����ҳ�������ѹ��

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��������ѹ�������ҧ������͹��˹ѡ�ͧ�ҵص�ҧ � �ͧ��û�Сͺ㹻�ԡ��������

    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Âªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½Ã¤Ò´ï¿½ï¿½à¹»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò³ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½Ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ãµï¿½é§µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô´ï¿½ï¿½Ôµï¿½Ñ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

        1 �к��Ѻ����Ǵ����

        ï¿½Ðºï¿½ ��� ��觵�ҧ � ����������㹢ͺࢵ�����ѧ�֡�� ��ǹ��������ͺ � �к����¡��� ����Ǵ����

�к����͡�� 3 ��Դ ���

        1. �к��Դ (closed system) ��� �к�����ա���š����¹���Ͷ����͹��ѧ�ҹ�Ѻ����Ǵ������ ������͹

�����š����¹��šѺ����Ǵ��������� ������Ţͧ�к������������Դ�������¹�ŧ �� ��õ�������Ҫ�лԴ��

��� �к�����Ҫ�з���չ�Ӻ�è��������� ��ǹ�������ҡ�ȷ�������ͺ������������Ǵ���� �к����Ѻ����

��͹�ҡ������ǡ������ͤ�¾�ѧ�ҹ���Ѻ����Ǵ����
(�ա���š����¹���Ͷ����͹��ѧ�ҹ) ����ͪ�觹��˹ѡ�ͧ

�Ҫ�з���èع�ӡ�͹��õ�������ѧ��õ����Ҫ�лԴ����ҡѹ
(��Ţͧ�к������)

        2. �к��Դ (open system) ��� �к�����ա���š����¹���Ͷ����͹��駾�ѧ�ҹ���������Ѻ����Ǵ���� ����

��Ţͧ�к���褧���������Դ�������¹�ŧ �� ��õ�������Ҫ���Դ�����
�к���� �Ҫ���Դ����չ�Ӻ�è�����

�������ҡ�ȷ�������ͺ�������������Ǵ���� �к�����ա���Ѻ������͹�ҡ�����Ф�¤�����͹���Ѻ����Ǵ����

(�ա���š����¹���Ͷ����͹��ѧ�ҹ) ����ͪ�觹��˹ѡ�ͧ�Ҫ�СѺ��ӡ�͹��õ�������ѧ��õ���������ҡѹ (��Ţͧ

�к���褧���)

        3. �к�ⴴ����� (�¡��������͡��) ��� �к��������Դ����š����¹��ѧ�ҹ���������áѺ����Ǵ���� ��

�����͹㹡�еԡ�����͹

        2 ����ҧ � �������Ǣ�ͧ�Ѻ�������¹�ŧ

        2.1 �����

                ï¿½Í§ï¿½Ç¹  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ ����ǫ��� ���駡��ç��ū����ػ����� "��Ţͧ��÷�������͹�ӻ�ԡ�����������ҡѺ��Ţͧ��÷�������ѧ�ӻ�ԡ�����" ����������Ѻ��ԡ����������к��Դ �������Ѻ��ԡ�������չ�������� �� ��¹�

��Ҫ�лԴ�˹�� ��Ţͧ��÷�������͹�ӻ�ԡ�������ҡѺ��Ţͧ��¹䢡Ѻ�Ҫ�� ����ͨش��¹���Ҫ�лԴ���

���Ƿӡ�ê��������� ��Ũ������� (�к��Դ)

        2.2 ���Ѵ��ǹ�����

                ï¿½à«¿ ���ʵ� ���駡��Ѵ��ǹ���������ػ����� "���û�Сͺ˹�� �
�ҵص�ҧ � �����ͧ���Сͺ�����ǡѹ�����ѵ����ǹ�¹��˹ѡ��褧�������" �����ӹ֧�֧�����û�Сͺ��鹨��ա��Դ��������������Ը��

        3 �����

        ï¿½Ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¹ï¿½ï¿½Ò¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ø´ï¿½Í§ï¿½ÒµØ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ã¶ï¿½Ó»ï¿½Ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������բͧ
�е����ǻ���ҳ 10-10 ����

    ï¿½Ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò³ 1.6 x 10-24 ���� �е�����˹ѡ����ش����Ż���ҳ 250 ��� ����դ�ҹ����ҡ (�繼Ťٳ�ͧ 10-24) ����е������ҹ��е�ͧ����ѹ������������š�� ��觷��������ҡ㹡�äӹdz �֧������������º��º������¡��� ����е���������˹ѡ�е��

�����  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������º��º���͡����Һ�����Ţͧ�ҵ� 1 �е��˹ѡ�繡����Ңͧ��Ţͧ�ҵ��ҵðҹ 1 ��

        ï¿½ï¿½Å¢Í§ï¿½Òµï¿½ 1 �� ��� ��ŷ�����ԧ�ͧ�е����� � 1 ��

        ï¿½ï¿½Å¢Í§ï¿½Òµï¿½ï¿½ÒµÃ°Ò¹ 1 �� ��� ��Ţͧ�ҵط��١���繵�����º��º ���
�ء�е����ͧ�դ����ҡѹ����֧���¡�������ҵðҹ �դ����ҡѺ 1.66 x 10-24 ����
���� 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

��ػ...����е�� (�ѧ���: Atomic mass) �����Ţͧ�е���������ⷻ���ҧ˹�觢ͧ�ҵ�� � ��˹����� ˹�������е�������������� (Atomic Mass Unit - AMU) �� 1 �������� �դ�� 1.66 x 10-24 ���� �¹��˹ѡ�����º�Ҩҡ ����ਹ�е�� 1 �е�� ���� 1/12 �ͧ����͹-12 1 �е�� ���� 1/16 �ͧ�͡��ਹ�е�� 1 �е��

       ï¿½Ñ¡É³ï¿½ï¿½Ó¤Ñ­ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ðµï¿½ï¿½ �մѧ���

        1. ����е���ͧ�ҵ������˹���
       2. ����е���繤�����º��º ��ǹ��Ţͧ�ҵ� 1 �е������ŷ�����ԧ ��˹����繡���
        3. ��Ţͧ�ҵ��ҵðҹ 1 �� ������繵�Ƕ١���º��º�ͧ����е���դ����ҡѹ���㹷ء �ҵ�
        4. �ӹdz��ҡ�ٵ�����ͷ�Һ��Ţͧ�ҵع�� 1 �� ��Фӹdz��ҡ���ⷻ�ͧ�ҵع�� �

        4 ��Ҵ���š��

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ˹����ç���ҧ�����硷���ش�ͧ�ҵط����û�Сͺ�������ö������������� ����ѧ���ʴ����ѵԢͧ�ҵ�������û�Сͺ��� � ������ó� ���š���Դ�ҡ�е������ѹ

       5 ������š��

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ¢ï¿½Ò´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç¡Ñºï¿½Ðµï¿½ï¿½ �ѧ��� ��Ţͧ���š�Ũ֧�����͡�繤�����º��º

        5.1 �ѡɳ��Ӥѭ�ͧ������š��

        1. ������š�������˹��� �����繤�����º��º�Ѻ����ҵðҹ

        2. ��Ţͧ��� 1 ���š�� �����ŷ�����ԧ�ͧ���š�Ź�� � 1 ���š��

        3. ������š�Ťӹdz��ҡ����е������ѹ �������š���Դ�ҡ�е������ѹ ������ҡ��Ţͧ���1 ���š�� ���º��º����ҵðҹ

        4. ����ҵðҹ���١���º��º��ͧ�դ����ҡѹ���㹷ء � ���š��

        5.2 ��äӹdz������š�Ţͧ���

        áººï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 1  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½Ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð¡Íºï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½ï¿½

                ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½Å¢Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ = ����е���ͧ�ҵ�����š������ѹ

������ҧ��� 3.4   ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½Å¢Í§ CaSO4 . 2H2O  ï¿½ï¿½Ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ Ca = 40, S = 32, O = 16  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ H = 1

�Ըշ�   ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½Å¢Í§ CaSO4 . 2H2O  = ����е���ͧ�ء�ҵ�� CaSO4 . 2H2O ����ѹ

                                     = 40+32+(16 x 4)+2(2)+2(16)

                                     = 40+32+64+4+32 = 172

        ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������š�Ţͧ CaSO4 . 2H2O = 172                                                ï¿½Íº

        áººï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 2 ����ͷ�Һ��Ţͧ��� 1 ���š�� �����Ţͧ�ҵ��ҵðҹ 1 ��

��                                    ï¿½Íº

        ï¿½Í¡ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½Õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½Ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � �ա �� �Ҩҡ������ͨҡ���ͧ���ǡ��� �繵�

        6 ���

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ˹��¢ͧ����ҳ���˹���˹�觷���դ������������ǡѺ�������š�� �����е�����͡���

���͹ ���Ը����� 4 Ẻ �ѧ���仹��

        6.1 �ӹǹ͹��Ҥ�����Ţͧ���

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ã·Ø¡ï¿½ï¿½Ô´ 1 ����ըӹǹ 6.023 x 1023  Í¹ï¿½ï¿½Ò¤
(6.023 x 1023 ����Ţ���ǡ���)

        Í¹ï¿½ï¿½Ò¤ ��� �е�����š�� ���͹ ����硵�͹ �繵�

-       ï¿½Òµï¿½  ï¿½ï¿½ Na 1 ��� �ըӹǹ 6.023 x 1023 ���š�� ���� 6.023 x 1023 ��

                       Na+ 1 ��� �ըӹǹ 6.023 x 1023 ���͹

                 Cl2 1 ��� �ըӹǹ 6.023 x 1023 ���š�� ���� 2 x 6.023 x 1023 �� ( 1 ����� 2 ��),

Cl- 1 ��� �ըӹǹ 6.023 x 1023 ���͹

-       ï¿½ï¿½Ã»ï¿½Ð¡Íº  ï¿½ï¿½ SO3 1 ��� �ըӹǹ 6.023 x 1023 ���š�� ���� 4 x 6.023 x 1023 ��

(SO3  1 ���š�Ż�Сͺ���� H 2 �� S 1 �� ��� O 4 �� ����� 7 ��)

        6.2 �ӹǹ��šѺ��Ţͧ���

               ������͹��˹ѡ�ͧ��� 1 ��� ���������š����������е�� ������ҧ�� O2  1 ��� ˹ѡ 32 ����

      6.3 ����ҵõ����Ţͧ��ҫ

        ï¿½ï¿½Ò«ï¿½Ø¡ï¿½ï¿½Ô´ 1 ��� ��  22.4 �١��ȡ�ૹ�����÷�� STP ��ͷ���س�������Ф����ѹ�ҵðҹ (��� 0 ͧ��������

1 ����ҡ�� ���� 273 ���Թ 760 ��������âͧ��ͷ)

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¹ï¿½ï¿½ 1 ��� �ջ���ҵ� 22.4 �١��ȡ�ഫ����� ��� STP

        6.4 ��������ѹ�������ҧ�ӹǹ��� ͹��Ҥ ��� ��л���ҵ�

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 1 ��Ũ�������繡�����ҡѺ����е������ըӹǹ͹��Ҥ��ҡѺ 6.023 x 1023 ͹��Ҥ ��ж����ù��

�繡�ҫ��� STP ���ջ���ҵ���ҡѺ 22.4 �١��ȡ�ഫ�����

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½ �͹�� 18 �����ջ���ҵ� 22.4 �١��ȡ�ૹ������ ��� STP �ըӹǹ͹��Ҥ��ҡѺ 6.023 x 1023  Í¹ï¿½ï¿½Ò¤

       6.5 ���ͧ���ǡ���

        ï¿½ï¿½Å¢Í§ï¿½ï¿½Ò«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���ͧ���ǡ�����ػ���
"��������͹����ǡѹ (�س�������Ф����ѹ)

         ï¿½ï¿½Ò«ï¿½Ø¡ï¿½ï¿½Ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õ¨Ó¹Ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð¨Ó¹Ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡Ñ¹ �� ��ҫ�͡��ਹ 1 �١��ȡ�ഫ����� ���ըӹǹ���������š����ҡѺ��ҫ����ਹ 1 �١��ȡ�ഫ����� ����س�������Ф����ѹ���ǡѹ ����ѧ��ҡѺ�ӹǹ���������š�Ūͧ��ҫ��� � ����ջ���ҵ���ҡѹ������س�������Ф����ѹ���ǡѹ

       7 �ٵ���������������

        ï¿½Ó¹Ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-���᫡��С��ͧ���ǡ��� ����Ҩӹǹ������Ըչ���繡���Ҩӹǹ��Ţͧ��������

        ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-���᫡��ػ��� "����ҵâͧ��ҫ���ӻ�ԡ����ҡѹ��з����ҡ��ԡ����Ҩ����ѵ����ǹŧ��ǹ��� � ����س�������Ф����ѹ���ǡѹ"

        ï¿½Ñ¡É³ï¿½ï¿½Ó¤Ñ­ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-���᫡��С��ͧ���ǡ���

1. �ӹǹ���������š�Ţͧ�������ը��դ����ҡѺ����ҵâͧ��ҫ�����ҷ�
��ԡ����Ҿʹաѹ����ͧ

2. �ӹǹ�������ҹ���͵���Ţ�����㹡�ô����������

��    4NH3(g) +3O2(g)             2N2(g)+6H2O(g)

3. �ҡ����ҵâͧ��ҫ���ӻ�ԡ����Ҿʹաѹ��з����ҡ��ԡ����ҷ���س�������Ф����ѹ���ǡѹ ����ö��������ٵ����š�Ţͧ��ҫ�� ���������ѡ��ô�������
���

4. �ҡ������ʴ���ԡ�������բͧ��ҫ��������� �ѵ����ǹ�ӹǹ������ͨӹǹ���š�Ũ���ҡѺ�ѵ����ǹ�»���ҵâͧ��ҫ�����ҷӻ�ԡ����ҡѹ��з����ҡ��ԡ����� ����ö������һ���ҵâͧ��ҫ��ҧ � 㹻�ԡ�������չ��  ï¿½ ��

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