Mr. Haskell
World History
16 June 2005
World History 2nd Semester Study Guide
Ch. 27
militarism - During the 1800s there was a rise in militarianism and the glorification of the military. Armies and navies expanded�this led to the arms race which increased suspicion and war.
ultimatum - Austria gave Serbia a final set of demands to avoid the war and Serbia was ordered to end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot. Serbia agreed to most of the ultimatum but not all and Austria declared was on Serbia.
mobilize � William II placed harsh demands on Russia. Finally the czar telegraphed the kaiser to soften their demands. When this failed Russia began to mobilize.
neutrality - The Americans tried to play a neutral role in the war. This was until the Germans decided to sink the Lusitanian.
total war � Total war is the channeling of a nations entire resources into a war effort. Nations began to commit to their countries needs and help them come up with supplies and troops.
propaganda � Propaganda played a big part in the war. Countries would display their feelings on the war through posters and such to influence others� opinions on the war.
atrocity � Aritocracy was brutal act against innocent people. British and French nations and colonies presses would spreade ideas of atrocity that Germany was committing.
armistice � Armistice was agreement to end war and put a stop to fighting. The new German government wanted to have an armistice with the Allies.
reparations � Reparations were needed after the war and caused many nations to enter a steep decline. One of these war reparations eventually led to Germany�s economic decline.
mandate � Mandates were either documents or word given by a power that allowed permission to do something. France and British colonies had mandates after World War I in German colonies.
Edith Cavell- Cavell was a women during the World War I that soon became known as a hero of the war. She was a British nurse that helped set up a Red Cross hospital in Belgium.
Georges Clemenceau- Clemenceau was a man who took part in the chamber of deputies. He was involved with the Panama canal and stirred up tensions.
Alfred Nobel � Alfred Nobel was the maker of dynamite during WWI. He later regretted his making of this invention dince it led to more killing so he established the Nobel Peace Prize to reward the individual who brings peace to the world.
Gavrillo Princip � Princip was involved in the killing of the archduke and his wife which initially caused WWI in a way. He was later put to death for his actions.
Sarajevo � Sarajevo is the capitol where the assassinations that started the war took place. This is where the archduke and his wife were killed.
Woodrow Wilson � Woodrow Wilson was the leader of the United States during the trials of WWI. He drew up the fourteen points which were to establish peace without fighting.
(Wilson's Fourteen Points Points) � Wilson�s Fourteen Points were established to help create peace between nations. He thought seas should be free, free trade, and a reduction of arms.
Francis Ferdinand � Ferdinand was the archduke of __ who entered into Serbia on the same date Serbia was conquered by his nation. Serbians were outraged and ended up killing Ferdinand.
Kaiser William II - The heir who took over after the murder of archduke Francis Ferdinand. He interfered with Russia and made new reforms that led to mobilization.
Bertha Von Sutner � Bertha Von Sutner was another important women to the World War effort. She was a writer who tried to proclaim peace.
Triple Alliance � The triple alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. They were one of the first nations to set up bonds with one another.
Ottoman Empire � The Ottoman Empire was part of the war effort as well. They wanted to fight for their own independence but got involved with allies as well.
trench warfare � Trench warfare was a new technique of fighting used during WWI. Trench warfare consisted of dugouts and bungalows where soldiers would stay, fight, and sleep sometimes. The middle ground between trenches was called �no man�s land� where many were killed or wounded.
machine gun (role it played in WWI) � Modern weapons added a lot of destruction, deaths, casualties, and wounds during the war. The machine gun could fire bullets in a more rapid motion yet were also a burden to move from site to site.
airplane (role it played in WWI) � Airplanes didn�t play too big of a part in the World War. But they did have some impacts such as shooting other planes or spreading other military techniques.
role of women in WWI- Women during World War I started to take charge. They helped serve in war as nurses and aids, and also did some jobs that usually the men would do.
Nationalism (ie. tension between France and Germany)- Nationalism can be both a positive and negative thing. The French and Germans however, had aggressive nationalism which brought many conflicts.
Paris Peace Conference- The Paris Peace Conference was established in order to provide peace for the European nations. This conference was the first step in international negotiation.
American neutrality- The Americans tried to play a neutral role in the war. This was until the Germans decided to sink the Lusitanian.
Black Hand � The Black Hand was a small group of Serbians. These people tried to kill the archduke and his wife.
Treaty of Versailles- The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty that the Paris Peace Conference had Germany sign. This treaty made it so that Germany took the blame of the war on themselves as well as make a lot of reparations.
self determination � Self determination played a huge part in the war. This is what drove troops from different countries to participate in the war.
Shleiffen Plan � The Shleiffen Plan was one that shifted the war. This Plan took German�s troops into Belgium to French lines.
U boat � A U boat was a German submarine that was used to sink other ships. This outraged many because many other nations believed that there should be �open� seas.
Lusitania � The Lusitania was a British ship that was passing German troops on its way to an overseas port. The Germans sank it and this outraged many.
armistice � Armistice was agreement to end war and put a stop to fighting. The new German government wanted to have an armistice with the Allies.
mandate � Mandates were either documents or word given by a power that allowed permission to do something. France and British colonies had mandates after World War I in German colonies.
CH. 28
Soviet � Soviets are councils of workers and soldiers which would work democratically within the government. These soviets were set up by revolutionary socialists.
Command economy � A command economy is one in which government officials made all the basic economic decisions. While Stalin ruled, the government owned all businesses and ruled over finances and resources.
Collective - Collectives are large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. Peasants could keep personal items and homes but farm animals and implements had to be turned over to the collectives.
Kulak � Kulaks are wealthy peasants. Under Stalin he smashed kulaks and sent them to work in labor camps.
totalitarian state � A totalitarian state is a form of government in which a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Stalin ended up turning the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
socialist realism � Socialist realism is a goal to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light. Artists and writers would criticize the past or sometimes point out the mistakes under communism to promote hope in the socialist future.
Lenin � Lenin was a socialist with Marxist ideas who was exiled. The Bolsheviks smuggled Lenin back in through a sealed train.
Osip Mandelstam � Osip was imprisoned and tortured for composing a satirical verse about Stalin. He was later exiled and made a new poem called �Ode to Stalin.�
Nicholas II � Nicholas the II reigned in Russia after the Revolution of 1905.Nicholas failed to solve Russia�s basic problems and led to two revolutions in Russia.
Gregory Rasputin � Rasputin was a mad monk who advised the czarina even though his ideals were quite evil. He ended up choosing his own friends to be officials in the royal court.
Joseph Stalin � �Djugashvili� which is Stalin�s real name, was given the name Stalin which means �man of steal.� He organized robberies to get money for the party.
Stalin's 5 Year Plan- Stalin�s plans set high production goals and pushed workers to meet these goals by giving bonuses and those who did not would get punished. Overall the standards of living remained poor.
socialist realism � Government controlled what books were ublished, what music was heard, and what art was seen. Many were tortured and persecutes for not following these new laws.
totalitarian state - A totalitarian state is a form of government in which a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Stalin ended up turning the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
Anna Akhmatova � Akhmatova was one of Russia�s greatest poets who fell out of favor because her poetry did not stress communist ideas. She kept writing poetry in secret and could not publish them.
V.I. Lenin - Vladimir Ilyich Ulynov�s brother was hanged and arrested which made Vladimir a lifetime of hatred for the czarist government. He was a strong follower of Karl Marx and adapted his ideas to Russian conditions.
Mikhail Sholokhov � Sholokhov was a great Russian writer who described the civil war in one of his novels. He shows what life was literally like between peasant and czar.
Joseph Stalin � Stalin was born to a poor family and he studied for the priesthood. His interests grew in the revolution and he joined the Bolshevik underground.
Leon Trotsky � Trotsky was basically like Stalin and they jockeyed for the position to rule Russia. Trotsky ended up fleeing into exile and was later murdered.
socialist revolution � Socialists wanted to change the way the government was in Russia at the time. Many formed radical groups such as the Bolsheviks.
Bolshevik Revolution � The Bolsheviks were a group of socialists who wanted to overthrow the government system in Russia. They started a Bolshevik takeover in which the Bolsheviks stormed the castle.
Lenin's New Economic Policy � He made a command economy. This was were the government officials would make all basic economic decisions.
Stalin � Joseph Stalin was born to a poor family and he studied for the priesthood. His interests grew in the revolution and he joined the Bolshevik underground and was given the name Stalin.
Stalin's 5 Year Plan � Stalin set out to make the Soviet Union into a modern industrial power. He decided to bring all economic activity under government control.
The arts under Stalin � Stalin took control of the arts and forced artists and writers to conform to a style called socialist realism. This was to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light.
List three causes of the 1917 revolution in Russia- One reason was World War I which fired a national pride and united the Russians. Another was Rasputin�s threats to the Romanovs and lastly, the March Revolution.
Ch. 29
apartheid � Apartheid was a system of racial segregation. Blacks were punished and whites received better jobs.
civil disobedience � Civil disobedience is the refusal to obey unjust laws. Gandhi rejected the inequalities of the caste system and wanted to end the harsh treatment.
Diego Rivera � Rivera created magnificent works that won worldwide praise. He would make murals on the walls of public buildings displaying the struggles of the Mexican people for liberty.
Hirohito � Hirohito reigned for 63 years in Japan. He reigned during a time when there were pressures of extreme nationalism and economic upheaval which set Japan on a militaristic and expansionist path that would eventually engulf all of Asia.
Jiang Jieshi- Jiang Jeishi took over the Guomindang after Sun�s death in 1925. He marched through northern China crushing local warlords as he advanced and captured
Beijing.
Muhammad Ali Jinrah � Jinnah came from a middle-class background and had studied law in England. He threw his support behind the idea of a separate state for Muslims.
Nationalization � Nationalization is government takeover of natural resources. Under the Constitution of 1917 the government took control of all national resources.
Pancho Villa � Pancho was a hard-riding rebel from the north. He fought mostly for personal power but won the intense loyalty of his peasant followers.
Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution � The revolution was brought about because Indian peasants wanted to end centuries of oppression and to win land. The Mexican revolution opened the door to social and economic reform.
Pan-Africanism � Pan Africanists tried to forge a united front. They took pride in African roots and heritage.
Mandate System (M. East) � The mandates were territories that were administered by European nations. Many lands were given and issued under this mandate system.
Great Salt March � Gandhi and his followers took a step towards equality without violence. To Gandhi, he thought that the government salt monopoly was a burden on the poor and a sign of British oppression.
May Fourth Movement � The students did not want China�s territory to be given away. They organized boycotts of Japanese goods.
Effect of Great Depression in Japan � Due to the Great Depression in Japan, their economy greatly dropped. Trade and exports decreased rapidly as well.
CH. 30
general strike � A general strike is a strike by workers in many different industries at the same time. Due to wages being low many strikes broke out and one lasted nine days and involved about three million workers.
stream of consciousness � A stream of consciousness is a technique in which the writer probes a character�s random thought and feelings without imposing any logic or order. Many writers used this technique to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the ordinary actions of their everyday lives.
flapper � Flappers were women who rejected old ways. They would bob their hair and wear skirts shorter than expected.
concentration camp � Concentration camps were detention centers for civilians considered enemies of a state. Hitler sent many Jew to concentration camps and continued their plan for Jewish extermination.
Leon Blum � Leon Blum was a socialist leader whose popular Front government tried to solve labor problems. It could not satisfy more radical leftists whose strikes soon brought down his government.
Marie Curie � Curie won two Nobel prizes for her work in chemistry and physics. She had to still balance work with home duties.
Franklin D. Roosevelt 0 Roosevelt projected an air of energy and optimism. He introduced the New Deal which was a massive package of economic and social programs.
Virginia Woolf � Woolf wrote novels using the technique of stream of consciousness. She would explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the ordinary actions of daily life.
Albert Einstein � Einstein argued that apace and time measurements are not absolute but are determined by many factors, some of which are unknown. This was his advanced theory of relativity.
James Joyce � James Joyce was an Irish novelist who wrote Finnegan�s Wake. In this book he explores the mind of a hero who remains asleep throughout the novel.
Pablo Picasso � Picasso created a new style called Cubism. In this style, they broke three-dimensional objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes.
Joseph Pilsudski � Pilsudski became the dictator of Poland. He promised order and backing of the military and the wealthy.
Frank Lloyd Wright � Wright reflected the Bauhaus belief that the function of a building should determine its form. In designing houses he would use materials and forms to fit their environment.
Kellog-Briand Pact � The Kellogg-Briand Pact pressed for disarmament. It also worked to reduce German reparations.
Fascism � Fascism is a group of veterans and other discontented Italians. They wanted to revive Roman greatness.
Adolph Hitler � Hitler promised to end reparations, create jobs, and rearm Germany. He also had a bad side which condemned the Jews to an awful fate of attempted extermination.
totalitarian rule � Hitler organized a brutal system of terror, repression, and totalitarian rule. Nazis controlled all areas of German life from government to religion to schools.
Mein Kampf � Mein Kampf was a book of Nazi goals and ideology. This book reflected Hitler�s obsessions such as nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism.
campaign against the Jews � Hitler led the campaign against the Jews in which he hoped to exterminate their whole race. The Jews became extremely oppressed, tortured, and even killed.
Great Depression � The Great Depression began to spread throughout all of Europe. Countries reached economic lows and the situation of life was poor.
Mussolini � Mussolini was the son of a socialist blacksmith and a devoutly religious school teacher. He organized veterans and other discontented Italians to form the Fascist party.
Weimar Republic � Weimar Republic was a democratic government. It consisted of a parliamentary form of government led by a prime minister.
Kristallnacht � Kristallnacht riots were Nazi-led mobs, which attacked Jewish communities. They smashed windows, looted shops, and burned synagogues.
List causes of Great Depression- Many people lost faith in the ability of democratic governments to solve problems. Misery and hopelessness created a way for extremists to propose radical solutions.
CH. 31
appeasement - Appeasement is described as giving way concessions to possible enemies to maintain peace. Nations would give away things to other nations to prevent conflict.
blitzkrieg - Blitzkrieg was a German method used in WWII based on speed and surprise and needed a military force to be based around light tank units supported by planes and soldiers on foot. This method was developed in Germany by an army officer called named Hans Guderian.
cold war - The Cold War was not an actual war being fought with soldiers and military men. It was rather a time a conflict and depression among many nations.
collaborator - A collaborator was a person who would share secrecies and plans throughout the war with a war enemy. These people were considered to be treasonable.
containment (policy) - Many nations thought that the USSR occupation of other countries should be left alone. These nations also wanted the communism to stay in places it already was and not to expand further.
genocide - Genocide is the killing or exterminating of a certain group of peoples, usually a certain race or ethnicity. Hitler used genocide tactics to kill millions of Jews and other minorities during WWII.
kamikaze - A kamikaze was usually a Japanese pilot who would commit suicide to help their nation. They would fly their planes into aircraft carriers and other enemy army stations.
pacifism - Pacifism is the policy of not taking either side and letting things be. America and other nations took on pacifism for many times during the war and did not step in or get involved.
Winston Churchill - Churchill was a very influential leader from England. He became part of the Big Three and helped find solutions to end the war.
Francisco Franco - Franco rose to power following the Civil War and helped Spain make prosperous decisions. By keeping Spain out of WWII he saved them from economic ruin.
Dwight Eisenhower - Eisenhower was President during WWII and had to make many important decisions pertaining to the war. He became a member of the Big Three and helped resolve issues of the war.
Haile Selassie - Selassie was a ruler of Ethiopia during WWII times. He made allies with many varied nation so that they were available for help during times of need.
Harry Truman - Truman was the President following President FDR. He is known for giving the orders to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.
Dunkirk - During World War II, many Allied troops could not use retreat on land by the German breakthrough to the French Channel. They were evacuated and were from Dunkirk.
El Alamein - This battle, taking place in northern Africa, was one of the most decisive battles of WWII. The Germans ended up surrendering here.
Guernica - The Germans bombed Geurnica in Spain for many hours. The Spaniards still did not give in and kept out of the war.
Hiroshima - Hiroshima was the location where the Americans dropped the A-bomb. This opened a large market for nations wanting to have the most nuclear weapons.
Nagasaki - Is a city that was bombed by the A-bomb as well. This was following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor - Pearl Harbor was the location in Hawaii where the Japanese launched their air raid attacks. This was the event that got the US involved in the war.
Operation Barbarossa - Operation Barbarossa was a tactic being taken by Hitler to gain more land and power. He used this operation to make his nation more powerful and superior.
D-Day - D-Day is the very important day that the Allied Troops reached the shores of Normandy. Soon after the concentration camps were liberated and the war came to an end.
Battle of Midway - Before this battle the Japanese had been considered as a better naval nation. Following the Battle of Midway, the US soon took the offense.
Holocaust - The Holocaust left large marks on the European nations and damaged the nation's morale. The horrors of the Holocaust were very great and many nations did not know the full extent of the Holocaust and the tortures and misery inflicted on Jews and others in the Nazi camps.
Cold War rivals (which nations) - The Cold War left many nations very bitter and conflicts grew among separate nations. The Allied forces were the rivals of the others following WWII.
Francisco Franco - Fransisco Franco was a very important leader during the war. He help Spain stay out of trouble by not entering into WWII and letting the nation recuperate.
Benito Mussolini - Mussolini was a powerful Italian dictator. Hitler and Mussolini joined their forces and made a large military power.
Adolph Hitler - Hitler was one of the most influential and powerful leaders during the time of WWII. He is known for the holocaust which was his "final solution" in trying to kill all the Jews and other minorities.
Tojo Hideki - Hideki Tojo was Prime Minister of Japan when the attack on Pearl Harbor took place. He was the man who initiated the attacks on the US.
Neville Chamberlin - Chamberlin was the prime minister of Great Britain during WWII. He had many views on the war and appeasement.
Franklin Roosevelt - FDR was a president during WWII. He made many important decisions and met with Churchill and Stalin to negotiate and bring the war to an end.
Stalingrad - The Battle of Stalingrad was a very important battle during WWII. The Germans wanted it because it was Stalin's named city, and the Union wanted to defend it for that very reason.
Explain 2 reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against Japan.- The US had many viable reasons to drop the A-bomb on Japan. One reason is because the Japanese made air-rade attacks on the US, and the other because the US gave many warnings to Japan that they would act if Japan did not negotiate.
Ch. 32
acid rain - New economic development was affecting the environment in a negative way. Gases from power plants and factories produced acid rain, which damaged forests, lakes and farmland.
culture shock � Following WWII many nations and cultures merged and new ideas spread. The US was the leading nation in fashions and fads among other nations.
interdependence - Interdependence � Interdependence is the dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. Transportation and the communication systems have made the world largely interdependent.
liberation theology � Some Roman Catholic clergy members adopted this liberation movement. This movement called for people to take a more active role in opposing the social conditions that contributed to poverty.
multinational corporation � These were enterprises with branches in many countries which invested in developing the world. They brought new technology to mining, agriculture, and transportation,
nonaligned � Nonaligned is to not ally with either side during the Cold War. Many new nations decided to be nonaligned and not interfere in the war.
privatization - Privatization is the selling off of state-owned industries to private investors. They did this with the hope
that efficient private enterprises would produce higher-quality goods in the long run.
terrorism � the deliberate use of random violence, usually against civilians to get revenge or to achieve political goals. Terrorists tried to force governments to give in to their demands.
politcal instability in Africa- - Civil wars and other struggles prevented economic development. Huge expenses were spent on military needs rather than the people.
developing countries- Many nations were too drained of resources to hang on to their colonies. The result was the appearance of many different nations in Africa and other parts of the world. These countries have faced many polical problems as a result of inexperience with democracy and civil wars.
Effects of the Cold War - Although the Cod War was a time of depression and conflict, many new advancements were made. The Cold war brought new science and technology, medical breakthroughs and economic changes.
spread of American culture around the globe- � Many newcomers in cities had to settle in shantytowns and could not afford some necessities. These people that moved from villages to cities suffered culture shock. Factories and
Environmental Damage - Auto and factory emission often cause air and water pollution which damages the environment. Rich nations, while producing most of the pollution have also led the efforts to control pollution b passing laws that controlled waste disposal.
Explain how computers have shaped new global culture- � Technology grew rapidly and has transformed human life
and thought. New forms of energy, especially nuclear power came with the new technology.
Ch. 33
detente - D�tente is the relaxation of tensions. D�tente brought new agreements to reduce nuclear stockpiles.
deficit - Deficit is the gap between what a government spends and takes in through taxes
and other sources. As the deficit increased the conservatives made deeper cuts in social and economic programs.
dissident - Dissidents are people that spike out against the government. Critics of the government faced arrest and imprisonment.
glasnost � Glasnost was part of the reforms Gorbachev suggested. This meant openness and encouraged people to publicly discuss the country�s problems.
welfare state � This system was to keep most features of a capitalist economy but have the government take greater responsibility in the social and economic needs of the people. This was a goal of the Leftist parties.
Leonid Brezhnev - In time, Leonid Brezhnev took over the Soviet Union, holding power until his death in 1982. He did not like dissidents and eventually made the Brezhnev Doctrine.
Charles de Gaulle - � He led the Free French during the war. He also set up the Fifth Republic and realized France must give up Algeria.
Martin Luther King Jr. - MLK believed in human equality. The Civil Rights Movement began headed by MLK and many African Americans were trying to take steps to gaining more rights and equality.
Joseph McCarthy � McCarthy charged many Americans for harboring=g communist sympathies. This occured while the US was trying to suppress communism.
Margaret Thatcher � She supported social and economic programs that promoted individual initiative. She also privatized government-run industries.
Perestroika � Perestroika was the restructuring of government and the economy. Gorbachev hoped this would boost efficiency and output.
Service Industries service industry is and industry, which provides a national service rather than a product. These include healthcare, finance, sales, education, and recreation.
Mikhail Gorbachev � In foreign policy, Mikhail Gorbachev sought an end to costly Cold War tensions. He renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine and he also signed arms control treaties with the US.
Helmut Kohl �Helmut Kohl told both the Soviet Union and the West that a united Germany would pose no threat to peace. German voters later approved reunification, and Kohl became chancellor.
Nikita Khrushchev �Nikita Khrushchev shocked top Communist party members when he publicly denounced Stalin�s abuse of power. Khrushchev tried to free many political prisoners as well.
Josip Tito �Tito set up a communist government in Yugoslavia, but he pursued a path independent of Moscow. He did not decide to join the Warsaw Pact and claimed he wanted to be neutral in the Cold War.
Lech Walesa - Led by Lech Walesa, shipyard workers in the port of Gdansk organized an independent trade union called Solidarity. This group grew drastically in size and they tried to make political reforms.
global economic competition Economic changes were abundant in the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, the Soviet met its downfall
civil war in Yugoslavia - After Josip Tito�s death and the fall of communism, a wave of nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart. Many new nations were formed and peoples were separated.
American foreign policy during Cold War - America�s policy during the cold war was to do anything possible to prevent the spread of communism. They did this by forming alliances with developing countries and supplying them in hopes that they would not turn to socialism.
NAFTA- The North American Free trade agreement, which created a vast free0 ttrade zone between Canada, and the United states. It was later extended into Mexico.
Warsaw Pact- Khrushchev set up the Warsaw Pact, in theory to defend the communist block against NATO. In practice, he would use it to intervene in any country that was under it.
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty organization. This was a united States system that stated that all of the members would fight for each other if they were attacked.
European Coal and Steel Community- An independent agency consisting of France, Weste Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxenbourg that set prices and otherwise regulated the coal and steel industries of member states. This cooperation spurred economic growth across Western Europe.
glasnost- A policy that ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss publicly the country�s problems. This was brought on b Gorbachav, the last leader of the Soviet Union before its fall.
1973 oil crisis- In 1973, the west suffered an economic jolt when OPEC cut oil production and raised prices. Since most Western European countries used imported oil to fuel industries, higher prices hurt.
Berlin Wall as a symbol of Cold War- The Berlin wall remained a Focus of Cold war Tensions. The wall grew into a massive concrete barrier, topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards. It became an ugly symbol of the cold war and a propaganda defeat for the soviets.
European Union- Despite disputes between members, the common market prospered. In the 1980�s, and 1990�s it expanded still further and took the name the European Union.
civil rights movement- Although African Americans had won freedom nearly a century before, many states, especially in the South, denied them equality. Segregation was legal in education and housing. Both Martin lUther King and the ruling in Brown V. Borard of Education of Topeeka declared segregated schools were unconstitutional.
"ethnic cleansing" Bosnia- Serbs in Bosnia practiced Ethnic cleansing, forcibly removing other ethnic groups from the areas they controlled. Hundreds of thousands of Bosnian Refugees were created living on food sent by the United nations.
Chapter 34
Asian tigers � The Asian tigers are some Asian lands that are now considered industrialized areas. These �Asian Tigers� are Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea.
commune � Mao Zedong created communes to make agriculture more efficient. Communes include villages, lots of land, and up to 25,000 people. It had its own schools, facories, housing, and dining halls.
Diet �The Diet was a new form of power given in Japan which is similar to a parliament. A new constitution was created in Japan which took the power away from the emperor.
domino theory � The domino theory was Richard Nixon�s argument for supporting South Vietnam in the Vietnam War. He thought that when South Vietnam became communist, it would be like a domino that knocks other Asian countries, such as Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand, towards becoming communist.
Four Modernizations � The Four Modernizations that emphasized agriculture, industry, science, and defense. This inrtioduced responsibility, more technology, and economic reforms.
gross domestic product � The gross domestic product is the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation. Japan made a huge economic leap and raised its GDP.
Khmer Rouge � The Khmer Rouge were guerillas who overthrew the government. Led by Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge unleashed a reign of terror, driving people from the cities and forcing them to work in the fields. They slaughtered or caused the death of more than a million Cambodians.
�Little Red Book� � The Red Gaurds group was formed and had a little red book and attacked those who were counterrevolutionaries. They targeted people in authority, from party leaders and factory managers to teachers, writers, and artists.
Hong Kong �Hong Kong soon became a thriving city full of industry and work. Hong Kong and provided labor and capital to help develop the territory.
Japan � Japan was left in a deep hole after WWII but with the aide of the US government, Japan has become one of the top economic countries in the world. It has also benefited from a well-educated and skilled work force that thrives in Japan.
Pacific Rim The Pacific Rim consists of Southeastern Asia and East Asia and also includes countries in Asia and the Americas that border the Pacific Ocean. These countries are very diverse and often have multinational corporations.
Singapore �Singapore soon became a top economic leader. This nation still faces demands for more freedom from its younger well-educated citizens who want democracy.
Vietnam �Vietnam became a divided nation with the communists in the north and the noncommunists in the south. The North invaded the South and were able to defeat the South�s Diem.
Mao Zedong � Mao Zedong was the one to set up a communist government in China and ruled from 1949 until his death in 1976. He rebuilt the economy, remolded society, and created equality for women.
Four Modernizations - The Four Modernizations that emphasized agriculture, industry, science, and defense. This inrtioduced responsibility, more technology, and economic reforms.
North Korea m- North Korea was able to recover from the war through increasing agriculture output and emphasis on self-reliance. North Korea also tried to develop nuclear power plants and weapons but later agreed to stop its nuclear weapons program.
South Korea �The South grew rapidly and economic wealth grew and expanded so far it soon overcame the North. At first, it exported textiles and inexpensive goods and then it shifted to higher-priced exports such as automobiles. South Korea was a large economic leader.
General MacArthur�s military government goals �General MacArthur, the American military government set two main goals for the occupation of Japan: to destroy militarism and to ensure democratic government. Japan�s armed forces were disbanded and trials were held to punish those responsible for wartime atrocities.
Nationalist � Nationalism played a huge part in Japan�s recovery. Citizens of Japan relied on their very own well-educated and skilled work force. Japanese workers saved much of their pay, which gave banks the capital to invest in industrial growth. Management and labor also tended to work together.
Ho Chi Minh � During World War II, Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese communist, had organized guerrillas to resist the Japanese. At war�s end, Ho controlled much of northern Vietnam. After the 1954 conference in Geneva, Ho was given control of North Vietnam.
Importance of Pacific Rim to Global Economy � By the mid-190s, links across the Pacific had grown dramatically. Countries on the Asian Pacific Rim formed a huge market that lured investors, especially multinational corporations.
Effect of American occupation of Japan post WWII. �Americans helped disband the Japanese armed forces and hold trials to punish those responsible for wartime atrocities. To help build Japanese democracy, American occupying forces backed social change. They reformed Japan�s education system to open it to all people and emphasized legal equality for women.
Communist Revolution � The leader Mao Zedong�s communist reforms in China were called the Communist Revolution. He nationalized all businesses, drew up five-year plans, boosted agriculture, built a one-party totalitarian state, and created communes.
Cold War Countries � China was modernizing as well as its ally the Soviet Union. North and South Korea fight over a communist or non-communist nation. And fighting continues there until 1953 when an armstice was signed. Vietnam tried to modernize as well and their country later became reunited.
Ch. 35
Green Revolution � The Green Revolution was to increase agriculture technique and output to produce more goods and crops. Jawaharlal Nehru was the man who took advantage of the Green Revolution and wanted India to be self-sufficient in food production.
harijan � Gandhi had begun a campaign to end the inhuman treatment of the untouchables, or harijans. At independence, India�s constitution banned discrimination against untouchables. The government set aside jobs and places and universities for these long-mistreated groups who were previously discriminated against.
intifada �Intifada stands for an uprising which usually occurred among teens. They would defy Israeli soldiers, throw rocks, and disobey rules which made large problems for Israel.
Ayatollah Khomeini �Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was exiled because he had been accused of violating Islamic law and undermining morality. Khomeini later returned to guide leaders of a new Islamic republic that would restore the Sharia to a central place in Iranian life.
kibbutzim � Kibbutzim are agricultural cooperative settlements in Israel. Property such as land, buildings and equipment, factories and tools, is owned by the kibbutz, is owned jointly by the community.
Kurds � Every country has its minority groups; some have as many as a dozen. The Kurds are an ethnic group divided by modern borders among Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. Their efforts to win autonomy have led to repression.
Gamal Abdel Nasser �Gamal Abdel Nasser soon became a big leader and important man of the Middle East. He was determined to modernize Egypt and end foreign domination. He later formed a union of Egypt and Syria, a step toward the Pan-Arab goal of a United Arab Republic. An outspoken enemy of Israel, Nasser led two wars against the Zionist state.
Jawaharlal Nehru �Jawaharlal Nehru worked to build a modern, secular state dedicated to promoting social justice. He had dams build to produce hydroelectric power and poured resources into heavy industries. He also took advantage of the Green Revolution to make India self-sufficient in food production.
harijan - Gandhi had begun a campaign to end the inhuman treatment of the untouchables, or harijans. At independence, India�s constitution banned discrimination against untouchables. The government set aside jobs and places and universities for these long-mistreated groups who had long been discriminated against.
hejab �The hejab is a head covering which covers the Muslim women. For some women, the movement symbolized resistance to unpopular governments or a refusal to imitate western culture and many have returned to wearing it in modern times.
ulama � Ulama are Islamic scholars, teachers, and legal experts. These people tried to separate secular government from religious values and the ulama was an area where power was reduced.
Bangladesh �Bangladesh has struggled to rise out of poverty, but geography often stands in the way. The large population is crowded on a low-lying coastal plain. More than 50 million people live below the property level, many of htem women and children.
Beirut � In 1975, Lebanon was plunged into a seemingly endless civil war. Christian and Muslim militias battled for villages and Lebanon�s capital city of Beirut. Beruit was invaded by the PLO of Israel in later years.
West Bank - Israeli forces conquered the Golan Heights from Syria, East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan, and the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt. The Arabs later attacked Israel but failed to regain the occupied lands. Israel refused to give up the territories.
Pakistan �Pakistan faced severe problems after it had become independent. Bhutto promised the nation he would do his best to �pick up the pieces� and to return Pakistan to power.
Palestine � The number of Palestinians in Israeli refugee camps had grown since 1948. Many supported the Palestine Liberation Organization. PLO bombings, airplane hijackings, and the massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics brought Palestinian demands to the attention of the world.
Muslim and Hindu tension � In India, tension between the religions of Islam and Hinduism existed. Both religions dominated a large portion of the country and disagreed on many issues, including clothing, politics, and the economy.
Palestinian and Jewish conflict � After the 1948 war, Israel and its Arab neighbors faced off again in 1956, 1967, and 1973. Between wars, Israel was a center of guerrilla warfare and terrorist activity. Most Israelis bitterly criticized peace accords with Palestinians.
Nasser - Gamal Abdel Nasser soon became a big leader and important man of the Middle East. He was determined to modernize Egypt and end foreign domination. He later formed a union of Egypt and Syria, a step toward the Pan-Arab goal of a United Arab Republic. An outspoken enemy of Israel, Nasser led two wars against the Zionist state.
PLO � Many Palestinian refugees supported the Palestinian Liberation Organization was lead by Yasir Arafat. The PLO was a group that waged guerrilla war against Israelis at home and abroad. PLO bombings, airplane hijackings, and the massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics which made their wishes a world nightmare.
Water Supply in the Middle East � Rainfall is limited the Middle East, so water is scarce. Many nations began to make dams and arguments over the water-use of different nations and they had to learn how to cooperate and share the water.
Ch. 36
Jomo Kenyatta �Kenyatta had become a leading spokesperson for the Kikuyu. Because of radical leaders who turned to guerrilla warfare, the British arrested Kenyatta and forced thousands of Kikuyu into concentration camps.
Nelson Mandela �Mandela was in enforced isolation, yet he continued to be a popular leader and powerful symbol of the struggle against apartheid. Both in South Africa and abroad, demands grew for the release of Mandela and an end to apartheid.
mixed economy � Some Africa nations set up mixed economies, with both private and state-run enterprises. These nations relied heavily on foreign aid from the UN, the World Bank, and countries of the global North.
Julius Nyerere � Nyerere wanted to be able to improve rural life, building a classless society, and creating a self-reliant economy. To carry out his program, Nyerere embraced what he called African Socialism.
Organization of African Unity � Africans set up the Organization of African Unity which encouraged cooperation among members and supported independence for areas still under colonial rule. In the OAU, African nations discussed and tried to settle common problems.
Mobutu Sese Seko � Sese Seko seized power of Zaire and imposed some kind of order. For the next 30 years, Mobutu built an increasingly brutal dictatorship in Zaire. He survived in power in part because his strong anti-communism won favor of the West during the Cold War.
SWAPO � The Southwest African People�s Organization (SWAPO) had turned to armed struggle to win independence. For years, SWAPO guerrillas battled South African troops. The struggle became part of the Cold War, with the Soviet Union and Cuba lending their support to SWAP.
ujamaa � Julius Nyerere promoted the idea of ujamaa, a Kiswahili word meaning family hood or mutual cooperation. Rural farmers were encouraged to live in large villages and to farm the land collectively. The government pledged to build roads and provide technical advice, tools, clean water, health care, and schools.
ANC � The African National Congress (ANC), was set up to oppose white domination. In the 1950s, as Afrikaner nationalists imposed ever-harsher laws, the ANC organized marches, boycotts, and strikes.
F.W. de Klerk �F.W. de Klerk was the elected president of South Africa and he knew of the need for reform. He abandoned apartheid, repealed the segregation and pass laws, and held talks with the imprisoned Mandela and later ended up freeing him.
Mau Mau � Mau Mau is another name that the British called the guerrillas. In Kenya, guerrillas burned farms and destroyed livestock, hoping to scare whites into leaving. The British called the guerrillas Mau Mau and pictured them as savages.
Kwame Nkrumah �Nkrumah organized a radical political party. Through strikes and boycotts, he tried to win concessions from Britain. Gold Coast finally won independence and Nkrumah became prime minister. He renamed the country Ghana, after the ancient West African nation.
Ethnic conflicts in Nigeria � Following borders drawn in colonial times, Nigeria lumped together 250 ethnic groups. At independence, several large regional groups competed for power. This led to civil war and ethnic rivalries.
Minority government in Rhodesia � South Rhodesia was a British colony in South Africa. Whites made up only five percent of Rhodesia�s population but owned half the land controlled the government. White Rhodesians refused to give up power to the black majority.
African battleground countries during the Cold War � Although many African nations supported the nonaligned movement, the continent would not avoid the pressures of the Cold War. Soviet and American forces took part in the liberation struggles in southern Africa. In the Horn of Africa, along the Red Sea, the superpowers became involved in a long, drawn-out war between Ethiopia and Somalia.
Algeria�s battle for Independence �Algeria has long struggled for independence and has fought for it through many other nations along the way. France and other nations tried to keep Algeria in their grasp�but Algeria finally made it to independence.
Zimbabwe�s majority rule � Rhodesia soon became the independent state of Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe wanted a one-part system and worked to rebuild agriculture and industry in Zimbabwe.
apartheid � Apartheid was a policy of strict racial separation in South Africa. Apartheid laws banned mixed marriages and set up segregated restaurants, beaches, schools, and other facilities and blacks were harshly discriminated against.
economic sanctions against S. Africa �African Americanswere needed to work in factories, mines, and other jobs, they were paid less than whites for the same work. Black schools received less funding than white schools and low wages and inferior schooling condemned blacks to poverty and poorness.
African urbanization �Most Africans began moving towards cities and soon a quarter of all Africans lived in towns and cities. That number was expected to double by 2000.
weakening of African cultures - City life weakened traditional cultures and ruptured the ethnic and kinship ties that held together rural communities, young urban dwellers who returned to their villages often scorned village customs and traditions. At the same time, many educated Africans looked to their past with pride in their nation.
colonial rule � Many Europeans were reluctant to fight to hold onto overseas colonies. Faced with growing nationalist demands, Britain and France adopted new policies toward their African colonies. They introduced political reforms that would gradually lead to independence.
Islam as a revolutionary force in Africa. � Islam has influenced the northern half of Africa for a long time and even linked the northern part of Africa to the Middle East. Islam also spread along trade routes into both east and West Africa and many African nations dwell largely in Islamic customs.