub-paragraph (b), (c) or (d) for an advisory opinion
of the Court is not granted, any one of the parties to the dispute may, by written
notification to the other party or parties, submit it to arbitration in accordance
with the provisions of the Annex to the present Convention.
- 3. The provisions of paragraph 2 apply unless all the parties to a dispute referred
to in that paragraph by common consent agree to submit the dispute to an arbitration
procedure, including the one specified in the Annex to the present Convention.
- 4. With respect to a dispute concerning the application or the interpretation
of any of the articles in Part V, other than articles 53 and 64, of the present
Convention, any one of the parties to the dispute may set in motion the conciliation
procedure specified in the Annex to the Convention by submitting a request to
that effect to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 67
Instruments for declaring invalid, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending
the operation of a treaty
- 1. The notification provided for under article 65, paragraph 1 must be made
in writing.
- 2. Any act declaring invalid, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the
operation of a treaty pursuant to the provisions of the treaty or of paragraphs
2 or 3 of article 65 shall be carried out through an instrument communicated
to the other parties. If the instrument emanating from a State is not signed
by the Head of State, Head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs, the
representative of the State communicating it may be called upon to produce full
powers. If the instrument emanates from an international organization, the representative
of the organization communicating it may be called upon to produce full powers.
Article 68
Revocation of notifications and instruments provided for in articles 65 and
67
A notification or instrument provided for in articles 65 or 67 may be revoked
at any time before it takes effect.
SECTION 5
CONSEQUENCES OF THE INVALIDITY TERMINATION OR SUSPENSION OF THE OPERATION OF A TREATY
Article 69
Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty
- 1. A treaty the invalidity of which is established under the present Convention
is void. The provisions of a void treaty have no legal force.
- 2. If acts have nevertheless been performed in reliance on such a treaty:
- (a) each party may require any other party to establish as far as possible in
their mutual relations the position that would have existed if the acts had
not been performed;
- (b) acts performed in good faith before the invalidity was invoked are not rendered
unlawful by reason only of the invalidity of the treaty.
- 3. In cases falling under articles 49, 50, 51 or 52, paragraph 2 does not apply
with respect to the party to which the fraud, the act of corruption or the coercion
is imputable.
- 4. In the case of the invalidity of the consent of a particular State or a particular
international organization to be bound by a multilateral treaty, the foregoing
rules apply in the relations between that State or that organization and the
parties to the treaty.
Article 70
Consequences of the termination of a treaty
- 1. Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the parties otherwise agree, the
termination of a treaty under its provisions or in accordance with the present
Convention:
- (a) releases the parties from any obligation further to perform the treaty;
- (b) does not affect any right, obligation or legal situation of the parties
created through the execution of the treaty prior to its termination.
- 2. If it State or an international organization denounces or withdraws from
a multilateral treaty, paragraph 1 applies in the relations between that State
or that organization and each of the other parties to the treaty from the date
when such denunciation or withdrawal takes effect.
Article 71
Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty which conflicts with a peremptory
norm of general international law
- 1. In the case of a treaty which is void under article 53 the parties shall:
- (a) eliminate as far as possible the consequences of any act performed in reliance
on any provision which conflicts with the peremptory norm of general international
law; and
- (b) bring their mutual relations into conformity with the peremptory norm of
general international law.
- 2. In the case of a treaty which becomes void and terminates under article 64,
the termination of the treaty:
- (a) releases the parties from any obligation further to perform the treaty;
- (b) does not affect any right, obligation or legal situation of the parties
created through the execution of the treaty prior to its termination; provided
that those rights, obligations or situations may thereafter be maintained only
to the extent that their maintenance is not in itself in conflict with the new
peremptory norm of general international law.
Article 72
Consequences of the suspension of the operation of a treaty
- 1. Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the parties otherwise agree, the
suspension of the operation of a treaty under its provisions or in accordance
with the present Convention:
- (a) releases the parties between which the operation of the treaty is suspended
from the obligation to perform the treaty in their mutual relations during the
period of the suspension;
- (b) does not otherwise affect the legal relations between the parties established
by the treaty.
- 2. During the period of the suspension the parties shall refrain from acts tending
to obstruct the resumption of the operation of the treaty.
PART VI
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Article 73
Relationship to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties As between States
parties to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969, the relations
of those States under a treaty between two or more States and one or more international
organizations shall be governed by that Convention.
Article 74
Questions not prejudged by the present Convention
- 1. The provisions of the present Convention shall not prejudge any question
that may arise in regard to a treaty between one or more States and one or more
international organizations from a succession of States or from the international
responsibility of a State or from the outbreak of hostilities between States.
- 2. The provisions of the present Convention shall not prejudge any question
that may arise in regard to a treaty from the international responsibility of
an international organization, from the termination of the existence of the
organization or from the termination of participation by a State in the membership
of the organization.
- 3. The provisions of the present Convention shall not prejudge any question
that may arise in regard to the establishment of obligations and rights for
States members of an international organization under a treaty to which that
organization is a party.
Article 75
Diplomatic and consular relations and the conclusion of treaties
The severance or absence of diplomatic or consular relations between two or
more States does not prevent the conclusion of treaties between two or more
of those States and one or more international organizations. The conclusion
of such a treaty does not in itself affect the situation in regard to diplomatic
or consular relations.
Article 76
Case of an aggressor State
The provisions of the present Convention are without prejudice to any obligation
in relation to a treaty between one or more States and one or more international
organizations which may arise for an aggressor State in consequence of measures
taken in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations with reference to
that State's aggression.
PART VII
DEPOSITARIES, NOTIFICATIONS, CORRECTIONS AND REGISTRATION
Article 77
Depositaries of treaties
- 1. The designation of the depositary of a treaty may be made by the negotiating
States and negotiating organizations or, as the case may be, the negotiating
organizations, either in the treaty itself or in some other manner. The depositary
may be one or more States, an international organization or the chief administrative
officer of the organization.
- 2. The functions of the depositary of a treaty are international in character
and the depositary is under an obligation to act impartially in their performance.
In particular, the fact that a treaty has not entered into force between certain
of the parties or that a difference has appeared between a State or an international
organization and a depositary with regard to the performance of the latter's
functions shall not affect that obligation.
Article 78
Functions of depositaries
- 1. The functions of a depositary, unless otherwise provided in the treaty or
agreed by the contracting States and contracting organizations or, as the case
may be, by the contracting organizations, comprise in particular:
- (a) keeping custody of the original text of the treaty and of any full powers
delivered to the depositary;
- (b) preparing certified copies of the original text and preparing any further
text of the treaty in such additional languages as may be required by the treaty
and transmitting them to the parties and to the States and international organizations
entitled to become parties to the treaty;
- (c) receiving any signatures to the treaty and receiving and keeping custody
of any instruments, notifications and communications relating to it;
- (d) examining whether the signature or any instrument, notification or communication
relating to the treaty is in due and proper form and, if need be, bringing the
matter to the attention of the State or international organization in question;
- (e) informing the parties and the States and international organizations entitled
to become parties to the treaty of acts, notifications and communications relating
to the treaty;
- (f) informing the States and international organizations entitled to become
parties to the treaty when the number of signatures or of instruments of ratification,
instruments relating to an act of formal confirmation, or of instruments of
acceptance, approval or accession required for the entry into force of the treaty
has been received or deposited;
- (g) registering the treaty with the Secretariat of the United Nations;
- (h) performing the functions specified in other provisions of the present Convention.
- 2. In the event of any difference appearing between a State or an international
organization and the depositary as to the performance of the latter's functions,
the depositary shall bring the question to the attention of:
- (a) the signatory States and organizations and the contracting States and contracting
organizations; or
- (b) where appropriate, the competent organ of the international organization
concerned.
Article 79
Notifications and communications
Except as the treaty or the present Convention otherwise provide, any notification
or communication to be made by any State or any international organization under
the present Convention shall:
- (a) if there is no depositary, be transmitted direct to the States and organizations
for which it is intended, or if there is a depositary, to the latter;
- (b) be considered as having been nude by the State or organization in question
only upon its receipt by the State or organization to which it was transmitted
or, as the case may be, upon its receipt by the depositary;
- (c) if transmitted to a depositary, be considered as received by the State or
organization for which it was intended only when the latter State or organization
has been informed by the depositary in accordance with article 78, paragraph
1(e).
Article 80
Correction of errors in texts or in certified copies of treaties
- 1. Where, after the authentication of the text of a treaty, the signatory States
and international organizations and the contracting States and contracting organizations
are agreed that it contains an error, the error shall, unless those States and
organizations decide upon some other means of correction, be corrected:
- (a) by having the appropriate correction made in the text and causing the correction
to be initialed by duly authorized representatives;
- (b) by executing or exchanging an instrument or instruments setting out the
correction which it has been agreed to make; or
- (c) by executing a corrected text of the whole treaty by the same procedure
as in the case of the original text.
- 2. Where the treaty is one for which there is a depositary, the latter shall
notify the signatory States and international organizations and the contracting
States and contracting organizations of the error and of the proposal to correct
it and shall specify an appropriate time-limit within which objection to the
proposed correction may be raised. If, on the expiry of the time-limit:
- (a) no objection has been raised, the depositary shall make and initial the
correction in the text and shall execute a procs-verbal of the rectification
of the text and communicate a copy of it to the parties and to the States and
organizations entitled to become parties to the treaty;
- (b) an objection has been raised, the depositary shall communicate the objection
to the signatory States and organizations and to the contracting States and
contracting organizations.
- 3. The rules in paragraphs 1 and 2 apply also where the text has been authenticated
in two or more languages and it appears that there is a lack of concordance
which the signatory States and international organizations and the contracting
States and contracting organizations agree should be corrected.
- 4. The corrected text replaces the defective text ab initio, unless the signatory
States and international organizations and the contracting States and contracting
organizations otherwise decide.
- 5. The correction of the text of a treaty that has been registered shall be
notified to the Secretariat of the United Nations.
- 6. Where an error is discovered in a certified copy of a treaty, the depositary
shall execute a procs-verbal specifying the rectification and communicate a
copy of it to the signatory States and international organizations and to the
contracting States and contracting organizations.
Article 81
Registration and publication of treaties
- 1. Treaties shall, after their entry into force, be transmitted to the Secretariat
of the United Nations for registration or filing and recording, as the case
may be, and for publication.
- 2. The designation of a depositary shall constitute authorization for it to
perform the acts specified in the preceding paragraph.
PART VIII
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 82
Signature
The present Convention shall be open for signature until 31 December 1986 at
the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Austria, and subsequently,
until 30 June 1987, at United Nations Headquarters, New York by:
- (a) all States;
- (b) Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia;
- (c) international organizations invited to participate in the United Nations
Conference on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations
or between International Organizations.
Article 83
Ratification or act of formal confirmation
The present Convention is subject to ratification by States and by Namibia,
represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia, and to acts of formal
confirmation by international organizations. The instruments of ratification
and those relating to acts of formal confirmation shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 84
Accession
- 1. The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State, by Namibia,
represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia, and by any international
organization which has the capacity to conclude treaties.
- 2. An instrument of accession of an international organization shall contain
a declaration that it has the capacity to conclude treaties.
- 3. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations.
Article 85
Entry into force
- 1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following
the date of deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or accession
by States or by Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council for Namibia.
- 2. For each State or for Namibia, represented by the United Nations Council
for Namibia, ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the condition specified
in paragraph 1 has been fulfilled, the Convention shall enter into force on
the thirtieth day after deposit by such State or by Namibia of its instrument
of ratification or accession.
- 3. For each international organization depositing an instrument relating to
an act of formal confirmation or an instrument of accession, the Convention
shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after such deposit, or at the date
the Convention enters into force pursuant to paragraph 1, whichever is later.
Article 86
Authentic texts
The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited
with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized
by their respective Governments, and duly authorized representatives of the
United Nations Council for Namibia and of international organizations have signed
the present Convention.
DONE at VIENNA this twenty-first day of March one thousand nine hundred and
eighty-six.
ANNEX
ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION PROCEDURES ESTABLISHED IN APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 66
I. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL OR CONCILIATION COMMISSION
- 1. A list consisting of qualified jurists, from which the parties to a dispute
may choose the persons who are to constitute an arbitral tribunal or, as the
case may be, a conciliation commission, shall be drawn up and maintained by
the Secretary-General of the United Nations. To this end, every State which
is a Member of the United Nations and every party to the present Convention
shall be invited to nominate two persons, and the names of the persons so nominated
shall constitute the list, a copy of which shall be transmitted to the President
of the International Court of Justice. The term of office of a person on the
list, including that of any person nominated to fill a casual vacancy, shall
be five years and may be renewed. A person whose term expires shall continue
to fulfil any function for which he shall have been chosen under the following
paragraphs.
- 2. When notification has been made under article 66, paragraph 2, sub-paragraph
(f), or agreement on the procedure in the present Annex has been reached under
paragraph 3, the dispute shall be brought before an arbitral tribunal. When
a request has been made to the Secretary-General under article 66, paragraph
4, the Secretary-General shall bring the dispute before a conciliation commission.
Both the arbitral tribunal and the conciliation commission shall be constituted
as follows:
The States, international organizations or, as the case may be, the States and
organizations which constitute one of the parties to the dispute shall appoint
by common consent:
- (a) one arbitrator or, as the case may be, one conciliator, who may or may not
be chosen from the list referred to in paragraph 1; and
- (b) one arbitrator or, as the case may be, one conciliator, who shall be chosen
from among those included in the list and shall not be of the nationality of
any of the States or nominated by any of the organizations which constitute
that party to the dispute, provided that a dispute between two international
organizations is not considered by nationals of one and the same State.
The States, international organizations or, as the case may be, the States and
organizations which constitute the other party to the dispute shall appoint
two arbitrators or, as the case may be, two conciliators, in the same way. The
four persons chosen by the parties shall be appointed within sixty days following
the date on which the other party to the dispute receives notification under
article 66, paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (f), or on which the agreement on the
procedure in the present Annex under paragraph 3 is reached, or on which the
Secretary-General receives the request for conciliation.
The four persons so chosen shall, within sixty days following the date of the
last of their own appointments, appoint from the list a fifth arbitrator or,
as the case may be, conciliator, who shall be chairman.
If the appointment of the chairman, or any of the arbitrators or, as the case
may be, conciliators, has not been made within the period prescribed above for
such appointment, it shall be made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations
within sixty days following the expiry of that period. The appointment of the
chairman may be made by the Secretary-General either from the list or from the
membership of the International Law Commission. Any of the periods within which
appointments must be made may be extended by agreement between the parties to
the dispute. If the United Nations is a party or is included in one of the parties
to the dispute, the Secretary-General shall transmit the above-mentioned request
to the President of the International Court of Justice, who shall perform the
functions conferred upon the Secretary-General under this sub-paragraph.
Any vacancy shall be filled in the manner prescribed for the initial appointment.
The appointment of arbitrators or conciliators by an international organization
provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be governed by the rules of that organization.
II. FUNCTIONING OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL
- 3. Unless the parties to the dispute otherwise agree, the Arbitral Tribunal
shall decide its own procedure, assuring to each party to the dispute a full
opportunity to be heard and to present its case.
- 4. The Arbitral Tribunal, with the consent of the parties to the dispute, may
invite any interested State or international organization to submit to it its
views orally or in writing.
- 5. Decisions of the Arbitral Tribunal shall be adopted by a majority vote of
the members. In the event of an equality of votes, the vote of the Chairman
shall be decisive.
- 6. When one of the parties to the dispute does not appear before the Tribunal
or fails to defend its case, the other party may request the Tribunal to continue
the proceedings and to make its award. Before making its award, the Tribunal
must satisfy itself not only that it has jurisdiction over the dispute but also
that the claim is well founded in fact and law.
- 7. The award of the Arbitral Tribunal shall be confined to the subject-matter
of the dispute and state the reasons on which it is based. Any member of the
Tribunal may attach a separate or dissenting opinion to the award.
-
8. The award shall be final and without appeal. It shall be complied with by
all parties to the dispute.
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9. The Secretary-General shall provide the Tribunal with such assistance and
facilities as it may require. The expenses of the Tribunal shall be borne by
the United Nations.
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SOURCE: United Nations Law Commission -- Website - www.un.org/law/ilc/
, United Nations (21 March 1986).
(C) Israel Law Resource Center, February, 2007.