The cellular basis of life. Cells and types of cells. DNA and heredity.

The cell as the basic unit of living things.

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The great complexity of a cell.

The presence of organelles in the cytoplasm and the role of the main organelles (nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, and chloroplasts).

Differences between plant and animal cells.

Cell differentiation to cater for specialisation

Awareness of the presence of different cells that cater for different functions

Presence of chromosome in cells. DNA as the blueprint of life.

DNA as a double-helix shaped molecule containing compounds that act as codes which determine all bodily functions. DNA’s ability to replicate itself leading to transmission of genetic material. (Details of replicating process are not necessary.)

DNA’s proneness to mutations - bringing about an alteration of the genetic code (with beneficial, bad or neutral effects).

Cell division – Important differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis takes place in somatic cells and produces identical cells resulting in growth or cell replacement. Meiosis produces cells that will develop into reproductive gametes with half the number of chromosomes of parent cells. Detailed sequence of events which take place during these two process of cell divisions are not required.

Types of variation: inherited and environmental.

Variations that provide an advantage to organisms over the pressures of the environment bring about an evolutionary process resulting in a variety of life.

Classification

The five kingdom system of classification and the main features exhibited by organisms from each kingdom. Candidates are also expected to be familiar with the main groupings of each kingdom.