;.cTR by RN: needs to be re-worked; p46 not done
;.l1,6,60,66,1,0,10,75,192,2,15,20,25,127,10,0,
;.l2,15,75,192,2,20,25,127,15,0,
;.l3,20,75,192,2,25,127,20,0,
PARTIAL TRANSLATION OF AMDUR, MI PUEBLO NATAL
REPRINT OF YIDDISH SECTION.                        

I use the transliteration system I specify in =charheb(=phonetic).
However, I will make two additions for Yiddish:  Two Vav's are W;and Ayin may be E (or ' with lower-case vowel)

Cover:  YIDIIaH AFRON, AMDUR, MIYN G'aBOIRN-ShTETL
                                
The introductory pages are not numbered.

 Title page:  Repeats author and title; copyright ; 1973; StampedYad V'Shem Library, 74-79 [I xeroxed the entire book at thelibrary].
: Facing page (Spanish):  Iedidio Efron/ Amdur, Mi Pueblo Natal;printed September 1973, en los Talleres Graficos ZlotoPioroS;.A.C.I.F., calle Sarmiento 3149, Buenos Aires.

p1: Dedication page:  to my parents, R[abbi]. MoRDiKI BeN DaViDAON (?), PESEe BaT R[abbi] YeHUDaH (z'l)
Dedicated to the memory of my parents, Mordechai ben David,  andPeshe bat Reb Yehuda  [as translated by RN]

p2: Blank
p3: Repeats title

p4: Blank  
p5: Photograph, D[on] Yedidiya Efron, z'l

N.B.:  I can't clearly distinguish a resh from a dalet; so itmight be R' or D' in both cases.

p6: Blank
p7:  Start Table of Contents

p8: Conclude Table of Contents
p9: Start text [It starts with a number 1, from the firstprinting; apparently in the original type-face; so the text wasprobably re-set in 1973, with only the lst page saved.

(42)  [[NOT TRANSLATED]]
.p

TRANSLATION OF TABLE OF CONTENTS
	(translated orally by Rinata Nachman to S. Amdur, edit sa)
p9-36: This is the Yiddish of the introduction by Professor LazloShlulman, produced in Spanish at the other end of the book.

p39-41: AvRaHaM ZAK (1946):  AINDO'R ShT'eTL YIAM AIN M'D N'ShTa
[RN: Our Shetl which is no more.]
[I may be confusing taking a Zayin for a Vav; if not, this wouldbe an alternate spelling of Amdur:  Aleph-Vav?-Nun-Dalet-Vav?Ayin-Resh, which one could render, AINDO'R.
Concludes with a poem.
TRANSLATE THIS SECTION.                                      

p42-44: 
Yitzak Kaplan:  Yedidya Efron the chronicoler of his home-shtetl: 

{From this point the Table of Contents is translated by RN,Corrections by Chaya Berg (=CB) 3/96

The text by Yedidya Efron starts with p45:
Title: AMDUR MY NATIVE SHETL :
p45:  Geographical location of Amdur
p46:   Amdur as an important location in former times 
p47:  The Jewish population of Amdur (number of)
p48:  Streets of Amdur
p49:  The Goyishe [=CB: 'Non-Jewish] Street
p51: The Great Shul of Amdur, and the Batei Midrashim
p54:  Rabbis, learned men, baal ha baitim (homeowners?businessmen?)  [=CB: 'patricians']
p64:  Learned baal ha baitim of Amdur
p93:  My parents, (may they rest in peace)
HOLY VESSELS AND TYPICAL CHARACTERS OF AMDUR: 	P111
p111:  Hazzanim and schochtim
p118:  Shamesh-im (sextons) (=CB beadles)
p123:  Soferim (scribes)
p127:  Yeshiva of Amdur
p137:  Amdur Melamdim & Teachers 
p147:  Amdur Russian Teachers
p151:  Cohenim from Amdur
p152:  [The use of] Hebrew Family Names [in Amdur]    
p154:  Doctors from Amdur
p157:  Pharmacists from Amdur
p162:  Amdurer (RN: Vinters {CB: Inn-owners ( WIYNSSh'aNiK'aiRiM) p169:  Amdurer Craftsmen (? B'aLI MaLAKoT)) from Amdur
p168:  Simple people from Amdur
p192:  Jewish soldiers of Czar Nicholas
p195:  Mishuganim of Amdur
p199:  Shikarim (Drunkards) of Amdur
p200:  Amdurer Post [ie, Postal Service]
p202:  Yishuvniks {ie, settlers in outlying Russian villages}             from Amdur [TRANSLATED, RN]
	=am0224a, Renamed =amp202-9 (Tr. RN); good quality
	
p207:  Goyim from Amdur
p212:  Yiddishe shikarim (Jewish drunkards?)
p215:  Natsalva (Russian protest movement?)
p220:  Great Rabbis of Grodno
p245:  Dr. Yitzak Rifkin:  The history of Amdur
END OF TABLE OF CONTENTS
.P
P45:  AMDUR, MY HOME (former) SHETL:  
(Translataed orally by Rinata Nachman to S. Amdur, Meor Modi'in)

With the downfall of thousands of towns and shtetls in the oldcountry at the hand of the annointed devil Hitler (cursed be he)
[Yiddish abbreviation: YM''S] the memory of my hometown Amdur,also was uprooted, which earned a heart of grandeur for itself andin which have lived through the times of hundreds of years manyhundreds of  Jewish families who immigrated into Amdur, which havebrought forth a big number of rabbis, learned men, writers(sofers?), poets, and other famous personalites.  
	There were thousands of Jewish inhabitants in this littlelittle shetl of Amdur, which in truth was built on a littlelocation of the big map of the Lithuanian districts, but which wasfor itself a whole world.  A little world which brought forth agreat deal of Jewish patriotism, which is deep in every Jewishheart.
END INTRODUCTION
.p
PRELIMINARY DRAFT TRANSLATION, pp45-52.   
Translated in writing by RN ca. 1988; transcribed by S. Amdur.
Some illegibility and untranslated terms in translator's ms.
Translator has paraphrased and made ellipses in places, without 
   clearly referencing to text.
My interjections in double-brackets [[]] (sa).
THIS DRAFT MUST BE RECHECKED. 
Heck, if I can correct it, it must be pretty slap-dash.
.p

P45:  GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF AMDUR
 
	As noted, [Text: ShTETELE AMDUR ] lies in the _____ of thegovernment?? Geradnos [GRADoN'oR ] [Grodno Gubornia; 
_______, in the _____ of the capital Grodno, or as the LithuanianJews used to say, Horodno, [ie: Horodno is Lithuanian orLithuanian-Jewish] in honor of her importance as a place of Torahand her Gaonim, Rabbanim, and from the time of the "Ba'aL-HaLavOShIM"
l3
[[Council of Four Lands??]]  
l1
she got the title "HaR ARONI". 
{start text p44}

During this brings to awareness, that Amdur once was the capitalof Poland 
l3
[[??? -- surely not correct -- it was briefly the seatof the "Council of Four Lands", a Jewish self-governingbody]] 
l1
and the Seither??  (redeth Polianet???) has performed there it's??historic meetings (debates) (for) in the ______ ________ betweenthe Silver(?) land and Lithuania.  This Polish (Rumpel -- bidden)government did all together but?? last longer than 1 light??? butyou may take it as a good ____ of a Shetl.

	In America, in the library of the Jewish thinker andhistorian Shimon Dubonow is found "a glossary"?? of the AmdurerJewish community, in which is inscribed ________ of the Jewishlife there until the year 1824.  To great regret was the chronicle(glossary) -- like some other hundreds of documents -- destroyedby the Nazi-bandits,  curse on same {Text Abbreviation: YM''S}  

l2

[[REMARK:  Is this "Chronicle" still intact?  -- If so,presumably Yad v'Shem or the Jerusalem Archives have a copy,or at least a listing of it.  If it is, I would very muchlike someone to examine it for me, as it may have a greatdeal of geneologic information.
	Probably it is gone; JP 4/26/95 (Amotz Asa-El) remarksin passing on "urbane scholars like historian Simon Dubonow,an avowed believer in a Jewish future in Europe,  whowitnessed the deportation of Riga's Jews in 1941 and was shotdead -- against that symbolic backdrop -- by a Gestapoofficer who had been his student."
	On the other hand, maybe Dubonow had been enough of anurbane scholar to preserve a backup copy -- possiblymicrofilm -- elsewhere.
	And it might be that the author, writing in 1952 fromthe other side of the world, was mistaken in concluding thatthis document had been destroyed.  But that's probablywishful thinking.
	Nor do I know how much was irreplaceably andirrecoverably lost in the Iranian terrorist car-bombing ofthe Buenos Aires Jewish Community Center in 1994.

]]
l1
------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                  
P46:  AMDUR AS A LOCATION IN FORMER TIMES
	 Apparently this section has not been translated.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
.p
p47:  THE NUMBER OF THE AMDURER JEWISH POPULATION

	To cope with statistics, of the number of Jewish souls in thetown [[?? -- what town]] and shtetl, was to be seen in old timesas superfluous 
l3
[[what is the Yiddish of 'suprefluous'??]] 
l1
and according to the Talmud (Yoma, 22) it is even forbidden tocount (make a census) among Jews.  "It is forbidden to count Jews,even for a mitzva" ... 
l3
[[Ellipsis tr, but I don't notice an obvious omission.]]
l1
so how could _____ _____ the number?? of Jews in?? Amdur?  I donot know what was the estimate of the Jewish population in Amdurbefore World War II, but in my time [4] there were counted 200families.  As be ________ in those old fashioned times, our motherhad not been frugal 
l3
[[what is the Yiddish of 'frugal'?]] 
l1
concerning children, so you can sssume that at the end of the lastcentury there were around 1000 souls (5 kids {text AOIF} to eachfamily) 
.p

p. 48:  AMDURER GASeN {Gassen:  Little streets, lanes}

l3
[[TRANSLATER HAS SUPPLIED NOTES, BUT NOT A FULLTRANSLATION]]
{Need full translation}
l1

There were three important streets:  Gradner [Grodno] St.[Gase],Walkawisker [Volkovisk?] St., Krinker St., named after  the threebig towns of the Grodno District .
	MIESTSANsKI Lane, was called Goy-ish Lane, which will be(?)talked about later.
	{The above-mentioned?} three streets were long streets withequal lisses??.
	The very little streets did not follow any systematic plan.
	The houses made the impression as if they were fallen downfrom sky in the middle of the night 
l2
[NOTE: Cf. Chaim Grade, The Yeshiva, who offers a similarimpression]] 
L1
or like a 100?? in the open field.

	A special part of the stetl was called Jyorsike??, a secondone Mitzkrinav (_________ hilichos [omission from text??]),supposed Polish Nymatzki - Rinak = i.e. German pith, because ofthe _______ arches?? of tree horses?? and the niehging??cleanliness there.
	Nearly all houses of the shtel had straw roofs 
L3
[[possible ommission here by translator ]] 
L1
people experienced lot of burnings, which made strong impressionon his?? child's heart.
[7]  The most terrible burning left all inhabitants nearly??naked, without anything [omission from text??]] 
{start text p49}
-- that was 1882, when he?? [[I??]] was 4 years old, he rememberslike it was today...
l3
[[translator's lapse into 3rd person, and omission??]] -
l1
- there was the custom to relate to events in here?? according tothe samigear?? ...such and such year after... = special, originalAmdur calendar -- burning -- calendar -- the last years[[before??]] he 
l3
[[ie, the translator is speaking of the author]] 
l1
came from Russia to Argentina they started building houses withtiled roofs.
	Haval Lichentover Yankel Forfeles ??? built two big halls??,and the big Shul and the big Beit Midrash were rebuilt andenlarged with tiled flat roofs.   
------------------------------------------------------------------
.P
PRESUMABLY START TEXT P49:

THE GOYISHE GASe {Lane}

	At the end of the shtetl was MIESTSANsKI Lane, where livedonly non-Jews.  In the central Jewish lanes lived only Jews, nogoyim -- there were two different worlds -- Jews and goyim.  Onelived, traded and worked together, was neighbors and alas, howstrange was one to the other, the Jews to the Christians, theChristians to the Jews.
	The Goyish Lane was a continuation of the Jewish lane, but ifyou came from the Goyish Lane to the Jewish, you (he)??? felt likeonly from Galut, a strange environment, but it was like?? anotheronly 
l3
[[omission from text]] 
l1
-- in the whole shtetl -- really the whole shtetl, those Jews [8]was never seen a dog.  Like the Pasuk says, "no dog let hear hisvoice.
l3
{The Pasuk (= passage of Chumash) here would be fromExodus; parshat Bo I think}
l1

 .[omission from text??] to?? the other side of the  ___ border??-- there were many many dogs:  how can Jewish children feelgreat?? among dogs?  Even the Jews, who lived in the villages??,rarely had dogs.  Jacob and Essau -- sons of the same parents --but so different.
l3
[[REMARK -- Translation unclear; it appears that theJews in the shetl never had dogs, but that the goyimdid.  The quotation from Exodus is apparently misquoted[[Cf. original]] and given a different meaning; "no dogshall whet its teeth" when the Israelites depart fromEgypt, ie, their Exodus will be protected from Heaven. It further appears that some but not many Jewishvillagers had dogs.]]
l1
Photo p50:  AMDURER ShUL AON {and(?)} GROISER BeIT-MiDRaSh (LIGQs)
The photo shows an L-shaped (with the L tipped 90 degrees right,viz:    _____________
        |
        |

2-story brick building, with a domed third story.  That is:  Onthe left appears to be the shul, which is one story, with a raisedstairway and double-height windows, curved on top.  Facing theviewer is the 2-story structure, topped by a dome with windows;that is presumably the Bet MIdrash.  It appears to be built ofbrick; very solid as typical of 19-century European design.

                          
.p

p51:  THE GREAT SHUL OF AMDUR AND THE BETAI MIDRASH

In Amdur existed a Great Shul, 3 Batei Midrashim, and 1hasaidische 
l2
[Beit Midrash? Shul? -- translator's query.  Text does notstate; from the context I'd suppose it means a hassidischeBet Midrash, which I assume would also serve as a shul; ie, ashteibl].  

l1
The Great Shul [f Amdur was rebuilt after the big fire of 1882. It was a big, high large and very beautiful building, which wasbuilt in the _______  region for, of that time.  As soon as thebuilding was finished, people from the surrounding shtetls came tolook at it.
	The Bima and the Holy Ark -- a gift of two honoredhouseholders -- were really patterns 
l3
[[Cf. word in original] 
l1
of Art.  The Shul was the pride of the the Jewish community inAmdur.
	The Great Beit HaMidrash, which was really huge, couldaccomodate nearly all Amdurer daveners??.
	The Bima was built artistically with carved fruits andflowers.  The initiator of this was an Amdurer _______ Hische??Bocher??, because he was not learned for long years, they called_____ a "BoChOR"
	He had a piece of craziness 
l3
[[Cf. original -- passion??]] 
l1
for religious art.  And a second(?) ____ learned Amdurer ___________ to by?? build??? he was called Shaul Mi__d??. [10] (I do notknow why he was called by this nickname) 
l3
[[omission from text]]  
l1
As the years go by the Amdurers wanted to ________ a shield???between "Heilie Bakus"??? and "Shaul Livid??".
	The other two Batie Midrash were called after the twohouseholders {Baal HaBeitim}  who built them 
{start text p52, I think}
at their own expense.  One, sENDeRs {N.B.: I use lower-case s forSamech}  Bet Midrash, and the second, BREGMANs  Bet Midrash. 

	In the old home{land} rich Jews love the forested?? the??leaving? behind a good name and built Shuls on the expenses, BateiMidrash, Almshouse??, Talmud-Torah, Yeshivot, and otherinstitutions??
	So we? had in Grodno sALAVVIYTSIQs {Solevetchik's, I think}Bet Midrash, the BRAGMANs Talmud-Torah, KAMvINIRt?? with the{Yeshiva in Vilna??} Jesecia????, the Vilna Rav MIYLEsAlmshouse??, and the same in other places of the "former world".[11]
	The Amdurer HasIDARNIe (place) was used as a Center of thecity for Hasidim of the Rabbis of PARSIYDENE, they were Slaniver??Staliner, Kabriner, Kasliner, Kozker and Nairit-----er.  Most ofthem were quite Bnei-Torah.  Especially the QATzQER 
l2
{N.B: In Hebrew I use K for Kaf and Q for Quf; in Yiddish I'drather use C for Kaf and K for Kuf; so: KaTzKer, which iscloser to the usual transliteration: Kotzker.  I ought to goto O for aleph, in accord with Azhkenazi pronounciation; butO is used for Vav.  So to heck with it; I won't switchletters in Yiddish; but I'll add unused letters when I can. Eg, E for Ayin.  I don't think W helps much for two Vav's, soto heck with it; unless the Yiddish word is a transliterationfrom a Romananic W}
l1


were learned men, these were AFRIM ABAs and LIYBE HaNaH-ETEs 
{Leibe Hannah-Ette's; ie, his mother was Hannah-Ette -sa}.

	In the last years was ____________ [[solved?  resolved??evolved??]] the differenciation between Mithnagim and Hassidim, sodavening and learning took place in the "EOLMSE" ShULO and BateiMidrah (the Mithnagim used to call the Hassim "EOLMSE"  -- thatmeans  secular.)  So there was not akia?? a Mithanged in theHassidic Shul, becuse the _______ there was _____ wood to heat.
	As was told, in the place of the Hassidim??? was oncestanding the shtebl of R' HIYiM HIYQAm  {Hayim Haike}
from {Yiddish, FON  (von)} Amdur, a hassidic count {GOTER YID}  

{I think some text is not translated at this point}

	Amdur was the greatest hassidic center of Lithuania.  Whenthe war was between the two great sects of Jews, Hassidim andMithnagdim.                                        
{Start page 53, I think.}

	Besides this all there were the only places _____ Jewsgathered and davened the public in the summer??.  You could hearthrough glass?? windows the Shabbat and ______ for prayers
of Matkia, YANQeL-MoSheH {Yankel-Moshe} the Kolov??? LIYZeR-ShAULs{Lazer-Shaul's, ie. Lazar, son of Shaul} , and YAQov-YOseF  
l2
[[omission from text]]
An extensive footnote, p52-53, is not translated.


END OF TRANSLATION.
MUST GO BACK TO TEXT AND RE-TRANSLATE, USING THIS AS A GUIDE,AND giving credit to Rina'a Nachman for the first draft oftranslation of pp47-52.

