Mr. Haskell
World History
3 February 2005
Chapter 27 Outline
I. Pressure for Peace
a. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, yet he later came to regret the military uses of his invention. He later established the Nobel Peace Prize to reward the individual who advanced the cause of peace.
b. Women�s International League for Peace and Freedom gave women a way to voice opinions and concerns.
c. Universal Peace Conference was established to bring peace, but Europe was on the verge of war anyway.
II. Aggressive Nationalism
a. Nationalism can be positive but aggressive nationalism can also lead to international tension.
b. Nationalism was strong in Germany and France, France resented Germany for occupying Alsace and Larraine.
c. Russia used a form of nationalism called Pan-Slavin, in which all Slavics shared a common nationality. The Balkan people had conflict and tension with Turkey.
III. Economic and Imperial Rivalries
a. Germany had rapid economic growth and had modern factories. The British felt threatened with Britain having old factories and competing technology.
b. France and Germany were on the verge of war due to competing for colonies.
c. Britain and France began to form closer ties against Germany.
IV. Militarianism and the Arms race
a. During the 1800s there was a rise in militarianism and the glorification of the military.
b. Armies and navies expanded�this led to the arms race which increased suspicion and war.
c. Fear gave leaders in war and military more influence and control over their people and citizens.
V. A Tangle of Alliances
a. War broke out during Bismarck and William the II ruling period. Germany, Austria, and Hungary became the Central Powers.
b. Many allies started and Britain, Russia, and France became known as the allies.
c. Germany, the Ottoman Empire, Britain and Japan created alliance systems which made the governments nervous over causing large wars.
VI. Murder With Millions of Victims
a. Serbians became upset at Ferdinand entering Bosnia because he was on the side of the enemy and planned to visit on the very day Serbia was conquered.
b. Princip and members of the Black Hand killed the royal couple.
c. In punishment Princip was sent to prison since he was under 20, yet the archduke and his wife were the first victims of a war that killed millions.
VII. Peace Unravels
a. Austria gave Serbia a final set of demands to avoid the war and Serbia was ordered to end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot.
b. Serbia agreed to most of the ultimatum but not all and Austria declared was on Serbia.
c. Germany, France and Britain also got involved in all of the conflicts and trials of other countries going through war.
VIII. Whose Fault?
a. Many countries got involved and each great power thought that their own cause was right.
b. Although leaders made the decisions, most people on both sides were equally committed to military action.
c. When the was came many young men were excited and saw war as an adventure.
IX. The Western Front
a. On the Western Front trench warfare began, many were killed in the area known as �no man�s land.�
b. The Central Powers launched an attack against the Allies and in a five-month battle over a million soldiers were killed.
c. Modern weapons added a lot of destruction, deaths, casualties, and wounds during the war.
X. Other European Fronts.
a. Casualties rose even higher than in the west, but the results were just as indecisive.
b. At the battle of Tannenberg the Russians suffered one of the worst defeats of the war so they retreated.
c. Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and helped to crush its old rival Serbia.
XI. The War Beyond Europe
a. Britain blockaded Germany while German U-boats sank ships crossing the Atlantic toward allied Ports.
b. This sinking outraged many countries such as the United States who denounced the German acts.
c. Some new nations and colonies were called on to serve in the war, many were excited while many were frightened.
XII. Effects of the Stalemate
a. Nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required the total commitment of their whole society.
b. This was called total war in which the channeling of a nation�s entire resources were given to the war effort.
c. The giving of support as well as supplies gave many countries debt and made them use rations.
XIII. Women at War
a. As millions of men left to go fight in the war, women also played a large role by filling their jobs and keeping the national economies going.
b. Women also went to war as military nurses, these women were just as brave and in as much danger as the men were.
c. War gave women confidence and in some countries ended up giving the women the right to vote.
XIV. Collapsing Morale
a. Many countries were close to bankruptcy , had lots of casualties, food shortages and a lack of peace.
b. Morale began to collapse which produced mutinies and soldiers killed.
c. Russia was in a huge decline and withdrew from the war. This had Germany now concentrate attacks on the Western Front.
XV. The United States Declares War
a. The United States joined the war due to German submarine attacks on ships carrying American citizens.
b. Many Americans supported the Allies due to cultural background, such as close ties with Britain.
c. The United States got excited about war through propaganda and the fourteen points given by Wilson.
XVI. Campaign to Victory
a. Germans attacked the Allies, and after being exhausted the Allies attacked them with a counterattack which drove Germans back.
b. The government in Vienna tottered and subject nationalities revolted.
c. The new German government wanted armistice, which was an agreement to end fighting.
XVII. The Costs of War
a. More than 8.5 million people had died innocent or not during the brutal battles of World War I.
b. Famine threatened many regions and colonies and many were wounded or handicapped for life.
c. Many governments and economies collapsed such as Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
XVIII. The Paris Peace Conference
a. Woodrow Wilson tried to bring some hope and his speeches raised expectations for a lasting peace.
b. Britain led by David Lloyd George promised that he would build a postwar Britain to be fit for heros which meant a large cost.
c. After the war many people wanted to reform their government or to form national states of their own.
XIX. The Treaty of Versailles
a. The peacemakers summoned representatives of the new German Republic to the palace of Versailles.
b. The Germans were ordered to sign the treaty drawn up by the Allies.
c. This document forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war.
XX. Other Settlements
a. New nations rose up after Germany, Austria, and Russia had once been. These were the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.
b. Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary were three new republics in the Hapsburg heartland.
c. Other places in Europe drew up mandates, which were territories that were administered by western powers.
XXI. Hopes for Global Peace
a. The Paris Peace Conference offered hope and man people looked to the league to ensure the peace.
b. More than 40 nations joined the league and they agreed that they would negotiate disputes rather than go to war.
c. This was the first step towards an international organization dedicated to keeping the peace and advancing the interests of all people across the world.