lev'ee en masse- In the polis envisioned in Plato's Laws, the militia would include the entire population, and women and children would drill alongside men. Under Alfred the Great, the Wessex fyrd was divided in two, with half the farmers staying home to tend their crops, and the other half levied to serve in the army, then rotating back to the village.
coalition- an alliance between entities, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest. This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience. A coalition thus differs from a more formal covenant.
French military victories- a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonaparte's rule over France. They were partly an extension of conflicts sparked by the French Revolution, and continued during the regime of the First French Empire. These wars revolutionized European army and artillery systems. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe; the fall was also rapid, beginning with the disastrous invasion of Russia, and Napoleon's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat, resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France.
Treaty of Basel- an armistice concluding the war between the Swabian League and the Old Swiss Confederacy, following the Battle of Dornach. The accession of Basel to the confederacy in 1501 is a direct consequence of the treaty.
The Thermidorean Reaction ends the Reign of Terror (1794)
9 Thermidor- a date under the French Revolutionary Calendar. It usually refers to 9 Thermidor Year II, July 27, 1794. On this day Robespierre and Saint-Just came under a concerted and organised attack from members of the Committee of Public Safety; Robespierre gambled and appealed to the deputies of the right to support him, however the deputies of the Right rejected his appeal and the Committee almost unanimously voted against them, and executed Robespierre, his supporters, and members of the Paris Commune the following day.
guillotine- a machine used for the mechanized application of capital punishment by decapitation. It consists of a tall upright frame from which is suspended a heavy trapezoidal blade (approx 40kg). The blade is hauled to the top of the frame on a stout cord and held in place while the victim has his head placed in a restraining bar.
The National Convention drafts the Constitution of 1795 (1795)
Who controlled it?- The French National Convention controlled it.
How was it controlled?- They made it part of the law to obey the contitution.
Council of Elders- he upper house of the Directory, the legislature of France from August 22, 1795 until November 9, 1799, roughly the second half of the period generally referred to as the French Revolution. The Lower house was the Council of Five Hundred.
Dissolving of the National Convention- on July 14, suspicious Parisians, mostly artisans, stormed and destroyed the Bastille, ostensibly to prevent the king from dissolving the new National Assembly. After destroying the old prison, revolutionaries identified the storming and destruction of the Bastille with their triumph over liberty, although there were only a few prisoners in it, including the pornographer, the Marquis de Sade.
The Directory begins to rule France(1795-1799)
financial crisis- when a country is unable to financially support itself. Usually is followed by a depression.
corruption- impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle. inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means.
exhaustion- the act or process of exhausting. The state of being exhausted.
army- a large organized body of armed personnel trained for war especially on land. A unit capable of independent action and consisting usually of a headquarters, two or more corps, and auxiliary troops.