1. a. Womens's War - The Women's War, as it was called, became a full-fledged revolt. Women armed with machetes and sticks mocked British troops.
b. n�gritude - This was a movement of African pride. West Africa further awakened self-confidence among Africans, expressing pride in their African roots through the n�gritude movement.
c. L�opold Senghor - Best known among those in the n�gritude movement was the Senegalese poet L�opold Senghor, who celebrated Africa's rich cultural heritage. He celebrated fostered African pride by rejecting the negative views of Africa spread by colonial rulers.
d. Atat�rk - Led by Atat�rk, Turkish nationalists overthrew the sultan, defeated western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic. Between 1923 and 1938, Atat�rk forced through an ambitious program of radical reforms in order to modernize Turkey among western lines and create a secular state.
e. Reza Khan - In 1925, an ambitious army officer, Reza Khan, overthrew the shah. He set up his own Pahlavi dynasty, with himself as shah.
f. Pan-Arabism - Arab nationalism blossomed after WWI and gave rise to Pan-Arabism. This nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands from the Arabian Peninsula through North Africa.
g. Balfour Declaration - In 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration to win support of European Jews. In it, Britain supported the idea of setting up a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
2. apartheid - This was a policy of strict racial separation in South Africa.It seperated the whites from the blacks and greatly seperated cities and towns.
3. a. Africans resented colonial rule because it had a negative bias towards African Culture and imposed apartheid on all colored people.
b. Pan-Africanism was an expression of African nationalism because it emphasized the unity of Africans people of African descent around the world.
4. a. Turkey and Iran sought to modernize by westernizing and having extreme nationalism.
b. Nationalism was linked to modernization because countries had excessive pride in themselves and wanted to be the best. By modernizing, they�d get more and more exciting.
5. a. Arabs resented the mandate system because they were promised independence for helping the Allies in WWI. However, they did not get independence and were under European control.
b. Palestine became a center of conflict because Arabs were promised their own kingdoms in Palestine during WWI. But Britain issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917 that basically stated Palestine belonged to the Jews.