By: Neeraja Rudrabhatla
Login: sxr8088
Topics:
1. IANA: Internet Assigned Number Authority
Description: An organization working under the
auspices of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) that is responsible for
assigning new Internet-wide IP addresses.
Most official looking site: http://www.iana.org/
Most user friendly site: http://www.fichtner.net/cerf.html
2. IPv4: Internet Protocol version
4
Description: IP specifies the format of packets,
also called datagrams, and the addressing scheme. IP allows you to
address a package and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link
between you and the recipient. thus it asts as some kind of a postal system.
Most official looking site: http://www.com21.com/pages/ietf.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.FreeSoft.org/CIE/Topics/79.htm
3. IPv6: Internet Protocol version
6
Description: Internet Protocol next generation,
a new version of the Internet Protocol (IP) currently being reviewed in
IETF standards committees. The official name of IPng is IPv6, where the
v6 stands for version 6. IPng is designed to allow the Internet to grow
steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts connected and the total
amount of data traffic transmitted.
Most official looking site: http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ipngwg-charter.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.whatis.com/ipv6.htm
4. Posix: Portable Operating System Interface
for UNIX
Description: It is a set of IEEE and ISO
standards that define an interface between programs and operating systems.
By designing their programs to conform to POSIX, developers have some assurance
that their software can be easily ported to POSIX-compliant operating systems.
This includes most varieties of UNIX as well as Windows NT. The POSIX standards
are now maintained by an arm of the IEEE called the Portable Applications
Standards Committee (PASC).
Most official looking site: http://anubis.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC22/WG15/
Most user friendly site: http://www.humanfactor.com/pthreads/pthread-tutorials.html
5. Ethernet
Description: A local-area network (LAN) protocol
developed by Xerox Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976.
Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and supports data transfer rates of
10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3
standard, which specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet
uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. It is one
of the most widely implemented LAN standards.
Most official looking site: http://www.FreeSoft.org/CIE/Topics/60.htm
Most user friendly site: http://www.lantronix.com/htmfiles/mrktg/catalog/et.htm
Protocols:
1. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
Description: Whereas the IP protocol deals only
with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange
streams of data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that
packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent.
Most official looking site: http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/tcpimpl-charter.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.FreeSoft.org/CIE/Topics/83.htm
UNIX command: tcp
2. UDP: User Datagram Protocol
Description: A connectionless protocol that,
like TCP, runs on top of IP networks. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very
few error recovery services, offering insteada direct way to send and receive
datagrams over an IP network. It's used primarily for broadcasting messages
over a network.
Most official looking site: http://www.alexia.net.au/~www/yendor/internetinfo/udp.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.FreeSoft.org/CIE/Topics/85.htm
UNIX command: udp
3. DNS: Domain Name System (or Service)
Description: An Internet service that translates
domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're
easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses.
Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate
the name into the corresponding IP address.
Most official looking site: http://www.crynwr.com/crynwr/rfc1035/rfc1035.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.acmebw.com/askmr.htm
UNIX command:
4. NFS: Network File System
Description: An open operating system designed
by Sun Microsystems that allows all network users to access shared files
stored on computers of different types. NFS provides access to shared files
through an interface called the Virtual File System (VFS) that runs on
top of TCP/IP. Users can manipulate shared files as if they were stored
locally on the user's own hard disk.
Most official looking site: http://www.distinct.com/main/nfs.html
Most user friendly site:
http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~jphb/comms/nfs.html
UNIX command: rwall, rusers
5. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Description: A protocol for sending e-mail messages
between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use
SMTP to send messages from one server to another; the messages can then
be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP.
Most official looking site: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc821.html
Most user friendly site: http://ganges.cs.tcd.ie/4ba2/x400/smtp.html
UNIX command: mail, elm, pine
6. FTP: File Transfer Protocol
Description: The protocol used on the Internet
for sending files.
Most official looking site: http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~jphb/comms/ftp.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.webteacher.org/winnet/ftp/ftp.html
UNIX command: ftp
7. HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Description: The underlying protocol used by the
World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted,
and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response
to various commands.
Most official looking site: http://webcompare.internet.com/
Most user friendly site: http://www.jmarshall.com/easy/http/
UNIX command: httpd, all web browsers
8. telnet
Description: A terminal emulation program for
TCP/IP networks such as the Internet. The Telnet program runs on your computer
and connects your PC to a server on the network. You can then enter commands
through the Telnet program and they will be executed as if you were entering
them directly on the server console. This enables you to control the server
and communicate with other servers on the network.
Most official looking site: http://www.rad.com/networks/1997/telnet/index.htm
Most user friendly site: http://www.webteacher.org/winnet/telnet/telnet.html
UNIX command: telnet
9. finger
Description: A UNIX program that takes an e-mail
address as input and returns information about the user who owns that e-mail
address. On some systems, finger only reports whether the user is currently
logged on. Other systems return additional information, such as the user's
full name, address, and telephone number. Of course, the user must first
enter this information into the system.
Most official looking site: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1288.html
Most user friendly site:
http://www.emailman.com/finger/
UNIX command: Mail programs
10. POP-3: Post Office Protocol
Description: A protocol used to retrieve e-mail
from a mail server.
Most official looking site: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2384.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.whatis.com/pop3.htm
UNIX command: Many mailers eg: zmail, javamail
11. rlogin: Remote login
Description: The remote login command logs
into remote_host and connects your local terminal to the remote host.
Most official looking site:
http://cie.bilkent.edu.tr/Topics/111.htm
Most user friendly site: http://www-jics.cs.utk.edu/TSU/I2UNIX/unix_guide_Apr96/node34.html
UNIX command: rlogin
12. auth
Description: It provides a very simple support
for applications that allow remote editing of typed files.
Most official looking site: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2291.html
Most user friendly site: None
UNIX command: httpd
13. rsh: remote shell
Description: This command executes the command
if specified in the specified machine. If the command is not specified,
then the rsh behaves similar to rlogin. Shell metacharacters which are
not quoted are interpreted on the local machine, while quoted metacharacters
are interpreted on the remote machine.
Most official looking site: http://www.nswc.navy.mil/ISSEC/Docs/HACK/remote_shell_access.html
Most user friendly site: http://reality.sgi.com/cgi-bin/getman/?rsh
UNIX command: rsh, rcp
14. klogin
Description: This is a file used by the Kerberos
Authentication System, it contains a list of trusted users who can login
into
the user's account. Kerberos is a network authentication
protocol designed to provide strong authenticatin for client/server
applications by using secret-key cryptography.
Most official looking site: http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/csg/unix/Klogin.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.glue.umd.edu/afs/glue.umd.edu/system/config/doc/klogin.html
UNIX command: klist, kinit, kdestroy
15. talk
Description: This is a two-way, screen-oriented
communication program. It helps in conversing with another user.
Most official looking site: http://reality.sgi.com/cgi-bin/getman/?talk
Most user friendly site: None
UNIX command: talk
16. gopher
Description: A system that pre-dates the World
Wide Web for organizing and displaying files on Internet servers. A Gopher
server presents its contents as a hierarchically structured list of files.
With the ascendance of the Web, most Gopher databases are being converted
to Web sites which can be more easily accessed via Web search engines.
Most official looking site: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc1436.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.terena.nl/libr/gnrt/explore/gopher.html
UNIX command: gopher
17. irc: Internet Relay Chat
Description: It enables people connected anywhere
on the Internet to join in live discussions. Unlike older chat systems,
IRC is not limited to just two participants. To join an IRC discussion,
you need an IRC client and Internet access. The IRC client is a program
that runs on your computer and sends and receives messages to and from
an IRC server. The IRC server, in turn, is responsible for making sure
that all messages are broadcast to everyone participating in a discussion.
There can be many discussions going on at once; each one is assigned a
unique channel.
Most official looking site: http://www.dal.net/
Most user friendly site: http://www.cnet.com/Content/Features/Howto/Beyond2/ss01.html
UNIX command: irc, mIRC
18. NNTP: Network News Transport Protocol
Description: The protocol used to post, distribute,
and retrieve USENET messages.
Most official looking site: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-nntpext-base-07.txt
Most user friendly site: http://www.academ.com/academ/nntp/index.html
UNIX command: tin
19. NTP: Network Time Protocol
Description: The ntp command is used to determine
the offset between the local clock and a remote clock. It can also
be used to set the local host's time to a remote host's time. The
ntp command sends an NTP packet to the NTP daemon running on each of the
remote hosts specified on the command line. The remote hosts must
be running either the ntpd daemon or xntpd daemon. When the NTP daemon
on the remote host receives the NTP packet, it fills in the fields (as
specified in RFC 1129), and sends the packet back. The ntp command
then formats and prints the results on the standard output.
Most official looking site: http://www.ntpsoftware.com/
Most user friendly site: http://ehis.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/docs/ntp.html
UNIX command: ntp, xntp
20. SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
Description: A set of protocols for managing complex
networks. SNMP works by sending messages, called protocol data units(PDUs),
to different parts of a network. SNMP-compliant devices, called agents,
store data about themselves in Management Information Bases (MIBs) and
return this data to the SNMP requesters.
Most official looking site: http://www.inforamp.net/~kjvallil/t/snmp.html
Most user friendly site: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/55029.htm
UNIX command: snmpd