
' From Mitsubishi Motors
' Commodity Weight ton/cu. m
' Petrol             0.75
' Kerosene           0.80
' Light Oil          0.85
' Heavy Oil          0.93
' Lubricating Oil    0.95
' Liquid Asphalt     0.90
' Alcohol            0.80
' Formalin           1.05
' Liquid Concrete    2.4
' Bulk Cement Powder 1.0
' Aggregate          2.2
' Carbon Black       0.32
' Gravel             1.65-1.70 (20-25mm)
' Sand               1.50-1.65 (1.0-2.5mm)
' Coal               0.75-0.87
' Dry Soil           1.6
' Wet Soil           2.0
' Dry Clay           1.8
' Wet Clay           2.0
' Snow               0.2-0.8
' Feed Stuffs        0.5
' Wheat Flour        0.5
' Vinyl Powder       0.45
' Water, Milk        1.0
' -----------------
'
' TIRE RADIUS IN METERS
' TIRE SIZE BIAS   RADIAL 100%
'  6.50-15  0.346  0.350        13.62"   13.78"
'  6.50-16  0.357  0.362        14.06"   14.25"
'  7.00-15  0.356  0.360        14.02"   14.17"
'  7.00-16  0.368  0.373        14.49"   14.69"
'  7.50-15  0.368  0.374        14.49"   14.72"
'  7.50-16  0.383  0.387        15.08"   15.24"
'  7.50-20  0.448  0.452        17.64"   17.80"
'  8.25-16  0.404  0.409        15.91"   16.10"
'  8.25-20  0.468  0.470        18.43"   18.50"
'  9.00-20  0.490  0.492        19.29"   19.37"
' 10.00-20  0.506  0.508        19.92"   20.00"
' 11.00-20  0.520  0.523        20.47"   20.59"
' 12.00-20  0.539  0.542        21.22"   21.34"
' 12.00-24  0.593  0.594        23.35"   23.39"
' (Tubeless)              85%
'  9R22.5    ---   0.470                 18.50"
' 10R22.5    ---   0.492                 19.37"
' 11R22.5    ---   0.508                 20.00"
' 12R22.5    ---   0.523                 20.59"
' (Low profile radial)    70%
' 275/70R22.5 ---  0.465                 18.31"
' 205/70R16   ---  0.336                 13.23"
'
'------------------
' Tire Radius:
'  7.50 x 20 = 17.0    8 x 22.5 = 17.1
'  8.25 x 20 = 17.6    9 x 22.5 = 17.9
'  9.00 x 20 = 18.6   10 x 22.5 = 18.6
' 10.00 x 20 = 19.2   11 x 22.5 = 19.2
' 11.00 x 20 = 19.7   12 x 22.5 = 19.7
' 12.00 x 20 = 20.4
'
' Tire Revolutions per Mile:
'  7.50 x 20 = 568     8 x 22.5 = 563
'  8.25 x 20 = 549     9 x 22.5 = 543
'  9.00 x 20 = 520    10 x 22.5 = 529
' 10.00 x 20 = 504    11 x 22.5 = 501
' 11.00 x 20 = 487    12 x 22.5 = 487
' 12.00 x 20 = 470
' --------------------------------
'
' Ratings corrected to 500' (152 m) altitude, 29.38" (746 mm) Hg. and
'  temperature of 85 F. (29 C.).
' Altitude: NA engines - deduct 3% for each 1000' (305m) above 1500' (457m)
'   (continuous duty), or above 500' (152m) (intermittent duty).
' Temperature: Deduct 1% for every 10 F. (6 C.) above 100 F. (38 C.)
'   (continuous duty), or above 85 F. (intermittent duty).
' Intermittent Rating (I): The highest load and speed that can be applied
'   under specific conditions of varying load and/or speed.
' Continuous Rating (C): The load and speed that can be applied without
'  interruption except for normal maintenance.
'-------------------
'
' ISO 3046, Part 1, Standard Reference Conditions of:   (SAE 1995)
' Barometric Pressure : 100 kPa (29.53 in Hg)     99 KPA (29.235" HG) DRY ?
' Air Temperature: 25 C. (77 F.)                  104 DEG F. 40 DEG C. FUEL INLET TEMP
' Altitude: 110 m (361 ft)                        0.853 fuel specific gravity @ 60 F (15.5 DEG C
' Relative Humidity: 30%
' 29.530" - .295" = 29.235" DRY
' ----------------
'
' Desempeo en condiciones estndar
' SAE J1995
' de 300 ft (90 m) de altitud,
' 29.53 pulg. Hg [100 kPa] de presin baromtrica,
' 77 F. (25 C.) de temperatura de aire de admisin y
' 0.30 pulg. Hg (1kPa) de presin de vapor de agua con combustible
' Diesel No. 2, estar dentro de un 5% del mostrado
' en el momento del embarque. El desempeo real
' puede variar con diferentes condiciones del ambiente.
' 29.235" Hg DRY PRESSURE
' 30% Humidity
'-----------------------------------------
'
' 1.000   SINGLE DRIVE,  AXLE           0.0%
' 0.964   SINGLE DRIVE,  TANDEM AXLE    3.6%
' 0.927   DUAL DRIVE,    TANDEM AXLE    7.3%
' 0.855   TRI DRIVE,     AXLE          14.5%
'----------------------------------------
'
' TRUCK TRANSMISSION AND DIFFERENTIAL LOSS
' 4x2   0.931   GEAR 1.00:1    2.0%+4.9%
' 4x2   0.913   GEAR 2.31:1    3.8%+4.9%  OR  GEAR 4.19
' 4x4   0.876   +3.7% TRANSFER CASE
' 6x4   0.894   +1.9% TRANSFER CASE
'   DIFFERENTIAL RATIO = 5.43:1
'
'  Mitsubishi model FK615, used in calculating gradability:
'  Engine max. torque:
'  TORQUE = 44 kg-m at 1,800 rpm (JIS) 
'  Transmission gear ratios to 1 (rt) : 
'  6.875 / 4.189 / 2.311 / 1.409 / 1.000; 
'  reverse 6.875 
'  Rear axle ratio to 1 (ra) : 5.428 
'  Driving tire size: 8.25-20-14PR: RADIUS = 0.468 m 
'  Max G.V.W.: WGT = 11,000 kg 
'  The mechanical efficiency of the FK615 is 0.913 according to Table 4
'------------------------------------------
'
' SHIFT TIME:
' most cars  .4 to 1.0 SEC
' Trucks     .8 to 1.5 SEC
' Cars with electronic shifts 0.02 to .2 SEC
' ----------------------------------------
'
' DIFFERENTIAL TORQUE BIAS:
' LOCKUP           TORQUE
'   %              BIAS RATIO                                    
' 100%              INFINITE   SOLID AXLE, LOCKED |               u=0.0
'  98%               99.00                        |
'  90.5%             20.05                        |
'  82%               10.11                        |
'  76%                5.06      TRUCKS            | ICE           u=0.2
'  43%                2.51      PASSENGER CAR     | SNOW          u=0.4
'  34%                2.03      PASSENGER CAR     |
'  25%                1.67                        | MUD           u=0.6
'  20%                1.50                        |
'  11%                1.25                        | WET PAVEMENT  u=0.8    
'   0%                1.00      OPEN DIFFERENTIAL | DRY PAVEMENT  u=1.0
'
' LOCKING CAPACITY IN % OR TORQUE BIAS RATIO
'
' TORQUE_BIAS_RATIO = TIGHT_WHEEL_TORQUE / LOOSE_WHEEL_TORQUE
'
' SP = 43   ' LOCKUP PERCENT
' S = SP / 100
' BR = (S + 1) / (-S + 1)
' PRINT "BIAS RATIO =";BR

' H = .6    ' HIGH COEF FRICTION OF TIRE TO ROAD
' L = .1    ' LOW  COEF
' S = (H - L) / (H + L) * 100
' PRINT "LOCKUP PERCENT =";S
' ----------------------------------------
'
' 0.6214 MILES PER KM
' Tire Revolutions per KiloMile:
'  8.25 x 20   345
'  9.00 x 20   325
' 10.00 x 20
' -----------------------------------------
'
' Coefficient of Rolling Resistance (r)
' Surface         Rubber Tire     Crawler/Tracked
'                 Vehicles        Vehicles
' Concrete        .01 to .02     .03 to .04
' Asphalt         .012 to 0.22   .03 to .04
' Macadam         .015 to .037   .035 to .045
' Gravel Roads    .025 to .04    .025 to .05
' Smooth Dirt     .025 to .04    .025 to .05
' Unplowed Earth  .04 to .075    .04 to .08
' Loose Earth     .05 to .09     .06 to .08
' Gravel          .10 to .14     .10 to .12
' Loose Sand      .10 to .14     .10 to .12
' Mud - Firm Base .04 to .06     .05 to .09
' Mud - Soft Base .15 to .18     .10 to .13
' -------------------------------------
' Steel Steel Wheel
' (Railroad) Vehicles   .004
'  from Eaton
' ==========================================
'
' Coefficient of Traction (u)
' Surface       Rubber Tire    Crawler/Tracked
'               Vehicles       Vehicles
' Concrete      .8 to 1.0      .45
' Asphalt       .8 to 1.0      .5
' Macadam       .7 to .9       .55
' Dry Clay Loam .5 to .7       .9 to 1.0
' Wet Clay Loam .4 to .5       .7
' Gravel        .3 to .4       .35
' Damp Sand     .3 to .4       .35
' Loose Sand    .2 to .35      .3
' Firm Earth    .5 to .6       .9 to 1.0
' Loose Earth   .4 to .5       .6
' Grass         .4              N/A
' ------------------------------------
' Steel Steel Wheel
' (Railroad) Vehicles   .15 to .25
' from Eaton
' ========================================
'
' Coefficient of traction values for various operating surfaces.
' Material           Rubber Tires     Tracks
' Concrete                  .90         .45
' Clay loam, dry            .55         .90*
' Clay loam, wet            .45         .70
' Rutted clay loam          .40         .70
' Dry sand                  .20         .30
' Wet sand                  .40         .50
' Quarry pit                .65         .55
' Gravel road loose         .35         .50
' Dry packed snow           .20         .50
' Ice                       .10         .10
' Firm earth                .50         .90 *
' Loose earth               .50         .60
'                 * Assumes full grouser penetration.
' =====================================================
'
' Rolling-Resistance,  Road Condition Resistance Value (Pounds Per Ton)
'                                                       coef.
' Hard, smooth surface with no tire penetration
'   (well maintained)                              40  [.02]
' Firm, smooth surface, flexing slightly under load
'   (well maintained)                              65  [.033]
' Flexible dirt roadway (irregular surface):
'   With about 1 inch of tire penetration         100  [.05]
'   With up to 4 inches of tire penetration       150  [.075]
' Soft, muddy roadway (irregular surface or sand)
'   with over 6 inches of tire penetration 220 to 400  [.11-.20]
'----------------------------------------------------------------
'
' TRACTIVE EFFICIENCY,  4 FOOT FARM TIRES:
' TE     SLIP    RR  
' 91%     6%    .05   CONCRETE, HARD
' 78     10     .1    FIRM SOIL, STUBBLE
' 64     12     .2    TILLED, CULTIVATED 
' 52     15-20  .3    SOFT OR SANDY SOIL
'
'---------------------------------------
'
' MacLarin FARM TRACTOR TIRE FORCE
' Nm = (CI * width^0.8 * dia^0.8 * defl^0.4) / WGT   IN KN
'
' DOUBLE DIAMETER, HALFS COEFFIENT
' LOOSE SOIL OR SAND IS 4-6 TIMES ROLLING RESISTANCE OF FIRM SOIL
'            CONCRETE IS 10 TIMES    "         "          "    "
'---------------------------------------
'
' ROLLING RESISTANCE:
' CONCRETE   MED_HARD   SAND
'   .015       .08      .30    CAR
'   .012       .06      .25    TRUCK
'   .020       .04      .20    FARM TRACTOR
'------------------------------------------
'
' PRIME MOVER, 44" CG HEIGHT
' TRAILER,     88" CG HEIGHT, 53 FT HAS 487 INCH WHEELBASE, 78 INCH TRACK
' TRAILER,     88" CG HEIGHT, 27 FT HAS 252 INCH WHEELBASE, 78 INCH TRACK
'
' TRAILER TRACK WIDTH = 100"+-2", FROM OUTSIDE TO OUTSIDE OF TIRE (11"WIDE TIRE)
' -----------------------------------------------------
'
'For Wet surface conditions
' Mp = 0.83140+(.0037109*ip)-(0.0038408*Vi)+(0.000023292*Vi2)
' Ms = 0.55093+(0.0029423*ip)-(0.0036979*Vi)-(0.000020146*Vi2)
'For Dry surface conditions
' Mp = 0.978764+(.002557*ip)-(0.005542*Vi)+(0.0000470863*Vi2)
' Ms = 0.717073+(0.000618*ip)-(0.005242*Vi)+(0.000082917*Vi2)
'Where:
' Mp = Mu peak value
' Ms = Mu slide value
' ip = inflation pressure (psi)
' Vi= initial vehicle speed (mph)
' --------------------------------
'
' 15% MANUAL 2WD, 20% AUTO 2WD, 20% MANUAL 4WD, 25% AUTO 4WD
'
' 1/4 MILE DRAG ROLLOUT 8" TO 12" OR 16"
'   + 3" ROLLOUT GIVES -0.04 SEC TIME CHANGE
'   - 3" ROLLOUT GIVES +0.04 SEC
'
' DEGREE PITCH PER G's:
'   VERY SOFT CAR       2.5 DEG  (FORD OR VOLVO SEDAN)
'   VERY STIFF CAR      1.5 DEG  (CORVETTE)
'   VERY STIFF RACE CAR 1.0 DEG
'
' CAR SUSPENSION SPRINGS 150-300 LB/INCH 
'
' DEGREE ROLL PER G     3.0 DEG  AVERAGE
'
'
