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ABOUT COMPANY PRODUCTS QUALITY PROCESSING UNIT CONTACT US

We are the largest Exporter, Supplier and Producer of Certified Organic Cosmetic/Essential Oil in India supporting more than 600 small & poor farmers all over India. Mudar India Exports established in 2002 by producing papaya Seeds Oil first of its kind in India. Expanded in to Organic farming by involving small & poor farmer groups in its projects. Company has developed the Organic Projects for Essential Oil, Vegetable Oil, Oil Seeds & Speciality Oil in Uttar Praedsh, Kashmir, Rajasthan and Karnataka.

Mudar India Exports has started a processing unit in Surat Special Economic Zone in 2004 for Filtering, De-hydrating and Blending the Essential Oil. All the Oil produced by Mudar India Exports have been supplied directly and indirectly to major cosmetic industries in European and American countries.

Certified Organic Producers by Skal International, Netherlands.

Year of Establishment : 2002 Primary Business Type : Exporter

Oil Seeds	Essential Oil
Vegetable Oil

We supply Certified Organic Oil like: Peppermint Oil, Corn Mint Oil, Spearmint Oil, Basil Oil, Menthol Crystal, De-Mentholized Oil, Jojoba Oil, Patchouli Oil and Sweet Almond Kernels, Basmati Paddy, Potato, Wheat and Mustard from our own Projects.

We trade the Oil like: Neem Oil, Soya Oil, Coconut Oil, Castor Oil, Eucalyptus Oil, Rosemary Oil, Thyme Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Citronella Oil, Palmrosa Oil, Rosemary Oil, Pomegranate Juice, Pomegranate Seeds Oil, Rambutan Seeds, Rose Oil, Vetiver Oil, etc., Mint Oil, Jojoba Oil, Patchouli Oil, Sweet Almond Kernels.

These products are available in following categories:-

Essential Oil

Vegetable Oil

Oil Seeds

Mudar India Exports has very stringent rules to match the Buyer's quality standards. Oils we deal are all of very sensitive to climatic exposures and we protect them very carefully till it reaches our Buyer every time.

Oils:

Complete removal of moisture.

Crystal clear oil by Filtering.

Protection from atmosphere by Nitrogen Gas.

Storing at Friendly atmosphere.

Packing:

New Epoxy Coated MS Drums.

Palletize all the drums.

Stretch wraps all the drums.

Nitrogen gas replaces air gap in the drum.

Testing:

Oil from every drum under go testing.

Samples from every drum is preserved.

Tests are all under our supervision.

Traceability:

Record of every drum of oil from which farmer and from which farm it has been generated.

Oil Seeds:

Drying the seeds to further required moisture levels. Cleaning the seeds manually to more than 99% purity.Packing them as per the agreed condition. Stuffing in to the container with every care.

With all the relevant care we assure the best quality products from our farms.

We have started our manufacturing activity at our Processing Unit in Surat Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) since 01 Nov 2004. We have long-leased a constructed building in SSEZ.

SSEZ is located 260 KM / 160 miles from Mumbai Port and is centrally located in India. SSEZ is in SACHIN, Surat, Gujarat State, an Industrial Area. We have established the facilities for Oil like Filtering, Drying (De-Hydration) and Packing and for Seeds Drying, Grading, Cleaning and Packing.

We are modernizing the facilities at SSEZ from 2006 by installing fully automatic and high quality yielding machinery to perform our operations quickly and effectively.

Filtering:

Mint Oils produced at our Mint Project in Uttar Pradesh would be transported to SSEZ and Filtered to make very clear and clean oil. We use Filter Cartridges of 25 microns for filtering the oils so that any small particles come with the oil from the fields would be Filtered.

Drying / De-Hydration:

We Dry (De-Hydrate) the oil by using Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate to make free from even small percentage of moisture. We are De-Hydrating the oil simultaneously with the Filtering. De-Hydrated and Filtered oil would be transferred to the tank for mechanical blending.

Blending:

Mint Oils differs in chemistry from farm to farm. The major constituents, Mentha Furon and L-Menthol varies depending on the Soil Condition, Age of the plant, Number of irrigations, Temperature at the time of Harvesting, and so on�.

Natural Peppermint Oil (Mentha Piperita Oil) just distilled at the project will have Mentha Furon ranging from 2.7 - 9.0% and L-Menthol from 24.5 - 36.0%. It is necessary to meet the specifications of our clients by blending the mint oils from different fields to bring the chemistry to an acceptable range.

We get GLC for each and every sample of produced by all the farmers. We blend mint oils from different fields to make uniform chemistry. We see that the blended oil gives Mentha Furon from 3.0 - 4.0% and L-Menthol from 31 - 33%. This blending will takes place by using a stirrer in a tank of 5000 KG capacity. We get every 5,000 KG of oil with uniform chemistry.

Natural Corn Mint Oil (Mentha Arvensis Oil) just distilled at the project will have L-Menthol from 68 - 75%. It is necessary to blend the oil, as explained above for Peppermint Oil, to get uniform chemistry and to have L-Menthol from 70 - 72%.

Packing:

We use Epoxy Coated MS Drums for packing the Oils. We take care even in Epoxy Coating to cover even small hair-width gaps at the joint of the Drum.

We pack the oil in to the 180 KG Epoxy Coated MS Drums and Palletize the Drums at SSEZ. We also take care in preventing the Drums/Oil from the atmospheric air by replacing air with Nitrogen Gas and Stretch wrapping the drums.

Packed Oils are shipped to Mumbai Port to ship to reach our Overseas Clients.

We even consider any standards given by our clients in processing, packing, or transporting the Oils.

Working with different Certified groups helps us in sourcing different Certified products very easily. We trade in the following items.

They are not our own projects. Lot samples would be organized to ensure the Quality.

If the required quantities are bulk, we will establish our own projects by identifying the organic areas in any part of India or Asia.

Organic Vanilla Beans

Organic Lavender Oil

Organic Clove Buds

Organic Clove Bud Oil

Organic Clove Leaf Oil

Organic Lemongrass Oil

Organic Citronella Oil

Organic Palmrosa Oil

Organic Rosemary Oil

Organic Thyme Oil

Organic Vetiver Oil

Organic Ginger Oil

Organic Geranium Oil

Organic Eucalyptus Oil

Organic Soya Oil

Organic Soya Lecithin

Organic Coconut Oil

Organic Virgin Coconut Oil

Organic Honey

Organic Neem Oil

Organic Castor Oil

Organic Walnuts

Organic Cashew Nuts

Wild Apricot Kernels / Oil

Chaulmoogra Oil

Davana Oil

Moringa Seed Oil

Nutmeg Oil

Org. & Conv. Fruits

Fruit IQFs

Identify Old Natural Organic Farms.

Prefer Small and Poor Farmers to make a Community.

Field Office controls whole production system meeting International Organic Standards.

Re-arranging the processing (distillation, pressing or packing) meeting Organic Standards.

Certification of the lands & crops by International Certifying agencies for organic production.

Farm Soils tested free of cost to adopt better Organic Skills protecting environment.

Feeding the soil with the required Micronutrients Organically.

Educating & Supporting the Farmer community to improve Soil Fertility.

Motivating & Helping the Community Farmers to make Compost and Vermi-Compost.

Providing better Organic Technology to improve Quality and Yields.

Farm to Factory basis marketing adopting Fair-Trade culture.

Tracking material movement from Farm to Factory for every individual farmer.

Rambutan Seeds / Oil (conventional):

Rambutan Seed Oil is a new introduction to the Global Cosmetic industry. Rambutan Seed oil is a very suitable oil for Cosmetics. We can organize nearly 100 MT of Rambutan Seeds per annum from Asian countries.

Grapefruit Seeds / Oil (Organic):

We will organize the seed collection from the Grapefruit Processing units in India. If the volumes are reasonable, we will organize our own collection centers.

Pomegranate Seeds / Oil (Wild):

We will organize the seed collection from the wild and Sun dry the seeds. We will take up the collection if the requirement is reasonable good. We can source about 50 MT of seeds every year.

Amaranthus Seed (Organic):

There are several small farmers cultivating organically and ready to get certification. We need Buying arrangements to go ahead. We can ship around 100 MT every year if there is a buying arrangement.

Flax Seed (Organic):

We have the farmers and certified lands, We can presently organize limited volumes of Flax Seeds. With Buying arrangements, more than 100 MT per annum can be arranged. We trade these Seeds / Oil by adopting our Quality Control methods.

Sesame Seed / Oil (Organic):

There are certified areas for Sesame Seed. Looking for Buying arrangements to increase the volumes. We trade these Seeds / Oil by adopting our Quality Control methods.

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Eriobotrya japonica - (Thunb.)Lindl.

Loquat

Author	(Thunb.)Lindl.	Botanical references	11, 74, 200
Family	Rosaceae	Genus	Eriobotrya
Synonyms	Mespilus japonica - Thunb. Photinia japonica - (Thunb.)Franch.&Sav.
Known Hazards	The seed is slightly poisonous. This report probably refers to the hydrogen cyanide that is found in many plants of this family, the seed should only be used in small amounts if it is bitter[K]. In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death.
Range	E. Asia - China, Japan.
Habitat	Not known in the wild[109].
Edibility Rating	4 (1-5)	Medicinal Rating	3 (1-5)

Physical Characteristics

An evergreen Tree growing to 9m by 5m at a medium rate.

It is hardy to zone 7. It is in leaf all year, in flower from November to March, and the seeds ripen from April to June. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.

The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires dry or moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure.

Habitats

Woodland Garden; Secondary; Sunny Edge; Dappled Shade; South Wall By; West Wall By;

Cultivars: (as above except)
'Advance'

Edible Uses

Edible Parts: Fruit; Seed.

Edible Uses: Coffee.

Fruit - raw, cooked or preserved[46]. A slightly acid, sweet aromatic flavour[200], they can be eaten out of hand or cooked in pies, sauces, jellies etc[3]. Loquat pie, if made from fruit that is not fully ripe, is said to taste like cherry pie[183]. The fruit is produced in winter and early spring[132], it is up to 4cm in diameter[200]. A nutritional analysis is available[218]. Seed - cooked. A pleasant flavour[142]. Caution is advised if the seed is bitter, see notes at top of the page. The roasted seed is a coffee substitute[105, 177, 183].

Composition

Figures in grams (g) or miligrams (mg) per 100g of food.

Fruit (Dry weight)

�         360 Calories per 100g

�         Water: 0%

�         Protein: 3.6g; Fat: 3.2g; Carbohydrate: 90g; Fibre: 5.8g; Ash: 4g;

�         Minerals - Calcium: 290mg; Phosphorus: 190mg; Iron: 4.3mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 35mg; Potassium: 2650mg; Zinc: 0mg;

�         Vitamins - A: 5000mg; Thiamine (B1): 0.18mg; Riboflavin (B2): 4.9mg; Niacin: 2.3mg; B6: 0mg; C: 7.84mg;

�         Reference: [218]

�         Notes: The figures given are the median of a range quoted in the report.

Medicinal Uses

Analgesic; Antibacterial; Antiemetic; Antitussive; Antiviral; Astringent; Diuretic; Expectorant; Sedative.

The loquat is one of the most popular cough remedies in the Far East, it is the ingredient of many patent medicines[238]. The leaves are analgesic, antibacterial, antiemetic, antitussive, antiviral, astringent, diuretic and expectorant[7, 116, 147, 176, 218, 279]. A decoction of the leaves or young shoots is used as an intestinal astringent and as a mouthwash in cases of thrush and also in the treatment of bronchitis, coughs, feverish colds etc[7, 238]. The leaves are harvested as required and can be used fresh or dried[238]. The hairs should be removed from the leaves in order to prevent irritation of the throat[238]. The flowers are expectorant[218, 240]. The fruit is slightly astringent, expectorant and sedative[7, 240]. It is used in allaying vomiting and thirst[240].

Other Uses

Wood.

Wood - hard, close grained. Used for rulers etc[146].

Scented Plants

Flowers: Fresh

The flowers emit a most potent oriental perfume.

Cultivation details

Prefers a fertile well-drained soil in full sun or light shade[200]. Succeeds in any well-drained soil but dislikes too much lime[3]. Prefers to be near the coast, tolerating maritime exposure but dislikes cold winds[200]. Tolerates dry soils[200]. Succeeds in an open position in the milder areas of Britain but usually requires wall protection in most of this country[11, 59]. Plants are hardy to at least -5�c, and can survive to between -12 and -17�c but with some damage[200]. Plants from different provenances differ widely in their hardiness, it is best to obtain stock as cuttings from plants that are established in this country[219]. Trees usually only flower and produce fruit in Britain after a long hot summer[11, 202], but a tree at Maidwell Hall in Northants fruits regularly[11]. The main difficulty with producing a crop of fruit from this tree is that the plant flower in the winter and will not ripen fruit of a satisfactory standard if the winter is cold. Indeed, the fruit is rendered inedible by hard frosts in cold areas[200]. Often cultivated for its edible fruit in warm temperate regions, there are more than 800 cultivars in Japan[200]. 'Advance' is a dwarf tree with very juicy fruits[200]. The flowers emit a most potent oriental perfume[245].

Propagation

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold fame in the spring[200]. Pre-soak stored seed for 24 hours and sow late winter in a warm greenhouse[78, 113]. Germination usually takes place within 1 - 4 months at 20�c. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings of half-ripe wood with a heel, July/August in a frame[200]. Cuttings of softwood, spring in a frame[78]. Air layering[200].

Cultivars

'Advance'

Medium to large, pear-shaped to elliptic-round fruits, deep yellow in colour, borne in large compact clusters[183]. The skin is downy, thick and tough, the flesh whitish, translucent, melting and very juicy, the flavour sub-acid and very pleasant, the quality good[183]. Ripens mid-season[183]. The seeds are commonly 4 - 5 to a fruit, the seed cavity is not large[183]. This cultivar is a natural dwarf, growing about 1.5 metres tall[183]. It is highly resistant to pear blight[183]. Self-infertile, it requires a pollinator for fruit production[183]. 'Gold Nugget' is said to be a good pollinator[183].

'Gold Nugget'

The fruit has a sweet orange flesh[260].

Links

This plant is also mentioned in the following PFAF articles: Conservatory Plants.

References

[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.

[3] Simmons. A. E. Growing Unusual Fruit. David and Charles 1972 ISBN 0-7153-5531-7
A very readable book with information on about 100 species that can be grown in Britain (some in greenhouses) and details on how to grow and use them.

[7] Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald 1984 ISBN 0-356-10541-5
Covers plants growing in Europe. Also gives other interesting information on the plants. Good photographs.

[11] Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981
A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.

[46] Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959
An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.

[59] Thurston. Trees and Shrubs in Cornwall. 0
Trees and shrubs that succeed in Cornwall based on the authors own observations. Good but rather dated.

[74] Komarov. V. L. Flora of the USSR. Israel Program for Scientific Translation 1968
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers.

[78] Sheat. W. G. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. MacMillan and Co 1948
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.

[105] Tanaka. T. Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku Publishing 1976
The most comprehensive guide to edible plants I've come across. Only the briefest entry for each species, though, and some of the entries are more than a little dubious. Not for the casual reader.

[109] Wilson. E. H. Plantae Wilsonae. 0
Details of the palnts collected by the plant collector E. H. Wilson on his travels in China. Gives some habitats. Not for the casual reader.

[113] Dirr. M. A. and Heuser. M. W. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Athens Ga. Varsity Press 1987 ISBN 0942375009
A very detailed book on propagating trees. Not for the casual reader.

[116] Brooklyn Botanic Garden Oriental Herbs and Vegetables, Vol 39 No. 2. Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1986
A small booklet packed with information.

[132] Bianchini. F., Corbetta. F. and Pistoia. M. Fruits of the Earth. 0
Lovely pictures, a very readable book.

[142] Brouk. B. Plants Consumed by Man. Academic Press 1975 ISBN 0-12-136450-x
Readable but not very comprehensive.

[146] Gamble. J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh 1972
Written last century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.

[147] ? A Barefoot Doctors Manual. Running Press 0 ISBN 0-914294-92-X
A very readable herbal from China, combining some modern methods with traditional chinese methods.

[176] Yeung. Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles 1985
An excellent Chinese herbal giving information on over 500 species. Rather technical and probably best suited to the more accomplished user of herbs.

[177] Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984 ISBN 3874292169
An excellent book for the dedicated. A comprehensive listing of latin names with a brief list of edible parts.

[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.

[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.

[202] Davis. B. Climbers and Wall Shrubs. Viking. 1990 ISBN 0-670-82929-3
Contains information on 2,000 species and cultivars, giving details of cultivation requirements. The text is terse but informative.

[218] Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4
Details of over 1,200 medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. Often includes an analysis, or at least a list of constituents. Heavy going if you are not into the subject.

[219] Grey-Wilson. C. & Matthews. V. Gardening on Walls Collins 1983 ISBN 0-00-219220-0
A nice little book about plants for growing against walls and a small section on plants that can grow in walls.

[238] Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995 ISBN 0-7513-020-31
A very well presented and informative book on herbs from around the globe. Plenty in it for both the casual reader and the serious student. Just one main quibble is the silly way of having two separate entries for each plant.

[240] Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986
Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. Not for the casual reader.

[245] Genders. R. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale. London. 1994 ISBN 0-7090-5440-8
An excellent, comprehensive book on scented plants giving a few other plant uses and brief cultivation details. There are no illustrations.

[260] Phillips. R. & Rix. M. Conservatory and Indoor Plants Volumes 1 & 2 Pan Books, London. 1998 ISBN 0-330-37376-5
Excellent photos of over 1,100 species and cultivars with habits and cultivation details plus a few plant uses. Many species are too tender for outdoors in Britain though there are many that can be grown outside.

[279] Medicinal Plants in the Republic of Korea World Health Organisation, Manila 1998 ISBN 92 9061 120 0
An excellent book with terse details about the medicinal uses of the plants with references to scientific trials. All plants are described, illustrated and brief details of habitats given.

Readers Comments

Eriobotrya japonica

Eileen Cadman Thu Jun 21 2007

I have one of these that grows as a standard in my back garden, and this year it has produced a large amount of fruit. I've been picking them and eating them raw, and they're delicious. I don't know which cultivar it is, but the flesh is whitish, and it has several brown seeds. The tree is now about 12-15 feet high, so harvesting is an effort, but it's worth it. In previous years it only produced a very few fruits, and the birds and squirrels got them. This year I did! Last year I cut down the other trunk, to a height of about 2 feet, and it has produced lots of leaves this year. Maybe that has something to do with the larger harvest this year? Eileen, London, N19.

Eriobotrya japonica

Gillis Thu Jun 28 2007

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http://www.middlepath.com.au/plant/loquat.php

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Loquat - Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae family Leaves and Seeds rich in Amygdalin B17 - Laetrile Japanese plum, Loquat - Eriobotrya japonica Japanese plum, Loquat - Eriobotrya japonica - This small or medium sized tree is native to China and Japan. It can be grown in containers. Beautiful downy foliage, fragrant flowers, and delicious fruit. The golden-yellow fruit has a distinct flavor like pear, with a hint of apricot and pineapple. Over the years we have noticed many Loquat trees growing on our property, without us even planting any. Like so many medicinal plants that have come here by themselves, we looked at this beautiful tree and wondered what the medicinal properties were. To my amazement when I researched the Loquat tree I came across an article from Dr Michael Tierra L.Ac., O.M.D. who states that Loquat had the hydrocyanic glycosides in common with apricot and peach seeds as well as wild cherry tree bark. These hydrocyanic glycosides are also known as amygdalin B17 Laetrile better known from the work of Dr. Krebs. With there being such a controversy on obtaining Apricot kernels we thought this may be a solution as laetrile is highly respected by many people as both a cancer preventive and a cure for some cancers. Apparently herbalists in Cyprus in the Mediterranean use Loquat leaf tea with some success for various types of cancer. Evidently loquat leaf is a very popular folk treatment not only for cancer but many other diseases in Japan. In fact, there is a small book in Japanese called "Natural Remedy" by Yuriko Tojo (1988) that describes various ways to use the Loquat both internally and externally for moxa. I think it is highly significant that with Dr. Krebs and the laetrile controversy, the use of loquat leaf on the island of Cyprus for cancer and then its use in Japan not only internally but externally with moxabustion, states that there must be something to this remedy. Drinking Loquat leaf tea regularly and eating 2 seeds per day has been successfully used for blood vessel and bone marrow, liver and pancreatic cancer. It is essential to eat the seeds as it is some 1300 times higher in amygdalin B17 Laetrile than the leaves. The shiny side of the leaf has been used with good results by putting it over cancerous tumours and using moxabustion on it daily. These cancers are said to be incurable. I think it is reasonable then that the Loquat leaf and seed treatment and a healthy diet regime may be followed. For insight into a healthy diet regime you can purchase Secrets to Living a Quality Life CD or use our Online Consultation form for a personalized specific consultation. My family have a Loquat tree in their backyard in the city, so it shows that this beautiful tree that seems to grow in diverse climates can be grown in your own backyard and the fruit can be eaten, used for wine, chutneys, jam and tarts. The leaves, fruit and seeds can be used for medicine and an alternative coffee can be made from the seeds. Common Names: Loquat, Japanese medlar, Nispero. Loquat leaf, pi pa ye Distant Affinity: Apples (Malus spp.), Medlar (Mispilus germanica), Stone Fruit (Prunus spp.), Pears (Pyrus spp.) and others. Uses:The fruit, kernel and tender leaves are all used for medicinal purposes. The fruit has a sweet sour flavour. Properties: Antitussive, expectorant, antiemetic Constituents: The fruits flesh contains malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, tannate, carotene, vitamins A, B and C. Its leaves and kernel contain amygdalin (amygdalin is otherwise known as the anti-cancer vitamin, B17 or laetrile). Action: Beneficial to the vital energy of the lungs. It dissolves and expectorates phlegm and alleviates coughs. Relieving coughing and vomiting. The flesh promotes the secretion of body fluids and eliminates thirst. The tender leaves are used for various types of coughs but the under side is usually prepared by rubbing the hairs off so they do not irritate the throat. Indications: Coughing due to heat in the lungs. Chronic and acute bronchitis. Thirst due to summer heat can be treated with Loquat leaves, drunk as a substitute for tea. Dosage: 6-15 grams Safety: Loquat leaf should not be used for coughs caused by cold. Origin: The loquat is indigenous to south eastern China. It was introduced into Japan and became naturalized there in very early times. It has been cultivated in Japan for over 1,000 years. It has also become naturalized in India and many other areas. Chinese immigrants are presumed to have carried the loquat to Hawaii. It was common as a small-fruited ornamental in the USA in the 1870's, and the improved variety, Giant, was being sold there by 1887. Japan is the leading producer of Loquats, followed by Israel and Brazil. It grows well in Australia as we know on our property. The Loquat is adapted to a subtropical to mild-temperature climate. Where the climate is too cool or excessively warm and moist, the tree is grown as an ornamental but will not bear fruit. Well established trees can tolerate a low temperature of 12� F. The killing temperature for the flower bud is about 19 � F and for the mature flower about 26� F. At 25� F the seed is killed, causing the fruit to fall. Extreme summer heat is also detrimental to the crop, and dry, hot winds cause leaf scorch. High heat and sunlight during the winter often results in sunburned fruit. The white-fleshed varieties are better adapted to cool coastal areas. The Loquat tree can be grown in a large pot and would look stunning as it is a beautiful tree. Description Growth Habits: The loquat is a large evergreen shrub or small tree with a rounded crown, short trunk and woolly new twigs. The tree can grow 20 to 30 ft. high, but is usually much smaller than this--about 10 ft. Loquats are easy to grow and are often used as an ornamental. Their boldly textured foliage adds a tropical look to the garden and contrast well with many other plants. Because of the shallow root system of the Loquat, care should be taken in mechanical cultivation not to damage the roots. Foliage: Loquat leaves are generally eliptical-lanceolate, 5 to 12 inches long and 3 to 4 inches wide. They are dark green and glossy on the upper surface, whitish or rusty-hairy beneath, thick and stiff, with conspicuous parallel, oblique veins. The new growth is sometimes tinged with red. The leaves are narrow in some cultivars and broad in others. Flowers: Small, white, sweetly fragrant flowers are borne in autumn or early winter in panicles at the ends of the branches. Before they open, the flower clusters have an unusual rusty-wooly texture. Loquats ready to go Fruit: Loquat fruits, growing in clusters, are oval, rounded or pear-shaped, 1 to 2 inches long with a smooth or downy, yellow or orange, sometimes red-blushed skin. The succulent, tangy flesh is white, yellow or orange and sweet to subacid or acid, depending on the cultivar. Each fruit contains three to five large brown seeds. The loquat is normally pollinated by bees. Some cultivars are self-infertile and others are only partially self-fertile. Flowers of the early and late flushes tend to have abnormal stamens and very little viable pollen. Thinning of flowers and young fruits in the cluster, or clipping off all or part of flower and fruit clusters is sometimes done to enhance fruit size. Under most conditions the loquat tends to develop an alternate-bearing pattern, which can be modified somewhat by cluster thinning in heavy production years. For the highest quality fruit the clusters are sometimes bagged to protect from sunburn and eliminate bird damage. Location: Loquats are wind tolerant and grow best in full sun, but also do well in partial shade. The round headed trees can be used to shade a patio. Soil: Loquats grow well on a variety of soils of moderate fertility, from light sandy loam to heavy clay and even limestone soils, but need good drainage. Irrigation: Loquat trees are drought tolerant, but they will produce higher quality fruit with regular, deep watering. The trees should be watered at the swelling of blossoms and 2 to 3 waterings should be given during harvest time. The trees will not tolerate standing in water. Fertilizing: Loquats benefit from regular light applications of organic nitrogen fertilizers, but too much nitrogen will reduce the flowering. Pruning: Judicious pruning should be done just after harvest, otherwise terminal shoots become too numerous and cause a decline in vigour. The objective of pruning is a low head to facilitate fruit thinning and harvest. Prune also to remove crossing branches and thin dense growth to let light into the centre of the tree. Loquats respond well to more severe pruning. Propagation: Generally seeds are used for propagation only when the tree is grown for ornamental purposes or for use as rootstock. For rootstock the seeds are washed and planted in flats or pots soon after removal from the fruit and the seedlings are transplanted when 6 to 7 inches high. When the stem is 1/2 inch thick at the base, the seedlings are ready to be top-worked. Loquats can be propagated by various grafting methods, including shield-budding or side-veneer grafting and cleft-grafting. The use of loquat seedling rootstock usually results in a comparatively large tree with a high canopy. Cultivars grown on quince rootstock produce a dwarfed tree of early bearing character. The smaller tree has no effect on fruit size and gives adequate fruit production with the advantage of easier picking. Loquat cuttings are not easy to root. Grafted trees will begin to bear fruit in 2 to 3 years, compared to 8 to 10 years in seedling trees. Pests and Diseases: There are few pests that bother loquats. Occasionally infestations of black scale may appear. Fruit flies are a serious pest in areas where they are a problem. Birds will also peck at the ripe fruit and damage it. Harvest: Loquat fruits should be allowed to ripen fully before harvesting. They reach maturity in about 90 days from full flower opening. When ripe the fruit develops a distinctive colour, depending on the cultivar, and begins to soften. Unripe fruits do not ripen properly off the tree and are excessively acid. The fruit is difficult to separate from the cluster stems without tearing and must be carefully clipped individually or the whole cluster removed and the fruit then snipped off. Ripe fruit may be stored in the refrigerator for 1 to 2 weeks. The Loquat is comparable to the apple in many aspects, with a high sugar, acid and pectin content. It is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit salads or fruit smoothies. Firm, slightly immature fruits are best for making pies or tarts. The fruits are also commonly used to make jam, jelly and chutney, and are delicious poached in light syrup. Loquats can also be used to make wine. With all these wonderful attributes the Loquat tree is certainly welcome on our property. return to top of page This document (www.middlepath.com.au/plant/loquat.php) was last updated on Monday July 2nd 2007  ||  email Middle Path Middle Path Please Note: While we believe the information we offer is true and valid through our own observations and experiences and we offer it freely with a sincere desire to help our fellow man, woman and child we feel it prudent to include the following as a precautionary device given various �authoritys� current attitude towards our work: Content on this site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for �professional� �medical� advice or diagnosis. You are responsible for your own health and therefore should make sure you have sought appropriate advice before embarking on any course of therapy or treatment for any condition you may consider that you might be experiencing. If you have or suspect that you have a �medical� problem, it is your responsibility to contact a �qualified� health care practitioner. Disclaimer: Information and statements on this site are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

 

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Rambutan

By Thulaja, Naidu Ratnala written on 2003-02-10
National Library Board Singapore

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Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), a tropical fruit native to the Malayan archipelago belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The word rambutan is derived from the Malay word rambut meaning "hair", a reference to the numerous hairy protuberances of the fruit. The hairy fruit, often red but sometimes yellow, when peeled open, reveals a sweet, white flesh, clinging to a woody seed. Singapore is the largest importer of rambutans worldwide.

Origin and distribution
It is a popular belief that rambutans are native to Malaysia and Indonesia. The earliest record of rambutan trees show that they were cultivated by the Malayan jungle tribes around their temporary settlements, a practice followed to date. Rambutan trees are today found growing naturally in Southern China, the Indochina region and Southeast Asia. With increasing popularity amongst non-Asians and growing demand for rambutans worldwide, the fruit is presently considered an important agricultural produce. It is grown commercially in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Sri Lanka, Australia, Hawaii, Vietnam and Central America. Even in 1981, rambutans were grown commercially on up to 700 ha of land in Singapore. Rapid urbanisation meant rambutan plantations are no longer found in Singapore. To meet the demands of its people, Singapore has remained the largest importer of rambutans in the world, accounting for more than 60% of world imports.

Description
Rambutan trees are evergreen with a roundish-bushy appearance, growing up to a maximum of 30 m. Its branches are low and wide spread. Its bark is smooth, greyish-brown or reddish-brown. The leaves are simple pinnate compound, 15 to 40 cm long and arranged alternately. Leaflets are elliptical, blunt and up to eight leaflets are arranged in pairs. Flowers are greenish-white, small sized, occur in large bunches, have no petals, are mildly fragrant and are either completely male or bisexual. The male flowers occur on different trees. The flowers have six to eight stamens while the superior ovary has one to two lobes with a single style. Flowering occurs twice a year. Rambutan fruits are hairy, yellow to crimson, redden as they ripen and grow up to 7 to 5 cm in size. The seeds are oval, bitter, single, high in fat, narcotic and covered with the white juicy flesh that is eaten as fruit.

Usage and potential
Food
The rambutan fruit is eaten raw, made into jams or is cooked. The fruit, canned in syrup is directly eaten off the can too. In 1886, wine made of the fruit was put up in an exhibition in London. However, its recipe is unknown and its production is believed to have stopped soon after. The seeds are sometimes roasted and eaten.

Medicine
The pericarp or the fruit walls, high in tannin and saponin are used in Java for various medicinal purposes. A concoction of it is sold by traditional Malay medicine sellers. The Malays use a decoction of the roots to treat fever. The bark and the fruits are supposed to have astringent properties. The bark, made into a decoction, is used to treat tongue diseases. It is also given after childbirth to new mothers. Rambutan fruit is supposed to have anthelmintic properties, helping one eradicate intestinal worms. It is also used in relieving diarrhoea. The leaves are used as poultices to relieve headaches.

Other uses
Young shoots are used to dye yellow silk to green. A dye called ayer banyar, made from rambutan leaves and fruits and combined with other ingredients, is used for dyeing red silk black. The wood of the tree though hard tends to split as it dries. It is nevertheless used as timber.

Variant names
Common name: Rambutan.
Scientific name: Nephelium lappaceum.
Malay name: Rambutan (Malay), Nert, Gente (Malay aborigines).
Chinese name: Hong Mao Dan (Mandarin).
Indonesian name: Rambutan (Javanese), Chorogol, Tundun (Sundanese), Hahuyam, Kakapas (in Sumatra).



Author
Naidu Ratnala Thulaja

http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_208_2004-12-16.html

References
Burkill, I. H. (1993). A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula (pp. 1571-1572). Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives.
(Call no.: RSING 634.909595 BUR)

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