I. The Mexican Revolution
A. By 1910, dictator Porfirio D�az had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years, winning reelection as president again and again.
B. Discontent rippled through Mexico in the early 1900s.
C. Fighting flared across Mexico for a decade, killing as many as a million Mexicans.
II. Reforms
A. The Constitution of 1917 permitted the breakup of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed nationalization, or government takeover, of natural resources.
B. In the 1920s, as the government finally restored order after years of civil war, it began to carry out reforms.
C. In 1929, government leaders organized what later became the Institutional Revolutionary party (PRI).
III. Rising Tide of Nationalism
A. Mexico�s move to reclaim its oil fields from foreign investors reflected a growing spirit of nationalism in Latin America.
B. During the 1920s and 1930s, world events affected Latin American economics.
C. By the 1920s, upsurge of national feeling led Latin American writers, artists, and thinkers to reject European influences.
IV. The �Good Neighbor� Policy
A. During and after World War I, investments by the United States in the nations of Latin America soared, especially as British influence declined.
B. During the Mexican Revolution, the United States supported leaders who it thought would protect American interests.
C. Under the Good Neighbor Policy, the United States withdrew troops it had stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua.
V. Movements for Change in Africa
A. Opposition to imperialism grew among Africans, and resistance took many forms.
B. While large-scale revolts were rare, protests were common.
C. Between 1910 and 1940, Caucasian people imposed a system of racial segregation that became known as apartheid; their goal was to ensure white economic power.
VI. Growing Self-Confidence
A. Led by the African American W.E.B. DuBois, Pan-Africanists tried to forge the united front.
B. French-speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean further awakened self-confidence among Africans.
C. African nationalism brought little political change, except to Egypt.
VII. Modernization in Turkey and Iran
A. Led by the determined and energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish nationalists overthrew the sultan, defeated western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic.
B. In a move that swept away centuries-old traditions, Atat�rk replaced Islamic law with a new law code based on European models.
C. Atat�rk�s reforms inspired nationalists in neighboring Iran.
VIII. Arab Nationalism and European Mandates
A. Arab nationalism blossomed after World War I and gave rise to Pan-Arabism.
B. The mandates, or territories administered by European nations, set up by the Paris Peace Conference outraged Arabs.
C. Although the Arabs were promised Palestine during World War I, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917 that gave Palestine to the Jews, creating a bitter conflict.
IX. Moves Toward Independence
A. The tragedy at Amritsar was linked to Indian frustrations after World War I.
B. To quiet nationalist demands, the British promised India greater self-government after the war.
C. Since 1885, the Congress party had pressed for self-rule within the British army.
X. Mohandas Gandhi
A. While leaders like Atat�rk adopted western solutions to national problems, Gandhi embraced Hindu traditions.
B. Gandhi admired Christian teachings above love and read the works of Henry David Thoreau, an American philosopher of the 1800s who believed in civil disobedience, the refusal to obey unjust laws.
C. Through his own example, Gandhi inspired Indians to �get rid of our helplessness.�
XI. The Salt March
A. To mobilize mass support, Gandhi offered a daring challenge to Britain in 1930 when he set out to end the British salt monopoly.
B. On March 12, Gandhi and 78 followers set out on a 240-mile march to the sea.
C. Gandhi�s campaign of nonviolence and the self-sacrifice of his followers slowly forced Britain to agree to hand over some power to Indians and meet other demands of the Congress party.
XII. Looking Ahead
A. As India came closer to independence, Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increased.
B. During the 1930s, the Muslim League gained an able leader in Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
C. India was moving towards independence when a new world war exploded in 1939.
XIII. The Chinese Republic
A. In 1912, Sun Yixian stepped down as president in favor of a powerful general, Yuan Shikai.
B. During this period of upheaval, foreign powers increased their influence over Chinese affairs.
C. On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities across China.
XIV. Leaders for a New China
A. In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang, or Nationalist, party established a government in south China.
B. Early in 1927, on orders from Jiang Jieshi, Guomindang troops slaughtered Communist party members and the workers who supported them.
C. Among the Communists who escaped Jiang�s attack was a young revolutionary of peasant origins, Mao Zedong; he believed the Communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant class.
XV. Japanese Invasion
A. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China, adding it to the growing Japanese empire.
B. In 1937, the Japanese struck again, this time attacking China proper.
C. From 1937 to 1945, the Guomindang, the Communists, and the Japanese were locked in a three-sided struggle.
XVI. Liberal Changes of the 1920s
A. In the 1920s, Japan moved toward greater democracy.
B. By the 1920s, the powerful business leaders known as zaibatsu strongly influenced politics through donations to political parties.
C. Behind this seeming well-being, Japan faced some grave problems as the economy increased slower than ever before.
XVII. The Nationalist Reaction
A. In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force.
B. Economic disaster fed to discontent of the military and extreme nationalists, or ultranationalists.
C. In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident that would provide an excuse to seize Manchuria.
XVIII. Militarists in Power
A. By the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquest and a tough stand against the western powers.
B. Civilian government survived, but by 1937 it had been forced to accept military domination.
C. During the 1930s, Japan took advantage of China�s civil war to increase its influence there.