I. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
A. In medieval Europe, kings stood at the head of society
B. Yet feudal monarchs had limited power
C. They ruled their own domains but relied on vassals for military support
II. Strong Monarchs in England
A. During the early Middles Ages, Angeles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England
B. Although feudalism developed, English rulers generally kept their kingdoms united
C. In 1066, the Anglo- Saxon king Edward died without an heir
III. Evolving Traditions in Government
A. Later English rulers repeatedly clashed with nobles and the Church
B. Most battles developed as a result of efforts by the monarch to raise taxes or to impose royal authority over traditional feudal rights
C. Out of those struggles evolved traditions of government that would influence the modern world
IV. Royal Successes in Franch
A. Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom, like William the Conqueror did in England
B. Instead, the successors of to Charlemagne had little power over patchwork of territories ruled by great feudal nobles
C. In 987, these feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, to fill the vacant throne
V. The Holy Roman Empire
A. In the early Middle Ages, the emperor Charlemagne had brought much of what is today the nation of Germany under his rule
B. After Charlemagne�s death, Germany dissolved into a patchwork of separate states ruled by powerful counts and dukes
C. In time, the dukes of one of those states, Saxony, began to extent their power over neighboring German lands
VI. Two Determined Rulers
A. Under the reforming pope Gregory VII, the conflict between emperors and the Church burst into flames
B. Gregory was one of the greatest medieval popes
C. He was also one of the most controversial
VII. New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors
A. During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious German emperors sought to master Italy
B. The emperor Frederick I, called Barbarossa, or �red beard,� dreamed of building an empire that stretched from the Baltic to the Adriatic
C. For years, he fought to bring the wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control
VIII. The Church Under Innocent III
A. In the 1200s, the Roman Catholic Church reached its peak of power
B. Reforming popes like Gregory VII claimed the right to depose kings and emperors
C. Gregory�s successors greatly expanded papal power
IX. The World in 1050
A. In 1050, when Western Europe was barely emerging from isolation, several civilizations I the Middle East and Asia had long been major powers
B. During Europe�s Middle Ages, Islam had given rise to a brilliant new civilization
C. Islamic civilization reached from Spain across North Africa and the Middle East and on to the border of India
X. The Crusades
A. As the Seljuk threat grew, the Byzantine emperor Alexius I sent an urgent plea to Pope Urban II in Rome
B. In 1095, he asked for Christian knights to help him fight the Turks
C. Although Roman popes and Byzantine emperors were longtime rivals, Urban agreed
XI. Impact of the Crusades
A. The Crusades failed in their chief goal, the conquest of the Holy Land
B. They also left a bitter legacy of religious hatred behind them
C. In the Middle East, both Christians and Muslims committed appalling atrocities in he name of religion
XII. The Crusading Spirit and the Reconquista
A. The crusading spirit continued long after the European defeat at Acre
B. It flourished, especially in Spain, where the Christian warriors had been battling Muslims for centuries
C. Muslims had conquered most of Spain in the 700s and carried Islamic civilization there
XIII. Medieval Universities
A. As economic and political conditions improved in the High Middle Ages, the need for education expanded
B. The Church wanted better-educated clergy
C. Royal rulers also needed literate men for their growing bureaucracies
XIV. Europeans Acquire �New� Learning
A. Universities received a further boost from an explosion of knowledge that reached Europe in the High Middle Ages
B. Many of the �new� ideas had originated in ancient Greece but had been lost to Western Europeans after the fall of Rome
C. In the Middle East, Muslim scholars had translated the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers into Arabic, and their texts had spread across the Muslim world