* [[Helpful Tips]] - file that shows tricks for this wiki.
Baptist churches are part of a Christian </wiki/Christianity> movement often regarded as an Evangelical </wiki/Evangelicalism>, Protestant </wiki/Protestantism> denomination </wiki/Religious_denomination>. Baptists emphasize a @@believer's baptism by full immersion@@, which is performed after a profession of faith in Jesus </wiki/Jesus> as Lord and Savior. A @@congregational governance system gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches,@@ which are sometimes associated in organizations such as the Southern Baptist Convention </wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention>. In the late 1990s, there were about 43 million Baptists worldwide with about 33 million in the United States </wiki/United_States>.\nBeliefs\nBaptist churches do not have a central governing authority, resulting in a wide range of beliefs from one Baptist church to another. Baptist distinctives are beliefs that are common among Baptist churches, some of which are also shared with many other post-reformational </wiki/Protestant_Reformation> denominations.\n\n@@Baptist distinctives acrostic@@\nThis backronym </wiki/Backronym> is used by some Baptist churches as a summary of the distinctives or distinguishing beliefs of Baptists.\nBiblical authority \nAutonomy of the local church \nPriesthood of all believers \nTwo ordinances (baptism and communion) \nIndividual soul liberty \nSeparation of Church and State \nTwo offices of the church (pastor and deacon) \n\nBiblical authority\nAuthority of the Scriptures or sola scriptura </wiki/Sola_scriptura> states that the Bible is the only authoritative source of God's truth in contrast to the role of Apostolic tradition in the Roman Catholic Church. Any view that cannot be directly tied to a scriptural reference is generally considered to be based on human traditions rather than God's leading. @@Each person is responsible before God for his or her own understanding of the Bible and is encouraged to work out their own salvation with fear and trembling@@. Baptists generally consider historic Christian creeds </wiki/Creed> to be on lower footing in comparison to Scripture even though they may in essence agree with them. However, a group or local church may have a general "Statement of Faith" such as the Baptist Faith and Message </wiki/Baptist_Faith_and_Message> of the Southern Baptist Convention </wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention>).\nBiblical inerrancy </wiki/Biblical_inerrancy> is also a common position held by fundamentalist Baptists in addition to literal interpretations of the Bible and other fundamentalist theologies. However, because of the variety allowed under congregational governance, many Baptist churches are neither literalist nor fundamentalist, although most do believe in biblical authority. Most moderate or non-fundamentalist Baptists prefer the term inspired or "God breathed" rather than inerrant to describe scripture, referring to the term Paul uses in 2 Timothy 3:16.\nEven though it is only the Bible that is authoritative, Baptists also cite other works as illustrative of doctrine. @@One work which is commonly read by Baptists is the allegory Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan@@ </wiki/John_Bunyan>.\n\nAutonomy of the Local Church (Congregationalism)\nCongregationalist church governance </wiki/Congregationalist_church_governance> gives autonomy </wiki/Autonomy> to individual local churches in areas of policy </wiki/Policy>, polity </wiki/Polity> and doctrine </wiki/Doctrine>. Baptist churches are not under the direct administrative control of any other body, such as a national council, or a leader such as a bishop or pope. @@Administration, leadership and doctrine are usually decided democratically by the lay members of each individual church,@@ which accounts for the variation of beliefs from one Baptist church to another.\nExceptions are some Reformed Baptists </wiki/Reformed_Baptist>, who are organized in a Presbyterian </wiki/Presbyterian> system, the Congolese </wiki/Congolese> Episcopal Baptists </w/index.php?title=Episcopal_Baptist&action=edit> that has an Episcopal </wiki/Episcopal> system, and some Baptist megachurches </wiki/Megachurch> who lean towards a strong clergy-led style, in some instances abandoning congregational governance altogether.\nIn a manner typical of other congregationalists, many cooperative associations or conventions of Baptists have arisen. These associations were formed for missionary and other charitable work and have no authority over the operations of individual local churches. Local churches decide at what level they will participate in these associations. The largest association in the United States is the Southern Baptist Convention </wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention>. The second largest is the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. </wiki/National_Baptist_Convention%2C_USA%2C_Inc.>, which is also America's second largest predominantly African-American denomination. There are hundreds of Baptist conventions and many Independent Baptist </wiki/Independent_Baptist> churches do not fall into any of them, believing such associations to be unscriptural. In addition, there are sometimes very strong disputes within conventions which are often divided between Christian fundamentalists </wiki/Christian_fundamentalist> and moderates.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=5>] \n\nPriesthood of all believers\n@@Priesthood of all believers states that every Christian has direct access to God and the truths found in the Bible without the help of an aristocracy or hierachy of priests.@@ This doctrine is based on the passage found in 1 Peter 2:9 <http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Peter%202:9;&version=31;50;9;> and was popularized by Martin Luther </wiki/Martin_Luther> during the Protestant Reformation </wiki/Protestant_Reformation> and John Wycliff </wiki/John_Wycliff>'s Lollards </wiki/Lollards> before Luther. Baptists are encouraged to discuss issues with their minister when appropriate. The Baptist position of the priesthood of believers is one column that upholds their belief in religious liberty.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=6>] \n\nTwo Ordinances @@(Baptism and Communion)@@\nGenerally, Baptist churches recognize only two Biblical ordinances that are to be performed on a regular basis by churches: baptism and communion. @@Some churches, including some Free Will Baptists, also practice foot washing as a third ordinance.@@\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=7>] \n\nBeliever's baptism\n@@Baptism@@, commonly referred to as Believer's baptism </wiki/Believer%27s_baptism>, is an ordinance that, according to Baptist doctrine, @@plays no role in salvation@@, and is performed after a person professes Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. It is an @@outward expression that is symbolic of the inward cleansing or remission of their sins that has already taken place.@@ It is also a public identification of that person with Christianity and with that particular local church. Most Baptist churches use baptism by full immersion, subsequent to salvation, as a criterion for membership.\nThrough Anabaptist </wiki/Anabaptist> influence, Baptists reject the practice of pedobaptism </wiki/Pedobaptism> (infant baptism) because they believe @@parents cannot make a decision of salvation for an infant@@. Related to this doctrine is the disputed concept of an @@"age of accountability" when God determines that a mentally capable person is accountable for their sins and eligible for baptism. This is not necessarily a specific age@@, but is @@based on whether or not the person is mentally capable of knowing right from wrong.@@ Thus, a person with severe mental retardation may never reach this age, and therefore would not be held accountable for sins.\nBaptists emphasize baptism </wiki/Baptism> by@@ full immersion,@@__ the mode presumed to have been used by John the Baptist. __This consists of lowering the candidate in water backwards while the baptizer (a pastor or any baptised believer) invokes the Trinitarian formula of Matthew 28:19 or other words concerning a profession of faith. This mode is also preferred for its parallel imagery to the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus </wiki/Jesus>.\nRecognition of baptisms by other modes and Christian groups vary. Many Baptist churches only recognize baptism by full immersion as being valid, while a few will baptise by sprinkling as a practical alternative for the disabled or elderly or in times of drought. Some Baptist churches will recognize adult baptisms performed in other orthodox Christian churches, while others only recognize baptisms performed in Baptist churches. In rare instances, a church may recognize only its own baptisms as valid.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=8>] \n\n@@Communion@@\nCommunion, which is often called "The Lord's Supper", is an ordinance patterned after the Last Supper </wiki/Last_Supper> recorded in the Gospels </wiki/Gospels> which Jesus says to "do this in remembrance of Me" (Luke 22:19). Participants communally eat the bread and drink the cup that are representative of the body and blood of Jesus. @@Baptists emphasize that the remembrance is symbolic of Christ's body and reject literal views@@ of communion such as transubstantiation </wiki/Transubstantiation> and consubstantiation </wiki/Consubstantiation> held by other Christian groups based on their interpretation of John 6. 1 Corinthians 11:23-34 is also commonly cited as instructional for the practice of Communion. Many Baptists refuse to refer to this ordinance as Communion due to its prominent use by the Roman Catholic Church </wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church>.\nThe bread used in the service may be cubes of unleavened bread, wafers or small crackers, generally of an unleavened variety which is thought to be the type used at the Last Supper. The @@general Baptist embracing of the Temperance movement @@</wiki/Temperance_movement>, prohibition </wiki/Prohibition>, and teetotalism </wiki/Teetotalism> in the U.S. led to the practice of using non-alcoholic @@grape juice @@for the cup, but some Baptists do use wine. The grape juice is typically served in small individual glasses, though some churches use one large cup for the entire congregation. Many church buildings are equipped with round receptacles on the rear of the pews for depositing the empty glasses after the service. Both "elements" of the bread and the cup are usually served by the pastor to the deacons, and by the deacons to the congregation. The general practice is for the elements to be taken by the congregation as a whole as a symbol of unity, first the bread and then the cup separately, although sometimes both elements are taken together.\nCommunion services may be held weekly, monthly, quarterly, or even annually. It usually takes place at the end of a normal service, but may take place at any time during the service. Participation may be either "closed" (only members of that church can participate), "cracked" (members of other Baptist churches may participate, but not of other denominations), or "open" (anyone professing to be a Christian may participate).\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=9>] \n\nIndividual Soul Liberty\nThe basic concept of individual soul liberty is that,@@ in matters of religion, each person has the liberty to choose what his/her conscience or soul dictates is right, and is responsible to no one but God for the decision that is made.@@ A person may then choose to be a Baptist, a member of another Christian denomination, an adherent to another world religion, or to choose no religious belief system, and neither the church, nor the government, nor family or friends may either make the decision or compel the person to choose otherwise. And, a person may change his/her mind over time.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=10>] \n\nSeparation of Church and State\nMain article: Baptists in the history of separation of church and state </wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state>\nBaptists who were imprisoned or died for their beliefs have played an important role in the historical struggle for freedom of religion </wiki/Freedom_of_religion> and separation of church and state </wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state> in England </wiki/England>, the United States </wiki/United_States>, and other countries. In 1612 </wiki/1612> John Smyth </wiki/John_Smyth_%281570-1612%29> wrote, "the magistrate is not by virtue of his office to meddle with religion, or matters of conscience". That same year, Thomas Helwys </wiki/Thomas_Helwys> wrote that the King of England could "command what of man he will, and we are to obey it," but concerning the church -- "with this Kingdom, our lord the King hath nothing to do." In 1614 </wiki/1614>, Leonard Busher </w/index.php?title=Leonard_Busher&action=edit> wrote what is believed to be the earliest Baptist treatise dealing exclusively with the subject of religious liberty. Baptists were influential in the formation of the first civil government based on the separation of church and state in what is now Rhode Island. Anabaptists </wiki/Anabaptists> and Quakers </wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends> also share a strong history in the development of separation of church and state.\nThe original objection was opposition of the monarchy or government setting religious agenda for churches or a "National Church" and did not imply a retreat by Christians from the political realm or involvement in the political process. Modern debates about church and state separation involve disagreements about the extent to which Christian groups are able to, or should, set the legal and moral agenda for the government.\nCurrently in the United States, Baptist involvement in politics often involves controversies concerning gambling </wiki/Gambling>, alcohol </wiki/Alcohol>, abortion </wiki/Abortion>, same-sex marriage </wiki/Same-sex_marriage>, the teaching of evolution </wiki/Evolution> and state-sanctioned public prayer in public high schools </wiki/High_school>. In parts of the Southern United States </wiki/Southern_United_States>, Baptists form a majority of the population and have successfully banned alcohol sales </wiki/Dry_county> and prevented the legalization of certain kinds of gambling.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=11>] \n\nTwo Offices @@(Pastor and Deacon)@@\nGenerally Baptists only recognize two Scriptural offices, those of pastor </wiki/Pastor> and deacon </wiki/Deacon>. The __office of elder, common in some churches, is usually considered by Baptists to be the same as that of pastor, and not a separate office.__\nThe prevalent view among Baptists is that these offices are limited to men only, following the model of Christ </wiki/Christ> and His apostles </wiki/Apostles>.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=12>] \n\nPastor\nIn the Baptist church, the primary role of pastor is to deliver the weekly sermon.\nIn smaller churches, the pastor will often visit homes and hospitals to call on ill members, as well as homes of prospective members (especially those who have not made salvation decisions). The pastor will also perform weddings and funerals for members, and at business meetings serve as the moderator. The pastor may also be required to find outside work to supplement his income.\nLarger churches will usually have one or more "associate" pastors, each with a specific area of responsibility, whereby the overall pastor is considered the "senior" pastor. Some examples are:\nmusic (the most common) \nyouth (in smaller churches, often combined with music) \nchildren \nadministration (in the larger churches) \nIn the majority of instances, the pastor will be married with children (associate pastors may or may not be married, but if not married will find it difficult to be considered for a senior pastor position by other churches).\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=13>] \n\nDeacon\nThe main role of the deacon is to assist the pastor with members' needs. Deacons also assist during communion.\nA common practice is for each family to be assigned a specific deacon, to be the primary point of contact whenever a need arises.\nSome larger megachurches, especially those using cell groups, use the cell group leader(s) to function in the role of deacon(s).\nDeacons are usually chosen from members who have demonstrated exceptional Christian piety, and serve without pay.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=14>] \n\nJustification by faith\nJustification by faith or sola fide </wiki/Sola_fide> states that it is by faith alone that we receive salvation and not through any works of our own. Baptists have a strong emphasis on the concept of salvation </wiki/Salvation>. Baptist theology teaches that humans have been contaminated by the sin of Adam and Eve's rebellion against God and that for this sin we are condemned to damnation. The theology holds that Christ </wiki/Christ> died on the cross to give humans the promise of everlasting life, but that this requires that each individual willfully accepts Christ into his life and repents of sin. Nevertheless, the Baptist view of soteriology </wiki/Soteriology> runs the gamut from Calvinism </wiki/Calvinism> to Arminianism </wiki/Arminianism>.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=15>] \n\nBeliefs that vary among Baptists\nBecause of the congregational style of church governance on doctrine, doctrine on the following issues often varies greatly between one Baptist church and another.\ndoctrine of separation </wiki/Doctrine_of_separation> \nCalvinism </wiki/Calvinism>/Arminianism </wiki/Arminianism> \nthe nature of Law and Gospel </wiki/Gospel> \nthe ordination of women \nhomosexuality </wiki/Homosexuality_and_Christianity> \nthe extent to which Church and State should be separate from each other \nthe extent to which non-members may participate in communion </wiki/Communion> services \nEschatology </wiki/Eschatology> \nBaptists generally believe in the literal Second Coming </wiki/Second_Coming> of Christ at which time God will sit in judgment and divide humanity between the saved and the lost (the Great White Throne judgment Book of Revelation </wiki/Book_of_Revelation> 20:11) and Christ will sit in judgment of the believers (the Judgment Seat of Christ Second Epistle to the Corinthians </wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians> 5:10), rewarding them for things done while alive. Amillennialism </wiki/Amillennialism>, dispensationalism </wiki/Dispensationalism>, and historic premillennialism </wiki/Premillennialism> stand as the main eschatological views of Baptists, with views such as postmillennialism </wiki/Postmillennialism> and preterism </wiki/Preterism> receiving only scant support.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=16>] \n\nComparisons with other denominations\nBaptists share certain emphases with other groups such as evangelism </wiki/Evangelism> and missions </wiki/Mission_%28Christian%29>. While the general flavor of any denomination changes from city to city, this aspect of Baptist churches is much more prominent than in most Anglican </wiki/Anglican>, Methodist </wiki/Methodist>, Lutheran </wiki/Lutheran> and Presbyterian </wiki/Presbyterian> churches.\nThe Pacifism </wiki/Pacifism> of the Anabaptists </wiki/Anabaptists> and the Quakers is not an ideal held by most Baptists. The Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America </wiki/Baptist_Peace_Fellowship_of_North_America> was organized in 1984 </wiki/1984> to promote peace, justice, and non-violence, but it does not speak for all Baptists that accept the ideal of pacifism. Moreover, Baptists are strongest in the southern United States, an area known for strong support of the military and thus not supportive of pacifist views.\nIn Australia </wiki/Australia>, the Baptist Union is very close to the Campbell-Stone </w/index.php?title=Campbell-Stone&action=edit> Church of Christ </wiki/Church_of_Christ>. The two groups share similar theology, even sharing a bible college.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Baptist&action=edit§ion=17>] \n\nWorship Style\n@@The focus of Baptist church services is the sermon.@@ This can be seen in traditional Baptist church architecture. @@The pulpit@@__, which is symbolic of proclamation of the Word of God, is the largest piece of furniture and centered on the platform. While the communion table placed below it in a symbolically "subservient" position__. Sermons often range in time from 30-60 minutes. They range in style from expository </wiki/Expository_preaching> sermons that focus on one biblical passage and interpret its meaning, to topical sermons which address an issue of concern and investigate several biblical passages related to that topic.\nThe sermon is often surrounded by periods of musical worship lead by a song leader, choir or band. Musical style varies between hymns </wiki/Hymns> and Contemporary Christian music </wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music> with many churches choosing a blend of the two. The choice in music style is sometimes correlated to the age of the members with older congregations preferring hymns while younger congregations prefer contemporary music. Some fundamentalist Baptists will only sing hymns </wiki/Hymns> which usually includes songs in their hymnals written between the 1700s and the 1950s and are often played with a piano and/or organ. They also oppose the use of drums and/or electric guitar in their services because they associate those instruments with rock music </wiki/Rock_music>.\nOther common features in a Baptist church service include the collection of offering, an altar call, a period of announcements and Communion.\nMost Baptist congregations are small in number with membership under 200 people. Some megachurches </wiki/Megachurch> are Baptist but they often do not emphasize their ties to a Baptist body, even going so far as to not include "Baptist" in their church name. Saddleback Church </wiki/Saddleback_Church> is such an example, being affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention </wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention>.\n
Possible Christian Names\nErskine, Willy, Clarence, Louis, Carl, Eugene, Raymond, Fred, Roy, Samuel, Elmer, Herman, Russel, Clifford, Melvin, Milton, Claude, Vernon, Johnnie, Wilbur, Gilbert, Everett, Harvey, Wayne, Leon, Glenn, Wyatt\n\nHattie, Viola, Mattie, Ella, Irene, Mabel, Minnie, Sadie, Inez, Lula, Opal, Cora, Leona, Alma, Lena, Willie, Bernice, Bessie, Norma, Pearl, Vivian, \n\nClemons Family\nCarl Lee Clemons-- Father\nWyatt -- Carl Lee's oldest son who carries a deal of restlessness with him\nOpal -- Carl Lee's wife (Wyatt's mother); heroine of the story\n\nTindall Family\nHelped the Clemons put up a split rail fence when the Clemons first came; Clemons felt obliged to return the favor. Tindalls had a child struck dead (?)\n\nLiner Family
/***\n''CheckboxPlugin for TiddlyWiki version 1.2.x and 2.0''\n^^author: Eric Shulman\nsource: http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CheckboxPlugin \nlicense: [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]^^\n\nAdd checkboxes to your tiddler content. Checkbox states can be preserved in the document by either automatically modifying the tiddler content or setting/removing tags on specified tiddlers, or they may be saved as local cookies by assigning an optional 'chkID' to the checkbox. Add custom javascript for programmatic initialization and onClick handling for any checkbox. Also provides access to checkbox DOM element data and tracks the checkbox state in TiddlyWiki's config.options[] internal data.\n\n!!!!!Usage\n<<<\nThe checkbox syntax, including all optional parameters, is contained inside a matched set of [ and ] brackets.\n{{{ [x=id(title:tag){init_script}{onclick_script}] }}}\n\nAn alternative syntax lets you place the optional parameters ''outside'' the [ and ] brackets, and is provided for backward-compatibility with existing content that may include checkbox definitions based on earlier releases of this plugin:\n{{{ [x]=id(title:tag){init_script}{onclick_script} }}}\n\n//{{{\n[ ]or[_] and [x]or[X]\n//}}}\nSimple checkboxes. The current unchecked/checked state is indicated by the character between the {{{[}}} and {{{]}}} brackets ("_" means unchecked, "X" means checked). When you click on a checkbox, the current state is retained by directly modifying the tiddler content to place the corresponding "_" or "X" character in between the brackets\n//{{{\n[x=id]\n//}}}\nAssign an optional ID to the checkbox so you can use {{{document.getElementByID("id")}}} to manipulate the checkbox DOM element, as well as tracking the current checkbox state in {{{config.options["id"]}}}. If the ID starts with "chk" the checkbox state will also be saved in a cookie, so it can be automatically restored whenever the checkbox is re-rendered (overrides any default {{{[x]}}} or {{{[_]}}} value). If a cookie value is kept, the "_" or "X" character in the tiddler content remains unchanged, and is only applied as the default when a cookie-based value is not currently defined.\n//{{{\n[x(title:tag)]\n//}}}\nInitializes and tracks the current checkbox state by setting or removing ("TogglyTagging") a particular tag value from a specified tiddler. If you omit the tiddler title (and the ":" separator), the specified tag is assigned to the current tiddler. If you omit the tag value, as in {{{(title:)}}}, the default tag, {{{checked}}}, is assumed. Omitting both the title and tag, {{{()}}}, tracks the checkbox state by setting the "checked" tag on the current tiddler. When tag tracking is used, the "_" or "X" character in the tiddler content remains unchanged, and is not used to set or track the checkbox state. If a tiddler title named in the tag does not exist, the checkbox state defaults to //unselected//. When the checkbox is subsequently changed to //selected//, it will automatically (and silently) create the missing tiddler and then add the tag to it.\n//{{{\n[x{javascript}{javascript}]\n//}}}\nYou can define optional javascript code segments to add custom initialization and/or 'onClick' handling to a checkbox. The current checkbox state (and it's other DOM attributes) can be set or read from within these code segments by reference to the default context-object, 'this'.\n\nThe first code segment will be executed when the checkbox is initially displayed, so that you can programmatically determine it's starting checked/unchecked state. The second code segment (if present) is executed whenever the checkbox is clicked, so that you can perform programmed responses or intercept and override the checkbox state based on complex logic using the TW core API or custom functions defined in plugins (e.g. testing a particular tiddler title to see if certain tags are set or setting some tags when the checkbox is clicked).\n\nNote: if you want to use the default checkbox initialization processing with a custom onclick function, use this syntax: {{{ [x=id{}{javascript}] }}} \n<<<\n!!!!!Examples\n<<<\n//{{{\n[X] label\n[_] label\n//}}}\nchecked and unchecked static default values\n[X] label\n[_] label\n\n//{{{\n[_=demo] label\n//}}}\ndocument-based value (id='demo', no cookie)\n[_=demo] label\n\n//{{{\n[_=chkDemo] label\n//}}}\ncookie-based value (id='chkDemo')\n[_=chkDemo] label\n\n//{{{\n[_(CheckboxPlugin:demotag)] toggle 'demotag'\n//}}}\ntag-based value (TogglyTagging)\n[_(CheckboxPlugin:demotag)] toggle 'demotag'\ncurrent tags: <script>return store.getTiddler(story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7)).tags.toString();</script>\n\n//{{{\n[X{this.checked=true}{alert(this.checked?"on":"off")}] message box with checkbox state\n//}}}\ncustom init and onClick functions\n[X{this.checked=true}{alert(this.checked?"on":"off")}] message box with checkbox state\n\nRetrieving option values:\nconfig.options['demo']=<script>return config.options['demo']?"true":"false";</script>\nconfig.options['chkDemo']=<script>return config.options['chkDemo']?"true":"false";</script>\n\n!!!!!Installation\nimport (or copy/paste) the following tiddlers into your document:\n''CheckboxPlugin'' (tagged with <<tag systemConfig>>)\n<<<\n!!!!!Revision History\n<<<\n2006.02.23 - 2.0.4\nwhen toggling tags, force refresh of the tiddler containing the checkbox.\n\n2006.02.23 - 2.0.3\nwhen toggling tags, force refresh of the 'tagged tiddler' so that tag-related tiddler content (such as "to-do" lists) can be re-rendered.\n\n2006.02.23 - 2.0.2\nwhen using tag-based storage, allow use [[ and ]] to quote tiddler or tag names that contain spaces:\n"""[x([[Tiddler with spaces]]:[[tag with spaces]])]"""\n\n2006.01.10 - 2.0.1\nwhen toggling tags, force refresh of the 'tagging tiddler'. For example, if you toggle the "systemConfig" tag on a plugin, the corresponding "systemConfig" TIDDLER will be automatically refreshed (if currently displayed), so that the 'tagged' list in that tiddler will remain up-to-date.\n\n2006.01.04 - 2.0.0\nupdate for ~TW2.0\n\n2005.12.27 - 1.1.2\nFix lookAhead regExp handling for """[x=id]""", which had been including the "]" in the extracted ID. \nAdded check for "chk" prefix on ID before calling saveOptionCookie()\n\n2005.12.26 - 1.1.2\nCorrected use of toUpperCase() in tiddler re-write code when comparing """[X]""" in tiddler content with checkbox state. Fixes a problem where simple checkboxes could be set, but never cleared.\n\n2005.12.26 - 1.1.0\nRevise syntax so all optional parameters are included INSIDE the [ and ] brackets. Backward compatibility with older syntax is supported, so content changes are not required when upgrading to the current version of this plugin. Based on a suggestion by GeoffSlocock\n\n2005.12.25 - 1.0.0\nadded support for tracking checkbox state using tags ("TogglyTagging")\nRevised version number for official post-beta release.\n\n2005.12.08 - 0.9.3\nsupport separate 'init' and 'onclick' function definitions.\n\n2005.12.08 - 0.9.2\nclean up lookahead pattern\n\n2005.12.07 - 0.9.1\nonly update tiddler source content if checkbox state is actually different. Eliminates unnecessary tiddler changes (and 'unsaved changes' warnings)\n\n2005.12.07 - 0.9.0\ninitial BETA release\n<<<\n!!!!!Credits\n<<<\nThis feature was created by EricShulman from [[ELS Design Studios|http:/www.elsdesign.com]]\n<<<\n!!!!!Code\n***/\n//{{{\nversion.extensions.CheckboxPlugin = {major: 2, minor: 0, revision:4 , date: new Date(2006,2,23)};\n//}}}\n\n// // 1.2.x compatibility\n//{{{\nif (!window.story) window.story=window;\nif (!store.getTiddler) store.getTiddler=function(title){return store.tiddlers[title]}\nif (!store.addTiddler) store.addTiddler=function(tiddler){store.tiddlers[tiddler.title]=tiddler}\nif (!store.deleteTiddler) store.deleteTiddler=function(title){delete store.tiddlers[title]}\n//}}}\n\n//{{{\nconfig.formatters.push( {\n name: "checkbox",\n match: "\s\s[[xX_ ][\s\s]\s\s=\s\s(\s\s{]",\n lookahead: "\s\s[([xX_ ])(\s\s])?(=[^\s\ss\s\s(\s\s]{]+)?(\s\s([^\s\s)]*\s\s))?({[^}]*})?({[^}]*})?(\s\s])?",\n handler: function(w)\n {\n var lookaheadRegExp = new RegExp(this.lookahead,"mg");\n lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex = w.matchStart;\n var lookaheadMatch = lookaheadRegExp.exec(w.source)\n if(lookaheadMatch && lookaheadMatch.index == w.matchStart)\n {\n // get params\n var checked=lookaheadMatch[1];\n var id=lookaheadMatch[3];\n var tag=lookaheadMatch[4];\n var fn_init=lookaheadMatch[5];\n var fn_click=lookaheadMatch[6];\n // create checkbox element\n var c = document.createElement("input");\n c.setAttribute("type","checkbox");\n c.onclick=onClickCheckbox;\n c.srcpos=w.matchStart+1; // remember location of "X"\n w.output.appendChild(c);\n // set default state\n c.checked=(checked.toUpperCase()=="X");\n // get/set state by ID\n if (id) {\n c.id=id.substr(1); // trim off leading "="\n if (config.options[c.id]!=undefined)\n c.checked=config.options[c.id];\n else\n config.options[c.id]=c.checked;\n }\n // get/set state by tag\n if (tag) {\n c.tiddler=story.findContainingTiddler(w.output).id.substr(7);\n c.tag=tag.substr(1,tag.length-2).trim(); // trim off parentheses\n var pos=c.tag.indexOf(":");\n if (pos==0) { c.tag=tag.substr(1); }\n if (pos>0) { c.tiddler=c.tag.substr(0,pos).replace(/\s[\s[/g,"").replace(/\s]\s]/g,""); c.tag=c.tag.substr(pos+1); }\n c.tag.replace(/\s[\s[/g,"").replace(/\s]\s]/g,"");\n if (!c.tag.length) c.tag="checked";\n var t=store.getTiddler(c.tiddler);\n c.checked = (t && t.tags)?(t.tags.find(c.tag)!=null):false;\n }\n if (fn_init) c.fn_init=fn_init.trim().substr(1,fn_init.length-2); // trim off surrounding { and } delimiters\n if (fn_click) c.fn_click=fn_click.trim().substr(1,fn_click.length-2);\n c.onclick(); // compute initial state and save in tiddler/config/cookie\n w.nextMatch = lookaheadMatch.index + lookaheadMatch[0].length;\n }\n }\n }\n)\n//}}}\n\n//{{{\nfunction onClickCheckbox()\n{\n if (this.fn_init)\n // custom function hook to set initial state (run only once)\n { try { eval(this.fn_init); this.fn_init=null; } catch(e) { displayMessage("Checkbox init error: "+e.toString()); } }\n else if (this.fn_click)\n // custom function hook to override or react to changes in checkbox state\n { try { eval(this.fn_click) } catch(e) { displayMessage("Checkbox click error: "+e.toString()); } }\n if (this.id)\n // save state in config AND cookie (only when ID starts with 'chk')\n { config.options[this.id]=this.checked; if (this.id.substr(0,3)=="chk") saveOptionCookie(this.id); }\n if ((!this.id || this.id.substr(0,3)!="chk") && !this.tag) {\n // save state in tiddler content only if not using cookie or tag tracking\n var t=store.getTiddler(story.findContainingTiddler(this).id.substr(7));\n if (this.checked!=(t.text.substr(this.srcpos,1).toUpperCase()=="X")) { // if changed\n t.set(null,t.text.substr(0,this.srcpos)+(this.checked?"X":"_")+t.text.substr(this.srcpos+1),null,null,t.tags);\n store.setDirty(true);\n }\n }\n if (this.tag) {\n var t=store.getTiddler(this.tiddler);\n if (!t) { t=(new Tiddler()); t.set(this.tiddler,"",config.options.txtUserName,(new Date()),null); store.addTiddler(t); } \n var tagged=(t.tags && t.tags.find(this.tag)!=null);\n if (this.checked && !tagged) { t.tags.push(this.tag); store.setDirty(true); }\n if (!this.checked && tagged) { t.tags.splice(t.tags.find(this.tag),1); store.setDirty(true); }\n // if tag state has been changed, force a display update\n if (this.checked!=tagged) {\n story.refreshTiddler(this.tiddler,null,true); // the TAGGED tiddler\n story.refreshTiddler(this.tag,null,true); // the TAGGING tiddler\n if (t=store.getTiddler(story.findContainingTiddler(this).id.substr(7)))\n if (t.title!=this.tiddler) story.refreshTiddler(t.title,null,true); // the tiddler CONTAINING the checkbox\n }\n }\n return true;\n}\n//}}}
CHAPTER XXVI \nTHE CHEROKEES\n\nTHE ORIGIN of THE INDIANS. William Penn saw a striking @@likeness between the Jews of London and the American Indians@@. Some claim that the stories of the Old Testament are legends in some Indian tribes. In the Jewish Encyclopedia it is said that the __Hebrews, after the captivity, separated themselves from the heathen__ in order to observe their peculiar laws; and Manasseh Ben Israel claims that America had the Israelites__, and this explains why, in the blessing of Jacob upon his sons__, Judah is surnamed a lion, Dan a serpent, Benjamin a wolf, and Joseph a bough. ' There are also resemblances in their language to the Latin and Greek tongues, Chickamauga meaning the field of death, and Aquone the sound of water. \n\nTHE CHEROKEES A SUPERIOR TRIBE .2 They have been known as one of the largest and most noteworthy of the aboriginal tribes, and formed an important factor in both English and Spanish pioneering. __Those who dwelt in the mountains__ were known as the @@Otari or Overhill Cherokees@@, while those dwelling in the lowlands were called the@@ Erati@@ 3 or Lowland Cherokees. They had their own national government, and numbered from 20,000 to 25,000 persons. They are "well advanced along the white man's road." What is now known as the Eastern band, in the heart of the Carolina mountains, outnumbers today such well-known Western tribes as the Omaha, Pawnee, Comanche and Kiowas, and it is among these, "the old conservative Kituhwa element, that the ancient things have been preserved." In the forests of Nantahala and Oconaluftee, "the Cherokee priest still treasures the legends and repeats the mystic rituals" of his ancestors. The original boundary embraced about 40,000 square miles, from the head streams of the Kanawha to Atlanta, and from the Blue Ridge to the Cumberland range, with Itsati, or Echota, on the south bank of the Little Tennessee river, a few miles above the mouth of Tellico creek, in Tennessee, as its capital. This was called the "City of Refuge." They call themselves the Yunwiga, or real people, and on ceremonial occasions speak of themselves as Ani-Kituhwagi, or people of @@Kituhwa@@__, an ancient settlement on the Tuckaseegee river__, and apparently the original nucleus of the tribe. The name by which they are now knownCherokee-has no meaning in their language, and the form among them is Tsalagi or Tsargi. It first appears as Chalaque in the Portugese narrative of DeSoto's expedition, while Cheraqui appears in a French document in 1699. It got its present form in 1708, thus having an authentic history at this time (1913) of 275 years. They admit that they built the mounds on Grave creek in Ohio, and the mounds near Charlottesville, Va. They had also lived at the Peaks of Otter, Va. But they disclaim all knowledge of the mounds and petroglyphs in North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. \n\nTRADITIONS of WHITE AND LILLIPUTIAN RACES. There is a dim but persistent __tradition of a white race having preceded the Cherokees__ ; and of a tribe of @@Lilliputians@@ or very small people, who once lived on the site of the ancient mound on the northern side of Hiwassee river, at the mouth of Peachtree creek, and afterwards went west. This was long before the normal sized whites came. bliss Murphrey has preserved this tradition in her "In the Stranger Peoples' Country." \n\nINTRODUCTION of SMALL ARMS AND SMALLPOX. About 1700 the @@first guns@@ were introduced among the Cherokees, and in 1738 or 1739 @@smallpox@@ nearly exterminated the tribe within a single year. It had been brought to Charleston, S. C., on a slave ship. \n\nOTHER EARLY INCIDENTS. About 1740 a trading path from Augusta to the Cherokee towns at the head of the Savannah, and thence to the west was marked out by this tribe, and in that year the Cherokees took part under their war chief, "The Raven," in Oglethorpe's expedition against the Spaniards at 8t. Augustine. In 1736 Christian Priber, a Jesuit, acting in French interest, became influential among them. He was a most worthy member of that illustrious order whose scholarship, devotion and courage have been exemplified from the days of Jogues and Marquette down to Desmet and Mengarini. In 1756 Fort Prince George was built at the head of the Savannah, and Fort London near the junction of Tellico creek and the Little Tennessee river, beyond the mountains. Disagreements between the Cherokees and the South Carolina colonists finally resulted in the seizure of Oconostota, a young war chief, and his retention at Fort Prince George as a hostage. This led to war, and the Cherokees besieged Fort London. In June, 1760, Col. Montgomery, with 1,600 men, crossed the Indian frontier and drove the Cherokees from about Fort Prince George, and then destroyed every one of the Lower Cherokee towns, killing more than a hundred Indians and driving the whole population into the mountains. He then crossed the mountains without opposition till he came near Echoe, a few miles above the sacred town of Kikwasi, now Franklin, N. C., where he met their full force, which compelled Montgomery to retire in a battle fought June 27, 1760. He retreated to Fort Prince George after losing 100 men in killed and wounded. \n\nMASSACRE AT FORT LOUDON. This retreat sealed the fate of the garrison at Fort London, which had been reduced to the necessity of eating horses and dogs, though Indian women, who had found sweethearts among the soldiers, brought them what food they could. On August 8, Capt. Demere surrendered his garrison of about 200 to Oconostota upon promise that they should be allowed to retire with sufficient arms and ammunition for the march. The garrison made a day's march up Tellico creek and camped, while the Cherokees plundered the fort. It was then that they discovered ten bags of powder and a large quantity of ball that the garrison had secretly buried in the fort before surrendering. Cannon and small arms also had been thrown into the river, which was a breach of the terms of the capitulation. Enraged at this duplicity the Indians attacked the retiring garrison at sunrise the next morning, killing Demere and 25 others at the first fire, and taking the rest prisoners, to be ransomed some time later on. Capt. Stuart, second in command, was claimed by Ata-kullakulla, a Cherokee chief, who managed to conduct him, after nine days' march, to his friends in Virginia. A treaty was concluded at Augusta, November 10, 1763, by which the Cherokees lost all north of the present Tennessee line and east of the Blue Ridge and Savannah. A royal proclamation was issued this year barring the whites from occupying Indian lands west of the Blue Ridge; while in 1768 a treaty fixed the northern limit as downward along the New and Kanawha rivers from the North Carolina line. This treaty was made at Hard Labor, S. C.; while on March 17, 1775, a treaty cut off the Cherokees from the Ohio and their rich Kentucky hunting grounds. \n\nTHREE STATES COMBINE AGAINST THE CHEROKEES. But the constant encroachments of the whites upon the Indian territory resulted, in 1776, in an agreement between Virginia, North and South Carolina by which each sent a punitive expedition into the Cherokee country, and laid it waste for miles, killing men and even women, and driving many into the mountains for refuge. In August Gen. Griffith Rutherford, with 2,400 men, crossed Swannanoa gap, and after following the present line of railroad to the French Broad, out Hominy creek and following up the Richland, struck the first Indian town at Stecoee, the present site of Whittier, on the Tuckaseegee. This he burned, and then destroyed all towns on Oconaluftee, Tuckaseegee and the upper part of Little Tennessee; also those on the Hiwassee below the junction of Valley river, making 36 towns in all. He also destroyed all crops. The chaplain of this expedition was Rev. James Hall, D. D., a Presbyterian. At Sugartown (Kuletsiyi), east of the present Franklin, a detachment sent to destroy it was surprised by the Cherokees and escaped only through the aid of another force sent to its rescue. Rutherford himself encountered a force in Wayah gap of the Nantallalas, between Franklin and Aquone, where he lost forty killed and wounded, but finally repulsing the Indians.' An Indian killed in this fight proved to have been a woman dressed as a man. An account of the route followed by Rutherford, with many other facts, can be found in the North Carolina Booklet, Vol. IV, No. 8, for December, 1904; from which it appears that Williamson of South Carolina was to have joined Rutherford at Cowee, but as he did not appear, Rutherford, without a proper guide, crossed the Nantahalas at an unusual place, thus missing the W ayah gap, where 500 braves had assembled to oppose him and that two days later Williamson, hurrying up Cartoogachaye creek, crossed at the usual place, and fell into the ambush which had been prepared for Rutherford; and that Rutherford lost but three men in the entire expedition. This latter account is probably the true one. Williamson joined Rutherford on the Hiwassee. It was considered unnecessary to await the arrival of Col. Christian from Virginia, who was coming via the Holston river, as all the Cherokee towns had been destroyed. Col. Andrew Williamson's force of South Carolinians was 1,860 strong, including a number of Catawbas, and came through Rabun gap of the Blue Ridge.5 It was near Murphy that Rutherford and Williamson's forces joined September 26, 1776. Among Christian's men was a regiment from Surry county, N. C., under Colonels Joseph Williams and Love, and Major Winston. They had assembled on the Holston and pressed cautiously along the great warpath to the crossing of the French Broad in Tennessee, and thence advanced without opposition to the Little Tennessee, where, early in November, Christian was proceeding to destroy their towns, when the Indians sought peace. Col. Christian, hoping to draw trade from the South Carolina Indians, accepted the promise of the Cherokees to "surrender all their prisoners and to cede all the disputed territory . . in the Tennessee settlements," suspended hostilities and withdrew, but not till he had burned the town of Tuckaseegee because its inhabitants had been concerned in the burning of a white boy, named Moore, who had been captured with a Mrs. Bean: but he spared the peace town of Echota. But Col. William of Surry was not pleased with Christian's leniency, and on the 22d of November, 1776, wrote to the North Carolina Congress from Surry, enclosing documents which he claimed proved conclusively "that some of the Virginia gentlemen are desirious of having the Cherokees under their protection," which Williams did not think right as most of the territory was within North Carolina and should be under her protection. In this warfare every Indian was scalped and even women were shot down and afterwards "helped to their end." Prisoners were "taken and put up at auction as slaves, when not killed on the spot." \n\nHOLSTON AND HOPEWELL TREATIES. At Long Island of the Holston a treaty was concluded July 20, 1777, by which the Middle and upper Cherokees ceded everything east of the Blue Ridge, and all disputed territory on the Watauga, Nollechucky, upper Holston and New rivers. This ended the treaties with the separate States. The first treaty made with the United States was at Hopewell, S. C., November 28, 1785, by which the whole country east of the Blue Ridge, with the Watauga and Cumberland settlements, was given to the whites, but leaving the whole of western North Carolina to the Cherokees. \n\nTREATIES of WHITE'S FORT AND TELLICO. In the summer of 1791 the Cherokees made a treaty at White's Fort, now Knoxville, by which they ceded a "triangular section of Tennessee and North Carolina extending from the Clinch river almost to the Blue Ridge, and including nearly the whole of the French Broad and lower Holston and the sites of the present Knoxville, and Greeneville, Tenn., and Asheville, N. C., most of which territory was already occupied by the whites. Permission was also given for a road from the eastern settlements to those of the Cumberland, with free navigation of the Tennessee river." This treaty was signed by 41 principal chiefs and was concluded July 2, 1791, and probably gave legal title to the whites to as far west of the Blue Ridge as the Pigeon river in Haywood county. There were four treaties of Tellico, the first having been signed October 2, 1798, by 39 chiefs, by which were ceded a tract between the Clinch river and the Cumberland ridge, another along the northern bank of the Little Tennessee, extending up to the Chilhowie mountains, and a third in North Carolina on the head of the French Broad and Pigeon rivers, and including what are now Waynesville and Hendersonville; thus making the Balsam mountains the western boundary. In 180 and 1800, three additional treaties were concluded at Tellico by Return J. Meigs, by which the Cherokees were shorn of 8,000 square miles, not affecting the limits of North Carolina; but it was then that Meigs originated what he termed a "silent consideration," by which a smaller amount was named in the public treaty, to-wit: $2,000-while he had agreed that "one thousand dollars and some rifles" in addition should be given to some of the chiefs who signed it. This treaty however was concluded at Washington, D. C., January 7, 1806. In 1813 the Cherokees agreed that a company should lay off and build a free public road from the Tennessee river to the head of navigation of the Tuggaloo branch of the Savannah; and this road was completed within the next three years, and became the great highway from the coast to the Tennessee settlements. The road began where Toccoa creek enters the Savannah, and passed through Clarksville and Hiwassee in Georgia, and Hayesville and Murphy, N. C., though those towns had not been established by the whites at that time. From Murphy it passed over the Unaka or White mountains into Tennessee to Echota, the capital town of the Cherokees. It was officially styled the Unicoi Turnpike, but was commonly known in North Carolina as the Wachese or Watsisa trail, because it passed near the home of a noted Indian who lived near the place at which it crossed Beaverdam creek-his name having been Watsisa-and because this portion of the road followed the old trail which already bore that name. \n\nNANAKATAHKE AND JUNALUSKA. The former was a sister of Yonaguska, and the mother-in-law of Gid. F. Morris, a South Carolinian who came to Cherokee county about the same time that Betty Bly or Blythe, came there, according to the statement of the late Col. A. T. Davidson, who said that Nanakatahke told him that she was the mother of Wachesa, or Grasshopper. Junaluska, spelled Tsunulahunski in Cherokee, is the best remembered of the Cherokee chief:, of whom a full account will be found in Chapter XII, pp. 292-293. \n\nTHE REMOVAL TREATIES. On the 8th of July, 1817, at the Cherokee agency (now Calhoun, Tenn.), a treaty was made by which, in return for land in Georgia and Tennessee, the Cherokees were to receive a tract within the present limits of Arkansas, and payment for any- substantial improvements they had made on the ceded lands they would abandon by going to Arkansas. Each warrior who left no improvements behind was to be given for his abandoned field and but a rifle, ammunition, a blanket, a kettle or a beaver trap. Boats and provisions for the journey were also to be furnished the Indians who might go. It was also provided that those who chose to remain might do so and become citizens, the amount of land occupied by such to be deducted from the total cession. But the majority of the Cherokees opposed removal bitterly, and only 31 of the principal men of the eastern band and 15 of the western signed for the tribe. A protest signed by 67 chiefs and headsmen was presented to the commissioners for the government; but it was ignored and the treaty ratified. In fact, the authorities for the United States did not even wait for the ratification, but at once took steps for the removal of all who desired to go west, and before 1819, six thousand had been removed, according to the estimate. This, however, did not effect North Carolina territory; but on February 27, 1819, a treaty was made at `'Washington by which the Indians ceded to the United States, among other tracts in Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia, "nearly everything remaining to them" in North Carolina east of the Nantahala mountains; though individual reservations one mile square within the ceded area were allowed a number of families, who preferred to remain and become citizens. In order to conform to the laws of civilization, those who were to remain adopted a regular republican form of government modeled after that of the United States, with New Echota, a few miles above the present Calhoun, Ga., as the capital. John Ross was the first Cherokee president. They passed laws for the collection of taxes, and debts, for repairs of roads, for the support of schools and for the regulation of the liquor traffic; to punish horse stealing and theft, and to compel all marriages between white men and Indian women to be celebrated according to regular legal or church form, and to discourage polygamy. By a special decree the right of Blood Revenge, or capital punishment, was taken from the seven clans and vested in the authorities of the Indian nation. Death was the punishment to individual Indians who might sell lands to the whites without the consent of the Indian authorities. White men were not allowed to vote or hold office in the nation. \n\nYONAGUSKA, THE BLOOD AVENGER. The late Col. Allen T. Davidson told the writer that John Welch, a half-breed Frenchman, killed Leech, a fullblooded Cherokee, near old Valleytown in Cherokee county, and as Y onaguska was Leech's next of kin, he `vas therefore his blood avenger, and not only entitled to kill Welch, but the custom of the tribe made it his duty- to do so. He, therefore, followed Welch first to the Smoky mountains, and then to Paint Rock: thence to the New Found range west of Asheville, and to Pickens, S. C., where Welch stopped and rested. Here it was, though, that Welch became infatuated with a white girl named Betty Bly, and told Betty that he feared that Yonaguska, whom he had seen loitering near, was seeking a chance to kill him. She then sought out Yonaguska and persuaded him to let Welch off. \n\nTHE BAPTISTS ESTABLISH THE FIRST CHEROKEE MISSION. In 1820 the Baptists founded five principal missions, one of which was in Cherokee county, on the site of the old N achez town on the north side of Hiwassee river, just above the mouth of Peachtree creek. It was established at the instance of Currahee Dick, a prominent mixed-blood chief, and was placed in charge of the Rev. Evan Jones, known as the translator of the New Testament into the Cherokee language, with James D. Wafford, a mixed-blood pupil, who compiled a spelling book in the same language, as his assistant. The late Rev. Humphrey Posey afterwards became principal of this mission, and did a wonderful amount of work for the improvement and education of the Cherokees. The place is still known as "The Mission Farm," and is one of the most productive and desirable in the mountains. Worcester and Boudinot's translation of Matthew, first published at -New Echota, Ga., in 1829, was introduced to the Kituwas Cherokees, and in the absence of missionaries, was read from house to house, after which Rev. Ulrich Keener, a Methodist, began to preach at irregular intervals, and was soon followed by Baptists. \n\n@@SEQUOYA AND HIS SYLLABARY@@. About this time (1821) Sikwayi (Sequoya) a half or quarter breed Cherokee, known among the whites as George Gist or Guest or Guess, invented the Cherokee __syllabary or alphabet__, which was "soon recognized as an invaluable invention for the elevation of the tribe, and __within a few months thousands of hitherto illiterate Cherokees were able to read and write__ their own language, teaching each other in the cabins and along the roadside.... It had an immediate and wonderful effect on Cherokee development, and on account of the remarkable adaptation of the syllabary to the language, it was __only necessary to learn the characters to be able to read at once__....In the fall of 1824 @@Atsi or John Arch@@, a young native convert, made a manuscript @@translation of a portion of St. John's gospel@@, in the syllabary, this being the __first Bible translation ever given to the Cherokee__." On the 21st of February, 1828, "the first number of the newspaper Taslagi Tsulehisanun, the Cherokee Phoenix, `printed' in English and Cherokee, was published at New Echota from type cast for that purpose in Boston under the supervision of the noted missionary, Worcester. Sequoya was born, probably about 1760 at Luck-a-Seegee town in Tennessee, just outside of old Fort Loudon, near where old Choto had stood." Here his mind dwelt also on the old tradition of a lost band of Cherokee living somewhere toward the western mountains. In 1841 and 1842, with a few Cherokee companions and with his provisions and papers loaded in an ox cart, he made several journeys into the west, and was received everywherewith kindness by even the wildest tribes. Disappointed in his philologic results, he started out in 1843 in quest of the lost Cherokees, who were believed to be some where in northern Mexico, but, being now an old man and worn out by hardship, he sank under the effort and died alone and unattended, it is said, near the village of San Fernando, Mexico, in August of that year. The Cherokees had voted him a pension of three hundred dollars which was continued to his widow, "the only literary pension in the United States." The great trees of California (Sequoia gigantea) were named in his honor and preserve his memory. \n\nOUTRAGES FOLLOW DAHLONEGA GOLD DISCOVERY. The @@discovery of gold in the Dahlonega@@ district __caused the Georgia legislature on the 20th of December, 1828, to annex that part of the Cherokee country__ to Georgia and to annul all Cherokee laws and customs therein. This act was to take effect June 1, 1830, the land was __mapped into counties and divided into "land lots" of 160 acres__ and __"gold lots" of 40 acres__, which were to be __distributed amongst the white citizens__. Provision was made for the settlement of contested lottery claims among the white citizens, but no Indian could bring a suit or testify in court. "About the same time the Cherokees were __forbidden to hold councils, or to assemble for any public purpose or to dig for gold upon their own lands__." The outrages which followed are disgraceful to the white men of that section and time. \n\n@@TREATY OF REMOVAL of 1835@@. On the 29th of December, 1835, by the treaty of New Echota, "the __Cherokee nation ceded to the United States its whole remaining territory east of the Mississippi for the sum of $5,000,000 and a common joint interest in the territory already occupied by the western Cherokees in what is now the Indian Territory__, with an additional smaller tract on the northeast in what is now Kansas. Improvements were to be paid for, and the Indians were to be removed at the expense of the United States, and subsisted for one year after their arrival in the new country. The removal was to take place within two years . . . . " It was also distinctly agreed that a limited number of Cherokees might remain behind and become citizens after they had been adjudged "qualified or calculated to become useful citizens," together with a few who held individual reservations under former treaties. But this provision was struck out by President Jackson, who insisted that the "whole Cherokee people should remove together." The treaty was ratified by the senate May 23, 1836, the official census of 1835 having fixed the number of Cherokees in North Carolina at 3,644. \n\nTHE PATHETIC STORY OF THE REMOVAL. This story exceeds in weight of grief and pathos any in American history-; for notwithstanding that nearly 16,000 out of a total of 16,542 Indians in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, had signed a protest against the treaty, Gen. Wool was sent to carry the treaty into effect; but so fixed was the determination of the Cherokees to remain that Gen. Winfield Scott was sent to remove them by force. He took command, his forces amounting to 7,000 men-regulars, militia and volunteers, with New Echota as his headquarters, May 10, 1838, only 2,000 Cherokees having gone voluntarily. Old people tell of the harrowing scenes which accompanied the hunting down and removal of these brave people who clung to their homes with all the passion of the Swiss. \n\nREMOVAL FORTS. The following forts or stockades were built for the collection of the unwilling Cherokees : Fort Lindsay, on the south side of the Little Tennessee at the junction of the Nantahala; Fort Scott, at Aquone, twenty miles further up the Nantahala; Fort Montgomery, at what is now Robbinsville; Fort Hembrie, at what is now Hayesville; Fort Delaney, at Old Valleytown, and Fort Butler, at Murphy. \n\n@@WHY SOME WERE ALLOWED TO REMAIN@@. Old man Tsali, or Charley, with his Wife, his brother and his three sons and their families, was seized and taken to a stockade near the junction of the Tuckaseegee and the Little Tennessee rivers, where they spent the night, during which their squaws concealed knives and tomahawks about their clothing. When this band, escorted by soldiers, reached the mouth of what is now called Paine's branch, opposite Tuskeegee creek, in the Little Tennessee, the squaws passed the knives and hatchets to the men, and they fell upon the soldiers and killed two of them upon the spot, and so mortally wounded a third, Geddings by name, that he died at Calhoun, Tenn. Still another soldier was struck on the back of his head with a tomahawk, and so hurt that. although he retained his seat upon his horse, he died three miles below at what is now called Fairfax, on the right bank of the Little Tennessee. Two stones still mark his grave, while the two who were killed at Paine's branch were buried there. If the skirts of the coat of the lieutenant in charge had not torn away when he was seized on each side by an Indian, it is likely that he would have been dragged from his horse and killed, too. But he escaped, and the Indians went immediately to the Great Smoky mountains scarcely ten miles away, and their recapture by the heavy dragoons sent after them within a short time was impossible. These soldiers camped just below where Burton Welch used to live, one and a half miles below Bushnel, and a mountain peak nearby on which they stationed sentinels, is still called Watch Mountain. In fact, these escaping Indians had spent the night at the house of Burton Welch's father when their squaws hid the weapons in their skirts. It is said that the late Col. W. H. Thomas had accompanied this party as far as the mouth of Noland's creek, Where he left them for the purpose of getting another small party to join them the next day; and that if he had continued with Old Charley's party it is probable that no attempt would have been made to escape, such was his influence over them. The names of the male Indians who escaped were Charley, Alonzo, Jake, George and a boy named Washington, but pronounced 15 the Cherokees Wasituna. Old Charley's squaw was named Nancy. \n\nTERMS OF COMPROMISE. Mr. James Mooney's account in the Nineteenth Ethnological report states that after Con. Scott became convinced that his soldiers could not recapture Charley and his band, he made an agreement with Col. Thomas to the effect that if he would cause the arrest of Old Charley and his adult sons he would use his influence at Washington to get permission that all who had not yet been removed should remain. Also, that Col. Thomas vent to the leader of those who had not been captured, Utsala or "Lichen," by name, who had made his headquarters at the head of Oconaluftee, and told him that if he assisted in bringing in Charley and his band, Utsali and his followers, 1,000 in number, would be allowed to remain. Utsali consented and Thomas returned and reported to Gen. Scott, who offered to furnish an escort for Thomas on a proposed visit to Charley, who was hiding in a cave of the Great Smoky mountains. But Thomas declined the escort and went alone to the cave an(! got Charley to consent to surrender voluntarily, which he did shortly afterwards, thus making a vicarious sacrifice for the rest of his people. \n\n//Bottom line: some Indians hid weapons, went on warpath in refusal to be shipped out, killed a few whites, ran and hid. A deal was made that if Old Charley turned himself in, the others could stay behind.//\n\nAN EYE WITNESSES' ACCOUNT. But Mr. and Mrs. Burton Welch used to tell an altogether different story. They were living there at the time, and presumably knew much more than those who got their information at second hand sixty years later. Their account is that @@Utsali and his followers ran Old Charley and his sons down and brought them to Gen. Scott's soldiers; but insisted on killing them themselves@@ instead of having them shot by the soldiers. But they had not been captured together, Alonzo, Jake and George having been caught first at the head of Forney's creek, and shot at a point on the right bank of the Little Tennessee nearly opposite the mouth of Panther creek, and just below Burton Welch's home, where Jake gave a soldier ten cents to give to his squaw, that being all he had on earth to leave her. The three trees to which they were tied are now dead, but Burton Welch, who when a boy witnessed the execution, used to declare that these trees never grew any larger after having been made to serve as stakes for the shedding of human blood. These three Indians are buried in one grave near by, but there is now nothing to mark the spot. \n\nOLD CHARLEY IS KILLED AND HIS SQUAW MOURNS. It was some time afterwards that @@Old Charley was caught in the Smokier, brought to within a short distance below what is now Bryson City and shot by Indians@@. Mrs. Welch, Who was a first cousin of Captain James P. Sawyer of Asheville, saw Old Charley killed. This was before her marriage to Burton Welch, and she remembers that Charley had a white cloth tied around his forehead, and that she saw it stain red before she heard the report of the guns of the firing squad. The fugitive squaws were never punished. But Charley's squaw came to Mrs. Welch's father's house, where she was shown Old Charley's grave. She sat down beside it and piled up the sand with her hands until she made a mound, and then rocked herself to and fro and cried. Mrs. Welch went shortly afterwards to Old Charley's former home, one mile from the mouth of the Nantahala river. She spoke of the deserted look of the place, the little cabin with its open door, and old Nancy's spinning-wheel, her loom and warping bars, while outside, in the chimney corner, was Old Charley's plough-stock and harness, the traces of which had been made of hickory hark. \n\nDID THE GOVERNMENT WINK AT THIS COMPROMISE? As it seemed exceedingly improbable that the government would deliberately violate the terms of a treaty- that had been solemnly made with the Cherokees without the approval of the Senate, and allow a thousand Cherokees to remain behind, especially after General Jackson had emphatically refused to allow any of them to remain on any term, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs was asked for any official information that might be on file in his office concerning this matter, with this result: "It is true that by supplemental articles of agreement pre-emption rights and reservations provided for the Cherokee, who remained east of the Mississippi were relinquished and declared void. (See 7 Stat. L, 488) However, many of the Indians did remain east of the Mississippi and the Act of Jul,-,,' 29, 1`38, (!3 Stat. L., 264) provided for the setting aside of a fund for these Indiana, the interest of which was to be paid them annually until their removal west of the Mississippi, when the principal was to be paid them." This letter is dated January 29, 1913, and was supplemental to another of January 21, 1913, in which this language is used: "You are advised that nothing has been found in the files of this office regarding the alleged agreement of General Scott to allow part of the Cherokees to remain in North Carolina on condition that they surrender Old Charlie and his sons. " Again, on February 27, 1913, he wrote: "I have of course no objection to your quoting all or any part of office letters to you on this subject. As to your following these letters with the quotation given in your letter, I would rather not. express an opinion, since I had a search of the records made and found nothing about the alleged agreement to allow certain of the Cherokees to remain east of the Mississippi. I would not be warranted in saying that such an agreement was not made, since there were many things happening in the Indian country about that period of which this office has no record." \n\nRECOGNITION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE EASTERN BAND. On August 6, 1846, a treaty was concluded at Washington by which the rights of the Eastern Cherokees to a participation in the benefits of the New Echota treaty of 1835 were distinctly recognized, and provision made for the final adjustment of all unpaid and pending claims due under that treaty; the government having insisted before that time that those rights were conditional upon their removal to the West. Col. W. H. Thomas then took charge of the Eastern Band. 6 \n\nWILLIAM HOLLAND THOMAS. He was born in 1805 in Haywood county. His father was of a Welch family, fought at Rings Mountain under Col. Campbell, and was related to Zachary Taylor. His mother was descended from a Maryland family of Revolutionary stock. He was an only and posthumous child, his father having been accidentally drowned a short time before he was born. When twelve years old he was engaged to tend an Indian trading store on Soco creek by Felix Walker, son of the congressman who made a national reputation by "talking for Buncombe. " Here he studied law, and was duly admitted to practice. He was adopted by Yonaguska, the Cherokee chief, and was called Will-Usdi, or "Little Will." He learned the spoken and written language, acquiring the Sequoya syllabary shortly after its invention. Soon after the removal of the Cherokees Thomas bought a fine farm near Whittier, and built a home which he called Stekoa, after the Indian town on the same site which had been destroyed by Rutherford in 1776. At the time of theremoval he owned five trading stores, viz: at Quallatown, at Murphy, at Charleston, Tenn., at Robbinsville and at Webster. As agent for the Cherokees he bought @@the five towns for them at Bird-town, Paint-town, Wolf-town, Yellow-hill, and Big Cove@@. He drew up a simple form of government for them, which was executed by Yonaguska till his death and afterwards by Thomas. In 1848 he entered the State Senate, and inaugurated a system of road improvement and was the father of the Western North Carolina railroad. He voted for secession in 1861, and in 1862 organized the Thomas Legion, composed of Cherokees and white citizens. After the war his health failed. His conduct of Cherokee affairs was settled by arbitrators, and it was found that the Indians had lost nothing, and had gained largely under his leadership. @@Col. Thomas, with 300 Indians and Col. James R. Love with 300 white soldiers, confronted Col. Bartlett of New York in April, 1865, near Waynesville@@__. At sight of the Indians and after hearing their yells Bartlett agreed to surrender__, and Col. Thomas paroled his men, allowing them to retain their side arms.' __Col. Thomas died May 12, 1893.__\n\nTHE LATE CAPTAIN JAMES W. TERRELL. "In 1852 (Capt.) James W. Terrell was engaged by (Col. W. H.) Thomas, then in the State Senate, to take charge of his store at Qualla, and remained associated with him and in close contact with the Indians from then until after the close of the war, assisting, as special United States Agent, in the disbursement of the interest payments, and afterward as a Confederate officer in the organization of the Indian companies, holding a commission as captain of Company A, Sixty-ninth North Carolina Confederate infantry. Being of an investigating bent, Captain Terrell was led to give attention to the customs and mythology of the Cherokee, and to accumulate a fund of information on the subject seldom possessed by a white man." \n\nNORTH CAROLINA GIVES PERMISSION. "In 1855 Congress directed the per capita payment to the East Cherokees of the removal fund established for them in 1818, provided that North Carolina should first give assurance that they would be allowed to remain permanently in that State. This assurance, however, was not given until 1866, and the money was therefore not distributed, but remained in the treasury until 1875, when it was made applicable to the purchase of lands and the quieting of titles for the benefit of the Indians." \n\nLANMAN, DANIEL WEBSTER'S SECRETARY. In the spring of 1818 the author, Lanman, visited the East Cherokees and has left an interesting account of their condition at the tune, together with a description of their ball-plays, dances, and customs generally, having been the guest of @@Colonel Thomas, of whom he speaks as the guide, counselor, and friend of the Indians, as well as their business agent and chief,@@ so that the connection was like that existing between a father and his children. He puts the number of Indians at about 800 Cherokee and 100 Catawba on the "Quallatown" reservation the name being in use thus early with 200 more Indians residing in the more westerly portion of the State. Of their general condition he says: \n\n@@CONDITION of INDIANS IN 1848@@. "About three-fourths of the entire population can read in their own language, and, though the majority of them __understand English, a very few can speak the language__. They practice, to a considerable extent, the __science of agriculture__, and have acquired such a knowledge of the mechanic arts as answers them for all ordinary purposes, for they __manufacture their own clothing, their own ploughs, and other farming utensils, their own fixes, and even their own guns__. Their women are no longer treated as slaves, but as equals; the men labor in the fields and their wives are devoted entirely to household employments. They keep the wine domestic animals that are kept by their white neighbors, and cultivate all the common grains of the country. They are probably __as temperate as any other class of people__ on the face of the earth, __honest in their business intercourse, moral in their thought__,, words, and deeds, and distinguished for their faithfulness in performing the duties of religion. __They are chiefly Methodists and Baptists__, and have regularly ordained ministers, who preach to them on every Sabbath, and they have also abandoned many of their more senseless superstition. They have their own court and try their criminals by a regular jury. Their judges and lawyers are chosen from among themselves. They keep in order the public roads leading through their settlement. By a law of the State they have a right to vote, but seldom exercise that right, as they do not like the idea of heing identified with any of the political parties. Excepting on festive days, they __dress after the manner of the white man,__ but far more picturesquely. They __live in small log houses of their own construction__, and have everything they need or desire in the way of food. They are, in fact, __the happiest community that I have yet met__ with in this southern country." \n\nSALALI. Among the other notables Lanman speaks thus of Salili, "Squirrel," a born mechanic of the band, who died only a few years since: \n"He is quite a young man and has a remarkably thoughtful face He is the blacksmith of his nation, and with some assistance supplies the whole of Qualla town with all their axes and plows; but what is more, he has manufactured a number of very superior rifles and pistols, including stock, barrel, and lock, and he is also the builder of grist mills, which grind all the corn which his people eat. A specimen of his workmanship in the way of a rifle may be seen at the Patent Office in Washington, where it was deposited by Mr. Thomas; and I believe Salali is the first Indian who ever manufactured an entire gun. But when it is remembered that he never received a particle of education in any of the mechanic arts, but is entirely self-taught, his attainments must be considered truly remarkable." \n\nCOLONEL THOMAS THWARTS GENERAL KIRBY SMITH. "From 1855 until after the Civil War we find no official notice of the East Cherokees, and our information must be obtained from other sources. It was, however, a most. momentous period in their history. At the outbreak of the war Thomas was serving his seventh consecutive term in the State Senate. Being an ardent Confederate sympathizer, he was elected a delegate to the convention which passed the secession ordinance, and immediately after voting in favor of that measure resigned from the Senate in order to work for the Southern cause. As he was already well advanced in years it is doubtful if his effort would have gone beyond the raising of funds and other supplies but for the fact that at this juncture an effort was made by the Confederate General Kirby Smith to enlist the East Cherokees for active service. \n\nKIRBY SMITH's EMISSARY. "The agent sent for this purpose was Washington Morgan, known to the Indians as Aganstata, son of that Colonel Gideon Morgan who had commanded the Cherokee at the Horseshoe Bend. By virtue of his Indian blood and historic ancestry he was deemed the most fitting emissary for the purpose. Early in 1862 he arrived among the Cherokee, and by appealing to old time memories so aroused the war spirit among them that a large number declared themselves ready to follow wherever he led. Conceiving the question at issue in the war to be one that (lid not concern the Indians, Thomas had discouraged their participation in it and advised them to remain at home in quiet neutrality. Now, however, knowing 'Morgan's reputation for reckless daring, he became alarmed at the possible result to them of such leadership. Forced either to see them go from his own protection or to lead them himself, he chose the latter alternative and proposed to them to enlist in the Confederate legion which he was about to organize. His object, as he himself has stated, was to keep them out of danger so far as possible by utilizing them as scouts and home guards through the mountains, away from the path of the large armies. Nothing of this was said to the Indains, who might not have been satisfied -,vith such an arrangement. Morgan went back alone and the Cherokee enrolled under the command of their white chief. \n\nFORMATION of THOMAS'S LEGION. "The `Thomas Legion,' recruited in 1862 by William H. Thomas for the Confederate service and commanded by him as colonel, consisted originally of one infantry regiment of ten companies (@@Sixty-ninth North Carolina Infantry@@), one infantry battalion of six companies, one cavalry battalion of eight companies (@@First North Carolina Cavalry Battalion@@), one field battery (Light Battery) of 103 officers and men, and one company of engineers; in all about 2,800 men. The infantry battalion was recruited toward the close of the war to a full regiment of ten companies and two other companies of the __infantry regiment recruited later were composed almost entirely of East Cherokee Indians, most of the commissioned officers being white men.__ The @@whole number of Cherokee thus enlisted was nearly four hundred, or about every able-bodied man in the tribe@@." \n\nONE SECRET OF COL. THOMAS'S SUCCESS. Many have wondered how Col. Thomas could so soon have obtained complete control of all the affairs of the Eastern Band of Cherokees, and how he could have obtained from the Confederate government its consent for the organization of these Indians into an independent legion, subject almost entirely to his control, and @@required to operate only in the restricted territory immediately surrounding their reservation at Quallytown@@. But when it is remembered that his mother was Temperance Calvert, and that he himself was closely related to Zachary Taylor, President of the United States, whose daughter became the wife of .Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy, much that was incomprehensible becomes plain. Indeed, all the so called Colvards of Ashe, Graham and Haywood counties claim that their real name was originally Calvert; that they are descendants of the Calverts of Maryland; and the late Captain James W. Terrell always insisted that Temperance Calvert was a grand-niece of Lord Baltimore himself. Col. Thomas was also first cousin to John Strother, whose family was one of influence and standing in Virginia in former days. (See N. C. University Magazine for May, 1899, pp. 291 to 295.) \n\nCHEROKEE SCOUTS AND HOME GUARDS. "__In accordance with Thomas's plan the Indians were employed__@@ chiefly as scouts and home guards in the mountain region@@ along the Tennessee- Carolina border, where, according to the testimony of Colonel Stringfield, they did good work and service for the South. The most important engagement in which they were concerned occurred at Baptist gap, Tennessee, September 15, 1862, where Lieutenant Astugataga, a splendid specimen of Indian manhood, was killed in a charge. The Indians were furious at his death, and before they could be restrained they scalped one or two of the Federal dead. For this action ample apologies were afterwards given by their superior officers. __The war, in fact, brought out all the latent Indian in their nature. Before starting to the front every man@@ consulted an oracle stone @@to learn whether or not he might hope to return in safety__. The start was celebrated with a grand old-time war-dance at the townhouse on Soco, . . . the Indians being @@painted and feathered in good old style,@@ Thomas himself frequently assisting as master of ceremonies. The@@ ball-play@@, too, was not forgotten, and on one occasion a detachment of Cherokees, left to guard a bridge, became so engrossed in the excitement of the game as to narrowly escape capture by a sudden dash of the Federals. Owing to Thomas's care for their welfare, they suffered but slightly in actual battle, although a number died of hardship and disease. When the Confederates evacuated eastern Tennessee, in the winter of 1863-64, some of the white troops of the legion, with one or two of the Cherokee companies, were shifted to western Virginia, and by assignment to other regiments a few of the Cherokee were present at the final siege and surrender of Richmond. The main body of the Indians, with the rest of the Thomas Legion, crossed over into North Carolina and did service protecting the western border until the close of the war, when @@they surrendered on parole at Waynesville@@__, North Carolina, in May 1865, all those of the command being allowed to keep their gun,.__ It is claimed by their officers that @@they were the last of the Confederate forces to surrender@@. About fifty of the Cherokee veterans still survive (in 1899), nearly half of whom, under conduct of Colonel Stringfield, attended the Confederate reunion at Louisville, Kentucky, in 1900, where they attracted much attention. \n\nCONFEDERATE CONGRESS PROVIDES FUNDS. "In 1863, by resolution of February 12, the Confederate House of Representatives called for information as to the number and condition of the East Cherokee, and their pending relations with the Federal government at the beginning of the war, with a view to continuing these relations under Confederate auspices. In response to this inquiry a report was submitted by the Confederate Commissioner of Indian Affairs, S. S. Scott, based on information furnished by Colonel Thomas and Captain James W. Terrell, their former disbursing agent, showing that interest upon the `removal and subsistence fund' established in 1848 had been paid annually up to and including the year 1859, at the rate of 53.20 per capita, or an aggregate, exclusive of disbursing agent's commission, of 84,838.40 annually, based upon the original Mullay enumeration of 1,517. \n"Upon receipt of this report it was enacted 1>y the Confederate Congress that the sum of $19,302.36 he paid the East Cherokee to cover the interest period of four years from May 23, 1860 to May 23, 1864. \n\nCAPTURED CHEROKEES DESERT CONFEDERACY. "In a skirmish near Bryson City (then Charleston), Swain county, North Carolina, about a year after enlistment, a small party of Cherokees-perhaps a dozen in number-were captured by a detachment of Union troops and carried to Knoxville, where, having become dissatisfied with their experience in the Confederate service, they were easily- persuaded to go over to the Union side. Through the influence of their principal man, Diganeski, several others mere induced to desert to the Union army, making about thirty in all. As a part of the Third North Carolina Mounted Volunteer Infantry, they- served with the Union forces in the same region until the close of the war, when they returned to their homes to find their tribesmen so bitterly incensed against them that for some time their lives were in clanger. Eight of these were still alive in 1900. \n\nAFTER CIVIL WAR. "Shortly after this event Colonel Thomas was compelled by physical and mental infirmity to retire from further active participation in the affairs of the East Cherokee, after more than half a century spent in intimate connection with them, during the greater portion of which time he had been their most trusted friend and adviser. Their affairs at once became the prey of confusion and factional strife, which continued until the United States stepped in as arbiter. \n\nCHEROKEES ADOPT NEW GOVERNMENT, 1870. "On December 9, 1868, a general council of the East Cherokee assembled at Cheowa, in Graham county, North Carolina, took preliminary steps toward the adoption of a regular form of tribal government under a constitution. N. J. Smith, afterward principal chief, was clerk of the council. The new government was formally inaugurated on December 1, 1870. \nSTATUS OF INDIAN LANDS. "The status of the lands held by the Indians had now become a matter of serious concern. As has been stated, the deeds had been made out by Thomas in his own name, as the State laws at that time forbade Indian ownership of real estate. In consequence of his losses during the war and his subsequent disability, the Thomas properties, of which the Cherokee lands were technically a part, had become involved, so that the entire estate had passed into the hands of creditors, the most important of whom, William Johnston, had obtained sheriff's deeds in 1869 for all of these Indian lands under three several judgments against Thomas, aggregating $33,887.11.To adjust the matter so as to secure title and possession to the Indians, Congress in 1870 authorized suit to be brought in their name for the recovery of their interest. This suit was begun in 'May, 1873, in the United States Circuit Court for western North Carolina. A year later the matters in dispute were submitted by agreement to a board of arbitrators, whose award was confirmed by the court in November, 187-1. \n\nLAND STATUS SETTLED BY ARBITRATION. "The award finds that Thomas had purchased with Indian funds a tract estimated to contain 50,000 acres on Oconaluftee river and Soco creek, and known as the Qualla boundary, together with a number of individual tracts outside the boundary; that the Indians were still indebted to Thomas toward the purchase of the Qualla boundary lands for the sum of $18,250, from which should be deducted 86,500 paid by them to Johnston to release titles, with interest to date of award, making an aggregate of 88,486, together with a further sum of 82,478, which had been intrusted to Terrell, the business clerk and assistant of Thomas, and by him turned over to Thomas, as creditor of the Indians, under power of attorney, this latter sum, with interest to date of award, aggregating 82,697.89; thus leaving a balance due from the Indians to Thomas or his legal creditor, Johnston, of $7,066.11. The award declares that Johnston should be allowed to hold the lands bought by him only as security for the balance due him until paid, and that on the payment of the said balance of 87,066.11, -,vith interest at six per cent from the date of the award, the Indians should be entitled to a clear conveyance from him of the legal title to all the lands embraced within the Qualla boundary. \n\nPART OF SUBSISTENCE FUND USED TO CLEAR TITLE. "To enable the Indians to clear off this lien on their lands and for other purposes, Congress in 1875 directed that as much as remained of the `removal and subsistence fund' set apart for their benefit in 1848 should be used `in perfecting the titles to the lands awarded to them, and to pay the costs, expenses, and liabilities attending their recent. litigations, also to purchase and extinguish the titles of any- white persons to lands within the general boundaries alotted to them by the court, and for the education, improvement, and civilization of their people.' In accordance with this authority- the unpaid balance and interest clue Johnston, amounting to $7,242.76, was paid him in the same year, and shortly afterward there was purchased on behalf of the Indians some fifteen thousand acres additional, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs being constituted trustee for the Indians. For the better protection of the Indians the lands were made inalienable except by assent of the council and upon approval of the President of the United States. \n\nDEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSUMES CONTROL. "The titles and boundaries having been adjusted, the Indian Office assumed regular supervision of East Cherokee affairs, and in June, 1875, the first agent since the retirement of Thomas was sent out in the person of W. C. McCarthy He found the Indians, according to his report, destitute and discouraged, almost without stock or farming tools. There were no schools, and very few full-bloods could speak English, although to their credit nearly all could read and write their own language, the parents teaching the children. Under his authority a distribution was made of stock animals, seed wheat, and farming tools, and several schools were started. In the next year, however, the agency was discontinued and the educational interests of the band turned over to the State School Superintendent. \n\nTHE OLD INDIAN FRIENDS, THE QUAKERS. "The neglected condition of the East Cherokee having been brought to the attention of those old time friends of the Indian, the @@Quakers@@, through an appeal made in their behalf by members of that society residing in North Carolina, the Western Yearly Meeting, of Indiana, volunteered to undertake the work of civilization and education. On May 31, 1881, representatives of the Friends entered into a contract with the Indians, subject to approval by the Government, to establish and continue among them for ten years @@an industrial school and other common schools@@, to be supported in part from the annual interest of the trust fund held by the Government to the credit of the East Cherokee and in part by funds furnished by the Friends themselves. Through the efforts of Barnabas C. Hobbs, of the Western Yearly Meeting, a yearly contract to the same effect was entered into with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs later in the same year, and was renewed by successive commissioners to cover the period of ten years ending June 30, 1892, when the contract system was terminated and the Government assumed direct control. Under the joint arrangement, with some aid at the outset from the North Carolina Meeting, work was begun in 1881 by Thomas Brown with several teachers sent out by the Indiana Friends, who established a small training school at the agency headquarters at Cherokee, and several day schools in the outlying settlements. He was succeeded three years later by H. Spray, an experienced educator, who, with a corps of efficient assistants and greatly enlarged facilities, continued to do good work for the elevation of the Indians until the close of the contract system eight years later. After an interregnum, (luring which the schools suffered from frequent changes, he was reappointed as government agent and superintendent in 1898, a position which he still holds in 1901. To the work conducted under his auspices the East Cherokee owe much of what they have today of civilization and enlightenment. \n\nEASTERN BAND SUES IN COURT OF CLAIMS. "The East Cherokee had never ceased to contend for a participation in the rights and privileges accruing to the western nation under treaties with the government. In 1882 a special agent had been appointed to investigate their claims and in the following year, under authority of Congress, the eastern band of Cherokee brought suit in the Court of Claims against the United States and the Cherokee Indians. The case was decided adversely to the eastern band, first by the Court of Claims in 1885, and finally, on appeal, by the Supreme Court on March 1, 1886, that court holding in its decision that the Cherokee in North Carolina had dissolved their connection with the Cherokee nation and ceased to be a part of it when they refused to accompany the main body at the Removal, and that if Indians in North Carolina or in any state east of the Mississippi wished to enjoy the benefits of the common property of the Cherokee Nation in any form whatever they must be readmitted to citizenship in the Cherokee Nation and comply with its constitution and laws. \n\nEASTERN BAND INCORPORATED. "In order to acquire a more definite legal status, the Cherokee residing in North Carolina-being practically all those of the eastern band having genuine Indian interests-became a corporate body under the laws of the state in 1889.In 1894 the long-standing litigation between the East Cherokee and a number of creditors and claimants to Indian lands within and adjoining the Qualla boundary was finally settled by a compromise by which the several white tenants and claimants within the boundary agreed to execute a quitclaim and vacate on payment to them by the Indians of sums aggregating $24,552, while for another disputed adjoining tract of 33,000 acres the United States agreed to pay, for the Indians, at the rate of $1.25 per acre. The necessary government approval having been obtained, Congress appropriated a sufficient amount for carrying into effect the agreement, thus at last completing a perfect and unencumbered title to all the lands claimed by the Indians, with the exception of a few outlying tracts of comparative unimportance. \n\nEXACT LEGAL STATUS STILL IN DISPUTE. "The exact legal status of the East Cherokee is still a matter of dispute, they being at once wards of the government, citizens of the United States, and (in North Carolina) a corporate body under state laws. They pay real estate taxes and road service, exercise the voting privilege and are amenable to local courts, but do not pay poll tax or receive any pauper assistance from the counties; neither can they make free contracts or alienate their lands. Under their tribal constitution they are governed by a principal and an assistant chief, elected for a term of four years, with an executive council appointed by the chief, and sixteen councilors elected by the various settlements for a term of two years. The annual council is held in October at Cherokee, on the reservation, the proceedings being in the Cherokee language and recorded by their clerk in the Cherokee alphabet, as well as in English. \n\nPRESENT MATERIAL CONDITIONS. "The majority are fairly comfortable, far above the condition of most Indian tribes, and but little, if any, behind their white neighbors. In literary ability they may even be said to surpass them, as in addition to the result of nearly twenty years of school work among the younger people, nearly- all the men and some of the women can read and write their own language. All wear civilized costumes, though an @@occasional pair of moccasins is seen,@@ while the women find means to gratify the racial @@love of color in the wearing of red bandanna kerchiefs@@ in place of bonnets. The @@older people still cling to their ancient rites@@__ and sacred traditions, but the dance and the ballplay wither and the Indian day is nearly spent. " __\n\n@@EASTERN BAND TRY TO SELL TIMBER@@. Since Mr. Moody's concluding words were written the courts have managed still more to confuse the legal status of the Cherokees, for in September, 1893, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, acting as a corporation of the State of North Carolina, by virtue of Chapter 211, Private Laws of 1889, __sold and conveyed to David L. Boyd certain timber on the Cathcart tract of the Qualla boundary__, containing about 30,000 acres. In January, 1894, David L. Boyd sold said trees to H. M. Dickson and William T. Mason, who afterwards conveyed them to the Dickson-Mason Lumber Company. Before beginning to cut these trees the Dickson-Mason Company was apprised of the fact that the @@Department of the Interior of the United States had not sanctioned the sale of this timber@@, and refused to ratify the contract. This company, on the other hand, had been advised that the band of Indians were citizens of North Carolina and not tribal Indians, and, therefore, had the right to convey the trees; and desiring to have the question tested by the courts, put a few men to work cutting the timber, at the same time notifying the agents of the Government and the United States District Attorney of the fact. The government instituted a suit in which it asked a perpetual injunction against the Dickson-'Mason Company; but at the next term of the United States Court at Asheville, in November, 1894, the government voluntarily took a nonsuit in the cause, the Attorney General holding that "the legal status of the Indians in question is that of citizens of 1 orth Carolina; that they have been in all respects citizens since the date of or soon after the treaty with the Cherokees of 1885 [1835'], and this with the consent of the United States expressed in that treaty, by the election of the Indians and the consent of --North Carolina. They have voted at all elections for half a century, and are citizens of the United State. It seems clear that Congress could not, by the Act of July 27, 1868, or otherwise (if such was the intention) make of them an Indian tribe or place them under the control of the United States as Indians, any more effectually than if they- had been white citizens of Massachusetts or Georgia (Eastern Band Cherokee Indians t,. the United Males and Cherokee Nation, 117 U. S. 228). Neither could such citizens of North Carolina make themselves a tribe of Indians within that State." \n\n@@INTERIOR DEPARTMENT INTERVENES@@. Accordingly, the Dickson-Mason Company began malting large and expensive preparations for cutting the timber on the Cathcart boundary. But, it turned out later, that the Interior Department was not satisfied with this disposition of the matter and commenced another action based on the same facts, but alleging fraud in obtaining the Boyd contract from the Indians. Judge C. H. Simonton (in U. S. r. Boyd, 68 Fed. Rep., 587) held that the Eastern Band of Cherokees were not tribal Indians, but wards of the Government which, like any other guardian, had the right to see that any contract made by them was for their benefit and not to their detriment. In an opinion filed by him he held that "the case of the Cherokee trust fund (117 U. S., 288) does not conflict with these views. That case decides that this Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is not a part of the nation of Cherokees with which this Government treats, and that they have no recognized separate political existence. But, at the same time, their distinct unity is recognized, and the fostering care of the Government over them as such distinct unit. This being so, the United States have the right in their own Courts to bring such suits as may be necessary to protect these Indians. " \n\nGOVERNMENT APPEALS FROM DECISION. The case was then referred to Hon. R. H. Douglas, Standing 'Master, who, in November, 1895, found that the price paid for the timber (815,000) was fair and that there was no fraud in making the contract. This report was confirmed, but the Government appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals from so much of the decree as held that the Court had the power to permit the parties to carry out the contract without the sanction of the Interior Department, upon the ground that "these Indians were tribal Indians and embraced within the terms of congressional enactments for the protection of tribal Indians." This contention was sustained on appeal (see U. S. v Boyd and others, 83 Fed. Rep., 517), though "no reference is made by the Curt to the decision of the t toted Stales Supreme Court in case of the Eastern Bowl of the Cherokee Indians v United States awl Cherokee Nation (117 U. S. Rep., 288) where the, whole subject is discussed, and where, on page 309, the Court says "...they have never been recognized by the United States; no treaty has been made with them; they can pass no laws; they are citizens of that State [North Carolina] and bound by its laws.'" \n\nLUMBER COMPANY APPEALS. From this decision the Dickson - Mason Company appealed to the United States Supreme Court in May, 1888, but before its perfection the Interior Department re-investigated the contract of sale of the timber, and fully ratified the same. The appeal, therefore, was abandoned; and the anomaly remains that the Cherokees are citizens of North Carolina, according to the United States Supreme Court, while they are still tribal Indains whose contracts are void without the approval of the Department of the Interior, according to the decision of an inferior tribunal, that of the U. S. Court of Appeals. (For a full report of these cases see Private Calender No. 725, 61st Congress, 3d Session, House Rep. Report No. 1926, January 17, 1911.) Thus each party to this proceeding obtained what was sought by it; the Dickson-Mason company the right to cut and remove the timber, and the Interior Department a decision which gives it a right to review every contract made by the Eastern Band of Cherokees. And it is well that this is so, for while there was no fraud in this particular contract, nevertheless, there may be in contracts yet to be made. \n\nUNITED STATES VACILLATES, STATE STANDS FIRM. The above is the work of the United States authorities. So far as North Carolina is concerned, her courts have finally and forever settled the status of the Cherokee Indians in her borders as citizens of this State, as will fully appear by reference to Frazier v. Cherokee Indians, 146 N. C., 477, and State v. Wolfe, 145 N. C., 440. \n\nFINAL DISTRIBUTION. "In 1910 was distributed to the Eastern Band of Cherokees about $133 per capita.8 This is the final payment on their claims against the Government for a balance due them under the New Echota treaty of 1835-1836, under which the Government had promised to pay the Eastern Band of Cherokees (before the removal) $5,000,000 for a release to all of their lands east of the Mississippi river, part of which was to be paid in cash and the balance invested in bonds and held for their benefit. But there is another provision under which each Indian was to be paid for transportation to the Indian Territory and for one year's subsistence after arriving there. There was a question as to whether this money was to be in addition to the $5,000,000 to be paid for the lands or was to be deducted from that fund. In a subsequent settlement with the Government (1852) the Indians gave a receipt which was in full of all claims and demands, although at that time the question of this transportation and subsistence payment had not been discussed. 9 It was afterwards raised, however, but the United States claimed that the Cherokees were estopped by their receipt above referred to. Thus matters stood when Hon. Hoke Smith, Secretary of the Interior under President Cleveland, sought to purchase of the Western Band the Cherokee Strip of the Indian Territory (25 Stat., 1005 of 1889). The Cherokees then refused to consider any proposition to sell until the Government agreed to allow them to prove any claim they might still have against the Government under the New Echota treaty. This the Government agreed to December 19, 1891, and the Cherokee Strip was sold. The Interior Department investigated their claims and reported that there was due the Indians $1,111,284.71 which, at five per cent from 12th June, 1838, amounted to about $4,500,000. But the Department of Justice decided against the admission of the Department of the Interior, the Attorney General holding that the receipt of 1852 estopped the Indians from setting up any further claims, March 2, 1893. Whereupon, Congress passed an act authorizing the Indians to set up their contentions before the Court of Claims, which decided in favor of the Indians. But the United States appealed to the Supreme Court, which sustained the Court of Claims, with some slight modifications. An effort was made to pay out this money per stirpes, but that was found to be impracticable and the payment had to be made per capita, owing to intermarriages between the Indians and the whites. According to the roll of 1851 the Eastern Band composed about one-ninth of the Cherokee Nation, but in the final payment they were found to be only about one-eighteenth of the whole. See Easter?? Cherokees z.% United States, No. 23214 Court of Claims, decided March 7, 1910." \n\nWESTERN CHEROKEE NATION DISSOLVED. In 1887 Congress abandoned the reservation plan, and enacted the Land Allotment Law, by which the land was divided into individual holdings to be held in trust by the government till each individual owner was considered competent to hold it in fee. This has now been (lone, the task of converting the Cherokees from a tribe into a body of individual owners of land having been commenced in 1902. Prior to that (late, in 1898, Congress had passed the Curtis act providing for the valuation and allotment of the lands of the Five Civilized Tribes. In 1906 the legislative, and judicial departments of the Cherokees ceased; but the executive branch was kept in existence under Principal Chief IV. C. Rogers. When Oklahoma became a state in 1907 all members of the tribe became citizens of the new state. By July 1, 1914, all community property had been converted into cash, amounting to about $600,000, or about $15 per capita, to 41,798 members, including about 2,000 full-blooded whites and 3,000 full - blooded negroes, descendants of slaves freed in 1865. The four other nations, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole and Chocktaw, will soon pass into full citizenship also. The Cherokees were admittedly the most advanced native American race since the Spanish exterminated the Incas and Aztecs. Ethnologically the Cherokees are said to have been a branch of the Iroquois family, though never allied with them politically. It is claimed that they were driven from their original home in the Appomattox basin, Virginia, into Georgia, the Carolinas and Tennessee. When the Supreme Court of the United States sustained the Cherokee treaties, Andrew Jackson remarked: "Now let John Marshall enforce his decision." \n\nPOPULATION. There are at this time in Swain, Jackson, Cherokee and Graham counties, North Carolina, a considerable number of Cherokee Indian. "The total population of the Cherokees, as given by the superintendent in charge for 1911, is 2,015. The enrollment in the different schools is as follows: \n@@Cherokee Indian School (Boarding) 175 \nBirdtown Day School 45 \nSnow Bird Gap (Day School) 34 \nLittle Snow Bird@@ 20 \n"A considerable number attend public school where the degree of Indian blood is small. The non-reservation boarding schools provided by the Federal Government also have a number of pupils from this reservation." \n\n@@INDIAN WEAPONS@@. From the Handbook of American Indians (Bulletin 30 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, 90-94) can be obtained a full description of the __arrowheads, arrows, bows and quivers__, etc., of the American Indians; with pictures of __arrowshaft straighteners, stone arrowshaft rubber, and the various methods of arrow release__. It is generally supposed that the process by which the Indians manufactured the arrow- and spear-heads out of flint is among the lost arts; but Dr. W. H. Holmes, head curator of the department of anthropology of the Smithsonian Institution, wrote me, August 29, 1913, that "the processes referred to are well known and have been observed in practice among a number of western tribes, and the art has been acquired by numerous students of the subject, among others myself. In preparing a work for publication in the near future, I have described twenty processes practiced by different primitive peoples. The flint is usually quarried from pits at Flint Ridge, Ohio, and in many parts of Georgia and the Carolinas. It is broken into fragments and the thin favorable ones are chosen and the shape is roughed out by means of small hammerstones. These hammerstones are found in great numbers in flint bearing regions and are globular in shape or discoidal. Sometimes they have pits in opposite sides to accommodate the thumb and fingers while in use. When the shape is roughed out by strokes of the hammer, and the edges are in approximate shape, a piece of hard bone or antler is taken and the flakes are struck off on the edges by means of quick, hard pressure with the bone point. Sometimes the implement being shaped is held in the hand, the hand being protected by a pad of buckskin. Again, the implement being shaped is laid upon a solid surface of wood or stone beneath which is a pad of buckskin and the flakes are broken off by downward pressure of the instrument." \n\n@@CHEROKEE MYTHS.@@\n(Condensed from the 13th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.)\nORIGIN OF THE @@MOUNDS@@. Were built for town-houses from which to witness dances and games, and be above freshet. \nCHEOWA MAXIMA. A @@bald mountain@@ at head of Cheowa river, was @@the place of hornets@@, from a monster hornet which nested there. \nJOANNA BALD. A bald mountain between Graham and Cherokee, called "lizard place," from @@a great lizard@@ with shining throat. \nJUDACULLA OLD FIELD. On slope of Tennessee bald, where a giant of that name had had his residence and field. \nJUDACULLA ROCK. On the north bank of Caney fork, a mile above Moses' creek, being a large soapstone slab covered with rude carvings. \nNANTAHALA. A river in Macon, being a corruption of Nundayeli, or middle sun, because between the river banks @@the sun can be seen only at noonday. Others say it means a maiden's bosom. @@\nNUGATSANI. A ridge below Yellow Hill, said to be the resort of fairies. The word denotes a gradual or gentle slope. \nQUALLA. A name given a locality where there was @@a trading post because a woman named Polly@@ lived there, the Indians pronouncing it Qually, being unable to articulate the letter p. \nSOCO GAP. At the head of Soco creek, and @@means an ambush@@ or where they were ambushed, from which point they watched for enemies approaching from the north. It, was there they ambushed an invading party of Shawano. Hence the name. \nSTANDING INDIAN. A high peak at the head of Nantahala river, meaning "@@where the man stood"@@ (Yunwitsulenunyi), from a rock that used to jut out from the summit, but is now broken off. \nSTEKOA. The W. H. Thomas farm above Whittier, the true meaning of which is lost. It does not mean "little fat," as some suppose. \nSWANNANOA. It does not mean "beautiful," but is a corruption of Suwali nunna (hi), Suwali trail, the Cherokee name, not of the stream, but of the trail crossing the gap to the country of the Ani-Suwali or Cheraw. \nTUSQUITTEE BALD. A mountain in Clay, meaning "@@where the water-dogs laughed@@"; because a hunter thought he heard dogs laugh there, but found that their pond had dried up, and they were on their way to N antahala river, saying their gills had dried up. \nVENGEANCE CREEK. A south branch of Valley river, @@because of the cross looks of an Indian woman @@who lived there. \nWAYAH GAP. In Nantahala mountains on road from Aquone to Franklin, and is Cherokee for wolf. A fight occurred here in 1776. Some call it Warrior gap. \nWEBSTER. Used to be called Unadantiyi, or "Where they conjured," though the name properly belongs to a gap three miles east of Webster on trail up Scott's creek. \nMcNAIR'S GRAVE. Just inside the Tennessee line is a stone-walled grave, with a slab on which is an epitaph telling of the Removal heartbreak, having this inscription: "Sacred to the memory of David and Delilah A. McNair, who departed this life, the former on the 15th August, 1836, and the latter on the 30th November, 1838. Their children being members of the Cherokee nation and having to go with their people to the West, do leave this monument, not only to show their regard for their parents, but to guard their sacred ashes against the unhallowed intrusion of the white man." \n\nNOTES.\n1. Condensed from Literary Digest, p. 472, September 21, 1912.\n2. Unless otherwise noted all in this chapter is based on the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1897, Part I.\n3. Roosevelt, Vol. I, p. 74.\n4. In the Lyceum for April, 1891. pp. 22-23, the late Col A. T. Davidson gives an account of the burial of two brass field pieces by Rutherford's men in a swamp below the residence of the late Elam Slagle, and near the mouth of Warrior creek, so called because of the battle there.\n5. N. C. Booklet, for December, 1904.\n6. In Wheeler, Vol. II (pp. 205-6) is a letter from Col. Thomas to Hon. James Graham, dated October 15, 1838, in which he gives a brief account of the Eastern Band and why they were allowed to remain.\n7. Condensed from 19th An. Rep. Bureau Am. Ethnology, and N. C. Booklet, Vol. III, No. 2. These notes were from the Nineteenth Report, and I have already sufficiently stated that everything not otherwise noted (Note 2) is taken from that authority.\n8. Statement of Hon. Geo. H. Smathers, attorney for the Eastern Band, to J. P. A., May 28, 1912.\n9. See 9 Stat. L. 544-556-570-572; 40 Court of Claims, 281-252; 202 U. S. Rep., 101-130. \n\n© 2001, Jeffrey C. Weaver, Arlington, VA\n\n
The Civil War Years\n1861-1865\nLike so many southern communities, the men of Cataloochee fought in the Confederate Army. Many did not come home. While the men of fighting age were away, the war came to Cataloochee which was galantly defended by the Home Guard, women, old men and boys. \nCataloochee Confederates\nMany men from Cataloochee sent to service for the Confederacy. The known soldiers are as follows:\nLevi Colwell <levi.htm>\nHiram Colwell <levi.htm>\nHarrison Colwell - wounded; captured; POW in Illinois\nSylvanus Bennett - Killed at Chickamauga\nArchibald Bennett - Wounded at Murfreesboro; died of wounds\nWash Bennett - Captured at Murfreesboro; captured at Chickamauga;\nPOW at Camp Douglas, Illinois\nAmanual Bennett - POW at end of war\nNewton Bennett - 62nd NC Infantry; captured at Cumberland Gap;\nPOW at Camp Douglas, Illinois\nCreighton Bennett - 62nd NC Infantry; captured at Cumberland Gap;\nPOW at Camp Douglas, Illinois; died there\n\nGrooms Tune\nBecause of the remoteness of Cataloochee and the surrounding mountains, it was the perfect place for those not wanting to fight, for whatever reason, to hide out. It was the duty of Captain Albert Teague, CSA, to find these outliers and turn them in to the officials.\nCaptain Teague and his home guard, who were a pretty bad lot, began stealing and killing in under the guise of looking for outliers. They did not care if their victims were pro Union or pro-Confederate, soldier or citizen.\nTeague had captured three men who were hiding out trying to avoid conscription into service. They were: George Grooms, Anderson Grooms and a man named Caldwell. The men were bound and marched over Mt. Sterling and down the Cataloochee side of the mountain for 7-8 miles.\nAs the story goes, one of the Grooms men had a fiddle that he managed to carry over the mountain. When the raiders and their prisoners stopped, he was asked to play a tune on his fiddle. He chose Bonapart's Retreat, a slow, sad tune. Upon completion of the tune, the three prisoners were shot. Teague and his men left the prisoners where they fell and rode away.\nA while later, Eliza Grooms (relation unknown) and other family members found their bodies and took they home. The three are buried in the community graveyard on Big Creek.\nYears after this incident, Bonapart's Retreat was called Grooms Tune by those who knew this tragic story. \n\nKirk's Raiders\nColonel George Kirk was a Union officer who, along with his 600 men terrorized Western North Carolina and Eastern Tennessee during the war. Like their Confederate counterpart, Teague, they did not care which side their victims were loyal to.\nIronically, on April 9, 1865, the day Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, Kirk and his army of bushwhackers and criminals came to Cataloochee from Tennessee via Mt. Sterling. \n@@Colonel Robert Howell, CSA, had the job of defending the Cataloochee Parkway, a crude road through Cataloochee and over Mt. Sterling. His soldiers were men too old to go to war and boys too young to go. Being greatly outnumbered and with insufficient firepower, all they could do was snipe and harass Kirk. @@\nWhen the Blue Army was first seen, Colonel @@Howell sent one of the boys down the mountain to warn the families in Cataloochee.@@ The boy stopped at Young Bennett's house. While the Bennett's hid their things Mrs. Bennett, rode a fast horse to warn the others in the valley.\n@@The early warning enabled the people to hide their valuables, food and livestock from the dreaded raiders.@@ The raiders stayed several days. They found out that the Schoolhouse Patch (a school/church building) had been turned into a hospital for sick and wounded soldiers passing through Cataloochee and raided the little building. Nine convalesing men were killed, six wounded and three were able to escape.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. That there were many outrages committed on and near the Tennessee line during the Civil War is too well known to admit of doubt. That all the blame does not rest on one side alone is equally certain. These mountains were full of "@@outliers@@," as they were called, and they had to live somehow. They __did not belong especially to either side; they simply wanted to keep out of the war__. It was a __great temptation to cold and hungry men on foot to steal horses, food, bedding and clothing__, and many of them yielded to the desire. Raiding parties went into Tennessee from North Carolina and raiding parties from Tennessee came into the North Carolina mountains. The trails and wagon roads through these mountains were usually guarded by Confederate troops. When they could not capture those who were riding or driving horses and mules from one side to the other they shot them down. Toward the close of the war lawless men robbed those they thought had money or other valuables. That the names of those who figured in this unfortunate period as oppressors or oppressed should be preserved, as far as possible, is evident to all who appreciate the duties of impartial history. Therefore, not to keep alive unpleasant memories, but to preserve names, dates and events, some of these occurrences are here related. Some of them were __attended with unnecessary cruelty__, but no mention is made thereof. That some of the women at home had as hard a time as the men in the field is shown by Mrs. Margaret Walker's story. The facts given in this chapter are meant merely to supplement those given in "The North Carolina Regiments," published by the State in 1901. \n\nNORTH CAROLINA IN THE CIVIL WAR.1 From the address at Raleigh, Way 10, 1904, by Hon. Theo. F. Davidson, the following is taken : "She [North Carolinas was next to the last state to secede from the Union, and in February, 1861 she voted against secession by 30,000 majority; yet, with a military population of 115,365, the State of North Carolina furnished to the Confederate army 125,000 men. . .Of the ten regiments on either side which sustained the heaviest loss in any one engagement during the war, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey furnished one each, and North Carolina furnished three. North Carolina furnished from first to last one fifth of the entire Confederate army, and at the surrender at Appomattox, one-half of the muskets stacked were from North Carolina. The last charge of the Army of Northern Virginia under Lee was made by North Carolina troops, and the last gun fired was by Flanner's battery from Wilmington ton, N. C. The men of North Carolina were found (lead farthest up the blood-stained slopes of Gettysburg. 40,275 soldiers from North Carolina gave their lives to the Confederacy-more than one third of her entire military population, and a loss of more than double in percentage that sustained by the soldiers from any other state. Of this number 19,678 were killed upon the field of battle or died of wounds; and it is now a historical fact, questioned by none, that the greatest loss sustained by any regiment on either side during the war was that of the twenty-sixth North Carolina regiment at Gettysburg. 3 It carried into action 800 men and came out with eighty, who, with torn ranks and tattered flag, were still eager for the fray. The charge of the fifth North Carolina regiment at Williamsburg ranks in military history with that of the Light Brigade at Balaclava. That charge gave the regiment and its brave and illustrious commander, Col. D. K. McRae, to immortality." 2 \nCarved on the Confederate monument at Raleigh are these words: \n\n"FIRST AT BETHEL, FARTHEST AT GETTYSBURG AND CHICKAMAUGA AND LAST AT APPOMATTOX."\nThese claims are amply sustained in Vol. I, "Literary and Historical Activities in North Carolina, 1900-1905," as follows: First at Bethel, by E. J. Hale (p. 427); Farthest to the Front at Gettysburg, by W. A. Montgomery (1). 432); Longstreet's Assault at Gettysburg, 1>y W. R. Bond (1>. 446); Farthest to the Front at Chickamauga, by A. C. Avery (p. 459); The Last at Appomattox, by Henry A. London (p. 171); The Last Capture of Guns, by E. J. Holt (1). 431), and Number of Losses of North Carolina Troops (p. 484). \n\nASHEVILLE A MILITARY CENTER. "During the War Between the States, @@Asheville became in a small way a military center@@. 3 Confederate troops were from time to time encamped at __Camp Patton, at Camp Clingman on French Broad Avenue and Phillip street, on Battery Porter Hill (now called Battery Park), at Camp Jeter (northeast and northwest corners of Cherry and Flint streets), and in the vicinity of Lookout Park__. Fortifications were erected on Beaucatcher, Battery Porter, Woodfin street opposite the Oaks Hotel, Montford avenue near the residence of J. E. Rumbough, on the hill near the end of Riverside drive north of T. S. Morrison's, and on the ridge immediately east of the place where North Main street last crosses Glenn's creek, now [1898] owned by- the children of the late N. W. Woodfin. At this last place, on April 11th, 1865, a battle was fought between the Confederate troops at Asheville and a detachment of United States troops, who came up the French Broad river. The latter was defeated and compelled to return into Tennessee. This was the Battle of Asheville. \n\nWAR-TIME LOCATIONS IN ASHEVILLE. "The Confederate postoffice was in the old Buck Hotel building on North Main street.. The Confederate commissary was on the east side of North Main street between the public square and College street. This old building was afterwards removed to Patton avenue, whence it was removed again to give way to a brick building. The Confederate hospital stood on the grounds afterwards occupied by the Legal building, where is now the Citizen office. 4 The chief armories of the Confederate states were at Richmond, Va., and Fayetteville, N. C., but there were two smaller establishments, one at Asheville, N. C., and the other at Tallahassee, Ala. (1 Davis's Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 480.) \n\nCONFEDERATE ARMORY. "The @@armory at Asheville@@ was in charge of an Englishman by the name of Riley as chief machinist. It __stood on the branch immediately east of where Valley street crosses it__. Here, when North Carolina was one of the Confederate States of America, the Confederate flag from a high flag-pole was constantly displayed. There it floated in the breeze, and rested in the sunlight, the emblem \nOf liberty born of a patriot's dream,\nOf a storm-cradled nation that fell. \n"These buildings were burned by the United States troops when they entered the town in the latter part of April, 1865." \n\nTHE FLAG OF BETHEL. The flag of Bethel was made and presented to the Buncombe Riflemen by Misses Anna and Lillie Woodfin, Fanny and Annie Patton, Mary Gains and Kate Smith. It was made of their silk dresses. Miss Anna Woodfin made the presentation speech and after the war embroidered upon it "Bethel. " It was carried by the First North Carolina regiment at the battle of Bethel Church, the first battle of the Civil War. \n\nA HERO OF THE MERRIMAC. Riley Powers of Buncombe was a member of the crew of the "Merrimac" when she fought the "Monitor" in Hampton Roads. He saw her launched and witnessed her blowing up. \n\nLIEUTENANT-COLONEL J. A. KEITH. In the spring of 1863 @@Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Keith of Marshall@@, with part of the 64th Regiment, went to the Shelton Laurel country in Madison county @@to punish those of that section who had taken part in the looting of 'Marshall@@, which had taken place only a short time before. At this looting __men and boys from Shelton Laurel had broken into stores and removed salt and other property__. Col. Keith __captured thirteen old men and youths. He made them sit on a log, and without having given them even the pretense of a trial had them shot__ . . . . Some of these were mere boys. __The trench in which they were buried__ is still shown to the curious. This __section was filled with deserters from both armies and those seeking to escape conscription in Tennessee and North Carolina. They carried on a sort of guerrilla warfare, and fought from rocks and crags__. But this wholesale execution instantly aroused the indignation of the entire mountain section. Governor Vance demanded Keith's resignation, and he was __dismissed from office in disgrace__. 5 He was arrested after the Civil War and placed in jail at Asheville; but before he could be tried in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of North Carolina, President Johnson's proclamation of amnesty was issued and he escaped trial altogether. In the account of the 64th Regiment by Capt. B. T. Morris, in "North Carolina Regiments," this act is characterized as being too cruel. 6 \n\nEARLY SIGNS OF DISAFFECTION IN THE MOUNTAINS. On the 7th of July, 1863, the General Assembly of the State provided for the organization of the Guard for Home Defence, commonly called the @@Home Guard@@, which was to __consist of all males from 18 to 50 not in the Confederate Army__, and John W. McElroy was appointed brigadier general and placed in command, with headquarters at Burnsville.7 On the 12th of April, 1864, he wrote to Gov. Vance from Mars Hill College, where he then had his headquarters, that on the Sunday night before a band of tories, headed by Montrevail Ray, numbering about 75 men, had surprised the small guard he had left at Burnsville, and broken open the magazine and removed all the arms and ammunition. They had also broken open Brayley's [Bailey?] store, and carried off the contents; had attacked Captain Lyons, the local enrolling officer, in his room, wounding him slightly, but allowing him to escape. They had broken all the guns they could not carry off, taking about 100 State guns; also some bacon. On the day before, being Saturday the 9th of April, __a band of about fifty white women of the county assembled together and marched in a body to a store-house near David Proffitt's, where they "pressed"appropriated -about sixty bushels of government wheat__, which they carried off. He adds: "The county is gone up. It has got to be impossible to get any man out there unless he is dragged out, with but very few exceptions. There was but a small guard there, and the citizens all ran on the first approach of the tories. I have 100 men at this place to guard against Kirk, of Laurel, and cannot reduce the force; and to call out any more home guards at this time is only certain destruction to the country eventually. In fact, it seems to me, that there is a determination of the people in the country generally to do no more service in the cause. Swarms of men liable to conscription are __gone to the tories or to the Yankees__-some men that you have no idea of-while many others are fleeing east of the Blue Ridge for refuge. John S. McElroy and all the cavalry, J. W. Anderson and many others, are gone to Burke for refuge. This discourages those who are left behind, and on the back of that, conscription [is] now going on and a very tyrannical course pursued by the officers charged with the business, and men [are] conscripted and cleaned out as [if] raked with a fine-toothed comb; and if any are left, if they are called upon to do a little home-guard service, they at once apply for a writ of habeas corpus and get off. Some three or four cases have been tried by Judge Read the last two weeks, and the men released . . . . If something is not done immediately for this county we will all be ruined, for the home-guards now will not do to depend on.'" Thus North Carolina, the only Southern State which did not suspend the writ of habeas corpus during the Civil War, was paying the penalty. \n\nCOL. KIRK'S CAMP VANCE RAID. On the 13th of June, 1864, Colonel Kirk, with about 130 men, left Morristown, Tenn., and marched via Bull's Gap, Greenville and Crab Orchard, Tenn., to Camp Vance in North Carolina, six miles below Morganton "where he routed the enemy with loss to them of one commissioned officer, and ten men killed-number of wounded unknown. His own losses were one man killed, one mortally wounded, and five slightly wounded, including himself. He destroyed one locomotive in good condition, three cars, the depot and commissary buildings, 1200 small arms, with amunition, and 3,000 bushels of grain. He captured 279 prisoners, who surrendered with the camp. Of these he brought 132 to Knoxville, with 32 negroes and 48 horses and mules. He obtained forty recruits for his regiment; but did not, however, accomplish his principal object: the destruction of the railroad bridge over the Yadkin river. He made arrangements to have it done secretly after he had gone, but they miscarried. On July 21, 1864, Gen. Stoneman front-Atlanta thanked and complimented Col. Kirk upon this raid; but instructed Gen. Scofield at Knoxville to encourage Col. Kirk to organize the enemies of Jeff Davis in Western North Carolina rather than undertake such hazardous expeditions." 9 \n\nDETAILS OF THE EXPEDITION FROM THE GUIDE. They were afoot, carrying their rations, blankets, arms and ammunition on their shoulders.10 They had no wagons or pack animals while going there. They reached what is now Carter county, Tenn., on the 25th, where they- were joined by Joseph V. Franklin, who now lives at Drexel, Burke county, N. C., who acted as guide. They went from Crab Orchard on Doe river-the same place that Sevier and his men had passed on their way to Kings Mountain--crossing the Big Hump mountain and fording the Toe river about six miles south of Cranberry forge, where they camped near David Ellis's. He was a Union man and cooked rations for them. On the 26th they scouted through the mountains till they came to Linville river, which they crossed about one mile below- what is now Pinola, and camped. They- met John Franklin and made him go back a few miles with them, when they released him. The next day they passed through a long "stretch of mountains" 11 and it was evening when they got down on the eastern side; but, instead of camping then, they pushed on, and crossing Upper creek came to the public road leading to Morganton just at dark. This was twelve miles from Morganton, but they marched all night, and at daybreak got to "the conscript camp at Berry's Mill Pond, just above what was then the terminus of the Western North Carolina railroad. Here they formed a line of battle and sent in a flag of truce, demanding surrender of the camp in ten minutes, at the end of which time it capitulated without resistance." Accounts differ as to the number of conscripts in the camp, Kirk's men claiming 300 and 12 Judge Avery giving their number as "over one hundred of the Junior Reserves who had been gathered there to be organized into a battalion." \nKirk "then took a few men and went down to the head of the railroad and captured a train and the depot. We had aimed to go to Salisbury, but the news got ahead of us, and we gave it out . . . % a had an engineer along for the purpose of running the locomotive and a car or two to carry us to Salisbury, where we intended to release the Federal prisoners confined there, arm them, and bring them back with us; but the news of our coming had gone on ahead of us, and we gave it out." 13 "While the militia and citizens who did not belong to the Home Guards were gathering on the day of the capture, 28th June, one of Kirk's scouts 14 was shot at Hunting creek about half a mile from Morganton by R. C. Pearson, a leading citizen of the town."15 Kirk then turned back, crossed the Catawba river and camped for the night. The next morning they resumed the march, crossing Johns river, and came into the road leading from Morganton to Piedmont Springs. Following this road they crossed Brown's mountain, where they were fired into by the pursuing Confederates. This was fourteen miles from 'Morganton and one mile from the home of Col. George Anderson Loven, who was one of the party of sixty-five men and boys who attacked Kirk at Brown's mountain. This was about 3:00 or 3:30 p. m. \n"Kirk formed a line of battle, putting fifteen or twenty prisoners taken from Camp Vance in front. About fifty of our men fired on Kirk's men, killing one prisoner, B. A. Bowles, a drummer boy- of Camp Vance, who was about thirty years of age, and wounding also a boy of seventeen years of age from Alleghany county, another one of Kirk's prisoners. Dr. Robert C. Pearson was seriously wounded in the knee by Kirk's men. We then retreated, but Kirk retained his position for ten minutes after we had gone. When we fired on them I heard Kirk shout: `Look at the damned fools, shooting their own men,' referring to the Camp V ance prisoners whom he had so placed as to receive our fire. Kirk's men had about sixty horses and mules loaded down with all the best wearing apparel they could gather up through the country, and all the bedding they could find, all of which they had packed into bed ticks from which the feathers and strawhad been emptied. After our militia had withdrawn, Kirk's men remounted, the horsemen going around the fence, and the infantry, three hundred or more, going up through Israel Beck's field for a near cut to the road above." 16 According to J. V. Franklin, he, Col. Kirk and several others were wounded at Beck's farm near Brown mountain. \n"We then crossed Upper creek," continues Franklin's account, "and came to the foot of Ripshin mountain and went up the Winding Stairs road, where we took up camp for the night." This position is near what is nowcalled the Bark House and only two miles from Loven s Cold Spring tavern. They camped behind a low ridge, which commands the only road by which the Confederates could approach, but down which they could be enfiladed. This was twenty-one mile from -Morganton. At daybreak Kirk's pickets reported that the Confederates were approaching, "when Col. Kirk took twenty-five men and went back and had a fight with the pursuing Confederates. It was here that Col. Waightstill Avery was wounded and several others.... "17 According to Joseph V. Franklin's letter, "there were twelve Cherokees and thirteen white men who fought Col. Avery's pursuing party. \n"The fog was dense as the militia came up the road. Col. Thomas George Walton was in command of the militia. Kirk's men formed on a ridge and behind tree, from which position they could enfilade the column, which had to approach by a narrow road. Kirk men fired on the advance files before the main body had come up. Col. W. W. Avery, Alexander Perry, seventeen years of age, and N. B. Beck were in front. Thev fired on Kirk. Avery was mortally wounded and n old gentleman named Philip Chandler, from -Morganton, also was mortally wounded. Col. Calvin Houck was shot through the wrist, and Powell Benfield through the thigh, neither wound being serious. Col. Avery died the third day after having received the wound. There were said to have been twelve hundred men in the militia under Col. Walton; but only a few were in the advance when they came upon Kirk's camp, as theywere scattered for a mile or more along the road down the mountain; and having no room in which to form except the narrow cart-way that `vas enfiladed by the enemy, they retired. Kirk went across Jonas's Ridge unmolested, burning the residence of the late Col. John B. Palmer as they passed about ten o'clock that morning. Two conscripts named Jones and Andrew McAlpin had been detailed by the Confederate government, under the late Thomas D. Carter, to dam Linville river just above the Falls for the purpose of making a forge for the manufacture of iron which was to have been hauled from Cranberry mines; and when they heard that Kirk had passed down, they went down Linville mountain by a trail, and sent two teams and wagons loaded with property from the dam above Linville Falls to follow, only they were to go by the Winding Stairs road, the only one practicable at that time.' These wagoners had gone into camp at the top of the Winding Stairs road when Kirk and his men arrived after their fight at Beck's faun. Of course, they were promptly captured and turned back."18 The buildings at Camp Vance were burned.19 \n"There were bacon and crackers there which Kirk's men packed on mules which they captured, and took away with them. 20 George Barringer was another man they met on Jonas's Ridge and forced to go a part of the way with them, but he escaped. The yarn thread found at Camp Vance was given to the neighborhood women before the camp was burned.20. They got back to Knoxville, having lost but one man (Hack Norton) and sent their prisoners to Camp Chace in Ohio. No recruits joined them going or returning. The distance traveled was about two hundred miles." \n\nW. H. THOMAS AND THE UNION MEN OF EAST TENNESSEE. Col. Thomas was not a Secessionist, but claimed that any people, when denied their constitutional rights, if oppressed, always had the right of self-defense, or revolution. It was his desire to keep the Southern people united that induced him to enter the Confederate army, coupled with a desire to keep the Cherokee Indians from joining the Federal army, as some of them had done at the commencement of the Civil War .21 He wanted to keep them out of danger and to guard the mountain barriers from the incursions of Federal raiding parties from the Tennessee side; for he never doubted that the Mississippi valley would, sooner or later, be in the possession of the United States troops. So, he got an order from General Kirby Smith in the spring of 1862 to raise a battalion of sappers and miners, and enlisted over five hundred of the people of East Tennessee, where the Union sentiment was predominant, and put them to making roads, notably a road from Sevier county, Tennessee, to Jackson county, N. C. This road followed the old Indian Trail over the Collins gap, down the Ocona Lufty river to near what is now Whittier, N. C. He was conciliating the East Tennesseans who had joined his sappers and miners when General Kirby Smith was transferred to another field of activity. The first order of Smith's successor in command required these Union men of East Tennessee to lay down their picks and shovels and join the Confederate army. In 24 hours there were 500 desertions. Then followed the attempt to enforce the Confederate conscript law, which drove these East Tennesseans to join the army of General Burnside. This army soon forced Col. Thomas and his Indians back from Strawberry Plains into the mountains of North Carolina, and the white wing of his Legion to Bristol, Virginia. \n\nCOSBY CREEK. After the Confederates lost possession of East Tennessee it was the policy of the Confederate government at Richmond to guard all the passes on the Tennessee boundary so as to keep free and clear their line of communication from Richmond through Danville, Greensboro, Salisbury and Charlotte to Columbia and the South. In order to do so this section of the country was made into the Military District of Western North Carolina and Brigadier General R. B. Vance was placed in command. He had a brigade under his command. They succeeded in keeping the Federals under General Burnside penned up in Knoxville, but never did dislodge them from that city. After Chickamauga, General Longstreet came from Virginia and drove the Federals back into Knoxville and besieged that place. But the exigencies of General Lee's army were such that Longstreet was ordered to return with his army to Virginia. No sooner had Longstreet started with his army for Richmond than Burnside followed him, harrassing his men, and it was to draw Burnside off that General Vance teas ordered to make a demonstration by going through Quallytown, up Ocona Lufty and through the Collins Gap down into Tennessee. It was during a cold snap in January, 1864, and fortunately Vance had but two or three wagons; but he managed to take them up the mountain successfully. Still, when the artillery got to the top, following the rough road Col. Thomas had constructed, it had a hard time getting down the other side. The cannon were dismounted and dragged over the bare rocks to the bottom, while the wheels and axles of the carriages were taken apart, divided among the men and so carried to the foot of the mountain, when they were reassembled. The guns were not tied to hollow logs, as in Napoleon's passage of the Alps, but were dragged naked as they were down the steep mountain side. Capt. Theo. F. Davidson had this done. \n\nGENERAL VANCE DIVIDED HIS FORCE. After reaching the foot of Smoky mountain on the western side, General Vance sent Col. Thomas and his Indians and Col. J. L. Henry with his mounted battalion to Gatlinsburg, Tennessee, and taking with him from three to five hundred men went on toward Seviersville. Much to his surprise, he captured an unguarded wagon train of about eighty loaded wagons and their teams and drivers, and immediately started back with them. When he reached Cosby creek Meeting House he stopped his command to eat dinner, but failed to put out pickets to notify him of the approach of the enemy. It was while engaged in eating dinner that a pursuing body of Federal cavalry dashed upon the resting Confederates and captured many of them, including the General himself, who was taken to Camp Chace and kept there till the close of the war. Captain Theo. F. Davidson, who was acting adjutant general, and Dr. I. A. Harris, escaped by going to Big Creek and through Mount Sterling gap into Haywood county, and thence to Asheville. Others also escaped. Colonels Thomas and Henry, learning of the fate of the rest of the expedition, returned into North Carolina by the route they had come, and Col. Thomas' Indians resumed their places near Ocona Lufty. \n\nA SPARTAN MOTHER." During the last year of the war __deserters from both armies, who generally were thieves and murderers, banded themselves together__, and were called @@bushwhackers@@. About this time three men were murdered twelve miles from Valleytown, near Andrews, and this band of lawless men swore revenge on the best five men in this valley. Mr. William Walker was warned of his danger, but said he was an innocent man, and had fed out nearly everything he had, and he would not desert his family. He was sick at the time, and friends pleaded in vain. "On October 6, 1864, there came to my house at 11 A. M., twenty-seven drunken men. 2 a They had stopped at a still house and were nearly swearing drunk. Dinner was just set on the table, but they did not eat, as they were afraid they would be poisoned, but they broke dishes from the table, and went to my cupboards, and smashed my china and glassware. At the time Mr. Walker was warned, I took his papers and hid them, but he was so sure he would not be molested. that he made me put them back in his desk, but they were all taken." In spite of her tears and his pleadings he was taken from her. She followed with her sister the next day on horseback for fifteen miles, beyond which her sister `vas afraid to go; but Mrs. Walker went on six miles further, alone, where friends persuaded her to return home, which she did after one of them had gone to Long Ridge to ascertain if there -were any tidings from her husband there. Nothing was found, however, and she has never had any satisfactory word of him since. She had searches made by the government, the 'Masons, the war department and others, but discovered nothing. When she got back home she found that these thieves and thugs had stolen nearly all her bedding, and had even taken her dead baby's clothing, leaving not even a pin, needle or knitting needle, and tramping her fifteen feather beds full of mud. Still, neighbors contributed to her assistance; but it was three years after the war closed before she could buyeven a calico dress for herself. Coley Campbell, a Methodist preacher and a tailor, taught her to cut and make men's clothing and by dint of hard work and strict economy and fine business management she reared five boys into splendid men. She also kept boarders and won the reputation of being the finest housekeeper in the mountains. But she suffered : "I wept for three years," she says in her narrative, "and two pillows were so stiffened by salt tears that they crumbled to pieces. My husband told a woman, Mrs. McDaniel, where he stayed all night after his capture, that he only worried that I might not live to raise the boys; but that if I did, he knew they would be raised right." How nobly she carried out that prediction is attested in the lives and characters of these sons themselves. She died December 9, 1899. \n\nWILLIAM JOHNSTONE. "During the last years of the war the mountains became infested with deserters from both armies, desperadoes, who lived in caves and dens and issued forth for plunder and robbery. 14 Among the number of murders committed by these we recall three of peculiar atrocity. The house of Mr. Win. Johnstone, a wealthy South Carolinian, was entered by six men who demanded dinner; the old gentleman set before them all that his house afforded; after partaking of his dinner and without a word of dispute they shot him dead in the presence of his wife and young children. \n\nOTHER OUTRAGES. "Gen. B. M. Edney, a brave man, was shot down in his own room after making a desperate resistance. Capt. Allen, son-in-law of Mr. Alexander Robinson, a man of wealth and high social position, and a gallant soldier, after the armies had surrendered, while working at a mill near his home trying to earn bread for his wife and child, was murdered in cold blood, and his body stripped of coat and boots and left on the roadside." \n\n"AN OLD MAN, MY LORD." In the fall of 1864 Levi Guy, an old and inoffensive white man who had allowed his sons to shelter at his home when being hunted for their robberies in the neighborhood of Watauga Falls, was hanged by Confederates from a chestnut tree which grew between the present dwelling of David Reece and his barn across the State road. The tree has disappeared. Guy- lived near Watauga Falls, just inside North Carolina. The names of those who committed this act are still known, and all those who have not died violent deaths have never prospered. \n\nMURDERED BY MISTAKE.25 "Old Billy Devver," as William Deaver was locally known, was killed at the old Deaver place in Transylvania towards the close of the Civil War. It occurred through a mistake. He had a son, James, who was a captain in the Confederate Army and among whose duties was that of the arrest of deserters and outliers from the Confederate Army. He thus had incurred the enmity of men of that class, who were called in that country by the plain and unmistakable word "robbers." One night one of these robbers called at the Deaver home, expecting to find the Confederate Captain within. It seems, however, that he was not at home, but that his father, William Deaver, was. Therefore, when this robber called at the house and Old Man Billy came to the door, the robber asked him if he was Captain Deaver. He said he was, and believing that he was the Confederate Captain for whom he was seeking, the robber shot him dead at his own door. \n\nSHOT THEIR HOST AFTER DINNER. 26 Philip Sitton, near the Henderson and Transylvania line, was shot down by a party of these robbers as soon as they had finished eating a dinner they had ordered and which Sitton had furnished. They left him lying in his blood, believing his wound was mortal, but he recovered. \nDEATH of ROBERT THOMAS. 26 Robert Thomas, who lived on Willow creek in Transylvania county, was killed by these robbers in 1864. \n\nJESSE LEVERETT A PENITENT. "In the time of the war there was a very notorious character at large in this part of the State," says Mrs. Mattie S. Candler in her history of Henderson county, "Jesse Leverett. He was known and feared by both sides, as he made a practice of piloting deserters through the Federal lines to Kentucky, taking them through here (Hendersonville) by way of Bat Cave and thence to the Tennessee lines. He was an outlaw and a desperado with such bold working methods that he continued this practice throughout the war, and was not even injured. Later he went to Illinois, discovered the error of his ways, and ended his career as a very earnest preacher." \n\n"A HARD ROAD TO TRAVEL OUT OF DIXIE." Such was the title of an article in the Century for October, 1890, giving a very readable description of the escape and vicissitudes of a party of Federal prisoners who had escaped from prison in Columbia, S. C., and made their way to these mountains. They passed through Transylvania county, crossed Chunky Gal mountain between 'Macon and Clay and came down on Shooting creek where they had a fright at the house of a Mr. Kitchin. He had taken them in and was allowing them to sit before his fire when the Confederate Home Guard appeared on the scene, the prisoners escaping through a window. Another story in a later Century told of another party and their adventures on Tuckaseegee river in Jackson county. Col. Geo. W. Kirk began his military career in the Union Army by piloting Union men from these mountains into the Federal lines in Tennessee. \n\nAN UNDERGROUND MOUNTAIN RAILROAD. Just as the Abolitionists before the Civil War had what were called "underground" railroads from Mason's and Dixon's line and the Ohio river to Canada, the Union element of these mountains had their underground railway to Kentucky and East Tennessee from the prisons of the South in which captured Federal soldiers were confined. T. L. Lowe, Esq., in his history of Watauga county, prepared for this work, gives some account of the assistance given by the late Lewis B. Banner, of Banners Elk: \n"He was a strong Union man and his home was the home of the oppressed and struggling Union sympathizer trying to get through the Federal lines in Kentucky, and many a time through great personal sacrifice and danger did he pilot men through the mountains so as to avoid the vigilance of the Homeguard. On one occasion he rendered valuable services to a brave Massachusetts soldier, which services were remembered by the recipient for many years. The soldier's name was 'Major Lawrence N. Duchesney. He had been for 13 months a prisoner in the Libby prison, 73 days in the dungeon; was sent to Salisbury, N. C., and from there was being transferred to Danville, Virginia, and while en route jumped from the train and made his way across the country, and finally, foot-sore and weary, he reached the home of Mr. Banner where he was tenderly cared for until he was able to travel, and then Mr. Banner, or '1; Uncle Lewis' as we all are ever wont to affectionately call him, took him on a horse at night through hidden paths through the mountains to a place of safety. Major Duchesny some few years ago paid the family of his deliverer a visit, but his old friend had been dead many years. Major Duchesney had a home at Skyland, N. C., where he and his wife he buried." \n\nALLEGHANY DURING THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 27 Alleghany furnished several companies during the war; one, Company F, 22d North Carolina regiment, with Jesse Reeves as the first captain, and Company I, 61st North Carolina regiment, with Dr. A. B. Cox as the first captain. J. H. Doughton, later in the war, organized another company, but when he arrived on the field of service, he found these two companies in such a depleted condition that he disorganized his company for the purpose of recruiting them. Alleghany furnished a great many more soldiers beside these companies, who served in various commands; some in Virginia, some in Tennessee, but mostly in the 37th Virginia battalion. Companies F and I were constantly recruited, but when the war was ended, there were not more than 50 or 60 men in both companies. But Alleghany's greatest trials were caused by deserters and bushwhackers. These men would hide in the mountains in order to evade active service on the battlefield. At first they seemed to have stolen only necessary food and raiment, but later took to robbing and murdering. With the able-bodied men in the army, the women and children were left at their mercy. The few old men and others unable for active service constituted a home guard, but were powerless to cope with these desperate outlaws. Alleghany appealed to Surry county in 1863 for aid-Surry county sent about 100 men to aid the Alleghany home guard; these men crossed the Blue Ridge at Thompson's gap and camped at what is known as the "Cabins." They sent four of their number to Duncan's Mills, about five miles distant for a supply of meal. These four men had passed Little River Church and it was almost dark, when the robbers snatched one of their men (Jeff Galyen) from his horse and hurried him off through the woods. The other men turned their horses and hurried back to the main body. Next morning early the whole force started in search of Galyen and the robbers. They found neither; and, after hanging Levi Fender (the stump of the old sapling on which he was hung can still be pointed out about one and one-half miles east of Sparta), they returned home. Within a few days Galyen was found in a few hundred yards of the place where the robbers had disappeared with him, on his knees by a tree, shot dead. One of the robbers, Tom Pollard, afterwards acknowledged to the killing, and said, he did it while Galy en was on his knees begging for his life. It was decided by the officers to send General Pierce with his soldiers into this section. These soldiers scoured the country, captured a number of the robbers and carried them to Laurel Springs, where a number of them were hung. Among those hung, were Lewis Wolfe and Morgan Phipps. Later Hoke's cavalry was sent into the county, but still robbery, murder and lawlessness continued. \nIn October, 1864, the fight at "Killen's Branch" took place. This is about one mile Northwest of Sparta, on the main road leading from Sparta to 'Mouth of Wilson, Virginia. Here the Home Guard was ambushed by a band of bushwhackers under Henry Taylor. The bushwhackers were concealed in a dense ivy thicket by the roadside and fired upon the Home Guard as they were passing. The Home Guard promptly returned the fire. The fighting continued for some time, when both sides withdrew. Of the Home Guard, Felix Reeves was killed and Wiley Maxwell, Jesse Reeves and Martin Crouse were mortally wounded. This was the last fight of any importance between the outlaws and the Home Guard. \n\nA CIVIL WAR JOAN OF ARC. It was in this fight that Mrs. Cynthia Parks, wife of Col. Jaines H. Parks, then living in Sparta, who, when she heard the firing and saw the horses, of the wounded men running loose through the streets of the town, mounted her horse and rode to the scene of the combat, in order that she might render what aid she could to the wounded Home Guard. Later on the same day she brought the mail into Sparta. The mail carrier had been fired upon and had deserted his mail. She went to the place where the mail had been left and brought it to the postoffice. \nDuring Reconstruction, Alleghany did not suffer from carpet-bag misrule as did some of the other counties of the State, owing, probably, to the small number of negroes in the county, and to the fact that most of the outlaws had fled. But still, we find instances where such men as Captain J. H. Doughton and Jesse Bledsoe, the first sheriff of the county, were dragged before the court. Feudalism must not have existed to such a great extent as elsewhere in the South, for J. C. Jones, Who Was sheriff of the county during the war, continued to be sheriff under the provisional government. \n\nIN HAYWOOD COUNTY. Owing to the remoteness of Cataloochee creek in Haywood county, raiding parties from both armies figured extensively hereabouts during the Civil War, and several soldiers were killed along the roadsides, among them being Manson Wells of Buncombe, while Lewis Williams, who was with him, escaped. Two men named @@Groomes and Mitchell Caldwell were killed@@__ just above the point where the Mount Sterling and Little Cataloochee roads join__. Henry Barnes was killed one mile east of Big creek. Levi Shelton and Ellsworth Caldwell were killed in 1863 on Caldwell Fork, between the McGee house and the gap of the mountain behind Harrison Caldwell's. Solomon Groomes killed a man named Townshend on Big Creek in 1861 or 1862 with an ax, on account of his daughter's relations with Townshend, and although he pleaded insanity, he was hanged just west of the bridge across Richland creek, and near the present passenger depot at Waynesville, in 1862. \n\nWATAUGA'S EXPERIENCES. When, on March 28, 1865, Stoneman came into Boone he was fired on from the upper story of the house now occupied by Mr. J. D. Councill, opposite the present Blair Hotel, and his men then killed the following: Ephraim Morris, J. Warren Greene, J. M. Councill, and wounded Sheriff McBride, Thomas Holder, Calvin Greene, W. W. Gragg and John Brown. Two days later Kirk's men came into Boone and fortified the court house, which then stood where Frank A. Linney, Esq., now resides, by cutting loop - holes in the walls, and erecting a stockade made of timbers from a partly finished building which then stood where the Blair Hotel now stands and a house which then stood near the present Blackburn Hotel. He remained in Boone till Stoneman returned, when he, too, left. He also fortified Cook's gap and Blowing Rock, cutting the trees away from the road leading up the mountain. He also arranged to signal from mountain-top to mountaintop from Butler, Tenn., to Blowing Rock. Fort Hill at Butler is still visible, and was one of his fortified posts. When Stoneman's men got to Patterson, Clem Osborne of North Fork was there after thread, and the Federals chased him to the top of the factory, firing on him as he ran. Just as he was about to be overtaken he gave a sign which was recognized by a Mason among his pursuers, and his life was not only spared but he was sent back home with his team and wagon and all that properly belonged to him. The people of Beaver Dams had a particularly trying time with the outliers, and many are the harrowing experiences they were forced to undergo for nearly three years. When salt got scarce during the war men cut small hickory saplings from one to two inches in diameter and bound them into bundles and took them by wagon to the Salt Works in Virginia and traded them for salt, the hickories being split and made into hoops for barrels. After the close of the war Union people sued the more prosperous of their neighbors on the border of Watauga and Tennessee for damages for killing, wounding and arresting Union marauders, and in most cases lost, though the expenses of the litigation were ruinous to the Southern men who won. Among those sued were Commodore Perry, father of J. K. Perry of Beaver Dams, and Thomas Dougherty of Dry Run, Johnson county, Tenn. \n\nBUSHWHACKER KIRKLAND. Between Yellow creek and the Little Tennessee in Graham county as it now exists used to live two men by the name of Kirkland, one of whom came to be called before the end of the Civil War, "Bushwhacker" Kirkland, and the other "Turkey-Trot" John Kirkland. They joined the Confederate Army at the commencement of the Civil War, but soon afterwards found themselves members of an independent command which was frequently accused of committing certain depredations upon the property of certain Union-loving citizens living in East Tennessee and in the neighborhood of the Great Smoky mountains. According to John Denton of Santeetla, who had been in their company when they were in the regular Confederate Army, they were brave men physically. \n\nCAPTAIN LYON'S RAID. During the expiring days of the Civil War Captain Lyon of the United States Army came from Tennessee through what is now known as the Belding Trail to Robbinsville, Graham county. That trail was then known as the Hudson trail from the name of the man who first lived where David Orr now lives on Slick Rock creek; but the trail itself had been used by the Cherokees for years when the first white people came to that section. Lyon's men killed Jesse Kirkland, a kinsman of "Bushwhacker" and "Turkey-Trot John," and two other men, one of whom was named Mashburn and the other Hamilton; and probably two or three others. This was done on Isaac Carringer's creek, about half a mile from its mouth. They killed an Indian in Robbinsville, which was then or had recently been the home of Junaluska, the Indian chieftain; and then went up Santeetla, where they spent the night, returning the next day to the Unaka mountains and camping that night on the Bob Stratton Meadow. \n\nCOL. KIRBY DRIVEN BACK. From "The Last Ninety Days of the War," chapter XVI, by Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, we learn that during the second week of April, 1865, a brigade of infantry under Col. Kirby was moved by the Federals from Greenville, Tenn., on Asheville, but were met near Camp Woodfin-now Doubleday-by a part of Gen. J. G. Martin's command, and so successfully repulsed that they turned about at once and returned to Greenville. \n\nGENERALS MARTIN AND GILLAM AGREE. "When it was found that General Gillam intended to take Asheville Gen. Martin ordered his whole command, consisting of the 62d, 64th and 69th North Carolina, and a South Carolina battery (Porter's) and Love's regiment of Thomas's Legion, to the vicinity of Swannanoa gap . . . . Love's regiment reached the gap before Gillam did," fortified it and repulsed him. After vainly trying to effect a passage here Gen. Gillam moved to Hickory Nut gap. Palmer's brigade was ordered to meet them there; but Gen. Martin, giving an account of this affair, adds, "I regret to say the men refused to go." They had heard rumors of Lee's surrender. Porter's battery having been ordered to Greenville, S. C., was captured on the road there by Gen. Gillam. On Saturday April 22, Gen. Martin received news of Gen. Johnston's armistice with Gen. Sherman, and sent two flags of truce to Gen. Gillam, one of which met him on the Hendersonville road, six miles south of Asheville, on Sunday. At an interview between Generals Gillam and Martin, Monday, it was agreed that the former should proceed with his command to Tennessee and that he should be furnished with three days' rations. Gen. Gillam reached Asheville on the 25th and with his staff dined with Gen. Martin. The 9,000 rations were furnished him, and that night his command camped a few miles below Asheville, afterwards going on to Tennessee. Col. Kirk and staff had dashed into town while it was in possession of Gen. Gillam's troops, but perfect order was preserved while they were there, and they "were compelled to leave in advance of General Gillam. " The People of Asheville had the mortification of seeing the guns of Porter's battery, that had guarded the crest of what is now Battery Park hill, just captured, driven through by negroes. Following the Federal army was an immense train of plunder, animals of all sorts, household goods and treasures. \n"Tuesday night passed quietly. The town was guarded only by Captain Teague's company. A small party of Federals, under flag of truce, passed through during the 26th, carrying dispatches to General Palmer, then approaching from Morganton via Hickory Nut gap. At sunset on the 26th, Gen. Brown, in command of a portion of the same troops that had just passed through with Gillam, suddenly reentered the place, capturing all the officers and soldiers, and giving up the town to plunder. The men captured were paroled to go home, the officers to report to Gen. Stoneman at Knoxville. " This was within 24 hours after General Gillam had assured Gen. Martin that he would give him the forty-eight hours' notice provided for in the Johnston -Sherman truce before renewing hostilities. The residences of Gen. Martin, Mrs. James W. Patton, Judge Bailey, Dr. Chapman, a Presbyterian minister, and others were pillaged. The author adds: "The Tenth and Eleventh Michigan regiments certainly won for themselves in Asheville that night a reputation that should damn them to everlasting fame . . . . On Thursday, parties scoured the country in all directions, carrying on the work of plunder and destruction. On Friday they left, having destroyed all the arms and ammunition they could find and burned the armory. On Friday afternoon, they sent off the officers they had captured under a guard," but Gen. Brown refused to leave a guard behind for the protection of the town from marauders. On the 28th Gen. Palmer sent a dispatch from some point on the Hickory Nut gap road releasing Gen. Martin, his officers and men who had been captured by Gen. Brown, because Brown had not given the promised notice of the termination of the armistice. General Palmer also prevented two negro regiments in Yancey from entering Asheville. \n\nGENERAL PALMER's DISPATCH. Following is the dispatch referred to: \nHEADQUARTERS EAST TENNESSEE CAVALRY DIVISION,\nHICKORY NUT GAP ROAD,\nApril 28, 1865. \nGeneral:--I could not learn any of the particulars of your capture and that of Colonel Palmer and other officers and men at Asheville on the 26th, and as my troops at that point were obliged to leave immediately, there was no time to make the necessary investigation. I therefore ordered your release on a parole of honor to report to General Stoneman. On further reflection I have come to the conclusion that our men should have given you, under all the circumstances, notice of the termination of the armistice, and that in honor we cannot profit by any failure to give this notice. You will therefore please inform all the officers and soldiers paroled by General Brown last evening and this morning, under the circumstances above referred to, that the parole they have given (which was by my order) is not binding, and that they may consider that it was never given. Regretting that your brother officers and yourself should have been placed in this delicate situation, I am, general, very respectfully your obedient servant, \nWm. J PALMER,\nBrevet Brig. Gen. Commanding.\nTo Brig. Gen. J. G. Martin, Asheville. \n\nPERRY GASTON BRINGS FIRST NEWS. J. P. Gaston of Hominy walked all the way from Appomattox and showed his parole. This was nearly three weeks after Lee's surrender. Stoneman was besieging Asheville on the South and Kirk's regiment on the north. Gen. Martin went out under a flag of truce and made an agreement to furnish three days' rations to the Federal troops-and furnished them-on condition that they should not disturb private or public property. \n\nGENERAL JAMES GREEN MARTIN. He was the son of Dr. William Martin and Sophia Dange, and was born at Elizabeth City, N. C., February 14, 1819. He entered West Point in July, 1836, was graduated in July, 1840, and was commissioned a second lieutenant of the First regiment U. S. Artillery. In 1842 he served on the frontier of Canada in the Aroostock War, or "War of the Maps," and married at Newport, Rhode Island, July 12, 1844, Miss Mary Ann Murray Reed, a great granddaughter of George Reed, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and also of Gen. William Thompson, a brigadier general of the Revolutionary army. During the three days' assault on Monterey, Mexico, September 21, 22, 23, 1846, he was still a second lieutenant, but he was in command of his battery, with "Stonewall" Jackson as his second in command. At Cherubusco, August 20, 1847, his right arm was shot off. He turned over his command to Jackson, and taking his sleeve in his teeth, rode off the field. He was brevetted major for "gallant and meritorious conduct" at the battles of Contreras and Cherubusco, and presented with a sword of honor by the citizens of Pasquotank county, on which were engraved the battles in which he had taken part. He was then transferred to the staff and appointed assistant quartermaster and stationed at Fortress Monroe, Philadelphia and Governor's Island for several years, when he was ordered to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, where Mrs. Martin died. February 8, 1858, he was married to Miss Hetty King, a sister of Gen. Rufus King of the U. S. Army, and eldest daughter of Charles King, president of Columbia College, New York, and the granddaughter of Rufus King, the first American minister to the court of St. James. He was a member of the Utah expedition with Gen. Albert Sydney- Johnston, and was at Fort Riley, Kansas territory, when the Civil War began. He resigned when North Carolina seceded, and served in this State and in Virginia till the close of hostilities. Penniless after the close of the war he read law and commenced its practice in Asheville in copartnership with the late Judge J. L. Bailey. He died and was buried at Asheville, October 4, 1879. \n\nLEWIS M. HATCH. This distinguished citizen and soldier served in South Carolina during part of the Civil War, and, hence, is not mentioned in the records of "North Carolina Regiments." He was born November 28, 1815, at Salem, N. H., but went to Charleston, S. C., in 1833. He joined the Washington Light Infantry, April 15, 1835, and served with that company in 1837 in the Seminole War. He was promoted to the captaincy of that company in 1855, and in 1856 he marched his company to Cowpens, which trip resulted in 1876 in the erection of the Daniel Morgan monument at Spartanburg. He was an expert swordsman, an athlete, and walked from Charleston to New York, when a young man, in thirty days, averaging 30 miles a day. On the last day he walked 60 miles. Gov. Pickens appointed him quartermaster general in 1860, and the fine service from then till 1865 was due to him. In 1861-62 he commanded the 21st South Carolina Infantry. To him was largely due the victory at Secessionville in .June, 1862. He served subsequently in Virginia. In March, 1866, he moved to Asheville, where he died January 12, 1897. While living in Charleston he was in the commission business. \n\nCOLONEL JAMES THOMAS WEAVER. He was the youngest son of Jacob Weaver and Elizabeth Siler Weaver. He was born near Weaverville, Buncombe county, North Carolina, on November 30th, 1828. He received such education as the schools of that section would then afford. Later he attended the Burnsville Academy in Yancey county and prepared himself for civil engineering. May 24, 1855, he married Hester Ann Trotter, a daughter of William Trotter of Person county, N. C., but prior to the marriage of Hester Ann, William Trotter with his family moved to Macon county in the year 1846. During the seven years after his marriage, and prior to his enlistment in the army of the Confederacy, James Thomas Weaver was actively engaged in farming and as a surveyor of lands. During this interval he acquired a comfortable competency, consisting of lands, etc., and was considered a thrifty and progressive man in his community. He enlisted in the army early in 1862 as captain of Company A, which he organized, and this company was assigned to the Sixtieth North Carolina regiment. In 1864 he was made lieutenant colonel of this regiment. He served in the Army of Tennessee throughout the war, or until his death. He was in command of the Sixtieth regiment in the second battle near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, occurring between the armies of Hood and Thomas. He was killed in this engagement on December 7th, 1864. \n\nCOLONEL EDWARD F. LOVILL. He was born in Surry county, February 10, 1842, married Miss Josephine Marion of the same county February 15, 1866, and moved to Boone in 1874. He was admitted to the bar in February 1885, and was commissioner to the Chippewa Indians from 1893 to 1897. He was captain of Company- A of the 28th North Carolina Infantry, and on the second day of Chancellorsville commanded that regiment in the absence of Col. Samuel D. Low. Of this incident Col. Lowe reported: "While absent, Gen. Stuart again commanded the line forward, and my regiment charged through the same terrible artillery firing the third time, led by Captain (Edward F.) Lovill of Company A, to the support of our batteries which I had just got into position on the hill from which those of the enemy had been driven." 2 9 Captain Lovill had commanded the same regiment during the midnight attack of the night before. Upon the death of Col. Asbury Speer at Reems Station and the resignation of Major Samuel Stowe, Captain Lovill wvas senior officer of the 28th till the surrender at Appomattox; and commanded the regiment at the battle of Jones' farm near Petersburg in the fall of 1864, where he was severely wounded. He returned to duty in March, 1865, and was recommended for promotion to the colonelcy of his regiment at the time that James Lineberger was recommended for the lieutenant -colonelcy and George McCauley for the majority, but the end came before these appointments were published. He was wounded in the right arm at Gettysburg. At Fredericksburg "Captain Lovill, of Company A, the right company of the regiment, stood on the railroad track all the time, waving his hat and cheering his men; and neither he nor Martin (who had just shot down the Federal color bearer) was struck." 2 9 Soon after the battle of Jericho Ford, in September, 1864, Natt Nixon, a seventeen-year-old boy of Mitchell's river, Surry, was desperately wounded, and at night Captain Lovill and Private AI. H. Freeman, a cobbler of Dobson, went to get him, as he had been left within the enemy's lines. They called him and he answered, saying the Federals were between him and them, but had been to him and given him water. Freeman put down his gun and accoutrements and shouting in a loud voice "Natt, I'm coming after you. I am coming unarmed, and any man who shoots me is a damned coward," started. It was night, but no one fired at him, and he brought his stricken comrade back to Captain Lovill; but the poor boy died near a farm house to which he had been borne before daylight. Colonel Lovill is a director of the Oxford Orphanage, having been appointed by Gov. Aycock. He is chairman of board of trustees of the Appalachian Training School and a lawyer of ability. \n\nMAJOR HARVEY BINGHAM. In the winter of 1864-65, the Home Guard battalion of Watauga was camped on Cove creek near what is now Sugar Grove, the name of their camp having been Camp Mast. Harvey Bingham was the major, and Geo. McGuire, who had been absent from the county for a long while before his return and election, was captain of Company A. Jordan Cook was captain of Company B, of which Col. W. L. Bryan of Boone was first lieutenant. Major Bingham and his adjutant, J. P. Mathewson, left camp to go to Ashe to confer with Captain McMillan, who commanded a cavalry company there, about cooperating with his battalion in a raid he then contemplated. During his absence Company B, under command of Lieut. Bryan, was camped at Boone; and Captain McGuire sent him word about. dark that he expected an attack on Camp Mast that night. Lieut. Bryan, however, did not start for that place till the following morning, and when he got near it, discovered the cabins in smoking ruins and all of Company A absent. McGuire had surrendered them to Col. Champion of the Federal Army the night before. They were taken to Camp Chase and kept till the close of the war. It is said, however, that McGuire was not treated as a prisoner, but was allowed a horse and rode away with the officers to whom he had surrendered his men. It was thought at the time that McGuire had betrayed his men to the enemy, and he certainly had surrendered them under the protest of many of his subordinate officers; one of whom, Paul Farthing, told him that if the company was surrendered Farthing's life would be surrendered, meaning that he would not survive captivity. He, and a nephew who was surrendered with him, shortly afterwards died in Camp Chase. After the war Major Bingham was a candidate for the State senate before a democratic convention held at Lenoir, and the late W. B. Farthing stated that Bingham was suspected of complicity with McGuire in the surrender of the troops at Camp 'last, and that if he was nominated the people of Watauga would not support him. This led to his defeat and there was talk of a duel between these two; but both decided it was best to leave the issue to the future rather than to two leaden bullets, and the matter was dropped. But feeling still ran high against Major Bingham, and he and his wife, a daughter of John B. Miller of Wilkes, left Watauga together and rode on horseback to one of the western counties, where they taught school till a better feeling pervaded their home county, when they returned. He soon removed to Statesville, where he studied law and practiced law. He died there, a respected citizen and able lawyer, and time has fully vindicated his memory of the unjust suspicion that once drove him from his home; and no one now doubts his entire loyalty to the cause of the Southern Confederacy. \n\n@@POST-BELLUM TROUBLES@@. Soon after the surrender deserters from both armies committed depredations in and near Jefferson. The citizens of Jefferson sent a delegation to Salisbury for protection, and returned soon afterward with Captain Wills of New York, who organized @@a home guard in every voting precinct@@. Union and Confederate soldiers who had served honorably were admitted, but their ranks were closed to deserters from each army. Jonathan Osborne was made captain of the North Fork company. Order was soon restored but not before 40 or 50 of these deserters had started into Jefferson, the leader of whom carried a United States flag. They came up Helton street, but when opposite the jail they were met by Joshua Baker, who had been sheriff. Single-handed and alone, he seized the flag, and and swore that no such gang of horse-thieves should disgrace it by carrying it. His brother, Zack Baker, stood near and told him to hold on to the flag. These two intrepid men cowed the band of outlaws and the flag was yielded up and given into the keeping of a Union man. Zach Baker was equally brave, and no deserter ever entered his dwelling near Creston till negro soldiers belonging to the regular United States army came at the close of hostilities and did some pilfering. Mr. Baker had sent word to these white marauders that he was waiting for them with a welcome they would not soon forget. They tried to take some of his horses once, but he defied them to do so; and on another occasion, after they had secretly stolen a few horses, he followed them to Tennessee, identified the horses as his property, and took them back with him in spite of the threats of the robbers to kill him. \n\nNOTES.\n1. See Vol. 1, "Literary and Historical Activities in N. C., 1900-1905," pp. 427 to 484.\n2. From The Morning Post, Raleigh, May 11, 1904.\n3. Co. A of this regiment went from Ashe county, and the "Wilkes Volunteers" from Wilkes. Z. B. Vance was its first colonel, but was soon elected governor of the State.\n3. From "Asheville's Centenary."\n4. The New Legal Building, the finest office building in the city, stands there now. \n5. See Governor Vance's Correspondence, 1863.\n6. "Statements of Gen. James M. Ray and Judge J. C. Pritchard. \n7. Literary and Historical Activities in N. C., Vol. I, p. 485.\n8. Series 1, Vol. LIII, p. 326, Rebellion Records.\n9. Condensed from Rebellion Records, Series 1, Vol. XXXIX, p. 232. The guide, J. V. Franklin, says Kirk had only 130 men; but J. C. Chappell, who was with Kirk also, says he had 300 whites and 26 Indians. Win. Blalock, who saw them at Strawberry Plains, says Kirk had 200 men. The official report says the number was 130. It was supposed by the people of Burke that Kirk intended to take an engine and car and go to Morganton and release and arm the Federal prisoners there.\n10. According to Win. Blalock, Kirk's men passed through Crab Orchard, and went up Chucks river, passing through Limestone cove, and crossing the mountain at Miller's gap, two miles from Montezuma, then called Bull Scrape. They then got to the Clark settlement, two and one-half miles from Montezuma, and camped there in a pine thicket. Next day they passed through the Barrier Settlement on Jonas's Ridge.\n11. Letter of J. V. Franklin to J. P. A., March 2, 1912.\n12. From .Judge A. C. Avery's account in Vol. IV, N. C. Regiments.\n13. J. V. Franklin's letter before quoted.\n14. Hack Norton of Madison county, N. C., was his name, according to same letter.\n15. Judge Avery's account, before quoted.\n16. Statement of Col. George Anderson Loven to J. P. A. at Cold Spring tavern, near Jonas's Ridge postoffice, N. C., June, 1910.\n17. J. V. Franklin's letter before quoted.\n18. Col. G. A. Leven's statement before quoted. \n19. Col. George W. Kirk was born in Greene county, Tenn., June 25, 1837 and died at Gilroy, Calit., February 15, 1905.\n20. J. V. Franklin's letter before quoted.\n21. Captain James W. Terrell in The Commonwealth, Asheville, June 1, 1893.\n22. From an account written by Mrs. Margaret Jane Walker, wife of Wm. Walker. She was born March 15, 1826. Married October 15, 1844. \n23. Ibid. \n24. From the "Woman's Edition" of the Asheville Citizen, Nov. 28, 1895, by Miss Fanny L. Patton.\n25. Related by Judge G. A. Shuford. \n26. Ibid. \n27. By S. F. Thompson, clerk of the court, Sparta, N. C.\n28. Series I, Vol. XXV, Part 1, Rebellion Records.\n29. Vol. II, N. C. Regiments, 1861-65, p. 475.
History of Western North Carolina - Chapter XI - Manners and Customs\nBy John Preston Arthur, 1914\nHTML by Jeffrey C. Weaver, October 1998 \nCHAPTER XI\nManners and Customs\nTHEN AND Now. Probably there was no more difference in the manners and customs of the early days than we should now see in a community of modern people situated as were our ancesters one hundred and fifty years ago. There was a spirit of co-operation then that made conditions much easier to bear than they might othenvise have been. Those who remember the Civil War times in the South will recall that it is possible to get on without many things ordinarily considered indispensible; and that when it is the "fashion" to do without, simplicity becomes quite attractive. Calico gowns and ribbonless costumes used to look well on pretty women and girls during the war, and hopinj on was far better than no hopinjon. We imagine that we are far removed from a state of nature, but when the occasion arises we readily adapt ourselves to primitive manners and customs. \nTHE RUSH FOR THE MOUNTAINS. Long before the treaty of 1785 white men had passed beyond the Blue Ridge to hunt and trap. Ashe was sparsely settled long before Buncombe; but as soon as the land between the Blue Ridge and the Pigeon river was open for settlement legally, white men began to settle there, too. \nWHERE THEY CAME FROM. @@Most of these early settlers came from east of the Blue Ridge,@@ though many came from the Watauga Settlements in what is now Tennessee. Wolf Hill, now Staunton, contributed its quota, most of them going into what are now Ashe, Alleghany and Watauga counties. The charm of hunting lured many, but most who sought the mountains doubtless came from the@@ mountainous regions of Scotland.@@ After the French and Indian War several families that had gone into the Piedmont region of South Carolina, came through the Saluda gap and settled in what was then Buncombe, though now called Henderson and Transylvania. @@The Whiskey Rebellion @@in Pennsylvania late in the Eighteenth century is also credited with having sent many good citizens into the mountains of western North Carolina. \nTHE PIONEER SPIRIT PERSISTS. Roosevelt was the first historian that gave to the pioneers of western North Carolina and Tennessee their rightful place in reclaiming from savage Indians the boundless resources of the Great West. Sam Houston, Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone went from our sacred soil, and added Texas and Kentucky to the galaxy of our starry flag; while Joseph Lane of Oregon first saw the light of day through the chinks of a dirt-floor cabin that once stood in the very shadow of what is still called Lane's Pinnacle of the rugged Craggies-a mute, yet eloquent, monument to that spirit of liberty, enterprize and adventure that still fills our army and navy with recruits- for----the Sandwich and Philippine Islands of the Pacific. Yet, what visitor to that matchless canon beyond Hickory Nut pass, knows that in passing through Mine Hole gap six miles east of Asheville he was within a stone's throw of the spot where Lane's father in the dawn of the last century spent laborious days while mining for the precious ore that was to furnish horse shoes, plough shares and pruning-hooks for those who first tilled the savannahs of the Swannanoa and the French Broad? Did the pearls Henry Grady's eloquence, erstwhile, drop scintilant, and thrill the nation from the Kennebeck to the Williamette, because his lightest gem was "shot through with sunshine"? Then know, O ye fools and blind, ye who never cast was once longing, lingering look behind, that his grandfather was once sheriff of that Buncombe county whose people are classed by such self-styled "national journals" as Collier's Weekly, with the scorners of all law and order, because, forsooth, of the sporadic Allen episode in Virginia. Who discovered that wonderland-the matchless valley of the far-famed Yosemite? James M. Roan of Macon county, North Carolina, in March of Fifty-one.[1] He, with the Argonauts of the world, won his way to the Pacific coast, and left to others to dig from the dim records of the past some frail memorial of his heroic deeds. The spirit that drove him forth has never died, and today, the mountains and hills of Idaho, Montana, Washington and Colorado, are dotted with the homes and ranches of those whose feet first trod "where rolls the Oregon." And Onalaska's ice-ribbed hills are peopled with our kin, as will be every frontier region till Time shall be no more. Our ancestors were the Crusaders of American civilization, and "as long as the fame of their matchless struggle shall linger in tradition and in song should their memories be cherished by the descendants" of the peerless "Roundheads of the South." Still, the incredulous may ask "Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust, or flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death"? No; but if we will but heed while yet we may the silent voices of our worthy dead, and learn the lesson of the days now gone, we, taking hope, with Tennyson may cry: \n"Forward to the starry track,\nGlimmering up the heights beyond me,\nOn, and always on!" \nTHE FIRST INDIAN - MASSACRES. Samuel Davidson was killed by Indians in 1781 or 1782 at the head of the Swannanoa river, near what is now Gudger's ford; and Aaron Burleson was killed on Cane creek in what is now Mitchell county about the same time, probably, though the date has been lost. He was an ancestor of Postmaster-General Burleson of President Wilson's Cabinet in 1914. Davidson had belonged to a small colony of whites which had settled around what is now known as Old Fort at the head of the Catawba river in what is now McDowell county. Among those settlers were the Alexanders, Davidsons, Smiths, Edmundsons, and Gudgers, from whom iave come a long line of descendants now residing in Western North Carolina. Burleson probably belonged to the settlers around Morganton, and had ventured beyond the Blue Ridge to hunt deer. Davidson's purpose, however, had been permanent settlement, as he had built a cabin where his family was living when he was killed.[2] \nASHE COUNTY. Except in a few localities, there are few evidences of Indian occupation by Indians of the territory west of the Blue Ridge and North of the Catawba. At the Old Field on New River, near the mouth of Gap creek, in Ashe county, was probably once a large Indian town, arrowheads, spear points, pieces of pottery, etc., still being found there; but this section of the mountains had not been populated by the red men for thirteen years before the treaty of 1785, the Indians having leased those lands in 1772, and in 1775, conveyed them outright.[3] \nBUFFALOES. Thwaite's "Daniel Boone" gives much information as to the buffaloes that once were in this section. "At first buffaloes were so plenty that a party of three or four men with dogs, could kill from ten to twenty in a day but soon the sluggish animals receded before the advance of white men, hiding themselves behind the mountain wall" (pp. 17, 18). "They exhibited no fear until the wind blew from the hunters toward them, and then they would dash wildly away in large droves and disappear" (p. 90). Buffalo trails led down the French Broad; and just north of the Toe and- near the Indian Grave gap the trail is still distinctly visible where it crossed the mountain. The valley of the French Broad was a well recognized hunting ground and probably it had contained many buffaloes; but as the Cherokees occupied most of the territory west of the Pigeon, it is more than likely that the bison family was not so numerous there; although in Graham county there are two large creeks which have been called Buffalo time out of mind. Buffalo used to herd at the head of the Yadkin river, and their trails crossed the mountains into Tennessee at several places. But this part of the mountains had been free of Indians for many years before 1750, when the whites began to settle there. Col. Byrd, in his "Writings" (p. 225), says that when near Sugsr-tree creek when running the Dividing Line that his party met a lone buffalo-- a bull and already as large as an ox, which they killed. He adds that "the Men were so delighted with the new dyet, that the Gridiron and Frying Pan had no more rest all night than a Poor Husband Subject to Curtain Lectures." Roosevelt[4] mentions that "When Mansker first went to the Bluffs (now Nashville) in 1769, the buffaloes were more numerous than he had ever seen them before; the ground literally shook under the gallop of the mighty herds, they crowded in dense throngs round the licks, and the forest resounded with their grunting bellows." \nONE VIRTUE IN LEATHER BREECHES. Col. Byrd in his "Writings" (p.212) has these observations upon the curing of skins by means of "smoak," as he invariably spells it: "For Expedition's Sake they often stretch their Skins over Smoak in order to dry them, which makes them smell so disagreeably that a rat must have a good Stomach to gnaw them in that condition; nay, 'tis said, while that perfume continues in a Pair of Leather Breeches, the Person who wears them will be in no danger of that Villainous insect the French call the Morpion"-whatever that may be. \nSOME INSECT PESTS OF PIONEER DAYS. This same versatile and spicy writer makes these sage remarks concerning certain wood insects that have since that time cost these United States millions of dollars: "The Tykes (ticks) are either Deertykes, or those that annoy Cattle. The first kind are long and take a very Strong Gripe, being most in remote woods above the Inhabitants. The other are round and more generally insinuate themselves into the Flesh, being in all places where Cattle are frequent. Both these Sorts are apt to be troublesome during the Warm Season, but have such an aversion to Penny Royal, that they will attack no Part that rubbed with the juice of that fragrant Vegetable. And a strong decoction of this is likewise fatal to the most Seedtikes, which bury themselves in your Legs, where they are so small you can hardly discern them without a Microscope, [Surely the man is talking about "chiggers."] \nHORSEFLIES AND MUSQUETAS. He says (p.213) that Dittany "stuck in the Head-Stall of your Bridle" will keep horse flies at a "respectful Distance. Bear's Oyl is said to be use by Indians (p. 214) against every species of Vermin." He also remarks that the "Richer sort in Egypt" used to build towers in which they had their bed-chambers, in order to be out of the reach of musquetas, because their wings are "so weak and their bodies so light that if they mount never so little, the Wind blows them quite away from their Course, and they become an easy prey to Martins, East India Bats," etc. (p.214). \nFIRE-HUNTING. This Gentleman of Old Virginia (p.223) describes an unsportsmanlike practice of the early settlers of setting the woods afire in a circumference of five miles and driving in the game of all kinds to the hunters stationed near the center to slaughter the terrified animals. @@The deer are said "to weep and groan like a Human Creature" @@as they draw near their doom. He says this is called Fire-Hunting, and that "it is much practiced by Indians and the frontier Inhabitants." This, however, is not what was later known as fire-hunting, which consisted in @@blinding the deer with the light from torches at night only, and shooting at their eyes @@when seen in the darkness. \n@@PRIMOGENITURE REVERSED@@. So hateful and unjust to our ancestors seemed the English rule which gave the eldest son the real estate, that a custom sprang up of giving the youngest son the family homestead, which persists till this good hour. Each girl got a cow, a mare and sufficient "house-plunder" with which to set up house-keeping, but they rarely got any land, the husband being expected to provide that. This latter practice still exists, though girls now sometimes get land also. \nGAME AND HUNTERS. According to Thwaite's "Daniel Boone" (p. 18), "Three or four men, with dogs, could kill from ten to twenty buffaloes in a day," while "an ordinary hunter could slaughter four or five deer in a day. In the autumn from sunrise to sunset he could kill enough bears to provide over a ton of bear meat for winter use; wild turkeys were easy prey; beavers, otters and muskrats abounded; while wolves, panthers and wildcats overran the country." "Throughout the summer and autumn deerskins were in their best condition. Other animals were occssionaily killed to aff ord variety of food, but fur-bearers as a rule only furnish fine pelts in the winter season. Even in the days of abundant game the hunter was required to exercise much skill patience and endurance. It was no holiday task to follow this calling. Deer, especially, were hard to obtain. The habits of this excessively cautious animal were carefully studied; the hunter must know how to imitate its various calls, to take advantage of wind and weather, and to practice all the arts of strategy" (p. 74). \nCOMMERCIAL SIDE OF HUNTING. "Deerskins were, all things considered," continues Thwaite (p. 74), "the most remunerative of all. When roughly dressed and dried they were worth about a dollar each; as they were numerous and a horse could carry for a long distance about a hundred such skins, the trade was considered profitable in those primitive times, when dollars were hard to obtain. Pelts of beavers, found in good condition only in the winter, were worth about two dollars and a half each, and of otters from three to five dollars. Thus a horse-load of beaver furs, when obtainable, was worth about five times that of a load of deerskins; and if a few otters could be thrown in, the value was still greater. The skins of buffaloes, bears, and elks were too bulky to carry for long distances, and were not readily marketable. A few elk hides were needed, however, to cut into harness and straps, and bear and buffalo robes were useful for bedding." \nHOW GAME AND PELTS WERE PRESERVED. Thwaite continues (p.75), "When an animal was killed the hunter @@skinned it on the spot,@@ and packed on his back the hide and the best portion of the meat. At night the meat was smoked or prepared for 'jerking,' and the skins were scraped and cured. When collected at the camps, the bales of skins,@@ protected from the weather by strips of bark, were placed upon high scaffolds, secure from bears and wolves.@@ Our Yadkin hunters were in the habit, each day, of dividing themselves into pairs for company and mutual aid in times of danger, usually leaving one pair behind as camp-keepers." Tow, rammed into the barrel of a "dirty" rifle took the oder of burnt powder, and was hung in trees near the fresh meat. This oder kept off wolves, wild cats, etc. \nTHE PLOTT DOGS. The motive which prompted the settlement of most of these mountain counties was the desire of the pioneers to hunt game. To that end dogs were necessary the long bodied, long legged, deep mouthed hound being used for deer, and a sort of mongrel, composed of cur, bull and terrier, was bred for bear. The Plott dog, called after the famous bear hunter, Enos Plott, of the Balsam mountains of Haywood county, was said to be the finest bear dogs in the State. A few of them still exist and command large prices. Although most of the settlers were Scotch, collies and shepherd dogs did not make their appearance in these mountains till long after the Civil War. They are quite common now. \nWHEN LAND WAS CHEAP. Land was plentiful in those primitive times and as fast as a piece of "new ground" was worn out, another "patch" was cleared and cultivated until it, in its turn, was given over to weeds and pasturage. In all old American pioneer communities it was @@necessary to burn the logs and trunks of the felled trees @@in order to get rid of them, and the heavens were often murky with the smoke of burning log-heaps. The most valuable woods were often used for fence rails or thrown upon the burning pile to be consumed with the rest. @@Fences built of walnut and poplar rails were not uncommon.@@ "New ground" is being made now by scientific fertilization. \nCRUDE CULTIVATION. The ploughing was not very deep and the cultivation of the crops was far from being scientific. Yet the return from the land was generally ample, the seasons usually proving propitious. There was one year, however, that of @@1863, when there was frost in every month@@. There was still another year in which there could not have been very much rain, as there is a -record of a large branch near the Sulphur Springs in Buncombe county having dried up completely. This was in Augrist of the year 1830. (Robert Henry's Diary.) \nUNERRING MARKSMEN. The flintrock, long-barreled Kentucky rifle was in use in these mountains until the commencement of the Civil War. Game was abundant. Indeed, if the modern repeating arms had been in use in those days, the game upon which many depended, not only for food but for clothing as well, would have disappeared long before it did. The fact that the hunter could get but one shot from his gun resulted in making every Nimrod a sure marksman, as he realized that if he missed the first shot the game would be out of sight and hearing long before his trusty rifle, charge it with powder and with his slim hickory ramrod ram down the leaden bullet encased in buckskin and "prime" his flintlock pan with powder. \nUSEFUL PELTRIES. The hams of the red deer were cured and saved for market or winter use, while the skins of both deer and bears were "dressed" with the hair left on them and made into garments or used as rugs or mats for the children to play upon before the wide fireplace, for bed coverings, or cut into plough lines and bridles, or made into moccasins. Out of the horns and hoofs of cows - they made spoons and buttons, while @@from hollow poplar logs@@__ they constructed bee-hives, cradles for their children, barrels for their grain, ash hoppers, gums for their bees__ and what not. \nCOTTON. @@Small patches of cotton@@ were planted and cultivated in sandy and sheltered spots near jhe dwellings, which generally reached maturity, was gathered and "hand-picked," carded and made into batting for quilts and cloaks, or heavy skirts for the women and girls. \nJACKS OF ALL TRADES. The men were necessarily "handy" men at almost every trade known at that day. They made shoes, bullets and powder, built houses, constructed tables, chairs, cupboards, harness, saddles, bridles, buckets, barrels, and plough stocks. They made their own axe and hoe-handles, fashioned their own horseshoes and nails upon the anvil, burnt wood charcoal, made wagon tires, bolts, nuts and everything that was needed about the farm. Some could even make rifles, including the locks, and Mr. John C. Smathers now (1912) 86 years old, is still a good rock and brick mason, carpenter, shoemaker, tinner, painter, blacksmith, plumber, harness and saddle maker, candle maker, farmer, hunter, store-keeper, bee raiser, glazier, butcher, fruit grower, hotel-keeper, merchant, physician, poulterer, lawyer, rail-splitter, politician, cook, school master, gardener, Bible scholar and stable man. He lives at Turnpike, halfway between Asheville and Waynesville, and brought the huge trees now growing in front of his hotel on his shoulders when they were saplings and planted them where they now stand, nearly seventy years ago. He @@can still run a foot race and "throw" most men in a wrestle "catch as catch can."@@ He is the finest example of the old time pioneer now alive. \nINDUSTRIOUS WOMEN. But it was the women who were the true heroines of this section. The hardships and constant toil to which they were generally subjected were blighting and exacting in the extreme. If their lord and master could find time to hunt and fish, go to the Big Musters, spend Saturdays loafing or drinking in the settlement - or about the country "stores," as the shops were and still are called, their wives could scarcely, if ever, find a moment they could call their own. Long before the palid dawn came sifting in through chink and window they were up and about. As there were no matches in those days, the @@housewife "unkivered" - the coals @@which had been smothered in ashes the night before to be kept "alive" till morning, and with "kindling" in one hand and a live coal held on the tines of a steel fork or between iron tongs in the other, she blew and blew and blew till the splinters caught fire. Then the fire was started and the water brought from the spring, poured into the "kittle," and while it was heating the chickens were fed, the cows milked, the children dressed, the bread made, the bacon fried and then coffee was made and breakfast was ready. That over and the dishes washed and put away, the spinning wheel, the loom or the reel were the next to have attention, meanwhile keeping a sharp look out for the children, hawks, keeping the chickens out of the garden, sweeping the floor, making the beds, churning, sewing, darning, washing, ironing, taking up the ashes, and making lye, watching for the bees to swarm, keeping the cat out of the milk pans, dosing the sick children, tying up the hurt fingers and toes, kissing the sore places well again, making soap, robbing the bee hives, stringing beans, for winter use, working the garden, planting and tending a few hardy flowers in the front yard, such as princess feather, pansies, sweet-Williams, dahlias, morning glories; getting dinner, darning patching, mending, milking again, reading the Bible, prayers, and so on from morning till night, and then all over again the next day. It could never have been said of them that they had "but fed on roses and lain in the lilies of life." \nFASHION ON A BACK SEAT. There was little thought of "finery," no chance to display the latest fashions, few drives or rides for pleasure, and only occasionally a dance, a quilting party or a camp meeting. No wonder the sons and daughters of such mothers are the best citizens of the "Old North State"! \nPEWTER PLATTERS AND POTTERY. The early settlers "burned their own pottery and delftware"[5] but most of their dishes and spoons were of pewter, though horn spoons were also in evidence. "They made felt hats, straw hats and every other article of domestic consumption." Most young people never saw a bolster, and pewter plates are tied up with blue ribbons these days and hung on parlor walls as curiosities. \nFRONTIER KITCHENS AND UTENSILS.[6] "Dishes and other utensils were few-some pewter plates, forks and spoons; wooden bowls and trenchers, with gourds and hard-shelled squashes for drinking mugs. For knife, Boone doubtless used his belt weapon, and scorned the crock plates now slowly creeping into the valley, as calculated to dull its edge." Grinding corn into meal, or cracking it into hominy, were, as usual with primitive peoples, tasks involving the most machinery. Rude mortars and pestles, some of the latter - ingeniously worked by springy "sweeps," were commonly seen;[7] a device something like a nutmeg grater was often used when the corn was soft;[8] two circular millstones, worked by hand, were effective, and there were some operated by water power. \nMEDICINE AND SUPERSTITION. "Medicine was at a crude stage, many of the so-called cures being as old as Egypt, while others were borrowed from the Indians. The borderers firmly believed in the existence of @@witches; bad dreams, eclipses of the sun, the howling of dogs, the croaking of ravens,@@ were sure to bring disasters in their train."[9] Teas made of burdock, sassafras, catnip, and other herbs are still in use. Lye poultices were considered Sovereign remedies for wounds and cuts. Hair bullets shot from guns against barn doors were sure to drive away witches. Tangled places in a horse's mane or tail were called "witches' stirrups," in which the witches were thought to have placed their feet when riding the animals over the hills.[10] Mullein was cultivated for medicine for and cows. \nNAILLESS HOUSES. Nails were scarce in those days and saw mills- few and far between, rendering it necessary for them to use wooden pins to hold their ceiling and shelving in place and to rive out their shingles or "boards" for their roof covering and puncheons for their door and window shutters and their flooring. Thin boards or shingles were held in position upon the roof rafters by long split logs tied upon them with hickory withes, or held in place by laying heavy stones upon them. There is still standing in the Smoky mountains a comfortable cabin of one large room, floored and ceiled on the inside, and rain and wind proof, in the construction of which not a single nail was used. This cabin was built in 1859 and is on the Mill Creek Fork of Noland Creek in' Swain county. \nFIRST HOUSES. A single room was as much as could be built at first, then followed a shed, a spring house, a stable and crib. Then would come the "double" log house. In some of these houses there might be as many as six rooms, front and including two garret or loft rooms above the two main rooms of the house, and two shed rooms or lean-tos. After saw mills became more general, frame houses were erected, often of from eight to twelve rooms, with the kitchens detached from the main dwelling. But the log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born, and now enshrined in a marble palace at Hogdensville, Ky., is a fair sample of the average home of pioneer days. \n"CHINKED AND DOBBED." The walls of these log houses were "chinked and daubed." That is, the spaces between the logs were filled with blocks or scraps of wood and the interstices left were filled with plain, undisguised mud-lime being too expensive to be used for that purpose. \nTHE GREAT "WAR GOVERNOR'S" HOME. The house in which Hon. Zebulon Baird Vance, the great War Governor and statesman of the Old North State lived for many years is on Reems Creek in Buncombe county. It consisted of a single large room below and a garret or loft above, reached by rude stairs, almost a ladder, running up in one corner near the chimney. The-re was also a shed room attached to the rear of this house. Some of us are quite "swagger" nowadays, but we are all proud of our log-cabin ancestry. \nUNGLAZED WINDOWS. Windows, as a rule, were scarce. The difficulty and expense of glazing them were so great as to preclude the use of many. Most of those which found place in the walls of the house were made~by removing about 18 inches from one of the wide logs running the length of the house and usually opposite the huge fire. It rarely contained any sash or glass and was closed by a sliding shutter running in grooves inside the wall. It was rare that upstairs or loft rooms contained any windows at all. \nPRIMITIVE PORTIERS. Privacy was obtained by hanging sheets or counterpanes from the overhead sleepers or "jists" as the joists were almost universally called. Behind these screens the women and girls dressed when "men folks" were present, though their ablutions were usually performed at the "spout" or spring, or in the room after the male element had gone to their work. Sometimes a board partition divided the large down-stairs room into two, but as this made a very dark and ill-ventilated bedroom far removed from the light of the front and back doors and cut off from the heat of the fire place, this division was not popular or general. \nTHE LIVING ROOM. Usually, in more primitive days, the beds, mostly of feathers, were ranged round the room, leaving a large open space in the middle. The dining table stood there or against a wall near the fireplace. The hearth was wide and projected into the room two feet or more. A crane swung from the back of the chimney on which- pots were hung from "pot hooks," familiar to beginners in writing lessons and the ovens were placed on live coals while their lids, or as they were generally called "leds," were covered with other live coals and left on the broad hearth. In the kitchen of the old Mitchell Alexander hotel or "Cattle stand," eleven miles below Asheville on the French Broad, there is still standing and in daily use a deep old fireplace ten feet wide, the hearth of which projects into the room eight or nine feet. The water bucket with a curved handled gourd stood on a shelf just inside the door. Usually there was no wash pan, the branch or spout near by being deemed sufficient for all purposes. A comb in a box under a small and imperfect looking-glass usually hung on the wall over the water bucket. Around the walls behind the beds on pegs were hung the skirts of the girls and women; and, if the men of the house owned any extra coats or trousers, they hung there, too. On the tops of boxes or trunks, usually called "chists," were folded and piled in neat order the extra quilts, sheets and counterpanes. Some of these counterpanes or "coverlids" were marvels of skill and beauty in color and design and all were woven in the loom which stood at one end of the porch or shed in front of the house. There was also a wooden cupboard nailed against the wall which contained racks for the plates and dishes. Beneath this was a place for the pots and pans, after the cooking was over. \nWHERE COLONIAL ART SURVIVES.[11] Mrs. Eliza Calvert Hall has discovered recently that "in the remote mountains of the South, where civilization has apparnetly stood still ever since the colonial pioneers built their homes there," they still make coverlets that are rich "in texture and coloring" and are "real works of art." Of course we are also told that this art was first brought to America through New England; but she fails to state that it was also brought to Philadelphia, Charleston and every other American port through which English, Scotch or Irish women were admitted to America. That it has perished everywhere else, and still survives among us, might indicate that civilization instead of having stood still in the mountains has at least held its own there, while it has receded in New England. That, however, is immaterial. Certain it is that Mrs. Finley Mast of Valle Crucis is now at work on an order from President Wilson, and expects soon to see specimens of her handiwork in the White House of nation. \nSLANDERS BY THE "UNCO GUID" Because in the spring of 1912 the Allen family of the mountains of Virginia "shot up" the court at Hillville, the entire "contemporary mountaineer" is condemned as resenting "the law's intrusion," part1y, perhaps, because he himself enjoys few of the benefits of civilized society.[12] We regret the ignorance of this self-styled "national weekly" and others who defame us, and in view of the exploits of the "gunmen" of Broadway a few months later[13] recall with complacency the louse that gave occasion for that immortal prayer "Oh, wad some power the giftie gie us to see ourselves as others see us." Little of good about the mountain whites is ever published North of Mason and Dixon's line. The Watauga Democrat of July 10. -1913, records the fact that a few days before a journalist of New Canaan, Conn., and a photographer and illustrator of New York, had visited Boone, and that they had distinctly stated that their sole object in visiting these mountains was to look up "the destitution, ignorance and vice among the mountain whites." They were surprised to learn that the Appalachian Training School was located in Boone, and wanted no facts as to the good it was accomplishing. Their names were stated in the Democrat. In "The Child That Toileth Not," by Thomas R. Dawley, Jr., (1912) has preseented many photographs of most destitute and degenerate of the mountain population, ignoring the splendid specimens of helath and prospertity he met every day. About 1905 a "lady from New York had two photographs taken of the same children at Blowing Rock. In the first they were dressed in rags and outlandish clothing; in the second, they wore most tasteful and becoming garb. She labeled the first "Before I Began," and the second, "After Three Weeks of Uplift Work." She had offered a prize to the child who should appear for the first picture in the worst clothing, and another prize for the child who should dress most becomingly for the second. The work of Miss Prudden and of Miss Florence Stephenson is appreciated by us; but our slanderers only make our blood boil. For, in the Outlook for April 26, 1913, appeared "The Case of Lura Sylva, "showing the filth, destitution, depravity and degrading surroundings of a twelve-year-old girl "which" we are told is "not an unusual" story of similar conditions "in a prosperous farming community of the Hudson river valley." Nothing worse has ever been written of any of the "mountain whites" than is there recorded of this girl. Let your charity begin at your own home. Charles Dudley Warner made a horseback trip from Abingdon, Va., to Asheville in August, 1884. He saw absolutely nothing on that trip which he could commend. ("On horseback," 1889) except two pianos he found in the home of the Worths at Creston. He was, however, lavish with his fault finding. \nEVERY HOME A FACTORY. Manufacture means hand-made, Therefore, since few homes manufacture anything today, we have made no progress in manufactures, but have receded from the time when every home was a factory. We have instead simply adopted machinery and built factories. \nSOME LOST ARTS. Those who never lived in a mountainous country are often surprised at the sight of what we call @@sleds, slides or sledges,@@__ made of the bodies of small trees with crooked ends, turning upward like those of sleigh runners though much more slumsy and heavy. As these runners wore down they were "shod" by tacking split saplings under them.__ Sleds can be hauled on steep hill-sides where wheeled vehicles would turn over or get beyond control going down hill. Our "Union" carpenters of this day could not build a house with the materials and tools of their pioneer ancestors, nearly all of whom were carpenters. Modern carpenters would not know what @@"cracking" a log @@was, for instance; and yet, the pioneer artizans of old had __to make their boards __by that method. It consisted in driving the blade of an ax or hatchet into the small end of a log by means of a maul, and inserting wooden wedges, called "gluts." On either side of this first central "crack" another crack was made, and gluts placed therein. There were usually two gluts placed in each crack and each was tapped in turn, thus splitting the log uniformly. These two riven pieces were next placed in "snatch-block," which were two parallel logs into which notches had been cut deep enough to hold the ends of these pieces, which were held in position with "keys" or wedges. The upper side of this riven piece was then "scored" with a broad ax and then "dressed" with the same tool, the under edges being beveled. The length of these pieces, now become puncheons, was usually half the length of the floor to be covered, the two ends resting on the sleeper running across the middle of the room. The beveled edges were placed as near together as possible, after which a - saw was run between them, thus reducing the uneven edges so that they came snugly together, and were air tight when pinned into place with wooden pegs driven through augur-holes into the sills and sleepers. Hewed logs were first@@ "scalped," @@__that is the bark was removed with an ax__, after which the trunk was @@"lined" with- a woolen cord dipped in moist charcoal,@@ powdered, which had been made from locust bark. This corresponded to what is now called a chalk-line. Then four of these lines were made down the length of the log, each pair being as far apart as the hewed log was to be thick-usually four to six inches-one pair being above and the other pair below; after which the log was "blocked" with an ax, by cutting deep notches on each side about four feet apart. These sections were then split from the sides of the log, thus reducing its thickness to nearly that desired. Then these sides were "scored" and and then dressed till they were smooth. The block on which the "Liberty Bell" of Philadelphia rests still shows this "scoring" or hacks made by the broad-ax. Houses were framed on the ground by cutting the ends of the logs into notches called "saddles" which, when placed in position, fitted like joiner work--each log having been numbered while still on the ground. When the logs were being placed in position they were lifted into place on the higher courses by means of what were called "bull's eyes." These were made of hickory saplings whose branches had been plaited into rings and then slipped over the logs, their stemsserving as handles for pulling, etc. \nROOFING LOG HOUSES. Modern carpenters would be puzzled to roof a house without nails or shingles or scantling; but their forbears accomplished this seemingly impossible task with neatness and dispatch. After the main frame or "pen" of the house was up, two parallel poles were laid along and above the top logs, and "gable" logs were placed under these, the gable logs being shorter than the end logs of the house. This was continued till the gable end was reached, when the "ridge pole" was placed in position, being held there with pegs or pins. The frame of the roof was now ready, and "boards," or rough shingles were riven from the "blocks" or sectiofls of chestnut, poplar or white oak, though the latter would "cup" or twist into a curved shape if "laid" in the "light" of the moon. The lower ends of the lowest row of "boards" rested against the flat side of a split log, called the "butting pole," because the boards butted upon it. Upon the lower row of boards, which were doubled in order to cover the cracks in the under tier, a single row of boards was then laid, the first row being held in place by a split log laid on them and made fast by pegs driven through their ends of and into the ends of the poles under the boards. These were also supported by "knees." The various pieces of roofing were called evebearers, rib-poles, weight poles, etc., etc. \nTANNING HIDES AND MAKING SHOES. According to Col. W. L. Bryan, every farmer had his tan-trough, which was an @@excavation dug out of a poplar or chestnut log@@ of large size, while some had two troughs in one log, separate by leaving a division of the log in place. Into these troughs @@ashes or lime was placed, diluted with water.@@ Skins should always be @@salted and folded together a few days@@ till all the blood has been drawn out; but salt was high and scarce, and this process was often omitted. When "green" hides were to be tanned at once, they were first "fleshed," by being placed on the "fleshing block" and@@ scraped with a fleshing knife@@-one having a rounded edge. This block was a log with the upper surface rounded, the lower end resting on the ground and the upper end, supported on pegs reaching to a man's waist. Fleshing consisted in scraping as much of the fat and blood out of the hide as possible. When hides were to be@@ dried before being tanned,@@ were hung lengthwise on poles, with the flesh side upper-most, and left under shelter till dry and hard. @@Hair was removed @@from green and dry hides alike by soaking them in the tan-trough in a solution of lime or wood ashes till the hair would "slip" that is, come off easily. They were then soaked till all the lime or ashes had been removed, after which they were placed again on the fleshing bench and "broken" or made pliable, with a breaking-knife. They then went into the tan-trough, after having been split lengthwise into two parts, each of which was called a "side." The @@bottom of the tan-trough was lined with a layer of bark@@, after which a fold of a "side" was placed on the bark and another layer of bark placed above the upper fold of the side; then the side was folded back again and another layer of bark placed on it, and so on till the tan-trough had been filled. Then water was turned or poured in, and the mass @@allowed to remain two months@@, after which time the bark and water were renewed in the same manner as before. This in turn remained @@another two months@@, when the bark and water were again renewed. @@Two months longer@@ completed the process, making @@six months in all.@@ This was @@called "the cold-ooze" process@@, and while it required a much longer time it made better leather than the present hot-ooze process, which cooks and injures the leather. The hide of every animal bearing fur is thicker along the back-bone than elsewhere, and after the tanning process this was @@cut off for sole leather,@@ while the rest was blacked for "uppers," etc. The under side of the thin or "uppers" leather was then "curried" with a knife, thus making it as smooth as the upper side. Sole leather, however, was not curried ordinarily. "Buffing" was the removal of the "grain" or upper surface of the hide after it had been tanned, thus making both sides alike. Smaller skins were tanned in the same way, and those of dogs, coons, ground hogs, etc., were used for "@@whang@@" leather--that is, they were @@cut into strings for sewing other leather with@@. Horse collars, harness and moccasins thus joined will outlast those sewed- with thread. The more valuable hides of smaller- animals were removed from the carcass without being split open, and were then called "cased" hides. This was done by splitting open the hind legs to the body and then pulling the skins from the carcass, fore legs and head, after which they were "stretched" by inserting a board or sticks inside, now the fur-side, and hanging them up "in the dry" till dried. Other less valuable skins were stretched by means of sticks being stuck into the four "corners" of the hide, tacked to the walls of the houses under the eaves and allowed to dry. The women made moccasins for the children by doubling the tanned deer skin along the back, laying a child's stocking along it so that the sole of the stocking was parallel with the fold in the skin, and then marking around the outline of the stocking, after which the skin, still doubled, was cut out around the outline, sewed together with "whang" leather, placed on a last till it was "shaped," after which it was ready for wear. @@The new moon in June was the best time for taking the bark from trees@@. White and chestnut oak bark was prereferred, the outer or rough part of the bark having been first removed with a drawing knife, which process was called "@@scurfing" or "scruffing@@." The bark was then piled, inside up, inider shelter, and allowed to dry. Among the personal effects of Abraham Lincoln's grandfather were "a drawing-knife, a currying knife, and a currier's knife and barking iron."[14] @@Lime was scarce@@ in most localities in this section, and @@ashes were used instead@@. Every @@deer's head was said to have enough brains to "dress" its hide@@.[15] The brains were rubbed into the hair of the hide, after which the hide was folded together till the hair would "slip," when the hide was placed in the tan-trough and tanned, the @@brains thus taking the place of lime or ashes@@. After vats came in bark mills came also. \nELIZABETHAN ENGLISH? Writers who think they know, have said that our people have been sequestered in these mountains so long that they speak the language of Shakespeare and of Chaucer. It is certain that we sometimes say "hit" for it and "taken" for took; that we also say "plague" for tease, and when we are willing, we say we are "consentable." If we are asked if we "care for a piece of pie," we say "yes," if we wish to be helped to some; and if we are invited to accompany anyone and wish to do so, we almost invariably say "I wouldn't care to go along," meaning we do not object. We also say "haint" for "am not" "are not" and "have not," and we invite you to "light" if you are riding or driving. We "pack" our loads in "pokes," and "reckon we can't " if invited "to go a piece" with a passerby, when both he and we know perfectly well that we can if we will. Chaucer and Shakespeare may have used these expressions we do not know. We are absolutely certain, though, that "molases" is as plural as measles; and ask to be helped to "them" just as confident that we shall be understood as people 6f greater culture hope their children will soon recover from or altogether escape "them," meaning only one thing, the measles. Though we generally say we "haven't saw," it is the rarest thing in the world when we do things "we hadn't ought to," and we never express surprise or interest by exclaiming, "Well, I want to know." On the other hand we have Webster for our authority that "hit" is the Saxon for it; and we know ourselves that "taken" is more regular that "took"; Webster also gives us the primary meaning of "plague": anything troublesome or vexatious; but in th1 sense applied to the vexations we suffer from men, and not to the unavoidable evils inflicted on us by divine providence; while "tease" means to comb or card, as wool; to scratch, as cloth in dressing, for the purpose of raising a nap; and to vex with importunity or impertinence." Surely one may be in a mood or condition of consent, and when so, why is not he "consentable"? Webster also says that "care" means "to be inclined or disposed; to have regard to; with "for" before a noun, and "to" before a verb;" while "alight" is "to get down or descend, as from horseback or from a carriage," the very sense in which we invariably use it, our only fault consisting in keeping the "a" silent. Webster does not authorize the use of "pack" as a verb transitive, in the sense of bearing a burden, but he gives "burden or load" as the meaning of the noun "pack"; while a "poke" is "a pocket; a small bag; as, a pig in a poke." A "piece" is a fragment or "part of anything, though not separated, or separated only in idea," in which sense going "a piece" (of the way, understood) is quite intelligible to some of us who do not know our letters. Being, in our own estimation, at least, "as well as common" in this respect as in many others,"we still manage to unstand and to be understood"; and claim that when we "want in," we generally manage to "get" in, whether we say "get" or not. Still in these respects, we may "mend," not improve; and who shall say that our "mend" is not a simpler, sweeter and more significant word than "improve"? But we do mispronounce many words, among which is "gardeen" for guardian, "colume" for column, and "pint" for point. The late Sam Lovin of Graham was told that it was improper to say Rocky "Pint," as its true name is "Point." When next he went to Asheville he asked for a "point" of whiskey. We even take our mispronounciation to proper names, and call Metcalf "Madcap"; Pennell "Pinion"; Pilkington "Pilkey"; Cutbirth "Cutbaird"; Mast "Moss"; Presnell "Pressly"; Moretz "Morris"; and Morphew - "Murphey." "Mashed, mummicked and hawged up," means worlds to most of us. Finally, most of us are of the opinion of the late @@Andrew Jackson who thought that one who could spell a word in only way was a "mighty po' excuse for a full grown man." @@\nHORSE TRADING.[16] "It is an interesting sight to watch the proceedings of a shooting-match. If it is to be in the afternoon, the long open space beside the creek, and within the circle of chestnut trees, where the shooting is to be done, is empty; but, just as the shadow of the sun is shortest, they begin to assemble. Some of them come on foot; others in wagons, or, as is most generally the ease, on horseback galloping along through the woods. The long-haired denizen of the hidden mountain cove drops in, with his dog at his heels. The young blacksmith, in his sooty shirt-sleeves, walks over from his way-side forge. The urchins who, with their fishrods, haunt the banks of the brook, are gathered in as great force as their "daddies" and elder brothers. \n"A unique character, who frequently mingles with the crowd, is the 'nat'ral-born hoss-swopper. He has a keen eye to see at a glance the defects and perfections of horse or mule (in his own opinion), and always carries the air of a man who feels a sort of superiority over his fellow men. At a prancing gait, he rides the result of his last sharp bargain, into the group, and keeps his saddle, with the neck of his horse well arched, by means of the curb-bit, until another mountaineer, with like trading propensities, strides up to him, and claps his hand on the horse's mane. \n"An examination on the part of both swappers always results in a trade, boot being frequently given. A chance to make a change in horseflesh is never let slip by a natural-born trader. The life of his business consists in quick and frequent bargains; and at the end of a busy month he is either mounted on a good saddle horse, or is reduced to an old rack, blind and lame. The result will be due to the shrewdness or dullness of the men he dealt with, or the unexpected sickness on his hands of what was considered a sound animal." \nFROLICS.[17] The banjo and the fiddle have been as constant companions of the pioneers of the mountains of North Carolina as the Bible and the Hymn Book. The country "frolics" or "hoe-downs", were necessarily less recherched than the dances, hops and germans of the present day, for, as a rule, the dancing had to take place on the uneven puncheon floors and in a very restricted space, often procured by the removal of the furniture of the kitchen or bed room, for usually a dwelling rarely had more than these two apartments, in the earlier days. \nPOOR ILLUMINATION. Owing to the fact that kerosene was unknown in the pioneer days, there was but poor illlunination for those little mountain homes, generally consisting of but one large room and a shed or lean-to in the rear. @@Tin candle molds and heavy wicks were used with the tallow of beeves and deer@@ for making of candles, which gave but a poor light. @@Bear's oil in a saucer, with a spun cotton thread wick@@ also served to light the houses. As there were only a few books, the early settlers did not feel the want of good lights as much as we would at this time. So, when the days grew short and the nights long, our forbears usually retired to their beds soon after dark, which meant almost fourteen hours in bed if they waited for daylight. But, usually, they did not wait for it, arising long before the sun came above the horizon, building huge fires and beginning the day by the light of the blazing logs. \nThis is one reason so many of those people saw the "falling of the stars" on the early morning of the thirteenth of November, 1833. Twenty years ago there were still living scores of people who witnessed this extraordinary and fearful sight. \nDANGER FROM WILD ANIMALS. @@Panthers, wild cats, wolves and bear@@ were the most troublesome depredators and they were the means of much serious damage to the mountain ranges, settlers, most of which was driven to the mountain ranges where luxuriant grasses abounded from May till October. Colts, calves and pigs were frequently attacked and destroyed by these "varmints," as the settlers called them. But while there was little or no danger to human beings from these animals, the @@black bear being a notorious coward,@@ unless hemmed up, the "women folk" were "pestered" by the beautiful and, on occasion, malodorous @@pole-cat@@ or skunk, the @@thieving o'possum, the mink, weasel, etc., which robbed the chicken roosts after dark@@. Moles and chipmunks, also destroyed their "garden truck" in early summer, while hawks and eagles played havoc with their fowls, and crows pulled up the young corn and small grain which had not been sown deep enough. \nTHE ORIGINAL "HOUN DAWG." Hounds were the principal breed of dogs employed by the pioneer. Crossed with the more savage species, the hound also made a good bear dog, and the Plott bear dogs were famous in the pursit of Bruin. Some settlers kept a pack of ten or fifteen hounds for deer dogs. \nTHE DARK SIDE OF THE CLOUD. But from Thwaite's "Daniel Boone" we gather much that robs the apparent charm of pioneer life of something of its attractiveness. "Among the outlying settlers, much of the family food came from the woods, and often months would pass without bread being seen inside the cabin walls" (p.58). "For head covering, the favorite was a soft cap of coon-skin, with the bushy tail dangling behind; but Boone himself despised this gear and always wore a hat. The women wore huge sunbonnets and loose gowns of homemade cloth; they generally went barefoot in summer, but wore moccasins in winter" (p.29). These moccasins were "soft and pliant, but cold in winter even when stuffed with deer's hair and leaves, and so spongy as to be no protection against wet feet, which made every hunter an early victim to rheumatism." That many prisoner were massacred is also an evidence of the harshness these times. \nTOUCHSTONE AND TERPSICHORE. There were shooting matches at which a young steer was divided and shot for foot races, wrestling bouts, camp-meetings, log-rollings, house-raisings and the "@@Big Musters@@" where cider and ginger cakes were sold, which drew the people together and promoted social intercourse, as well as the usual religious gatherings at the "church houses." Singing classes and Sunday Schools, now so common, were not at first known in these mountains, and, indeed, even Sunday Schools are of comparatively recent origin. When a @@young couple were married they were usually serenaded with cow horns, tin pans and other unearthly noises@@. This is still the custom in many parts of the mountains. Agricultural fairs were unknown in the olden days. Horse-racing over ordinary roads, horse-swapping and good natured contests of strength among the men were also in vogue generally. \nBEFORE THE DAYS OF "BRIDGE." Among the women and girls there were spinning, carding, reeling and knitting matches, and sometimes a weaving match.[18] @@Quilting parties were very common@@, and, indeed, the @@quilting frame can still be observed in many a mountain house, suspended from the ceiling above,@@ even in the modern parlor or company room. All sorts of superstitions attended a quilting--the first stitch given being usually emblematic of the marriage of the one making it and the last of the death of the person so unfortunate as to have that distinction. Of course the @@coverlid@@ or top of the quilt, usually a patchwork of bright scraps of cloth carefully hoarded and gathered from all quarters, @@had been prepared in advance of the gathering@@ of the quilting party, and the quilting consisted in spreading it above the wool or cotton rolls spread uniformly on a white cloth and stitching the upper and lower cloths together. Hence the great convenience of the quilting frame which held the quilt and was lowered to a point about waist high. \nTHE "CAUSUS BELLI." At school it was customary for the @@larger boys to bar the teacher out @@when a holiday was ardently desired. This was accomplished by placing themselves inside the school room and barring the placing the rude and backless benches against it and refusing to remove them. As there was but one door and no teacher was helpless, and, after threatening and bullying for a time, usually left the boys in possession of the school house till the following day, when no one was punished. For anyone, be he friend or foe, but especially a stranger to holler @@"school butter"@@ near a school was to invite every urchin to rush from the room; and the offender had either to treat the scholars or be soundly thrashed and pelted. In Monroe county, Tennessee, near Madisonville, in the year of grace 1893, this scribe was dared and double-dared to holler those talismanic words as he passed a county school, but ignommiously declined. \n"ANT'NY OVER." A game almost universal with the children of that day was called @@"Ant'ny Over."@@ Sides were chosen, one side going to one side of the house and the other to the other. A ball was tossed over the roof by one side, the problem being whether it would reach the comb of the roof and fall on the other side. If it did so and was caught by one on that side, that side ran around the house and tried to hit somebody on the other side with the ball; if they succeeded the one hit had to join the other side, and the side catching the ball had to throw it over the house and so on until one side lost all children. The rule was for the side tossing the ball to cry "Ant'ny!" as they were ready to throw the ball and when the other side hollered "Over!" the ball was thrown. \nMOUNTAIN LAGER BEER. @@Methiglen@@, a mildly intoxicating drink, @@made by pouring water upon honey-comb, and allowing it to ferment,@@ was a drink quite common in the days of log rollings, house raisings and big musters. It was a sweet and pleasant beverage and about as intoxicating as beer or wine. \nLAWFUL MOONSHINE. "Ardent spirits were then in almost universal use and nearly every prosperous man had his whiskey or brandy still. Even ministers of the gospel are said in some instances to have made and sold liquor. A barroom was a place shunned by none. The court records show license to retail issued to men who stood high as exemplary members of churches. On November 2, 1800, Bishop Asbury chronicles that "Francis Alexander Ramsey pursued us to the ferry, franked us over and took us to his excellent mansion, a stone house; it may not be amiss to mention that our host has built his house, and taken in his harvest without the aid of of whiskey." \nMOONSHINING. Before railroads were constructed in these mountains there was no market for the surplus corn, rye and fruit; and it was considered right to convert these products into whiskey and brandy, for which there was always a market. When, therefore, soon after the Civil War, the United States government attempted to enforce its internal revenue laws, much resistance was manifested by many good citizens. Gradually, however, illicit distilling has been relegated to a few irresponsible and ignorant men; for the penalty inflicted for allowing one's land to be used as the location for a still, grind corn or malt for illicit stillers, or to aid them in any way, is great enough to deter all men of property from violating the law in this regard. @@Moonshining is so called because it is supposed that it is only while the moon is shining@@ that illicit stilling takes place, though that is erroneous, as much of it is done during the day. But, as these stills are located usually, in the most out-of-the-way places possible, the @@smoke arising during the day from the stills attracts attention@@ and final detection. Stills are usually located on small, cold streams, and on wild land little adapted to cultivation. Sometimes, however, stills are situated in the cellar or kitchen or other innocent looking place for the purpose of diverting suspicion. Neighbors, chance visitors, the color the slops give to the streams into which they drain, and other evidence finally lead to tife arrestof the operators and the destruction of the stilling plant and mash. @@The simplest process@@ is to soak corn till it sprouts, after which it is dried and ground, making @@malt@@. Then corn is ground into meal, and it and the malt are placed in tubs with water till they sour and ferment, making @@mash@@. This mash is then placed in the still and boiled, the steam passing through a @@worm or spiral@@ metal tube which rests in a cooling tub, into which a stream of running water pours constantly. This condenses the steam, which falls into the "@@singling keg@@"; and when a sufficient quantity has been produced, the mash is removed from the still, and it is washed out, after which the "@@singlings@@" are poured into the still and evaporated, passing through the worm a second time, thus becoming "@@doublings@@," or high proof whiskey. It is then tested or proofed-usually by shaking it in a bottle-when its strength is determined by the bubbles or "@@beads@@" which rise to the top. It is then adulterated with water till it is "@@right@@," or mild enough to be drunk without blistering the throat. Apples and peaches are first raashed or ground, fermented and evaporated, thus becoming brandy. Still slops are used to feed cattle and hogs, when practicable, but moonshiners usually have to empty their slops upon the ground, from which it is sure to drain into some stream and thus lead to discovery. Still slop-fed hogs do not as firm lard as corn-fed animals, just as mash-fed hogs do not produce as good lard as corn-fed hogs, though the flesh of mast-fed hogs is considered more delicate and better flavored than that of any other kind. \n@@Blockading@@ is usually applied to the illegal selling of moonshine whiskey or brandy. \nTHE STRENGTH OF UNION. The following account of the cooperation common among the early settlers is taken from "A Brief History of Macon County" by Dr. C. D. Smith, published in 1905, at Franklin: \n"It was the custom m those early days not to rely for help upon hired labor. In harveskng small grain crops the sickle was mostly used. When a crop was ripe, the neighbors were notified and gathered in to reap and shock up the crops. The manner was for a dozen or more men to cut through the field, then hang their sickles over-their shoulders and bind back. The boys gathered the sheaves together and the old men shocked them up. The corn crops were usually gathered in and thrown in great heaps alongside the cribs. The neighbors were invited and whole days and into the nights were often spent in husking out a single crop. I have seen as many as eighty or ninety men at a time around my father's corn heap. If a house or barn was to be raised the neighbors were on band and the building was soon under roof. Likewise, if a msn had a heavy clearing, it was no trouble to have an ample force to handle and put in heaps the heaviest logs. It was no unusual thing for a man to need one or two thousand rails for fencing. All he had to do was to proclaim that he would have a 'rail mauling' on a given day, and bright and early the neighbors were on the ground and the rails were made before sundown. This custom of mutual aid, cultivated a feeling of mutual depence and brotherhood, and resulted in the most friendly and neighborly intercourse. Indeed, each man seemed to be on the lookout for his neighbor's comfort and welfare as well as his own. It made a community of broad, liberal minded people, who despite the tongue of gossip and an occasional fisticuff in hot blood, lived in peace and good will one toward another. There was then less selfishness and cold formality than now.... I amfree to admit that there has been improvement along some lines such for instance, as that of education, the building of church-houses, style of dress, etc., but I am sure that there has been none in the sterner traits of character, generosity, manliness, patriotism, integrity, and public spirit."\nGIANTS IN THOSE DAYS. It also appears from the same very admirable sketch of Macon county, that @@when a new road was desired@@ a jury was appointed to lay it off and divide it into sections as nearly equal as possible, the work on each section being assigned by lot to the respective captains of militia companies, and that the work was done without compensation. Dr. Smith cites an instance when he saw "men taking rock from the river with the water breast deep to aid in building wharves. They remained until the work was finished." \nFIST AND SKULL. \n"There was another custom in those bygone days which to the present generation seems extremely primitive and rude, but which, when analyzed, shows a strong sense of honor and manliness of character. To settle minor disputes and differences, whether for imaginary or real personal wrongs, there were occasional fisticuffs. Then, it sometimes occurred in affairs of this kind, that whole neighborhoods and communities took an interest. I have known county arrayed against county, and state against state, for the belt in championship, for manhood and skill in a hand-to-hand tussel between local bullies. When these contests took place the custom was for the parties to go into the ring. The crowd of spectators demanded fairness and honor. If anyone was disposed to show foul play he was withheld or in the attempt promptly chastised by some bystander. Then, again, if either party in the fight resorted to any weapons whatever, other than his physical appendages, he was at once branded and denounced as a coward, and was avoided by his former associates. While this custom was brutal in its practice, there was a bold outcropping of character in it, for such affairs were conducted upon the most punctilious points of honor. . . . This custom illustrates the times and I have introduced it more for the sake of contrast than a desire to parade it before the public." \nHORN AND BONE. Buttons were made from bones and cow's horns, while the antlers of the red deer were almost indispensable as racks for the long barreled flint-lock rifle, hats, clothing or other articles usually suspended from pegs and hooks. Dinner and powder horns were from cow's horns, from which the "picker" and "charger" hung. Irk bottles were made from the small ends of cow's horns, powder was carried in these water-proof vessels, while hounds were called in from the chase or "hands" were summoned from the fields by toots upon these far-sounding if not musical instruments. During the Civil War, William Sivei',s of Mitchell county made combs from cow's horns, filing out each separate tooth after boiling and "spreading" the horns into flat surfaces. He sold these for good prices, and once made a trip to Asheville with a wagon for a full load of horns as the neighborhood did not supply the demand. \nGUNPOWDER BOUNTY.[19] "In 1796 Governor Ashe issued a proclamation announcing that in pursuance of an Act to provide for the public safety by granting encouragement to certain manufactures, Jacob Byler of the county of Buncombe, had exhibited to to him a sample of gunpowder manufactured by him in the year 1799 and also a certificate proving that he had made six hundred and sixty-three pounds of good, merchantable, rifle gunpowder; and therefore, he was entitled to the bounty under the Act (2 Wheeler's History of North Carolina, 52). This Jacob Byler, or rather Boyler, was afterward a member of Buncombe County court, and in the inventory of his property returned by his administrator after his death in October, 1804, is mentioned "Powder mill irons." \nELIZABETHTON' S BATTLE MONUMENT. On a massive monument erected in 1910 at Elizabethton, Tenn., to the soldiers of all the wars in which Tennessee has participated is a marble slab to the memory of Mary Patton who made the powder with which the battle of Kings Mountain was fought. This was made on Powder Mill branch, Carter county, Tennessee. On what is still known as Powder Mill creek in old Mitchell, so long ago that the date cannot now be fixed with certainty, Dorry and Loddy Oaks made powder near where the creek empties into Toe River. Zeb Buchanan now owns the land. \nWANDERLUST. Alexander Thomas, A. J. McBride, and Marion Wilson, all of Cove creek, Watauga county, went to California in 1849, crossing the plains in ox carts, and mined for gold. Captain Young Farthing helped to carry the Cherokees to the West in 1838, as did also William Miller, Col. James Horton and others of Watauga. They were paid in land warrants to be located in Kansas, but the warrants were usually sold for what they would bring, which was little. Jacob Townsend of near Shull's Mills was a pensioner of the War of 1812. Colonel J. B. Todd, Peter Hoffman and Jason Martin of Watauga were in the Mexican war. A number of others volunteered from these mountains, but were never called out. \nFORGE BOUNTY LAND GRANTS. One of the first needs of these pioneers was iron, and in 1788 (Ch. 293, Laws of N. C. as revised by Potter J. L. Taylor and Bart Yancey, Esqs. 1821) the legislature passed an act by which 3,000 acres of vacant lands "not fit for cultivation most convenient to the different seats is hereby granted for every set of iron works as a bounty from this State to any person or persons who will build and carry on the same." One or more tracts for each set of works was to be entered and a copy of the entry transmitted to the next court that should be held in the county, when a jury of twelve persons of good character should view the land and certify that it was not fit for cultivation. Iron works were then to be erected within three years, and when it should be made to appear to the court that 5,000 weight of iron had been made the grant was to be issued. "Three forges where it was made grew up in Buncombe county, one on Hominy creek, upon the old Solomon Luther place, which belonged to Charles Lane; another on Reems creek at the Coleman mill place, which belonged to the same man, but was sold by him in 1803, to Andrew Baird; the third was on Mills river, now in Henderson county on what has ever since been called the Forge mountain, on which are also the Boilston gold mines. The iron ore for this purpose was procured at different places in Buncombe county."[20] The State granted to Thomas Calloway, November 21, 1807, 3,000 acres of land in Ashe county (Deed Book D, p.88) and to WilIiam Daniel, David Worth, Moses L. Michael and B. Murchison 2,000 acres in Ashe county, in 1854. (Deed Book U, p.62.) Grants were also issued to the late Messer Fain in Cherokee, and some of the pigs are still in existence there. \nDATES OF WOREING OLD IRON MINES. From" The Iron Manufacturer's Guide" (1859, by J. P. Lesley) we find that Harbard's Bloomery Forge near the mouth of Helton creek was built in 1807 and washed away in 1817; that the Cranberry Bloomery Forge on Cranberry was built in 1820, and rebuilt in 1856; that North Fork Bloomery Forge eight miles northwest of Jefferson on New river, was built in 1825; abandoned in 1829; washed away in 1840; Ballou's Bloomery Forge, at Falls of North Fork of New river, 12 miles north-east of Jefferson, was built in 1817; washed away in 1832 by an ice freshet; Helton Bloomery Forge, on Helton creek, 12 miles north-northwest of Jefferson, was built in 1829; washed away in - 1858; another forge was built one and one-fourth miles further down in 1802, but did not stand long; Laurel Bloomery Forge, on Laurel creek, 15 miles west of Jefferson, built in 1847; abandoned in 1853; Toe river Bloomery Forge, five miles south of Cranberry Forge, built in 1843; Johnson's Bloomery Forge, six miles south of Cranberry Forge, built in 1841; Lovingood Bloomery Forge, on Hanging Dog, Cherokee county, two miles above Fain's Forge, built from 1845 to 1853; Lower Hanging Dog Bloomery Forge, five miles north-west of Murphy, built in 1840; Killian Bloomery Forge one-half miles below Lower Hanging Dog Forge, built in 1843, abandoned 1849; Fain Bloomery Forge, on Owl creek, two miles below Lovingood Forge, built in 1854; Persimmon creek Bloomery Forge, on Persimmon creek 12 miles southwest of Murphy, built in 1848; Shoal creek Bloomery Forge, on Shoal creek, five miles west of Persimmon creek Forge, built about 854; Palsey Forge, built by John Ballou at mouth of Helton in 1859 and rebuilt by W. J. Pasley in 1871 (it is now abandoned); New River Forge on South Fork of New river, one-half mile above its junction with North Fork; built 1871, washed away in 1878. Uriah Ballou of Crumpler, N. C., has gold medals for the best magnetic iron ore from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and from the World's Fair at Paris immediately afterwards, which was taken from these mines. The lands are now the property of the Virginia Iron & Coke Company. \nPIONEER THORS AND FORGES. Iron was manufactured at these old time forges about as follows : When the ore was in lumps or mixed with rock and dirt it was crushed by "stompers," consisting of hardwood beams 6x6 inches, which were raised and dropped by a cogged horizontal revolving shaft. When the ore was fine enough it was washed in troughs to separate it from as much foreign matter as possible. It was then ready for the furnace, which consisted of a rock base 6x6 feet and two and one-half feet high. On three sides of this base walls of rock were erected two and one-half feet high, leaving one side open. A nest was left in the bottom of this base or hearth, through the middle of which a two inch blast pipe ran, and projecting above it. Air was furnished to this pipe by a stream of water passing through wooden tubes 12x12 inches. A small fire of chips was started in this nest above the mouth of the blast pipe. Over this fire three or four bushels of charcoal was placed and blown into a white heat. Upon this charcoal a layer of ore was spread, and as it was heated, another layer of charcoal was placed above, and on it still another layer of ore. This was gradually melted, the molten ore settlin into the nest and the silica remaining on top. Into the mass of melted iron an iron bar would be thrust. This bar was used simply to form a handle for the turning of the ore that adhered to it after it had been withdrawn and placed on the anvil to be hammered. The melted ore thus drawn was called a "loop." \nThe hammer and the anvil were about the same weight, 750 pounds each, with an eye through, 6x12 inches. They were interchangeable. The anvil was placed on white-oak beams, about the size of a railroad cross-tie, which spanned a pit dug in the ground in order to give spring to the blow made by the hammer. Through the eye of the hammer a beam of strong wood was fastened, the other end working on a pivot or hinge. Near this hinged end was a revolving shaft shod with four large iron cogs, each about six inches long and five inches square and each having a rounded corner. These cogs lifted the hammer handle rapidly, while above the handle a wooden "bray" overcame the upward thrust, and gravity drove the hammer downward upon the heated mass awaiting it on the anvil. The blows thus dealt were rapid and heavy and could be heard under favorable conditions ten or more miles. \nSILENT FINGER SIGNALS. It was the duty of the "tender, the chief assistant of the hammerman, to withdraw the loop from the furnace and place it on the anvil, when the hammer-man took the end of the handle and signaled with his fingers laid on the handle to the tender to begin hammering, which was done by the latter allowing the water to strike the wheel which worked the hammer shaft. Two fingers indicated more rapid hammering, three still more rapid hammering, and the withdrawal of all fingers meant that the hammering should cease. When the foreign matter had heen hammered out of the loop, it was divided into two or more loops of 25 to 30 pounds each; a short iron bar, to serve as handles, was welded to each piece, and they were again placed in the furnace and re-heated and then hammered into bars from 9 to 12 feet in length, or divided into smaller pieces for wagon-tires, hoe-bars, axe-bars, plough-shares, plough-molds, harrow-teeth bars, horse-shoe irons, and gun "skelps." There was an extra charge for "handage" in the case of wagon-tires because they were hammered out thinner. In finishing upeach bar or smaller piece of iron the tender would pour water on its surface to give it a hard and smooth finish. \nGIANT "HAMMERMEN." The hammerman soon became a veritable giant in his arms, and it is related of one of the older Duggers that he could insert arm into the eye of the hammer and another into that of the anvil and strike the two together. For miles below the water powers which drove the streams were muddy with the washings from the ore. For years iron thus made was the principal commodity of trade. The ends of the iron bars were bent like the runners of a sled, and as many of these bars were bound together by iron bands as could be dragged over the rough trails by a single ox. In this crude fashion many tons of iron found a market on farms remote from wagon roads. \nEXPENSIVE HAULING. It took from three weeks to a month to go from Asheville to Charleston or Augusta by wagon before the Civil War. The roads were bad, and those in charge of the wagons camped on the roadside, cooking their own meals. No wonder freight rates were high, and that people did without much that seems indispensible now. It is said that Waugh, Murchison & Poe, early merchants Of Jefferson, hauled their goods from Wilmington, N. C. The late Albert T. Summey says that: "goods were hauled from Augusta and Charleston and cost from $1.75 to $2.00 per hundred. Salt cost in Augnsta $1.25 for a sack of 200 lbs. Add $4.00 for hauling, and it is easy to understand why people thought it cheap when they could buy it for $5.00" As late as the spring of 1850 it took Deacon William Skiles of Valle Cruces three weeks to ride horseback from Plymouth, N. C. to Watauga.[21] \nRIFLE GUNS.[22] The word "rifle" is too generic a term for the average mountaineer; but he knows what a "rifle-gun" is. Some of the older men have seen them made--lock, stock and barrel. The process was simple : a bar of iron the length of the barrel desired was hammered to the thickness of three-sixteenths of an inch and then rolled around a small iron rod of a diameter a little less than the caliber desired. After this, the rolled iron was welded together gradually--only three or four inches being welded at a time because it was not practicable to do more at a single "heating" without also welding the rod which was inside. This rod was withdrawn from the barrel while it was being heated in the furnace and allowed to cool, and when the glowing barrel was withdrawn from the fire the rod was inserted and the welding would begin and be kept up till the bar inside began to get too hot, after which it was withdrawn and cooled while the barrel was being heated again, and then the same process was repeated till the work was done. The caliber of the barrel was now smaller than desired, but it was enlarged by drilling the hole with a steel bit operated by water-power. The spiral grooves inside the barrel were made by small pieces of steel, two inches long, with saw-teeth on the edges, which served the purpose of filing the necessary spiral channels. The caliber was determined by the number of bullets which could be molded from a pound of lead, and usually ran from 80 to The caliber of rifles is now measured by the decimels of an inch, regardless of the number of bullets to the pound of lead. No hand-made rifle was ever known to burst. The locks, hammers, triggers, guards, ramrods, etc., were all made on the common anvil.[22] \nPRIMITIVE TOOLS AND METHODS. Dutch scythes for cutting grass have been in the mountains time out of mind, but English scythes for the same purpose did not come into use in some of the counties till about l856-7. Cradles for cutting small grain were employed about 1846; before which time reaping hooks had been used entirely. Before thrashing machines arrived small grain was separated from the stems by means of flails, as in the old Bible days of the threshing floors-only in western North Carolina a smooth place was made in the hillside, if there was no level ground elsewhere, cloth was spread down over it, and the grain beaten out by flails. After this had been done, what was known as a "riddle" was used to free the grain of straw and chaff, sheets or coverlids of beds being used to fan the chaff away as the grain fell. Then came the sieve to separate the grain from all heavy foreign matter, after which it was ground in grist mills, and bolted by sifting it through thin, loosely woven cloth wound over a cylindrical wooden frame revolved by hand, a labor often imposed by the indolent railler on the boy who had brought the grist to mill. The miller never made any deduction from his toll because of this labor, however. \nGROUND Hog THRESHERS. When the threshing machine came, about 1850, it was a seven days wonder. It was what was known as the "ground-hog" thresher, and required eight horses to pull it from place to place. It was operated by horse power also, which power was communicated to the machine by means of a tarred cotton rope in place of a band and sprocket chain, both of which came later. The grain and straw came from the machine together and were caught in a big sheet surrounded by curtains. The straw was raked from the top of the grain by wooden forks made from saplings or the limbs of trees. Steel pitchforks did not come into general use in these mountains till about 1850. A ground hog thresher could thresh out about 100 bushels a day with the help of about 16 hands, while the modern machine can easily thresh out over 400 bushels with the assistance of 10 hands; but as the extra hands of the olden time charged nothing for their labor, and felt honored by being allowed to take part in such glorious work, no complaint was ever heard on that score. Mowing machines did not come into general use in this Section till 1869 or 1870. Even the North refused them till England took them up.[24} \nTHE HANDY BLACKSMITH. Tools of all kinds were made by the ordinary blacksmiths of the country at ordinary forges. They made axes, hatchets, drawing-knives, chisels, augurs, horse-shoes, horse-shoe nails, bolts, nuts and even pocket knives! \nFISH AND FISH TRAPS. Fish abounded in all mountain streams, and "a good site for a @@fish trap@@" was the greatest recommendation which a piece of land could have. These places were always the first entered and granted. In them fish by the barrelful would sometimes be caught in a single night where the trap was well situated and strongly built. @@Fishing at night in canoes by torchlight with a gig @@was a favorite sport as well as profitable practice and it was much indulged in."[25] Above vertical falls trout could not pass. river, above the Great Falls, had no trout till 1857 (D. L. Low in Watauga Democrat, June 26, 1913), when men placed them there. \nGRIST MILLS. "The first consideration, however, with these primitive inhabitants, was the matter of grist mills Hence at the first session of the [Buncombe] county court we find it 'Ordered that William Davidson have liberty to build a grist mill on Swannanoa, near his saw mill, Provided builds said mill on his own land.' This was in April, 1792. In January, 1793, it was 'Ordered that John Burton have liberty to build a Grist mill on his own land, on a branch the French Broad River, near Nathan Smith's, below the mouth of Swannanoa,' Apparently Davidson's mill was not built "but John Burton's was on Glenn's creek a short distance above its mouth." \nWHEN THE CLOCK STOPPED. There were a few old seven-day clocks brought by the first settlers, but as a rule watches and clocks were few. Men and women learned to guess the time with some accuracy by looking at the sun on clear days and guessing at it on cloudy. Following is a description of the usual time-piece : "@@The clock consisted of a knife mark@@, extending north from one of the door-facings across the puncheon next to it. @@When the mark divided the sunshine that fell in at the door from the shadow of the facing, it was noon@@. All other hours were guessed at on cloudy days the clock stopped."[26] \nCULTURE AND MANUFACTURE OF FLAX. The flax seed were sown thick, and when the plant was mature it was pulled up by the roots and spread on the ground to dry. Then it was bound in bundles and placed in a dry place till the envelope surrounding the fiber was decomposed. Sometimes it was scattered over the snow to bleach the lint. It was then rebound in small bundles and when the farmer was ready it was opened and placed on the "brake," which consisted of four or five wooden slats parallel to each other through which wooden knives passed, driving the flax stems between. After the flax was thus broken a handful of it was placed on the end of an upright board which had been driven into the ground, and struck smartly by a wooden swing1ing knife in order to knock off the small pieces of straw from the fiber. Then the fiber was drawn through the hackle, which consisted of a board from whose surface projected five or six inches a row of iron spikes, which served to separate the tow from the flax. The flax was then spun on the low wheels now sometimes seen in drawing rooms, gilded and beribboned but never used. Then it was wound on spools from which it was reeled into hanks. In the elder day the women had to count the revolutions of the reels, but before the Civil War a device was invented by which, after 100 revolutions the reel crack, and the housewife thus knew a hank had been reeled off. The flax thread was ready to be spooled and placed on the warping bars from it was wound on the beam of the loom. From this beam it was put through greats and slays of split reeds, thus making the warp. After this, other flax thread was reeled off on quills from the hanks and and placed in shuttles which were shot through the warp as the tread opened it, and the thread thus placed between the warp was driven back against the first thread by means of the battern, thus making loose cloth. Wool was shorn, washed, dried, picked, carded, spun, reeled on to brooches with shuck cores from the spinning wheel, when it was ready to be woven or knitted. \nCHURCHES AND SCHOOLS. The early settlers were Scotch-Irish, as a whole, and their descendants are a hardy, hospitable and enterprising pouplation, They were about equally divided in the War between the States and are still almost equally divided in politics. Until the coming of the railroads there had been necessarily much of prinaitiveness in their houses, clothing and manners; but religion has always been a strong and controlling factor in their lives. Churches have always existed here; but school-houses had been few and small and very little attention had been given to education. But, since the railroads have penetrated into this region, all this has changed, and dwelling houses have improved, clothing and manners have changed, and it is the exception nowadays to find a boy or girl of twelve years of age who cannot read and write. \nMILITIA MUSTER DAYS. On the second Saturday of October each year there was a general muster at each county seat, when the various companies drilled in battalion or regimental formation; and each separate company met on its local muster grounds quarterly, and on the fourth of July the commanding officers met at the court house to drill. The Big Musters called most of the people together, and there was much fun and many rough games to beguile the time. Cider and ginger cakes were sold, and many men got drunk. There was also some fighting, but seldom with stones or weapons. \nSALABLE PRODUCTS. Apples, hog meat, deer hams, chestnuts, chinquapins, butter, honey, wax, lard, eggs were the commodities they usually took to market, returning heavily laden with salt, yarn, pins, needles, tools, crockery ware, ammunition and a few cooking utensils. They relied principally upon herbs for such medicines as they used; they wove their own cloth upon hand looms, spinning the wool into thread and hetcheling or hatcheling out the flax. As sewing machines had not yet been invented, the women and girls cut out and sewed together all the garments used by themselves, their children and "the men folks" generally. \nNO MONEY. According to CA. A. T. Davidson in The Lyceum for January, 1891, the older people "had no money to buy with. . . . All the necessaries of life were procured from the markets in Georgia and South Carolina. It was a three weeks' trip with a wagon to Augusta, Georgia. For this market the neighborhood would bunch their products, bring their forces together and make trips to Augusta loaded with bacon, peltries and such other marketable articles as would bear transportation in this simple way. The return for these products was sugar, coffee, salt and molasses; and happy was the family on the return of the wagons to be able to have a jugful of New Orleans black molasses. And how happy the children were to meet their fathers and brothers again, and have them recite the many stories of the trip. We then bought salt by the measure, a bushel weighing about seventy pounds. The average price on the return of the wagon was about three dollars per bushel. It was interesting to see the people meet to get from the wagons, their portion of the return load; and happy was the small family that got a half bushel of salt, 50 cents worth of coffee and a gallon of molasses. There was a general rejoicing, all going home satisfied and happy, content with their small cargoes, confident that they had enough to do them for the next year. It is remarkable how simply and carefully they lived, and with what earnestness and hope they went to their daily toil, expecting nothing more than this small contribution to their luxury for a year to come. \nSTOCK RAISING.[27] "The borders in the valley of Virginia and on the western highlands of the Carolinas were largely engaged in raising horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, which grazed at will upon the broad slopes of the eastern foothills of the Alleghanies, most of them being in as wild a state as the great roving herds now to be seen upon the semi-arid plains of the far West." The same occupation was followed by those who passed west of the foothills of the Allegahanies, and is kept up till this day. Those who had bought up the wild lands at low figures encouraged cattle herders to pasture or "range" their stock there. In the first place it gained their good will and in the second it enabled landowners to become aware of the presence of any squatters who might seek to hold by adverse possession. Two other reasons were that landowners could not have prevented the ranging of cattle except by fencing in their lands, an impossible task at that time, and the suppression of fires in their incipiency. Certain it is, that all sorts of stock were turned into the mountains in May, where they remained till October, with weekly visits from their owners for purposes of salting and keeping them gentle. After awhile a market was found on the coast for the cows, sheep, horses and hogs, and they were driven there in the late summer and during the fall. "There annually passed through Buncombe county an average of 150,000 hogs, driven on about eight miles daily, which required 24 bushels daily for each 1,000 and were fed on corn raised in Buncombe."[28] \nSTOCK "STANDS." There were many ""stock stands" along the French Broad river in ante- railroad days, for the turnpike from Asheville to the Paint Rock was a much traveled thoroughfare. Its stockholders made money, so great was the travel.[29] James Garrett had a stand about one mile below the Hot Springs. Then there was another opposite the Hot Springs, known as the White House, and kept by the late John E. Patton. At the mouth of Laurel creek was still another stand kept by David Farnsworth. Just above the railroad station now called Putnam's is where Woolsey had a stand, while Zach. Candler had another at Sandy Bottoms. Then came Hezekiah A. Barnard's stand at what is still called Barnards, though it used to be called "Barnetts," and opposite the mouth of Pine creek Samuel Chunn gave bed and board to the weary drovers and feed to "his dumb drien" cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, mules or turkeys. At the end of what is now Marshall, Joseph Rice lived and upper end of that narrow village David Vance kept a tavern a long one-probably 150 feet in length, huddled between the stage road and the mountains. Samuel Smith accommodated all travelers and their belongings at the mouth of Ivy, and Mitchell Alexander was the Boniface at Alexander's. \nHezekiah Barnard used to boast that, while David Vance at Lapland, now Marshall, had fed 90,000 hogs in one month he himself had fed 110,000 in the same period of time. Aquilla Young, of Kentucky, also made his boast he had driven 2,785 hogs from Kentucky to North Carolina single drove.[30] \nOLD ROAD HOUSES. "The stock stands, as the hotels between Asheville and Warm Springs were called, were generally 'well kept.' They began four miles below Asheville, at five miles there was another, at seven and a half miles still a another, at ten another, and another at thirteen and a half After this, at 16, 18, 21, 22, 28, 33, 36, 37, 40 and 47 mileposts there were still other hotels. "Many of them have entirely gone, and actually the ground upon which some of them stood has disappeared. The road, with a few points excepted, is but a wreck of its former self. It was once a great connecting link between Kentucky, Tennessee, South Carolina and Georgia, and the travel over it was immense. All the horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs were driven over this route from the first mentioned States to the latter, and the quantities of each and all used then was very much greater than now. In October, November and December there was an almost continuous string of hogs from Paint Rock to Asheville. I have known ten to twelve droves, containing from 300 to one or two thousand stop over night and feed at one of these stands or hotels. Each drove was 'lotted' to itself, and 'corned' by the wagon4oad, the wagon being driven through each lot with ten or a dozen men scattering the corn right, left and rear, the load emptied and the ground literally covered. The drivers of these hogs were furnished large rooms, with immense log-heap fire-places and a blanket or two each, that they furnished themselves. They would form a semi-circle upon the bare floor, their feet to the fire, and thus pass the night; that they slept, I need not tell you. After driving 20 to 50 hogs from daylight to dark they could eat without coaxing and sleep without rocking. The travel over this thoroughfare was tbe; life of the country."[31] \nOLD TIME COUNTRY STOREs. "Corn, sixty years ago, was 'the staple production'; the culture of tobacca was not thought of. These hotel men, many of them, kept little stores, bartered or sold everything on a credit; and @@in the fall they would advertise that on certain days they would receive corn in payment of 'store accounts'@@, and then the farmers would bestir themselves. They would commence delivering frequently by daylight and continue it until midnight. I have seen these corn wagons strung out for a mile and as thick as they could be wedged. They were more anxious to pay accounts then than some of us are now; but it was pay or no credit next year. Each merchant had his 'trade,' and there was no getting in debt to one and then skip to another. The price allowed for corn was almost invariably fifty cents per bushel, the hotel men furnishing it to drovers at about 75 cents. They charged the drovers from twenty to twenty-five cents 'per diet,' meaning per meal for their drivers, asking the whole in lame hogs at so much per pound, or a due-bill from the manager to be paid as he returned horse after having made sale of his stock, cash being only rarely if ever paid. These lame hogs taken on bills were kept until a suitable time for killing--a cold spell being necessary to save the meat-when they were slaughtered and converted into bacon and lard."[31] \nHOG-KILLIN' TIME. "This hog killin' was a big time, and 'away 'fo' day' as the negroes, who were the principal participants, would say, twenty to thirty hands would build immense log-heap fires; with, first, a layer of wood and then a layer of stones, which continued till satisfactory dimensions were reached, when the fire was applied and kept buring until the stones reached a red-heat. In the meantime a platform would have been made out of puneheons, slabs or heavy plank, at one end of which and very near the fire a large hogshead (or scalding tub), filled with water, was placed. Then the hot stones were transferred to the water till a proper temperature for scalding was reached, and a certain number of hogs having been shot and 'stuck' (bled by sticking long knives in the throat), two stout men would plunge each hog into the hot water and twist and turn it about until the all the hair would 'slip,' when it would be drawn out and turned over to other hands, who, with knives, would remove all the hair from the hog, and then hang it by its hind legs, head down, on a long horizontal pole, where it would we washed an and scraped down, opened, the entrails removed, and after cooling, be cut to pieces, thus making hams, shoulders and middlings. Then it would be salted down, the fat having been taken from all parts. This fat was stewed into lard, from which the boy's dainty '@@cracklings'@@ was removed. How well I remember the enjoyment I had on these occasions, in broiling upon the hot stones the 'melts,' making a delicacy that I think would be relished even now; and in @@blowing up and bursting the 'bladders,' frequently saving up a lot of them for Christma's 'guns.@@'"[32] \nOUR DEPOTS SIXTY YEARS AGO. "Forty years ago Charleston and Augusta were our depots; think of it-thirty to sixty days in going and returning from market! Our people then thought little or nothing of hitching up four or six mules, once or twice a year, and starting to market.. .with forty to fifty hundred pounds of bacon and lard, flour and cor meal, dried fruit, apples and chestnuts ...and bring back a barrel or two of molasses and sugar, a keg or so of rice, a few sacks of salt and coffee, a little iron, a hundred or two pounds of nails and a box or so of dry-goods."[33] \nROADS SIXTY YEARS AGO. "But the roads then were charming. I can remember when the road from Asheville to Warm Springs, every foot of it, was better than any half-mile of Asheville streets. Old Colonel Cunningham's 'mule and cart' and two or three hands traversed it from beginning to end of year, removing every loose stone and smoothing up every place. All travel was then by private conveyance or stage, there being several four-horse coaches out from Asheville daily." [34] \nAGRICULTURE AND WIT SIXTY YEARS AGO. Of the farming along the French Broad between Asheville and Warm Springs sixty years ago, we read that "the lands were in a high state of cultivation, exceedingly high a great deal of it, as one would infer in passing along the foot of many steep hills and looking up to the top, seemingly almost perpendicular; and yet I have ploughed over some of the worst of them many a day, and was often indignant at the surprise expressed and sarcastic remarks made by the passer-by. One would ask if we did our planting with 'shot-guns'! Another, when were we going to move, as he saw that we had our land rolled up ready for a start! The Kentucky horse-drovers would say the water of the French Broad was so worn out by splashing and dashing over and against the rocks that it for a horse to drink!" \nHERBS AND ROOTS. @@Ginseng@@ was for the principal herb that commanded cash in this section, but at first brought, when green, only seven cents a pound. It is now worth six dollars or more.[35] But gradually a market was developed for many other native herbs, such as angelico blood root, balm of gilead buds, yellow and white sarsaparilla, shamonium (Jamestown or gyrlipsum weed), corn silk (from maize), corn-smut or ergot, liverwort, lobelia, wahoo bark, Solomon's seal, polk root and berries, pepper and spear-mint, poppy and rose leaves, and raspberry leaves. Dried black-berries since the Civil War also find a ready market. Arthur Cole on Gap creek in Ashe county once did an immense business in herbs, and the large warehouses still standing there were used to store the herbs which he baled and shipped north. Ferns, galax leaves and other evergreens are gathered by women in the fall and winter and find ready sale. \nA LOW MONEY WAGE. Laborers and lawyers were poorly paid in the old days, and the doctors of medicine fared little better. A fee of one hundred dollars in a capital case was considered the "top notch" by many leaders of the bar, while the late David Ballard of Ox creek, Buncombe county, who died about 1905 at the age of eighty-odd years, used to say that, when he was a young man, he "had worked many a day for 25 cents a day and found himself." But 25 cents in those days would buy more than a dollar would now, and as most of the trading was by barter, money was not misses as much as might be imagined. Stores were few and most of the things we now consider indispensable were unknown to many of the poorer people. Besides, everything that was indispensable was made at home, and things that were not indispensable were cheerfully dispensed with. \n@@DYES@@. Madder dyed red; walnut bark and roots dyed brown; bedewood bark dyed purple; dye-flowers and snuff weed dyed yellow; copperas dyed yellow, and burnt copperas dyed nearly red. All black dyes rot wool. Dyes fade unless "set" in the thread-that is, made fast before the thread is placed in the loom. Laurel leaves, copperas, alum, and salt set dyes. The ooze from boiled walnut roots and bark was used to dye the wool before it was spun. It was dipped and dried, and dipped and dried again and again till the proper color had been attained. The dye pot stood on the hearth nearly all the time, as it had to be kept warm. Some dye plants were grown in the gardens, but they usually grew wild.
[[Where I Left Off]]
Cataloochee 1809 to 1860\n- The Early Years -\nCataloochee is located in Western North Carolina in Haywood County, west of Asheville, northeast of Waynesville and east of Maggie Valley. The county was created in 1808 so that the people living in Western North Carolina would not have to travel all the way to Asheville (Buncombe County) to conduct their business.\nThe County Seat was Mt. Prospect, later named Waynesville. Settlement in Western North Carolina was slow because of the threat of Indian attacks and the fact that the land was mountainous and thick with forests, under brush and wildlife. Despite this, a few saw the potential of the land and went into the forests, cleared the trees for fields, built houses, barns, and called the fruits of their hard earned labor home.\nThe first land entry in Cataloochee was made on January 20, 1814 when Henry Colwell claimed 100 acres on Cataloochee Creek. Fourteen years later, on June 24, 1828, the second entry was made by William Colwell for 100 acres on Cataloochee Creek. The following are the early land entries in Cataloochee:\n1832 - Felder Davis\n1832 - Ruben Moody\n1832 - John L. Smith, Jr.\n1832 - Edward McFalls\n1833 - Ruben Moody\n1833 - Jacob Smith, Jr.\n1833 - Samuel Leatherwood, Jr.\n1834 - Kedir Boone\n1834 - James Conley\n1838 - John Messer\n1840 - Edwin Davidson\n1840 - James L. Howell\n1840 - David Howell\n1840 - Nelson Howell\n1842 - James Colwell, Levi Colwell and James Plemmons\nMost of these early claims were used for a base camp for hunting or ranging livestock. Steps toward permanent residence in Cataloochee were not made until 1835 when James Colwell, his son, Levi Colwell, and Young Bennett came to Cataloochee and began clearing the land. The work was done on the the 100 acres of Henry Colwell's (the first land entry).\nThe fruits of their labors paid off in 1837, when Levi and Young moved their families into their new homes in Big Cataloochee. \nThe next residents came in 1838. They were George Palmer and his wife Polly Surrett (from Virginia). (The house that George built now houses the museum in Cataloochee.) Twenty years later, George and his family owned approximately 750 acres in Big Cataloochee.\nIn 1839, Evan Hannah married Elizabeth Noland and Elizabeth's father, William Noland, moved to Big Cataloochee at the lower end of the valley on the south side of Cataloochee Creek. A note of interest if that Noland Mountain is named after William.\nThe first settlers in Little Cataloochee were Jack Vess and Elizabeth Palmer (daughter of George). This was in 1854. The next settlers came in 1856. They were Harriett Colwell (Levi's daughter) and, her husband, Daniel J. Cook. They lived on Coggins Branch in Little Cataloochee.\nLouisa Matilda, Harriett's sister, married Creighton Bennett (Young's son) and the moved next to Harriett and Daniel.\nNow that Cataloochee was becoming populated, the need for a road was apparent. The present road was little more than a drover's road. Therefore, in 1825, the county authorized a toll road to be built from Cove Creek to Cataloochee. A note of interest is that the fees are only for a man and a horse (18¾¢), an extra pack horse (6½¢), hogs (1¢ each) and cattle (2¢ each) - - - evidently the road was not greatly improved from it's original trail.\n1854-1856 work was begun on what was to be known as the Cataloochee Turnpike in 1856. It started behind Palmer's Chapel, went across the mountain to Ball Gap, and down to Little Cataloochee. From there the road went toward Mt. Sterling.\nThe first church/school building was called the Schoolhouse Patch and was built in 1858 on land donated by Julia Ann Palmer. (top)
CHAPTER XII\nEXTRAORDINARY EVENTS\n\nt August 27, 1814, according to Alfred M. Williams' Life of Sam Houston (p. 13), and on 'larch 27th, according to other.. It was called the Battle of To-ho-pe-ka, and Nvas fought in ;c bend of the Tallapoosa river, Alabama, by Gen. Andrea- Jackson in the Creek War. It was fortified across the neck of the peninsula by a fort of logs against which Jackson's small cannon were ineffective. But in the rear there were no fortifications except the river itself, so that Gen. Coffey, Jackson's coadjutor, could not cross. But Junaluska swain the river and stole the canoes of the Creeks, strung them together and paddled them to the opposite shore, where lies filled them with a large number of Cherokees, recrossed the river, led by himself, and attacked in the rear while Jackson attacked in front, Sam Houston and his Tennesseans scaling the walls and grappling the Creeks hand to hand. Ill(, Creeks asked and received no quarter, Houston himself being desperately wounded. This ended the last hope of the Creeks as a nation. I-su-nula-hun-ski, which has been improved into Junaluska, is Cherokee for "I tried but failed," and `vas given this chief because at the outset of the Creek War he had boasted that lie would exterminate the Creeks, but, at first, had failed to keep his promise. The following is the inscription on the tablet: "Here lie the bodies of the Cherokee chief Junaluska, and Nicie, his wife. Together with his warriors, he saved the life of General Jackson, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, and for his bravery and faithfulness North Carolina made him a citizen and gave him land in Graham county. He died November 20, 1858, aged more than one hundred years. This monument was erected to his Memory by the General Joseph Winston Chapter, D. A. R., 1910." Before his death Junaluska conveyed his land to R. M. Henry. But Sheriff Hayes administered on the estate of the deceased Indian and got an order from the court for the sale of the land to make assets. Under the sale Gen. Smythe of Ohio became the purchaser, and took possession. The case was carried to the United States court, where Henry won. But Judge Dick held that it was a case in equity, and set aside the verdict of the jury, heard the evidence himself and decided it in favor of Smythe. Henry did not appeal. See record in office of clerk of United States court, Asheville. It was decided in the seventies. \n\nPEYTON COLVARD. This pioneer was of French extraction, the name originally having been spelt Calvert, according to the Rev. Mr. Verdigans of the Methodist Church, South. Peyton Colvard came to Ashe county after the Revolutionary \n@@FALLING of THE STARS@@. Several people still living remember this wonderful and fearful event. Col. John C. Smathers, who then lived on Pigeon river above Canton, remembers it distinctly. He remembers @@hearing women wailing and men praying.@@ Francis Marion Wells, still living on Grass creek in Madison county, remembers it also. He is now over ninety-two years of age. Mrs. Eliza Burleson, still living on the head of Cane creek in Mitchell county, remembers the occurrence. She also is over ninety-two years of age. \n\nFRANKIE SILVER'S CRIME AND CONFESSION. According to Mrs. Lucinda Norman, the only living sister of Charles Silver, now (1912) 88 years of age and residing at Ledger, Mitchell county, N. C., @@Frances Stewart Silver murdered her husband,@@ Charles Silver, at what is now Black Mountain Station on the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railroad-tho mouth of the South Toe river-on the night of December 22, 1831.2 She was tried before Judge Donnell, June Term, 1832, and convicted at Morganton, where she was executed July 12, 1833. On appeal her conviction was affirmed by Judge Ruffin (14 N. C., 332). She escaped from jail but was recaptured. She cut her husband's head off with an ax, and then dismembered the body, after which she tried to burn portions of it in the open fireplace of her home. She left a poem lamenting her fate, in which she refers to "the jealous thought that first gave strife to make me take my husband's life." She also pleads that her "faults shall not her child disgrace." She also relates in the poem that \n"With flames I tried him to consume\nBut time would not admit it done." \nShe must have been educated better than the average woman of that day. Finding that she could not get rid of the body by burning it, @@she concealed portions of it under the floor, in rock cliffs@@ and elsewhere, claiming that he had gone off for whiskey with which to celebrate Christmas, and had probably fallen into the river, which had soon thereafter frozen over. @@A negro with a "magic glass@@" was brought from Tennessee, and as the glass persisted in turning downward, the floor was removed and portions of the body found. The weather growing warmer other parts of the remains revealed themselves, a little dog helping to find some. \n\nTWO BAIRD FAMILIES. Indicative of the almost utter desolation of these early scattered mountain communities is the story of the two Baird families. On the 20th of April, 1795, John Burton sold to Zebulon and Bedent Baird all his lots in Asheville "except what lots is [already] sold and maid over."3 In 1819 Bedent Baird represented Ashe county in the House of Commons. He was not the Bedent who had bought the lots from John Burton. 4 Certain it is that another Bedent Baird lived at Valle Crucis in what is now Ashe county, and his descendants constitute a large and influential family in that county at this time, just as the Bairds of Buncombe do in that county. But these two families seem never to have heard of the existence of the other till the 28th of January, 1858, when Bedent E. Baird wrote to Adolphus E. Baird at Lapland, now Marshall, in answer to Baird's note of enquiry, which he had penciled on the margin of a newspaper. In that note he had claimed Bedent as a relative and stated that he resided at Lapland; but he failed to sign his name or state the county in which Lapland was situated. A. E. Baird received the letter promptly, but seems never to have answered it. In it Bedent gave a full family history; and the letter was published in full in the Asheville Gazette News on February 20, 1912. This letter was read and preserved by the numerous Bairds in Buncombe but no one seems to be able to trace the exact relationship between the Buncombe and the Watauga Bairds. That they are the same family no one who knows them can doubt, as they look, and, in many things, act alike, besides having the same given names in many cases. 5 \n\nTHE COLD SATURDAY. This date is fixed in Watauga by the fact that John Hartley was born on that day, which is set down in his family Bible as February 8, 1835. On June 5, 1858, a freeze killed corn knee-high, and all fruits, vegetables and white oak trees between Boone and Jefferson, according to the recollections of Col. W. L. Bryan of Boone. There was a slight frost at Blowing Rock on the night of July 26, 1876. There was snow on the Haywood mountains June 10, 1913. \n\n"THE BIG SNOW." Just when occurred what old people call the "big" snow cannot be determined to the satisfaction of everyone. Mrs. Eliza Burleson, of Hawk, Mitchell county, and the mother of Charles Wesley Burleson of Plum Tree, was born on the 5th of April, 1820, on Three Mile creek, her father having been Bedford Wiseman. She married Thomas Burleson, now deceased, in 1840, and after the Big Snow, and still remembers the hunters who came to her father's house from Morganton with guns and dogs and well nigh exterminated the deer, which could not run on the frozen surface of the deep snow, their sharp hoofs plunging through the crust, thus rendering locomotion impossible. Strange to say, near this very place is now the largest private collection of deer in the mountains-Bailey's deer-park being well stocked, while a small number of (leer still wander wild in the neighborhood and are hunted every fall. George W. Vanderbilt's and the Murchison deer parks also contain a number of these animal, as well as several other smaller collections. \n\n"SNEW, BLEW AND FRIZ." T. L. Lowe, Esq., of Banner Elk, thinks that two hundred years ago elk, moose or caribou roamed these mountains, and that there was little or no underbrush or laurel or ivy then. He speaks of a big snow which fell during the Fifties which recalled Dean Swift's great snow in England, When he said "first it blew, then it snew and then it friz." A large number of deer were killed at this time for the same reason, the frozen crust. In Watauga they- still tell of a big snow which entirely obliterated all evidence of fence; and shrubbery; but the year seems to have been prior to 1850. \n\nOTHER WEATHER EXTRAVAGANCIES. From Robert Henry's diary we learn that in "the summer of 1815 no rain fell from the 8th of July till the 8th of September. Trees died." Also that, "oil the 28th day of August, 1830, Caney branch (which runs by Sulphur spring five miles west of Asheville) ceased to run. Tom Moore's creek and Ragsdale's creek had ceased to run some days before; the corn died from the drouth. This has been the driest summer in sixty- years to my knowledge. Our spring ceased to run for some weeks previous to the above: date." Again: "I'll(, summer of 1836 was the wettest summer in seventy years in my remembrance." This is the climax: "Thursday, Friday, and Saturday next before Christmas, 1791, were the coldest days in seventy year," though as he had been born in 1765 he could not their have been quite thirty years of age himself. \n\nA MODERN "BIG SNOW." On the @@2d and 3d of December 1886, a snow three feet in depth fell @@in Buncombe and adjoining counties. On December 6th h the newly elected officers of Buncombe county- were required lay law to present their official bonds to the county commissioners for approval; but, owing to the snow, it was impossible to travel very far. As a consequence R. H. Cole, who had been elected register of deeds, and J. V. Hunter, who had been elected treasurer, could not provide bonds acceptable to the commissioner,, and J. H. Patterson who had been defeated was appointed register of deeds, and J. H. Courtney-, who had also been defeated, was appointed treasurer.p> \n\nTWO RECENT COLD SNAPS. On the night of February 7, @@1895,@@ there was a dangerous fire on Pack Square, Asheville, threatening for awhile the entire southeastern section of the city. The thermometer was @@seven degrees below zero@@. On the morning of February 13, 1899, the thermometer was @@13 1/2 below zero@@ at Asheville. \n\nMOUNT MITCHELL. 6 In 1835 Prof. Elisha Mitchell made the first barometrical measurements of our mountains, and his report was the first authoritative announcement of the superior altitude of the highest southern summit to that of Mount Washington in New Hampshire. In 1844 he and Gen. T. L. Clingman took observations in the Balsam, Smoky and Black mountains, and Gen. Clingman subsequently published a statement to the effect that he had found a higher peak in the Blacks than the one measured by Dr. Mitchell. "It was admitted that Gen. Clingman had measured the highest point, the only question being whether that peak was the same as that previously measured by Dr. Mitchell." \n\nDISCOVERERS DISPUTE. To settle the matter Dr. Mitchell ran a series of levels from the terminus of the railroad near Morganton to the half-way house built by Mr. William Patton of Charleston, S. C., in 1856. From this place Dr. Mitchell started alone to Big Tom Wilson's in Yancey by the route he had followed in 1844. He intended to meet his son Charles at the appointed place on the Blacks the following Monday, he having left the half-way house Saturday, June 27, 1857. His son waited and searched for him till Friday following, when news of the professor's disappearance reached Asheville, and many men set out to search for him. On the following Tuesday- Big Tom Wilson, who had been the professor's guide in 1811, discovered his trail and found the body- in a pool of water at the foot of a waterfall, since called 'Mitchell's creek and Mitchell's fall. The body was taken across the top of the Blacks to Asheville and there interred in the Presbyterian church yard; but a year later it was taken back to the Peak and buried there.13. \n\nTHE MERITS OF THE CONTROVERSY. Dr. Arnold Guyot of Princeton College, in an article published in the Asheville News, July 18, 1860: "The statements Dr. Mitchell made, at different times, of the results of his measurements failed to agree with each other, and, owing to unfavorable circumstances and the want of proper instruments, the precise location of the points measured, especially of the highest, had remained quite indefinite, even in the mind of Dr. Mitchell himself, as I learned it from his own mouth in 1856. . . I may, perhaps, be permitted to express it as my candid opinion (without wishing in the least to revive a controversy happily terminated) that if the honored name of Dr. 'Mitchell is taken from Mount Mitchell and transferred to the highest peak, it should not be on the ground that he first made known its true elevation, which he never did, nor himself ever claimed to have done; for the true height was not known before my measurement of 1854, and the coincidence made out quite recently may be shown, from abundant proofs furnished by himself, to be a mere accident. Nor should it be on the ground of his having first visited it; for, though, after his death, evidence which made it probable that he did [came out,] he never could convince himself of it. Nor, at last, should it be because that peak was, as it is alleged, thus named long before; for I must declare that neither in 1854, nor later, during the whole time I was on both sides of the mountain, did I hear of another Mount Mitchell than the one south of the highest, so long visited under that name; and that Dr. Mitchell himself, before ascending the northern peak, in 1856, as I gathered it from a conversation with him, believed it to be the highest. Dr. Mitchell has higher and better claims, which are universally and cheerfully acknowledged by all, to be forever remembered in connection with the Black Mountain . . . . From these facts it is evident that the honorable senator [T. L. Clingman] could not possibly know when he first ascended it that anyone had visited or measured it before him, nor have any intention to do any injustice to Dr. Mitchell.... As to the highest group in the Great Smoky Mountains, however, I must remark that, in the whole valley of the Tuckaseegee and Oconaluftee, I heard of but one name applied to the highest point, and it is that of Mount Clingman. The greatest authority around the peak, Robert Collins, Esq., knows of no other.... Gen. Clingman was the leader of a party which made, in 1858, the first measurement, and the party was composed, besides himself, of Mr. S. P. Buckley and Dr. S. L. Love. He caused Mr. Collins to cut a path six miles to the top, which enabled me to carry there the first horse ever seen on these heights . . . . The central or highest peak is therefore designated as Clingman's Dome, the south peak, the next in height, as Mount Buckley, the north peak as Mount Love." \n\nTHE MONUMENT. The monument to Professor Elisha Mitchell, on the crest of the highest peak east of the Rocky mountains, was completed August 18, 1888. It is bolted to the bed-rock itself, is of white bronze-an almost pure zinc-treated under the sandblast to impart a granular appearance, cause it to resemble granite, and prevent discoloration; and `vas made by the Monumental Bronze Company, of Bridgeport, Conn. It was erected by Mrs. E. N. Grant, a daughter, and other members of Prof. Mitchell's family. Its dimensions are about two and one-half feet at the base and about twelve feet high. It is a hollow square and without any ornamentation. Vandals have shot bullet holes in it and an ax blade has been driven into one of its sides. Professor `V. B. Phillips, now the professor of Geology at the University of Texas, had charge of its erection. It contains the following inscriptions: \nUpon the western side, in raised letters is the single word: \n\n"MITCHELL"\nOn the side toward the grave is the following: \n"Erected in 1888. \n"Here lies in hope of a blessed resurrection the body of Rev. Elisha Mitchell, D.D., who, after being for 39 years a professor in the University of North Carolina, lost his life in the scientific exploration of this mountain in the 64th year of his age, June 27th, 1857. "7\n\nA MEMORABLE RIOT. During the Seymour and Blair campaign of 1868 a riot occurred on the public square at Asheville in which one negro was killed and two others seriously wounded. Trouble had been expected, and when a negro knocked a young Mississippian down, twenty or more pistols were discharged into the crowd of negroes, while from several store doors and second-story windows shotguns and rifles were discharged into the fleeing blacks. That night a drum was beaten in the woods where now is Aston park and a crowd of negroes assembled there, and reports spread that they would burn the town. Messengers were sent to surrounding towns, and by daylight three hundred armed white men from adjoining counties arrived. For two weeks the streets were patrolled at night. Oscar Eastman, in charge of the Freedman's Bureau, had an office in the Thomas building on the southwest corner of the square; but after the riot Eastman could not be found for several days, as it was thought he had incited the negroes to arm themselves with stout hickory sticks and shout for Grant and Colfax, the immediate casus belli. Giles McDowell, a large, bushy-headed negro and a Democrat, came up South Main street and shouted "Hurrah for Seymour and Blair," whereupon the other negroes made a rush for him, during which the young Mississippian was knocked down. Giles fled; but another darky by the name of Jim Greenlee fell on his face at the first shot, groaning and hollering. After the shooting was over it developed that Jim was unhurt, but had wisely pretended to be hurt in order to keep anyone from firing at him. In 1874, Eastman, who had made himself very obnoxious, was indicted in Buncombe Superior court twenty-five dines for retailing whiskey and once for gambling. At the Spring Term of 1869 George H. Bell, William Blair, Erwin Hardy, Gaston McDowell, Ben. Young, Natt Atkinson, J. M. Alexander, J. W. Shartle, E. H. Merrimon, Henry Patton, Simon Henry, Robert Patton, John Lang and Armistead Dudley, pleaded guilty to the charge of riot, and were taxed with the costs. \n\nA BACKWOODS ABELABD AND ELOISE. The tomb of the Priest Abelard and his sweetheart Eloise, in Paris, is visited by greater numbers than that of Napoleon. But the grave of poor, ignorant and deluded Delilah Baird near Valle Crucis is neglected and unknown. Yet she as truly as Eloise gave her life for love; for although she knew that John Holsclaw was a married man, she thought he was taking her to Kentucky when as a child of fifteen she followed him to the Big Bottoms of Elk in the spring of 1826, where she lived a, life of faithfulness and devotion to her lover and their son and daughter, and died constant and true to her role as his widow in God's sight, if not in that of man's. Having sold her land the poor repressed, stinted creature indulged in gay dressing in her later years, which caused some of her relatives to fear that she was not competent to manage her money- matters; but a commission of which Smith Coffey was a member, found that she was. (Deed Books R., p. 574, and A., p. 498.) In 1881-82 she wrote to a childhood friend, not a former sweetheart, Ben Dyer, at Grapevine, Texas, to come and protect her interests and she would give him a home. He came, but was not satisfied, and on flay 26, 1882, sued her for his traveling expenses and the worth of his time; but recovered only $47.50, the price of a ticket to Texas. (Judgment Roll and Docket A., p. 172, Watauga county; See Chapter 13, "Lochinvar Redux. ") \n\nNIMROD S. JARRETT. In the early- fall of 1873 Bayliss Henderson, a desperado froin Tennessee, wandering about, heard that Col. N. S. Jarrett would leave his home at the Apple Tree place on the N antahala river, six miles above Nantahala station on the Western North Carolina Railroad, and the same distance below Aquone, where his daughter, Mrs. Alexander P. Munday, and her husband lived. Henderson had been told that Jarrett would carry a large sum of money with him as he had to go to Franklin to settle as guardian for wards who had become of age. On a bright Sunday morning he was to start alone, as Henderson had been told, and on that morning he did start and alone. Half a mile below the home where Micajah Lunsford used to live he overtook Henderson, who was strolling idly along the road. Henderson walked a short distance by Jarrett's horse, but falling back a pace drew his pistol and@@ shot the Colonel in the back of the head@@ at the base of the brain. He took his watch and chain and the little money he had in his pocket, and hearing some one coining he waded across the Nantahala river and watched. The person he had heard leas Mrs. Jarrett, the dead man's wife, a cripple, who had ridden rapidly in order to overtake her husband and ride with him to Aquone where she was to have stayed till he returned from Franklin. She went on and told Micajah Lunsford and a crowd soon gathered about the body. The footprints of a man near the body were measured, but before the body was removed Henderson came upon the scene. It was@@ noticed that the heels of his shoes were missing@@, but that in other respects his shoes made a print exactly like those which had been there before his arrival. He was arrested and taken to Franklin. The trial was removed to Jackson county, where he was convicted and hanged, the Supreme court refusing a new trial. (68 N. C.) While Henderson was in Macon jail he sent a man named Holland to a certain tree near the scene of the murder, where he found the watch, chain and money. Later on Henderson escaped and went back to the place where he had lived before the murder, but was found hiding in a brush-heap soon afterwards and returned to prison. Col. Jarrett was 73 years old. \n\nA FORGOTTEN CRIME. In the spring of 1855 the home of Col. Nimrod S. Jarrett at Aquone, Macon county, was burned in the day time, and one of his children, a little girl, perished in the flames, though her mother had gone into the burning dwelling in the effort to find and rescue her, and had been dragged out by force. :bout 1898 a man named Bill Dills died on the head of Musser creek, and confessed that he had set fire to the house in order to prevent suspicion falling on him for having stolen several small sums of money, his idea being that their loss when discovered, would be attributed to the fire. \n\nQUAKING BALD, "The most famous of the restless mountains of North Carolina is `Shaking Bald."' The @@first shock, which occurred February 10, 1874, was followed in quick succession by others@@ and caused general alarm in the vicinity. This mountain for a time received national attention. Within six months more than one hundred shocks were felt. \nThe general facts of these terrestrial disturbances have never been disputed, but concerning their cause, there has been widely diversified speculation. Is there an upheaval or subsidence of the mountains gradually going on'.' Are they the effect of explosions caused 1>y the chemical action of minerals under the influence of electric currents? Are they the effect of gases forced through fissures in the rocks from the center of the earth, seeking an outlet at the surface." These are questions on which scientists differ. Be the cause what it may, there is no occasion to fear the eruption of an active volcano. \n"The famous Bald mountain forms the north wall of the valley. Its sterile face is distinctly visible from the porch of the Logan hotel. Caves similar to Bat cave are high on its front. In 1874 Bald mountain pushed itself into prominence by shaking its eastern end with an earthquake-like rumble, that rattled plates on pantry shelves in the cabins of the valleys, shook windows to pieces in their sashes, and even startled the quiet inhabitants of Rutherfordton, seventeen miles away. Since then rumblings have occasionally been heard, and some people say they have seen smoke rising in the atmosphere. There is an idea, wide-spread, that the mountain is an extinct volcano. As evidence of a crater, they point to a fissure about half a mile long, six feet wide in some places, and of unmeasured depth. This fissure, bordered with trees, extends across the eastern end of the peak. But the crater idea is effectually choked up by the fact that the crack is of recent appearance. The crack widens every year and, as it widens, stones are dislodged from the mountain steeps. Their thundering falls from the heights may explain the rumbling, and their clouds of dust account for what appears to be smoke. The widening of the crack is possibly due to the gradual upheaval of the mountain."" \n\nTRIAL of THOMAS W. STRANGE. On the 27th day of April, 1876, Thomas W. Strange was acquitted in Asheville for the murder on the 19th of August, 1875, of James A. Hurray of Haywood county before Judge Samuel Watts and the following jurors: W. P. Bassett, J. L. Weaver, John H. Murphy, Owen Smith, W. W. McDowell, B. F. Young, John Chesbrough, G. W. Whitson, S. M. Banks, W. A. Weddin, and P. I'. Patton. W. L. Tate of Waynesville was the solicitor. There was much feeling in Haywood and Buncombe counties because of this acquittal. During his confinement in jail Preston L. Bridgers, his friend, voluntarily stayed with Thomas Strange. The court was held in the chapel of the Asheville Female College, now the high school. Judge Watts was from the eastern part of the State and was nick-named "Greasy Sam." \n\n"BIG TOM" WILSON. Thomas D. Wilson, commonly known as "Big Tom," on account of his great size, was born December 1, 1825, on Toe river, near the mouth of Crabtree creek, in the Deyton Bend. The "D" in his name was solely for euphony. He married Niagara Ray, daughter of Amos L. Ray, and settled at the Green Ponds, afterwards known as the Murchison boundary. The place was so called because of several pools or ponds in Cane river, on the rock bottom of which a green moss grows. He died at a great age a few years ago. He was a great woodsman, hunter and trapper, a typical frontiersman, picturesque in appearance and original in speech and manner. He is said to have killed over one hundred bears during his life. His knowledge of woodcraft enabled him to discover Prof. Mitchell's trail, resulting in the recovery of his body, when the scientist lost his life on Black mountain in the summer of 1857.13 \n\nLEWIS REDMOND, OUTLAW. He was part Indian, and was born and reared in Transylvania county, having "hawk-like eyes and raven-black hair." `then fifteen years of age he was taken into the family of "Uncle Wash Galloway," a pioneer farmer of the county, and after he was grown and had left his home at Galloway's, he began "moonshining." Warrants were issued for his arrest, but the deputy United States marshals were afraid to arrest him. Marshal R. M. Douglass, however, deputized Alfred F. Duckworth a member of a large and influential family of Transylvania county. Redmond had sworn he would not be arrested, but young Duckworth went after him notwithstanding. Another deputy by the name of Lankford accompanied him. They came up with Redmond in the neighborhood of the East Fork, March 1, 1876. Redmond and his brotherin-law Ladd were driving a wagon. Duckworth told Redmond to stop, as he had a warrant for his arrest. Redmond stopped the wagon, and asked to hear the warrant read. Duckworth dismounted from his horse and began reading the warrant, but holding his pistol in one of his hands while he did so. Redmond said, "All right, put up your pistol, Alf, I will go along with you. " While Duckworth was putting his pistol in his pocket, Ladd passed a pistol to Duckworth, and before "a man standing near by could speak," Redmond put the pistol to Duckworth's throat and fired. Then he and Ladd jumped from the wagon and ran. Duckworth followed them a dozen or more step, firing his pistol as he ran; but fell in the road from the shock of his wound. He died soon after being taken to his home, and Redmond escaped. Redmond was caught later in South Carolina for some offence committed there, but escaped. y Later on he was captured in Swain county at or near Maple Springs, five miles above Almond. He was living in a house which commanded a view of the only approach to it, a canoe landing and trail leading from it. A posse crossed in the night and were in hiding nearby when daylight came. Redmond left the house and went in the upper part of the clearing with a gun to shoot a squirrel. One of the posse ordered him to surrender. Redinond whirled to shoot at him, when another of the posse fired on him from another quarter, filling his back with buckshot, disabling but not killing him. He was taken to Bryson City, and while recuperating from his wounds received a visit from his wife. She managed to give him a pistol secretly which Redmond concealed under his pillow. A girl living in the house found it out, and told Judge Jeter C. Pritchard, who was one of the men guarding him at that time. He told his companions, and it was agreed that he should disarm him. This was done, warning having first been given Redmond that if he moved he would be killed. "Redmond served a term in the United States prison at Albany N. Y., and after being released moved to South Carolina, where, I am informed, he killed another man, an officer, and was again sent to prison. " 9 During the term of Gov. Wade Hampton a long petition, extensively signed by many ladies of South Carolina, was presented to the governor for his pardon. He called himself a "Major," and claimed to be dying of tuberculosis. The pardon was granted in 1878, and Redmond has given no trouble since. He was never tried for killing Duckworth. l0 \n\nESCAPE of RAY AND ANDERSON. In the summer of 1885 several prisoners escaped from the county jail on Valley street in Asheville. They were J. P. Sluder, charged with the murder of L. C. Sluder; C. M. York, also charged with another murder; and E. W. Ray and W. A. Anderson of Mitchell county , who had been convicted in Caldwell county-Anderson of murder and Ray of manslaughter, for the killing of three men in a struggle for the possession of a mica mine in Mitchell county. The last two men were members of prominent families. On the night of July 3, 1885, these men with an ax broke a hole in the brick wall of the jail, and escaped. They had forced the sheriff, the late J. R. Rich, and J. D. Henderson, the jailor, into the cage in which the prisoners were confined, when they- were tied and gagged. The military company was called out to recapture the prisoners, but without result. Proceedings were instituted against Rich and Henderson for suffering these escapes, but both were acquitted in January, 1886. \n\nPHENOMENA NOTED AND EXPLAINED. In his "Speeches and Writings" (Raleigh, 1877), Gen. Thomas L. Clingman has described and explained many phenomena, among which was the meteor of 1860 (p. 53), which was originally published in Appleton's Journal, January 7, 1871; the falling of several destructive water-spouts in Macon and Jackson counties (p. 68) on the 15th of June, 1876; and what he terms " Low volcanic action" in the mountains of Haywood, at the head of Fines creek, which he visited in 1848 and 1851, and which had caused "cracks in the solid granite...chasms, none of them above four feet in width, generally extending north and south" where large trees had been thrown down, hillocks on which saplings grew obliquely to the horizon, showing they had attained some size before the hillocks were elevated. He again visited this place in 1867, when he saw evidences of further disturbances, a large "oak tree of great age and four or five feet in diameter having been split open from root to top and thrown down so that the two halves lay several feet apart" (p. 78 et seq.). This was first published in the National Ingelligencer of November 15, 1848. \n\nA CRIME NECESSITATING LEGISLATION. It was on the Cherokee county boundary line that on the 11th day of July, 1892, William Hall shot and killed Andrew Bryson. Ile stood on the North Carolina side of the boundary line between the two States and, shooting across that line, killed Bryson while he was in Tennessee. William Hall and John Dickey were tried with Hall as accessories before the fact, and all were convicted of murder at the spring term of the Superior court of Cherokee county in 1893. But the Supreme court granted a new trial at the February terns of 189411 on the ground that Hall could not be guilty of homicide in Tennessee. This decision was immediately followed by efforts on the part of the State of Tennessee to extradite the defendants under the act of Congress, but the Supreme court of -North Carolina held on habeas corpus proceedings 1 that no one can lie alleged to have fled front the justice of a State in whose domain he has never been corporeally present since the commission of the crime. The prisoners were discharged and have never been tried again in North Carolina. These decisions were folio-wed by remedial legislation embodied in the Acts of 1895, Chapter 169, making similar homicides crimes in North Carolina as well as in Tennessee. \n\nTHE EMMA BURGLARY. Following are the facts of a sensational burglary which occurred in Buncombe county February 8, 1901, as taken from the case of the State v. Foster, 129 N. C. Reports, p. 704: \n"Indictment against Ben Foster, R. S. Gates, Harry Mills and Frank Johnston, heard by Judge Frederick Moore and a jury, at June (Special) Term, 1901, of the Superior Court of Buncombe County. From a verdict of guilty and judgment thereon, the defendants appealed. \n"The facts are substantially as follows: \n"D. J. McClelland was the owner of a store at a place called `Emma', a few miles from the city of Asheville, in the county of Buncombe. Samuel H. Alexander is his clerk, find had been for more than three years boarding in the family of -McClelland and sleeping in the store. There was a room in said store building fitted up and furnished with a bed and other furniture as a sleeping apartment, in which said Alexander kept his trunk and other belongings, and slept there, and had done so regularly for three years or more. On the night of the 8th of February, 1901, he closed and fastened all the windows and outer doors of said store building, and between eight and nine o'clock he went into his bedroom, but, thinking some customer might come, and not being ready to retire, he left a lamp burning in the store-room. There was a partition wall between his sleeping-room and the store-room, in which there was a doorway and a shutter, but the shutter was rarely ever closed and was not closed that night. Soon after lie went into his sleeping room, he heard a noise at one of the outer doors of the store building, and, thinking it was some one wanting to trade, he went to the door and asked who was there. Some one answered `We want to come in; we want some coffee and flour.' lie then took down the bar used in securing the door, unlocked the same, and when lie had opened the door about twelve inches, still having the knob in his hand, two men forced the door open, rushed in the house, covered him with pistols, told him to hold up his hands, that they had come for business. With the pistols still drawn upon him, they marched him into his bed-room, where they searched him an,] the things he had in his room, taking his pistol and other things. They then carried him into the store-room and made an effort to break into the postoffice department, there being a postoffice kept there. But not succeeding readily in getting into this, they abandoned it for the present, saying they supposed there was nothing in it, except postage stamps, and they would attend to them later. They then turned their attention to an iron safe and compelled him to assist in opening it, one of them still holding his pistol on him. After the safe was open and one of them wing through it, taking what money and other valuables he found, a cat made a noise in the back part of the store, and the man with the pistol bearing on him turned his attention to that; and, as he did so, Alexander seized his own pistol they had taken from his room and which the man who was robbing the safe had laid on the end of the counter, and shot the man robbing the safe, and also shot the other man, but, in the meantime, the man whose attention had been attracted by the cat shot Alexander. They were all badly shot, but none of them died." \nThis testimony was that of Alexander alone, neither prisoner going on the stand. Henry Mills and R. S. Gates, indicted as being present, aiding and abetting, were tried with Ben Foster and Frank Johnston, charged as principals. All were convicted of burglary in the first degree. The judgment was sustained and Ben Foster and Frank Johnston were hanged at Asheville, the governor having commuted the sentence of the two others to life imprisonment in the penitentiary. \n\nNANCY HANKS TRADITION. For a hundred years a tradition has persisted in these mountains to the effect that between 1803 and 1808 @@Abraham Enloe came from Rutherford county@@ and settled, first on Soco creek, and afterwards on Oconalufty, about @@seven miles from Whittier@@, in what is now Swain county; that @@he brought with his family a girl whose name was Nancy Hanks@@; that this girl lived in Enloe's family till after his daughter Nancy ran away with and married a man named Thompson, from Hardin county, Ky. An intimacy had grown up between Nancy Hanks and Abraham Enloe, and @@a son was born to her, which caused Enloe's wife, whose maiden name had been Edgerton, to suspect that her husband was the father of Nancy's child.@@ Soon after the birth of this child, the tradition relates, Mrs. Nancy Thompson @@came to visit her parents and on her return to Kentucky or Tennessee took Nancy- Hanks and her son with her@@, much to Mrs. Enloe's relief. @@Abraham Enloe is said to have been a large, tall, dark man, a horse and slave trader, 14 a justice of the peace and the leading man in his community.@@ Thus far the tradition as given above is supported by such reputable citizens as the following, most of whom are now dead: Col. Allen T. Davidson, whose sister Celia married into the Enloe family, Captain James W. Terrell, the late Epp Everett of Bryson City, Phillip Dills of Dillsborough, Abraham Battle of Hay wood, Win. H. Conley of Hay wood, Judge Gilmore of Fort Worth, Texas, H. J. Beek of Ocona Lufty, D. K. Collins of Bryson City, Col. W. H. Thomas and the late John D. -Iingus, son-in-law of Abraham Enloe. \n\nABRAHAM LINCOLN TELLS OF HIS PARENTAGE. That the child so born to Nancy Hanks on 0cona Lufty was Abraham Lincoln is supported by the alleged statements that in the fall of 1861 a young man named Davis, of Rutherford, had, during the fifties, settled near Springfield, Ill., where he became intimate with @@Abraham Lincoln and "in a private and confidential talk which he had with Mr. Lincoln, the latter told him that he was of Southern extraction; that his right name was, or ought to have been, Enloe,@@ but that he had always gone by the name of his step-father."14 After the Civil War a man representing himself as a son of Mrs. Nancy Thompson, a daughter of Abraham Enloe of Ocona Lufty, called on the late Col. Allen T. Davidson, a lawyer, in his office in Asheville, and told him that President Lincoln had appointed him Indian agent or to some other office in the Indian service "because he (Lincoln) was under some great obligation to Thompson's mother, and desired to aid her, and at her request he made her son Indian agent."15 Col. Davidson as a lawyer had settled the Abraham Enloe estate, had heard of this tradition all his life and had no doubt as to its truth. There is another version to the effect that the child Abraham was not born till after his mother had reached Kentucky and also that Felix Walker, then congressman from the mountain district, aided Nancy Hanks in getting to Tennessee, where Thompson lived. \n\n"TRUTH IS STRANGER THAN FICTION." The above facts or statements have been taken from a small book of the name given, by James H. Cathey, once a member of the North Carolina legislature, and a resident of Jackson county. It was published in 1899. The various statements upon which the tradition was based are set forth in detail, accompanied by short biographies of each person named. No one can read these accounts without being impressed with their air of truthfulness. \n\nEVIDENCE SUSTAINING THE ENLOE PARENTAGE. The late Captain James W. Terrell refers to an article in Bledsoe's Review "in which the writer gives an account of a difficulty between Mr. Lincoln's reputed father and a man named Enloe" (p. 47) and states, as one of the reasons for sending Nancy Hanks to Kentucky, the fact that at that time some of the Enloe kindred were living there (p. 49). On page 54, a Judge Gilmore, living then within three miles of Fort Worth, Texas, told Joseph A. Collins of Clyde, Haywood county, North Carolina, that he knew Nancy Hanks before she was married, and that she then had a child she called Abraham; that she afterwards married a man by the name of Lincoln, a whiskey distiller, and very poor, and that the v lived in a small house.' 6 Col. T. U. C. Davis of St. Louis, Mo., a native of Kentucky, a cousin of President Jefferson Davis, a lawyer who once practiced law-with Mr. Lincoln in Illinois, is quoted as saying that he knew the riot leer of Lincoln; that he was raised in the same neighborhood; and that it `vas generally understood, without question, in that neighborhood, that Lincoln, the man that married the President's mother, was not the father of the President, but that his father's name was Enloe" (p. 78). The foregoing are the most important facts alleged; but there is one statement, or, page 55, to the effect that a man named `yells visited the Enloe home while Nancy- Hanks was there and witnessed a disagreement or coolness between Enloe and his wife on her account. This man said he had gone there while selling tinware and buying furs, leathers and ginseng for William Johnston of Waynesville. This could not have been true, as William Johnston did not emigrate from Ireland to Charleston till 1818. Soon after the appearance of this book the writer visited Wesley Enloe at his home on Ocona Lofty- for the purpose of learning what he could of his connection with Abraham Lincoln; but, like the correspondent of the Charlotte 01),c/-, I' of September 17, 1893 (quoted on pages 63 et seq.), I did riot observe any likeness between hint and the picture., of Mr. Lincoln which I had seen, as Mr. Enloe was blue-eyed and florid. He also stated to me that he had never heard his father's name mentioned in his family in connection with Abraham Lincoln's, just as he stated to that correspondent. on page 70. \n\nCLARK W. THOMPSON. Col. Davidson was a man of such unquestioned integrity that any- statement from him is worthy of belief; and in the interest of truth a letter was written t,, the Commissioner of Indian Affair, Washington, on March 8, 1913, asking "whether a man named Thompson was ever appointed by President Lincoln to some position in the Indian Service," and on the 25th of the same month, Hon. F. H. Abbott, acting commissioner, wrote as follows: ". . . You are advised that the records show that Clark W. Thompson, of Minnesota, was nominated by President Lincoln to be Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern superintendency on March 26, 1861, and his appointment was confirmed by the Senate on the following day. There is nothing in the record to show reasons influencing this appointment. . . " Of course this does not prove that Clark W. Thompson was a son of Mrs. Nancy Enloe Thompson, and is merely given for what it may be worth. In "The Child That Toileth Not," Major Dawley, its author, says (p. 271) : "@@Where Mingus creek joins Ocona Lufty, in a broad bottom, is an old, partially demolished log-house@@, used as a barn, in which tradition says that @@Nancy Hanks, the mother of Lincoln,@@ served as a house girl," etc. \n\nTHE NANCY HANKS HISTORY. As opposed to this traditional evidence we have the voluminous history of Nickolay and Hay, Mr. Lincoln's secretaries, called "Abraham Lincoln," in which the fact that the immortal President's mother was married to Thomas Lincoln June 12, 1806, by Rev. Jesse Head, at Beechland, near Elizabethton, Washington county, Ky., and a copy of his marriage bond for fifty pounds, as was then required by the laws of Kentucky, is set forth in full, with Richard Barry as surety. In addition to this, there `vas published by Doubleday & McClure Co., New York, in 1899, by Carolina Hanks Hitchcock, " Nancy Hanks, the Story- of Abraham Lincoln's Mother," giving in detail the facts of her birth in Virginia, her removal to Kentucky with her family, and her marriage to Thomas Lincoln on the date above given, and many other facts which, it would seem, place this date beyond all doubt. Col. Henry Watterson, in an address, presenting the Speed statue of Lincoln to the State of Kentucky and the Nation, November 8, 1911, said: "Let me speak with some particularity and the authority of fact, tardily but conclusively ascertained, touching the maternity of Abraham Lincoln. Few passages of history have been so greatly misrepresented and misconceived. Some confusion was made by his own mistake as to the marriage of his father and mother, which had not been celebrated in Hardin county, but in Washington county, Kentucky, the absence of any marriage papers in the old court house at Elizabethton, the county seat of Hardin county, leading to the notion that there had never been any marriage at all. It is easy to conceive that such a discrepancy might give occasion for any amount and all sorts of partisan falsification, the distorted stories winning popular belief among the credulous and inflamed. Lincoln himself died without surely knowing that he was born in honest wedlock and came from an ancestry upon both sides of which he had no reason to be ashamed. For a long time a cloud hung over the name of Nancy Hanks, the mother of Abraham Lincoln. Persistent and intelligent research has brought about a vindication in every way complete. It has been clearly established that as the ward of a decent family she lived a happy and industrious girl until she was twenty-three years of age, when Thomas Lincoln, who had learned his carpenter's trade of one of her uncles, married her, June 12, 1806. The entire record is in existence and intact. The marriage bond to the amount of 50 pounds . . was duly recorded seven days before the wedding, which was solemnized as became well-to-do folk in those days. The uncle and aunt gave an `infare', to which the neighboring countryside was invited. Dr. Christopher Columbus Graham, one of the best known and most highly- respected of Kentuckians, before his death in 1885, wrote at my request his remembrances of that festival and testified to this before a notary- public in the ninety-sixth year of his age." (The affidavit is set forth in full.)17 \n\nWHY THE TRADITION PERSISTS. After reading the foregoing article, a feeling of indignation naturally arises that anyone should longer doubt or discuss the legitimacy of the Great Emancipator, and it was that feeling which led to an examination of the "authority of fact tardily but conclusively ascertained touching the maternity of Abraham Lincoln. " Naturally, too, the story was ascribed to "partisan falsification." Nicolay and Hay's account seemed to fix the (late of the marriage as in June, 1806, since the marriage bond is dated on June 10th; and Miss Tarbell has settled the exact date as of June 12th of that year. So far, so good. But Miss Tarbell states (Vol. I, 7) that Mrs. Caroline Hanks Hitchcock had compiled the genealogy of the Hanks family, which, "though not yet printed, has fortunately cleared up the mystery of her birth. " This little book, now out of print, 1 I was obtained after great trouble, and what was found'.' That instead of clearing up the mystery of Nancy Hanks' birth, 'Mrs. Hitchcock has only made confusion worse confounded. In fact, she shows that Thomas Lincoln married an altogether different Nancy Hanks from the one the President remembered, the one Dennis Hanks knew, and the one Herndon has so particularly described in his carefully prepared work on the origin of Abraham Lincoln. She also discredits every subsequent statement by trying to show that Thomas Lincoln was not "the shiftless character" be has been represented as being (p. 54). After that, one naturally looks with suspicion upon every statement of fact in the little volume. \n\nTHE LINEAGE of LINCOLN'S REAL MOTHER. Almost immediately after the death of Mr. Lincoln his former law partner, Win. H. Herndon, Esq., set out to interview every member of the Lincoln and Hanks families then living. He kept up this investigation for years. What did Abraham Lincoln himself have to say as to who his mother was? Herndon says (p. 3) that in 1850, while they were in a buggy together, going to Menard county court, Lincoln told him that his mother "was the daughter of Lucy Hanks and a well-bred but obscure Virginia farmer." Who that farmer was is not stated; but Lucy Hanks, after the birth of Nancy, married a man named Henry Sparrow, and Nicolay and Hay say that Nancy Hanks was sometimes called Nancy Sparrow (Vol. I, p. 7). Herndon also says with exactness (p. 10) that "Nancy Hanks, the mother of the President, at a very early age, was taken from her mother Lucy-afterwards married to Henry Sparrow and sent to live with her aunt and uncle, Thomas and Betsy Sparrow, finder this same roof the irrepressible and cheerful waif, Dennis Hanks,...also found shelter." Now who was Dennis Hanks? He was the illegitimate son of Nancy Hanks and Friend. Which Nancy Hanks was this? The sister of Lucy Hanks (p. 10). Miss Tarbell calls him Dennis Friend (pp. 14 and 25) and says misfortune had made him an inmate of Thomas Lincoln's Indiana home. \n\nTHE LINEAGE of MRS. HITCHCOCK'S NANCY HANKS. Her father was Joseph Hanks and her mother Nancy Shipley, and was born February 5, 1784, (p. 25) and came with her parents from Virginia to Kentucky about 1789, and settled near Elizabethtown what is now Nelson county (p. 40). Her father died January 9, 1793, and his will was probated May 14, 1793, by which her brother Joseph got all her parents' land and she herself got a pied heifer, although there were eight children Joseph Hanks, Sr.'s widow and his son William being executors (pp. 43-45). Miss Tarbell adopts the same lineage for her Nancy (p. 8), and they- both place this Nancy in the home of Lucy Shipley, wife of Richard Berry, when Nancy least nine years old. \n\nPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LINCOLN'S REAL MOTHER. Herndon says (p. 10) that "at the time of her marriage to Thomas Lincoln, Nancy was in her 23d year. She was above the ordinary height in stature, weighed about 130 pounds, was slenderly built, and had much the appearance of one inclined to consumption. Her skin was dark; hair (lark brown; eyes gray and small; forehead prominent; face sharp and angular, with a marked expression of melancholy which fixed itself in the memory of everyone who ever saw or knew her . . . . " \n\nPHYSICAL FEATURES OF MRS. HITCHCOCK'S NANCY. "Bright. scintillating, noted for her keen wit and repartee, she had withal a loving heart," is Mrs. Hitchcock's (p. 51) notion of Nancy Hanks' manner. "Traditions of Nancy Hanks' appearance at this time [of her marriage] all agree in calling her a beautiful girl. She is said to have been of medium height, weighing about 130 pounds (p. 59), light hair, beautiful eyes, a sweet, sensitive mouth, and a kindly and gentle manner." In another place (p. 73) she says that when Nancy Hanks went to her cousins', Frank and Ned Berry, the legend is that "her cheerful disposition and active habits were a dower to those pioneers." Frank and Ned were sons of Richard Berry. \n\nHERNDON'S THOMAS LINCOLN. "Thomas was roving and shiftless... He was proverbially slow of movement, mentally and physically; was careless, inert and dull. He had a liking for jokes and stories . . . . At the time of his marriage to Nancy Hanks he could neither read nor write (p. 8). He was a carpenter by trade, and essayed farming, too; but in this, as in almost every other undertaking, he was singularly unsuccessful. He was placed in possession of several tracts of land at different times in his life, but was never able to pay for a single one of them" (p. 9). He hunted for game only when driven to do so by hunger (p. 29). \n\nMRS. HITCHCOCK'S THOMAS LINCOLN. "Thomas Lincoln had been forced to shift for himself in a young and undeveloped country (p. 56). He had no bad habits, was temper ate and a church-goer" (p. 54). She quotes an affidavit of Dr. C. C. Graham to the effect that he was present at the marriage of Thomas Lincoln, but he says nothing more of him, except that he had one feather bed, and when the doctor was there, Thomas and his wife slept on the floor. This same Dr. Graham is quoted as saying that it is untrue that Thomas kept his family in a doorless and windowless house. But Miss Tarbell (p. 19) and Herndon (p. 18) say that Thomas Lincoln kept his family in a "half-face camp" for a year, and that after the cabin was built it had but one room and a loft, with no window, door or floor; not even the traditional deer-skin hung before the exit; there was no oiled paper over the opening for light; there was no puncheon floor on the ground...and there were few families, even in that day who were forced to practice more make-shifts to get a living"; and that sometimes the only food on the table was potatoes (p. 20). And yet Mrs. Hitchcock says he was not shiftless! \n\nABRAHAM LINCOLN AND HIS PARENTS. Mr. Herndon says (p. 1) that if Mr. Lincoln ever mentioned the subject of his parents at all it was with great reluctance and with significant reserve. "There was something about his origin he never cared to dwell upon." To a Mr. Scripps of the Chicago Tribune, in 1860, Mr. Lincoln communicated some facts concerning his ancestry which he did not wish to have published then and which Scripps never revealed to anyone" (p. 2). In the record of his family which Mr. Lincoln gave to Jesse W. Fell, he does not even give his mother's maiden name; but says that she came "of a family of the name of Hanks." (Footnote on page 3). He gives but three lines to his mother and nearly a page to the Lincolns. And "Mr. Lincoln himself said to me in 1851... that whatever might be said of his parents and however unpromising the early surroundings of his mother may have been, she was highly intellectual by nature, had a strong memory, acute judgment, and was cool and heroic" (p. 11). His school days he never alluded to; and Herndon says lie slept in the loft of the Indiana cabin, which lie reached by- climbing on pegs driven in the wall, while 'Miss Tarbell says that "he slept on a heap of dry leaves in a corner of the loft" (p. 19), while his parents reclined on a bedstead made of poles resting between the logs and on a crotched stick, with skins for the chief covering." Although in the highest office in the land for four years before his death, 11r. Lincoln left his mother's grave unmarked, and when his father was dying lie allowed sickness in his own family to deter him from paying him a last visit, writing instead a letter advising him to put. his trust in God. \n\nHERNDON'S ESTIMATE of THE HANKSES. "As a family the Hankses were peculiar to the civilization of early Kentucky. Illiterate and superstitious, they corresponded to that nomadic class still to be met with throughout the South, and known as `poor whites.' They are happily and vividly depicted in the description of a camp-meeting held at Elizabethton, Ky., in 1806, which was furnished me in August, 1865, by an eye-witness (J. B. Helm). `The Hanks girls', narrates the latter, 'were great at Camp meetings, "' and the scene is then described of a young man and young woman with their clothing arranged for what was to follow, who approached and embraced each other in front of the congregation: "When the altar was reached the two closed, with their arms around each other, the man singing and shouting at the top of his voice, `I have my Jesus in my arms, sweet as honey, strong as baconham.' She was a Hanks, and the couple were to be married the next week; but whether she was Nancy Hanks or not my informant does not state; though, as she did marry that year, gives color to the belief that she was. But the performance described must have required a little more emotion and enthusiasm than the tardy and inert carpenter was in the habit of manifesting" (p. 12). \n\nCONFIRMATION of THE ENLOE TRADITION. One might suppose that the Enloe story has no other basis than that recorded in Mr. Cathey's look. But this is far front being the fact, though most of the biographers of Lincoln make no reference to the Enloes whatever. But Mr. Herndon, on page 27, remarks of Thomas Lincoln's second wife, Sarah Bush, that her social status is fixed by the comparison of a neighbor who contrasted the "life among the Hankses, the Lincolns, and the Enloes with that among the Bushes, Sarah having married Daniel Johnston, the jailer, as her first matrimonialventure. Dr. C. C. Graham, in his hundredth year, made a statement as to the Lincoln family, which is published in full by McClure's in magazine form and called "The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln," by Ida M. Tarbell. This is dated in 1896. Herndon and all the biographers agree that, although so old, Dr. Graham was a competent witness as to Lincoln's early life. Indeed, all of pages 227 to 232 of this little magazine book are devoted to testimonials establishing his credibility. But, although Tarbell's Life of Lincoln is an enlargement of this magazine story, and contains four large volumes, very little of Dr. Grahain's long statement, covering over five closely printed pages, is preserved. And among the things that have been suppressed is this: "Some said she (Nancy Hanks, Thomas Lincoln's first wife) died of heart trouble, from slanders about her and old Abe Enloe, called Inlow while her Abe, named for the pioneer Abraham Linkhorn, was still living." Neither Mrs. Hitchcock nor Miss Tarbell seems to have attached the slightest importance to this statement. But that is not all. Herndon records the fact (p. 29) that when he interviewed Mrs. Sarah Bush Lincoln, Thomas Lincoln's second wife, in September, 1865, "She declined to say much in answer to my questions about Nancy Hanks, her predecessor in the Lincoln household, but spoke feelingly of the latter's daughter and son." \nThus, it will be observed, that most of the testimony on which the stories concerning Nancy Hanks are based do not rest on the fabrications of his political enemies, but on the statements and significant silence of himself, his friends, relatives and biographers. \n\nTHE CALHOUN TRADITION. If anywhere in the world Lincoln had enemies, it was in South Carolina. If anywhere in the world a motive could exist to ruin his political fortunes, it was among the politicians of the Palmetto State. It is true that for years there has been @@an intangible rumor about John C. Calhoun and Nancy Hanks;@@ but the world must perforce bear witness that such rumors have met with little or no encouragement from the people of that State. Yet, during all the years that have flown since early in the last century, many men and women knew of a story which connected the name of the Great Nullifier with that of Nancy Hanks, the mother of Abraham Lincoln. It has lain untold all these years; but in 1911, Mr. D. J. Knotts of Swansea, S. C., brought it to the light of day. The reason for this delay was due to the respect that the custodians of the secret entertained for the wishes of the Calhoun family. For, even now, some of those to whom the facts had been communicated by Judge Orr and Gen. Burt, will not permit their names to be used in connection with the story. But the main facts seem to be well established by other testimony, and although these article have been before the public since 1910, no one has as yet attempted their refutation. Abbeville "District," as it was called, in South Carolina, was the home of John C. Calhoun and of Gen. Armistead Burt, who married Calhoun's niece. They were fast friends and political supporters of State Rights. Judge James L. Orr was born in Craytonville, S. C., May 12, 1822, and was in Congress from 1849 to 1859, having been speaker of the 35th Congress. He thus began his congressional career the year after Mr. Lincoln had completed his single term; but John C. Calhoun was serving then as senator, dying :March 31, 1850. Judge Orr was probably born in the very tavern which had previously been kept by Ann Hanks at Craytonville, as Orr's father certainly kept the same hostelry during his life. \n\nTHE STORY IS TOLD AT LAST. During 1911 the Columbia State published four articles on the "Parentage of Lincoln," by D. J. Knotts, of Swansea, S. C. Briefly stated, his story is to the effect that in 1807, John C. Calhoun began the practice of law in Abbeville county, where he lived till his removal to Fort Hill in 1824. Anderson county was not established till 1828; but in 1789 Luke Hanks died and left a will, which was probated in Abbeville county in October of that year, by which his widow, Ann Hanks, a relative of Benjamin Harris of Buncombe county, N. C., and John Haynie were made executors. No deed can be found to land of Luke or Ann Hanks, but there is a grant to 210 acres to her brother in 1797. However, the appraisers of the property under Luke Hanks' will valued these 210 acres at one dollar per acre, and the personal property at $500. Just how long after Luke's death it was that his widow, Ann Hanks, took charge of a tavern at the cross roads, called Craytonville and Claytonville, was not stated; but it is alleged that she kept this tavern in 1807, and for several years thereafter. This crossroads place is between Anderson, Abbeville and Pendleton-all flourishing towns at this time. @@At this tavern John C. Calhoun stopped in going to and from the courts, and became involved in a love affair with Ann Hanks' youngest child, Nancy@@__. At this tavern also stopped Abraham Enloe on his way South from Ocona Lufty with negroes and stock for sale. With him came as a hireling Thomas Lincoln, the putative father of the President. Nancy Hanks began to be troublesome and 'Mr. Calhoun is said to have induced Thomas Lincoln to take her with him on his return with Abraham Enloe-paying him $500 to do so. Lincoln is said to have conducted Nancy to the home of Abraham Enloe, where she became a member of the family.__ This is a confirmation of the Enloe tradition, except that Nancy is said to have gone there from Rutherford county. \n\nTHE PETITION FOR PARTITION. Ann Hanks, who seems to have had a life estate in the 210 acres of land, must have died about 1838 or 1839, for we find that Luke Hanks' heirs tried to divide the property without the aid of a lawyer, making two efforts to that end, but failing in both. In 1842, however, an Anderson attorney- straightened things out by bringing in Nancy Hanks as the twelfth child of Luke and Ann Hanks, and the property was divided into twelve equal shares, it having been alleged that Nancy- Hanks had left the State and that her whereabouts were unknown. Col. John Martin became the purchaser of this land, which is in a neighborhood called Ebenezer, and is within three or four miles of the tavern at Craytonville. \n\nLINCOLN IS TOLD OF .k REMARKABLE RESEMBLANCE. In 1849, while John C. Calhoun and Gen. Burt were attending Congress, young James L. Orr, not yet a member, but wishing to see the workings of that body over which he was one day to preside, made a visit to Washington, D. C., and as he had grown up with the Hanks family near Craytonville, he was at once impressed with the remarkable resemblance between those Andersen county Hankses and a raw-boned member from the State of Illinois, by name Abraham Lincoln. He told Lincoln of the fact, and the latter replied that his mother's name was Nancy Hanks. Thereupon, it is stated, Orr wanted to go into particulars, but Lincoln at once became reticent and would not discuss the matter further. This aroused Orr's suspicions, and on his return to Anderson he mentioned it to the Hankses of Ebenezer, who having lout recently heard the almost forgotten story of ,John C.". Calhoun's connection with Nancy and her disappearance from the State early in the century (in the partition case) related it to Judge Orr in all its detail. Gen. Burt also became possessed of the story, but guarded his secret jealously, his wife being Calhoun's niece. But, when Lincoln was assassinated Judge Orr, who was a brother inlaw of Mrs. Fannie Marshall, a second cousin of John C. Calhoun, told her and her husband what lie had learned from the Anderson Hankses: and in 1866 Gen. Armistead Burt, under the seal of an inviolable secrecy, told what he knew to a group of lawyers all of whom were his friends. So inviolably have they kept this secret that even to this day several of them refuse to allow their names to be mentioned in connection with it. But the Hankses also told their family physician, Dr. W. C. Brown, the story of their kinswoman and John C. Calhoun, and he mentioned it to others. John Hanks, also, is said to have told Dr. Harris that Nancy Hanks had gone to an uncle in Kentucky when her condition became known at the Enloe farm; for it seems that a Richard Berry has been located as buying land in Anderson county in 1803, and as disappearing entirely from the records of Anderson county thereafter. \nMr. Knotts introduced much other evidence, and has accumulated much additional testimony since, which he will soon publish in full, giving book and page of all records and full extracts from all documents. \n\nMINOR MATTERS. Mr. Knotts also states that Dr. `V. C. Brown was a brother of "Joe" Brown, the "War Governor" of Georgia; that Mr. Herndon's first life of Lincoln contained several statements which Lincoln had made as to his illegitimacy; but that friends of Lincoln "had tried to recall the volumes and failed to get a few of them in for destruction"; but that Mr. Knotts had secured a copy, from which he made (pp. 5 and 6) the following statement: "Mr. Herndon, says Mr. Weik, his co-laborer in the work, spent a large amount of time and trouble hunting down this tradition in Kentucky, and finally found a family in Bourbon county named Inlow, who stated to him that an older relative, Abraham Inlow, a man of wealth and influence, induced Thomas Lincoln to assume the paternity of Abraham Lincoln, whose mother was a nice looking woman of good family named Nancy Hanks, and that after marriage he removed to Hardin or Washington county, where this infant was born." Mr. Knotts also makes the point that there could have been no contemporaneous record of Lincoln's birth, and that he made the date himself in the family Bible, years after he became a man; that in that record he nowhere records the fact or the date of his father's marriage to Nancy Hanks, although he is careful to record his father's second marriage to Sarah Bush Johnston, and his own marriage to Mary Todd; also that he speaks of his sister Sarah, when she married Aaron Grigsby, as the daughter of Thomas Lincoln alone; and when she died, he again speaks of her as the daughter of Thomas Lincoln and wife of Aaron Grigsby, but never mentions her as the daughter of Nancy Lincoln. No one has ever accounted for the mutilation of the family record made by Abraham Lincoln himself in the family Bible. In every instance in which discredit might fall on Nancy Hanks, the dates have been carefully obliterated in some vital point. Surely Lincoln's political enemies did not do this thing, the doing of which has cast more suspicion on his legitimacy than all things else combined. \n\nTHE RUTHERFORD COUNTY HANKES. When this last tradition was called to the writer's attention, it was apparent that the only way to discredit it was to follow the clue which stated that the Nancy Hanks of Abraham Enloe's household had gone there from Rutherford county. Accordingly, diligent enquiries were instituted in the counties of Rutherford, Lincoln and Gaston with the result that no trace could be found of Nancy Hanks in either of them, or elsewhere in the State. All persons who seemed to know anything of the Hanks family referred to Mr. L. M. Hoffman of Dallas, N. C., who wrote, June 2, 1913, to the effect that for several years he had been working on a genealogical history of all the families who first settled that section from whom he is descended. Among these were a Hanks family; and while he obtained 600 manuscript pages concerning all the other families from which he has descended "the want of time and the difficulty of getting reliable information has caused me (him) to nearly close my (his) search. . . " Further correspondence resulted in discovering little chore than that there once existed a Bible of the Hanks family in the possession of the Jenkins family; but Mr. Hoffman, who examined and made extracts from it, found nothing of record regarding Nancy Hanks. He then gave several discoveries that he made, and add,: "This only illustrates how I failed to get anything like a connected story of the Hanks family. There arc: several of the Hanks family here still, but they know almost nothing of their ancestors. . . " When it is remembered that there are several Hanks men in Anderson county, S. C., who are said to resemble Abraham Lincoln in a most striking way, it is evident that the probabilities are largely that Nancy Hanks went to Abraham Enloe's from South Carolina rather than from Rutherford county, N.C." \n\nTHE TENNESSEE TRADITION. On the farm of G. `V. Wagner, formerly owned by Isaac Lincoln-a few miles from Elizabethton and opposite the little station called Hunter-is a tombstone on which is carved: "Sacred to the memorv of Isaac Lincoln, who departed this life June 10, 1816, aged about 64 years."19 In McClure's Early Life of Lincoln, Isaac Lincoln is mentioned as one of the brothers of Abraham Lincoln, the grandfather of the President (p. 223). Tradition says that to this farm came Thomas Lincoln after the death of his father in 1788 had, according to Miss Tarbell (p. 6), turned him " adrift to become a wandering laboring boy before he had learned to read." Tradition also says that a Nancy Hanks at one time lived in that neighborhood; but that Thomas was so shiftless that his Uncle Isaac drove him away, when Nancy disappeared also. The lady referred to on page 73 of J. H. Cathey's book by Col. Davidson was his sister, Miss Elvira Davidson, who was a visitor in the home of Felix Walker, one of whose eons ,she afterwards married: and it was while there, according to her statement to her niece, that she had seen Abraham Enloe call Felix Walker to the gate and talk earnestly with him, and that when Walker came hack he told Mrs. Walker Abraham Enloe had arranged with him (Walker) to have Nancy Hanks taken to Tennessee, instead of Kentucky, when Mrs. Walker remarked that -Mrs. Enloe would "be happy again." Mrs. Enloe and -Mrs. Walker were great friends. Elvira Davidson was a young girl at this time. She first married Joseph Walker and years afterwards was left a widow. Her second husband was Thomas Gaston, whose descendants are in Buncombe today. \n\nTHE SOUTH CAROLINA RECORD. This record is in the office of the Ordinary, corresponding to that of probate judge in most States, its number is 964, and is entitled: " Valentine Davis and wife, applicant, v. Line Hanie and others." The summons in relief was filed before William McGee, Ordinary of Anderson District, S. C., December 26, 1842; it relates to the real estate of Ann Hanks, and is recorded in real estate book, volume 1, p. 59. The summons is to the "legal heirs and representatives of Ann Hanks, who died intestate," and requires the parties named therein-among whom is Nancy Hanks-to appear on the 3d day of April, 1843, and "show cause why the real estate of Ann Hanks, deceased, situated in said district on waters of Rocky river, bounding Brig. R. Haney, John Martin and others, should not be divided or sold, allotting the same as it proceeds among you. " Valentine Davis was appointed and consented to act as the guardian ad 'item of the minor heirs named in the summons; a large number of heirs accepted legal service of the summons; while the Ordinary notes that he "cited" several others to appear in court, etc. A rule was also issued December 26, 1842, to twenty-seven of the defendants "who reside without the State," among whom is the name of Nancy Hanks, all of whom are required to "appear and object to the sale or division of the real estate of Hanks on or before the third day of April next, or their consent to the same will be entered of record." There is also in this record an assignment to 'Mary Hanks by her son James R. Hanks, of Crittenden county, Kentucky, of his interest "in the real estate of my grandmother Ann Hanks, which came to me by right of my father, George Hank, which was sold by the Court of Ordinary in Anderson District, South Carolina, in June, 1843, which claim or claims I renounce to my said mother Mary during her natural life, from me, my executors or assigns, so long a; the said 'Mary Hanks shall live, but at the said Mary's death to revert back me to and my heirs," etc. \nThis assignment of interest is dated April 1, 1844, and was probated before James Cruce, justice of the peace of Crittenden county, Ky., by William Stinson and Reuben Bennett, subscribing witnesses, on the first of April, 1844. \nThe record fails to show any receipt from Nancy Hanks for her share in the proceeds of this real estate, which would seem to indicate that she was (lead and that her heirs received no actual notice of this proceeding. The foregoing excerpts have been furnished by Thomas Allen, Esq., of the Anderson. S. C., bar. \n\nREALITY OF ISAAC LINCOLN'S RESIDENCE. Of the residence of Isaac Lincoln and Mary (nee Ward) his wife, in what is now Carter county, Tenn., there can be no doubt, the deed books of that county showing many conveyances to and from Isaac Lincoln, one of which (B, p. 14) is indexed as from Isaac "Linkhorn" to John Carter, which bears the early date of March 4, 1777, and conveys 303 acres on the north side of Doe river known by the name of the "Flag Pond," for one hundred pounds. The deed, however, is signed "Isaac Lincoln," not "Linkhorn"; but it was not registered till July 22, 1806. Lincoln and Carter are both described as of "Watauga" simply. Other coil conveyances that lie owned several lots in what is now Elizabethton, the county seat of Carter county (B, 18). There is also a conveyance from Johnson Hampton, with whom Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks arc said (according to a letter from D. J. Knott, to J. D. Jenkins, 1913 (to have gone from Abraham Enloe, to Thomas Lincoln's brother's home on Lynn mountain, five miles above Elizahethton, on Watauga river. But this conveyance is dated March 13, 1834, and is to Mordeca (sic) Lincoln and .John Berry of the "county of Green and Carter,"Term. (Book D, p. 373). The site of the cabin in which Isaac and Mary lived is ;till pointed out at the base of Lynn mountain. \n\nISAAC AND MARY LINCOLN SLAVEOWNERS. The Will of Isaac Lincoln, dated April 22, 1816, is filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of Carter count-, Tenn., anal, though yellow with age, is in a good state of preservation. By it he leaves all his property to his wife Mary: anal when her will (filed in the same office) is examined, it is found toy bequeath at least 28 negroes, musing each one separately, and providing for the support of two of them during life. William Stover, who got the bulk of her estate, was the son of her sister and Daniel Stover; and Phoebe Crow, wife of Campbell Crow, to whom she left the "negro girl 'Margaret and her four children, to wit: Lucy, Mima, -Martin and Mahala, was Phoebe Williams, a niece of Mary Lincoln. Campbell Crow was left "the lower plantation, it being the one on which he now lives, adjoining the land of Alfred M. Carter on the west and south and of John Carriger on the east." To Christian Carriger, Sr., she bequeathed seven negroes; to Mary Lincoln Carriger, wife of Christian Carriger Sr., she left two negro girls. Christian Carriger, Sr., had married a sister of Mary Lincoln. Daniel StoverJ. D. Jenkins' great-grandfather-married another sister of Mary Lincoln. Daniel Stover's son William had a son Daniel, who married 'Mary, a daughter of Andrew Johnson, the successor of Abraham Lincoln in the Presidency, and he (Johnson) died in her house, a few miles above Elizabethton, July 31, 1875. P. T. Brummit lives there now. It was not a part of the Lincoln farm. The house is still visible from the railroad, the log portion thereof having been torn away; but the room in which Andrew Johnson died, in the second story of the framed addition to the original house, still stands. W. Butler Stover, great-grandnephew of Mary Lincoln, of Jonesboro (R. F. D.), Tenn., still has Mary Lincoln's Bible; but he wrote ('March 6, 1914) that "it gives no dates of births or deaths or marriages of any- of the Lincoln,"-,." William Stover was Butler Stover's grandfather and inherited the farm on which Mary and Isaac Lincoln are buried, as their tombstones attest, Mary's stating that she died August 27, 1834, "aged about 76 years." It is said that Isaac and Marv Lincoln had but one child, a boy, who was drowned before reaching manhood. Mrs. H. M. Folsom of Elizabethton is related to Mordecai Lincoln, while Mrs. W. M. `-ought of the same place was a Carriger. Dr. Natt Hyder, who died twenty-odd years ago, and whose widow still live at Gap Creek, in the Sixth District, told James D. Jenkins that old people had told him-"Old Man" Lewis particularly-that Abraham Lincoln was born on the side of Lynn mountain, and was taken in his mother's arms to Kentucky, going by way of Stony Fork creek and Bristol. An anonymous writer-supposed to be B. Clay Middleton-in all article which was published in the Carter County News, February 13, 1914, says: "Tradition says that it was here, in the beautiful Watauga Valley, so rich in history, that the young Thomas Lincoln first met and wooed the gentle Nancy Hanks, whose name was destined to become immortal through the achievements of her illustrious son. Tradition further says that for a while before Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks left for Kentucky they lived for a time together as common law husband and wife in a little cabin on Lynn mountain, which overlooks the Watauga valley. I have been informed that old people in that vicinity still recall the site of what was known as the Tom Lincoln cabin, and traces of the spot where the cabin stood still remain in the way of stone foundations, etc." He also cites as "a little singular that the life of Andrew Johnson in a way should be interwoven with the name of Lincoln, whom he succeeded as President of the United States. When he married Miss Eliza McCardle, at Greenville, Tenn., it was `Squire Mordecai Lincoln who performed the ceremony. His daughter Mary married Col. Dan Stover, the great nephew of Isaac Lincoln.'" \n\nNOTES.\n1. Statements made to J. P. A. in 1912.\n2. Letter from S. .1. Silver to .1. P. A., dated November 18, 1912\n3. Zebulon settled near French Broad River in Buncombe county, 2 1/2 miles below Asheville, where the National Casket Factory is now, and died there years ago.\n4. Bedent settled on Beaver Dam, two miles north of Asheville, at what is now the Way place, where he died in 1839. Letter of Dr. J. s. T. Baird to J. P. A., December 16, 1912. Dr. Baird died in April, 1913.\n5. Andrew, a brother of Zebulon and Bedent Baird, settled in Burke; but the Valle Crucis Baird did not Claim descent from him John Burton was really the founder of Asheville, as oil July 7, 1794, he obtained a grant for 200 acres covering what is now the center of that city. Condensed from Asheville's Centenary. He afterwards moved to Ashe County and in April, 1799, he entered 200 acres near the Virginia line. Deed Book A., p. 339.\n6. Condensed and quoted from T. L. Clingman's "Speechescheq and Writings," pp. 138, et seq.,\n7. University Magazine of 1888-89.\n8. Zeigler a& Grosscup, p. 245.\n9. Letter of C. C. Duckworth to J. P. A., May 1, 1912.\n10. Letter from C. C. Duckworth to J. P. A., May 1, 1912; letter from D. K. Collins, June 1912; statement of Hon. J. C. Pritchard, June, 1912. In "The Child That Toileth Not" (p. 448) Pickens county, s. C., is given as the one in which Red mond held forth twenty years ago, etc .\n11. State v. Hall, 114 N. C., p. 909.\n12. State v. Hall, 115 N. C., p. 811.\n13. For Hon. Z. B. Vance's account of the finding of Prof. Mitchell's body, sec "Balsam Groves of the Grandfather Mountain," by S. M. Dagger (p. 261). In this appears a list of those who assisted in the, search. From this account it seems that what is now known :is Mitchell's Peak was put down in Cook's Map as Mt. Clingman. and that Prof. Mitchell insisted that he had measured it in 1844, while Gen. Clingman claimed to have been the first to measure it.\n14. "Truth Is stranger Than Fiction," pp. 130-137-139.\n14. Ibid., p. 86.\n15. Ibid., p. 74.\n16. According to Herndon, Thomas set up house-keeping in Indiana with the tools and liquor he had recovered from his capsized river boat, p. 17.\n17. From Louisville Courier Journal, of Thursday, November 9, 1911.\n18. "The story of Abraham Lincoln's Mother," by Carolina Hanks Hitchcock, 1889.\n19. Tradition as related by James D. Jenkins, Esq., recorder of Eilizabethton Tenn., who also stated that Isaac Lincoln's wife was Sarah Stover, of Pennsylvania. Also that President Andrew Johnson had died on the Isaac Lincoln farm. \n\n© 2001, Jeffrey C. Weaver, Arlington, VA\n
CHAPTER XXII\nFlora and Fauna\n\nPRIMEVAL CONDITIONS. Exactly what the forests were like in the days of the earliest settlers and what were the kinds and habits of its wild denizens can be known only by the accounts that have come down from our ancestors. Whether the country was more open than now or whether the wild animals were tamer than we now find them, are matters that cannot be absolutely determined by any mathematical process. Some claim that the @@Indians kept the undergrowth thinned out by annually setting the fallen leaves afire@@ in order that they might see the game the better, while others suppose that there were thickets and saplings beneath the giant forest trees as there are at this time. Following are some thoughts upon this question: \n"It is also doubtless true that 150 or 200 years ago the forests were not nearly so well grown up as at present, and that would in a measure account for the presence of such animals as the moose or even elk. @@Old hunters have told me that when they could first recollect@@ there was __scarcely any laurel, with only now and then a small bunch, and that the woods were open and no underbrush at all; that they could see through the forest ever so far__, and that the growth of the hemlock was nothing like it is at present. Now and then a giant monarch of the forest and all around for a considerable distance would be small hemlocks. At the writer's own home at Banners Elk, I had occasion a year or 50 ago to make a practical demonstration of that fact. There was evidence of one of those giant hemlocks that had fallen down perhaps a hundred years ago. It was all decayed but the knots, of which I piled up more than 125. The tree itself must have been 120 feet high when standing around, the hemlocks grew thick from two to two and one-half feet in diameter. That @@the forests have become more thicketty in the last thirty years is the observation of every thoughtful man@@."[1] \n\nA MYSTERIOUS FLORAL SISTERHOOD. In the "Carolina Mountains" (ch. VI) we are told that@@ in the Himalayas and the mountains of the Far East@@ are found the __flame-colored azalea, the silver--bell tree, the fringe bush, the wisteria, and ginseng__, which are found nowhere else except @@in our own Appalachians@@. What bond, the author asks, tore these tender flowers asunder, separating them by continents and vast seas? We are also told that the @@Rhododendron Vaseyii,@@__ which, unlike the other rhododendrons, sheds its leaves in the fall,__@@ was supposed to have become extinct (p.59) but that it is still found on the north side of the Grandfather mountain@@. We learn also that Shortia was named for Prof. Short of Kentucky, and was rediscovered on the Horse Shoe Pasture river a few miles south of Lake Toxaway, "literally coloring acres of the earth with its charming flowers" (p.275). \n\nBOTANY AND BOTANISTS. The abundance, variety and beauty of the wild flowers, bushes and shrubs attracted the attention of botanists at an early date. William Bertram of Philadelphia was in the Cherokee country in 1776.[2] Andrew Michaux was @@sent to this country by the French government to collect seeds@@, shrubs and trees for the royal gardens in 1785, and, on the 30th of August, 1794, reached the @@summit of the Grandfather, "the highest in all North America,@@" he declared; "and with my companion and guide @@sang the hymn of the Marseillaise@@."[3] The following year Michaux explored the mountains of Burke and Yancey, carrying away in the fall 2,500 specimens of trees, shrubs and plants. In 1794 he visited the Linville, Black, Yellow, Roan, Grandfather and Table mountains. The late Col. Davenport of Yadkin Valley was his guide. His "Flora Boreali-Americana" is yet a classic. Mr. Fraser, a Scotchman, made botanical collections in these mountains in 1787 and 1789; and, under the patronage of the Russian government, he explored them again in 1799, accompanied by his eldest son, when he found the laurel or Rhododendron Catawbiense. They came again in 1807, and in 1811 the son returned, spending several years, and annually sending large consignments of plants and seed to Great Britain. F. A. Michaux, son of Andre, was here in 1802, and published his "Forest Trees of North America" in 1857. Thomas Nuttall, an Englishman, examined a portion of our mountains, and wrote "Genera of North American Plants." He died in 1859. Prof. Asa Gray of the University of Cambridge and John Carey of New York were in the mountains of Ashe and Yancey in 1841; and in 1843 Prof. Gray, with Mr. Sullivan of Ohio, came into our mountains from Virginia. S. B. Buckley came by the Hiwassee in 1842, and in the same year Mr. Rugel, a Ger'man collector, was here. In 1844 Mr. Dow, a young botanist, traversed the entire length of our mountain range. In 1840 Prof. Gray found the Lilium Canadense, but Dr. Sereno Watson discovered that it possessed traits peculiar to itself alone, "set it aside as a distinct species and honored it with its discoverer's name." In 1839 Dr. Gray observed in Paris an unnamed specimen brought there by the elder Michaux from "les hautes montagnes de Carolinie"; but on his return failed to find it till in 1877 G.M. Hymes, then a boy, accidentally discovered it on the bank of the Catawba near Marion. Dr. Gray had already named it Shortia in honor of Dr. C. W. Short. In September, 1886, Professor Sargent discovered that the Hogback mountain above Lake Toxaway is the original habitat of the Shortia, just 98 years after Michaux had first found it and probably near the same spot. \n\nPIONEERS IN FORESTRY. Before the railroad got to Asheville, and afterwards, shrewd men went through these mountains buying standing timber and paying for it with a song, if with that. Thousands of the finest@@ black walnut trees @@were branded as the property of the purchasers and left to grow on the land of the seller. Later on the finest @@poplars@@ and @@cherries@@ were also purchased and left to grow, while the railroads were ever drawing nearer. The walnut trees were first cut and their trunks hauled for miles to the head of the railroad. Later still the poplars and cherries followed. Then followed a demand for the @@stumps of the walnuts@@, and these also found a ready market, and @@brought more than the trees which had been cut from them,@@ for by this time we had grown in knowledge and knew somewhat of the value of our timber. We had not known it before the Civil War, having used black walnut and cherry and poplar rails for the building of fences. \n\nSCOTTISH LAND AND TIMBER COMPANY. In the eighties this company, managed by Alexander A. Arthur from Scotland, __bought up ten square miles of the finest timber on Big Pigeon, between Cataloochee and Big creeks__, and@@ tried to float the logs down the Pigeon;@@ but it was soon discovered that it did not pay at that time. Later on the Bushnells of Ohio, one of whom was afterward governor of Ohio, came and set up extensive mills at the junction of Little Tennessee and Tuckaseegee rivers, where they established booms; but the first flood swept booms and logs away. The place was called Bushnell and still retains the name. The Ritters, Whitings and others have followed. \n\nMILLS TO THE TIMBER. During this time @@many small concerns were taking small steam engines to the timber@@ and cutting it near where it stood. Even @@this did not pay in many cases@@, and it became a saying that __if you had a grudge against a man, just give him a steam saw-mill and his ruin would soon follow__. The business @@has since thriven in some cases and proven disastrous in others@@. \n\nWEALTH IN FORESTS. It is in her forests, however, especially of late years, that this section has found its greatest wealth. There are at least a dozen well recognized species of oak, while most of the hardwoods and the coniferous and deciduous growths common to this latitude can be found in great abundance. Already saw mills, pulp mills, acid mills, and other @@mills for the utilization of these forests have been established and thousands of men are employed@@ where only a few found employment before. The railroads are taxed to supply cars in which to haul the products of the forest to market. With the adoption of intelligent forestry; methods promised by the United States Government, which is now acquiring many of these forested areas, the future seems to hold out the hope that these forests will continue to be a source of revenue for all time to come. \n\n@@FOREST FIRES.@@ From the report of J. S. Holmes (State Forester) of 1911, it appears that the forest fires in the various mountain counties in 1910 have wrought considerable damage; table four of that report giving the facts in detail. From the same paper can be gathered the steps that have been taken to prevent these fires, including the State and National legislation on the subject. In 1909 the legislature of this State passed a law to declare any wooded land above 2,000 feet elevation a "State Forest," and the appointment of wardens as the owner of the land may request; but advantage has not been generally taken of its provisions, because it requires the owner to pay one-half a cent an acre additional tax for the benefit of the school fund, while he had also to pay the wardens for their services. \n\nFROM ADVANCE SHEET OF FOREST SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES, 1912. Estimated amount of standing timber in thousand feet board ineasure, trees 10 inches and over in diameter breast high, in western North Carolina, by counties: [Omitted] \n\nEASTERN FOREST RESERVES. In 1900 Dr. C. P. Ambler, George S. Powell, Hon. Locke Craig and Hon. Josephus Daniels inaugurated the Appalachian National Park movement at Asheville, which culminated in March, 1910, in the passage by Congress of the Weeks act, under which $10,000,000 were appropriated for the purchase of wild lands in the mountains at the heads of the navigable rivers of the eastern States. But as only $2,000,000 could be expended in any year, and as the act could not be put into force between March and June 30, 1910, the expiration of the fiscal year, only $8,000,000 were available. The operation of this act expires in 1915. At the expiration of 1913 the following purchases had been made: \nAs indicative of the rapid advance in the price of timberland in the mountains, the Murchison boundary in Yancey county may be cited. It was sold at Sheriff's sale about 1879 to the Murchisons for $2,200, who held it intact as a timber and game preserve until December, 1909, when they sold it for $225,000 to Carr and Keys, These held it about a year and sold it to ____ Brown for $300,000. The late R. B. Johnston, who owned 5,000 acres on Cat Tail creek, adjoining the Murchison tract, vainly offered it to Big Tom Wilson for $750 in 1879 as a goat farm. In January, 1911, Johnston's heirs sold the timber on this tract to the Carolina Spruce Company for $110,000. In October, 1912, G. W. Vanderbilt sold to Lewis Carr of Virginia, the timber, wood and bark, standing and down, on 69,326 acres of mountain land in Transylvania, Henderson and Buncombe counties for $12 per acre, payable in installments in twenty years. He had bought this land twenty years before for less than $3 per acre. (Deed Book, Buncombe, No.161, p.518.) \n\nELK AND BUFFALO. The native fauna, alas has largely disappeared. But when Daniel Boone and his contemporaries first crossed the Blue Ridge they found black bear and red deer in the greatest numbers; while, in the neighborhood of Banner Elk have, even in recent years, been discovered the @@bones of elk and caribou@@.__ Elk mountain and Bull Gap in Buncombe county take their names from the elk__. There is reason to believe that@@ buffalo used to pasture along the lonely streams of this elevated plateau@@, while smaller game, such as the opossum, the raccoon, mink and otter, have not entirely disappeared to this day. The __beaver, however, has long been extinct__, leaving its name to innumerable streams. (See ante pp.42, 65, 251, 252 and 253.) \n\nDOGS FOR FOOD? In that storehouse of information concerning this section of country, the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology,[4] page 26 it appears that when DeSoto arrived at Guaxule, which the author, James Moody, identifies as "the great Nacooches mount, in White county, Ga., a few miles northwest of the present Clarksville," and near Franklin, N. C., the @@Cherokees "gave the Spaniards 300 dogs for food,@@ although, according to the Elvas narrative, the Indians themselves did not eat them." In a foot note it is stated that "Elvas, Biedma, and Ranjel all make special reference to the dogs given them at this place; they seem to have been of the same small breed @@('perrillos')@@ which Ranjel says the Indians used for food. " Mention is also made of the "delicious service berry of the southern mountains. "[6] \n\nFIRST BUFFALOES. From the same work, page 26, it is learned that when @@DeSoto@@ was resting at Chiha, near the present Columbus, Ga., he met with "a chief who confirmed what the Spaniards had heard before concerning mines in the province of Chisca," saying that there was a melting of copper and of another metal of about the same color, but softer, and therefore not so much used," and that DeSoto sent two soldiers on foot with the Indian guides to find Chisca, I which was "northward from Chiaha, somewhere in upper Georgia or the adjacent part of Alabama or Tennessee." When these soldiers returned to DeSoto they reported that they had been taken "through a country so poor in corn, so rough, and over so high mountains that it would be impossible for the army to follow"; but they had "@@brought back with them a dressed buffalo skin which the Indians there had given them@@, the first ever obtained by white men, and described in the quaint old chronicle as "an ox hide as thin as a calf's skin, and the hair like a soft wool between the coarse and fine wool of sheep." This must have been in the mountains of North Carolina. \n\nFRUIT CULTURE. As to the adaptability of the soil and climate of the mountains to fruit culture, the State Agricultural Department has this to say in a pamphlet entitled "Orchard Lands," and dated at Raleigh, N. C., October 7, 1910: \n"The Appalachian mountain region attains in North Carolina its maximum development, for here it reaches the greatest height east of the Rockies. This gives it a @@cool climate, like that of the northern states and Canada@@. In addition to its altitude, it has, @@on accotnt of its southern latitude, a longer growing season and a more abundant and brighter sunlight.@@ This makes it ideal for the commercial production of hardy fruits. The @@apples@@ grown in this region are of very high color and of fine quality. The rainfall is heavy in summer, giving a rapid growth and making fruit of large size. Tbe full weather is dry, cool, and bright, thus giving the most favorable conditions for fruit harvesting and marketing. The soils of the mountains are rich and fertile and produce a good growth both of tree and fruit. Healthy old trees are growing in many parts which have been bearing heavily for upwards of a century. In the deep, rich, ulluvial soil of mountain coves the ramous Albemarle Pippin finds the soil that brings it to its greatest perfection. On the mountainsides, in many places, are found the thermal zones that are so rarely visited by frost that total failures of fruit are practically unknown. It is destined to be the most noted apple growing section in the whole country. Apples from the mountain country have twice carried off the first prize at the Madison Square Garden in New York City in competition with the whole United States. @@Peaches @@attain a color and quality there which they do not reach in the lower country. They grow as handsome as the California peaches, and as to quality the California product is hardly to be named in comparison with them." \n\nLIVE STOCK. Of the raising of live stock, the same excellent authority, in a pamphlet entitled "North Carolina : A Land of Opportunity In Fruit Growing, Farming and Trucking," has this to say, in a chapter called "Climates" (p.36): \n"It is a region of fertile valleys and elevated plateaus, with a climate very similar to that of the northern middle states. The summers are cool and pleasant and the whole region is an attractive one to the summer visitor and is becoming a great summer resort. The winters are cold, but shorter than those of the middle states north. In most mountain regions the mountainsides are rocky and sterile, but in the mountains of North Carolina, as a rule, the mountain slopes are covered with fertile soil and in some parts of the mountain country the treeless @@'balds'@@ have thefr slopes to their lofty tops covered with fertile soil and rich greases, on which @@great herds of cattle are grazed in summer.@@ The valleys in the southern section of the mountain country are less elevated and the climate is mild and pleasant, while the snowfall is very light. The clear streams of water that flow everywhere and the natural growth of fine grasses mark this region for cattle and the dairy, while on the uplands fruit of all kinds flourishes as it seldom does elsewhere."\n\nGRAINS RICE IN PROTEIDS. Agriculturally the soil of this section is hospitable to the growth of all the fruits, vegetables and cereals of the temperate zone.[7] Some of the lands are too high and cold for maize or Indian corn, but rye and buckwheat can be grown there in great abundance. The soil is generally too thin to produce a large yield of corn or wheat to the acre, but the corn grown, being small and hard and maturing quickly, is richer in the proteids and all nutritive qualities than the larger and softer kernels which grow in such abundance from the black soil of the prairie states in the corn belt proper. It more than makes up in quality what it lacks in abundance. Corn grown on Tuskeegee creek in Swain county, in 1893, by John M. Sawyer, took the prize at the Columbian Exposition for being richer in the proteids than any other corn grown in the United States. Col. W. L. Bryan of Boone was awarded a diploma and bronze medal by the same exposition for buckwheat grown in Watauga county in 1893. \n\nTHE HOME OF THE APPLE. But, while most fruits and melons thrive in this soil, it is @@the apple which does best and brings most credit and notoriety to this section@@. Apples from this country took the prize at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876 over all apples grown in America, while prizes have been awarded to this fruit at the Chicago and St. Louis fairs.[8] It is a crop that rarely fails. There is a black soil in different localities of this section peculiarly adapted to the growth of apples, but they do well in any soil and require very little attention. The United States Geological Survey publishes maps showing the different variety of soils in the mountain region of North Carolina. \n\nGRASSES AND STOCK. In the counties of Ashe, Alleghany, and Watauga grasses flourish so abundantly that little corn is planted, as it pays better to raise stock on the rich grass and hay and to buy such corn as is needed for work stock and human consumption than to plough up the grass and raise this cereal. In all the mountain region in these counties the land is not so steep but that it can be broken up and planted in grass, the result being that, with the exception of a fringe of trees upon the crest of the ridges, almost the entire country is given up to grass. Very little timber is left hereabout. On all the mountains, after the timber has been removed and the surface ground exposed to sunlight, grasses grow abundantly. \n\nSTOCK "RANGING." In other counties, __where grass does not thrive so well__, owing to the shade of the thick timber, and __where the land is too steep to plough__@@, cattle, mules, horses and hogs are "ranged" in the mountains from May until November@@ and are then driven in, fat and sleek. \n\nBEAR, DEER AND TURKEY. While, as has been said, most of the big game has been killed, there are still a few black bear left in the more remote and inaccessible mountains, in the pursuit of which much sport can be had. There are also a @@few red deer@@ scattered here and there, and a few tame herds maintained in private parks. @@Gray squirrels, pheasants, quail, wild turkey, the red and gray fox and an occasional wolf@@ can still be found in the more remote sections. \n\nMOUNTAIN AND RAINBOW TROUT. The introduction of the @@California or Rainbow trout@@ into the clear and cold mountain creeks and rivers, and black basts in the larger streams, has proven a great success; and, while the @@mountain or speckled trout@@ proper are being consumed by their rainbow brothers, the latter still afford great sport for the anglers who visit these mountains every spring and summer in increasing numbers. But for the reprehensible and unlawful practice of @@dynamiting the bass streams@@ by irresponsible people, this gamest of all game fish would soon multiply so rapidly as to afford sport for all who might care to take them. There are __no finer streams anywhere for bass than the Cheowah, Tennessee, Tuckaseegee, lower Nantahala, upper French Broad, Hiwassee, Nollechucky or Toe, Watauga and New rivers. __\n\nWHERE AND WHEN IT WAS TOO COLD TO RAISE CORN. From Col. W. L. Bryan's "Primitive History of the Mountain Region," we learn that when Ashe and Watauga were first settled "the seasons would not mature corn and the pioneer settlers had to get their corn from the valley of the Yadkin river, carrying the same on their backs, for few had horses at that time.... There being no roads save the trails which had been made by the Indians and the great pioneer, Boone, those who had horses would place two and a half bushels of corn in a strong homespun and woven tow sack, throw it on their horse's back and fasten it by the use of a surcingle, turn the horse in the path and walk behind." \n\nPEA VINE. From the same authority we learn that__ "in the earlier days of our country there was a__ @@growth called pea-vine, which was a very rich food for stock,@@ and had an almost limitless range throughout the entire almost boundless forest." \n\nSOME FAMOUS HUNTERS OF THE OLDEN DAY. "Near the headwaters of the Watauga is the Linville gap separating the Grandfather from Hangihg Rock mountain and the waters of the Main fork of Watauga from the head prong of the Linville river. Near this gap used to live James Aldrich, a noted hunter, when bear, deer, elk, wolves and panther abounded. Harrison Aldrich, James' son, also lived there, and was a great hunter, having killed over one hundred bear." An encounter between Aldrich and a bear in a cave, while George Dugger, "another pioneer hunter and one of the very best of men," waited on the outside, is related by Col. Bryan; and another in which Aldrich shot a sleeping bear in a cave, striking him in the burr of the ear and killing "him so dead be never waked up." Of like courage and skill was Big Tom Wilson of Yancey, and Welborn Waters of Whitetop. Near the branch where James Winkler now lives, near Boone, and when Jordan Councill, Jr., was living there, a dog treed an unknown animal. Thinking it was a coon Jordan Councill went up the tree and followed the unknown "varmint" out on a limb. When it dragged its tail in Mr. Councill's face he knew it was a panther. He hastened down, got a torch, "shined" the eyes of the great cat and shot it. \n\n@@FIRE-HUNTING@@. According to Col. Bryan, this sport was conducted by hunters @@during a certain season when the stones in creeks and rivers are covered with a peculiar moss of which deer and elk are very fond@@. The hunter would take a canoe or other __small boat, place a torch in the front end and himself remain in the stern__. The boat was poled or paddled by another. The boat would be silently floated up to __deer standing belly-deep in the water and plunging their muzzles into the river to get the moss upon the rocks. Blinded by the light__ the deer would stand still till their eyes reflecting the light of the torch afforded a perfect target. Then the leaden missile would speed upon its fatal way. @@Cows also like this moss, and sometimes hunters would kill their own stock. @@\n\nRAVENS. @@The ravens@@ which fed Elijah the Tishbite by the brook Cherith (1 Kings, xvii, 6) did not thereby secure veneration for their descendants of our mountains after their settlement by the whites; for, @@when spring opened, they came down from the cliffs and crags and preyed upon the young pigs and lambs@@ of the settlers, __first plucking out their eyes and then clipping off their ears and finally killing and eating them__. At the @@report of a gun@@ in the remote mountains seventy-five years ago all@@ the ravens within hearing flocked to the hunter@@, in the hope of preying upon whatever he might have killed or wounded. Fresh raw meat was, when hidden in tree-tops, kept from their beaks only by the wad of tow which had been used to clean the foul barrels of the guns. \n\nWOLVES. On the 6th of June, 1794, Gideon Lewis entered 68 acres under tbe Three Tops mountain," at what is now Creston (Deed Book A, Ashe coutny, p.38.) Gideon and his family were great hunters; but his sons, Gideon Nathan, were for years the great wolf hunters of Ashe county. They would__ follow the gaunt female to her den, and while waited outside, the other brother crawled in and secured the pups__, from six to ten in each litter, but __allowing the mother to escape__. The young were then skalped, the @@skalp of a young wolf being paid for the same as that of the mature animal.@@ For each skaip the county paid $2.50. When asked why he never kiHed grown wolves, Gideon Lewis answered: __"Would you expect a man to kill his milch-cow?"__ Wolves had greatly increased during the Civil War, and soon after its close the late Thomas Sutherland of Ashe county, with other @@cattle herders, hired the late Welborn Waters to kill all the wolves@@ from the White Top to the Roan mountain. __He would conceal himself in the wildest parts of the mountains and howl in imitation of a wolf. When the wolves which had heard him came,__ he shot them from his place of concealment. This soon exterminated the breed along the Tennessee line. \n\nGINSENG. David Miller, Col. Bryan's grandfather, dug "a root of ginseng that weighed one pound, avoirdupois, and would frequently dig two bushels and a half of this root in a day. The price then was only ten cents per pound." \nThis is usually called "sang" by our people. Its value, use and how to prepare it for the market of China were first taught us by Andre Michaux on his first visit to the Blue Ridge in August, 1794.[9] It is called Gentian by some. [10] \n\nCOLONEL BYRD'S RHAPSODY. In his "Writings" Col. Byrd of Westover (pp.211-212) thus sings the praises of this indigenous herb : When near the Dan river on his famous survey of the dividing line between Virginia and North Carolina, he chewed a root of ginseng, which "kept up my and made me trip away as nimbly in my half Jack-Boots as younger men could in their shoes. This plant is now in high esteem in China where it sells for its Weight in Silver. (The capitals are all Col Byrd's). Indeed it does not grow there, but in the Mountains of Tartary, to which place the Emporor of China Sends 10,000 Men every Year on purpose to gather it.... Indeed, it is a vegetable of so many vertues (sic), that Providence has planted it very thin in every Country that has the hapiness to Produce it. . . . This noble Plant grows likewise at the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Kanna, and is in wonderful Esteem among the Hottentots. It grows also on the northern Continent of America, near the Mountains, but as sparingly as Truth and Public Spirit. . . . Its vertues are, that it __gives an uncommon warmth to the Blood, and frisks the spirits, beyond any other Cordial. It cheers the heart even of a Man that has a bad Wife, and makes him look down with great Composure on the crosses of the world. It promotes insensible Perspiration, dissolves all Phlegmatic and Viscous Humors that are apt to obstruct the Narrow Channels of the Nerves. It helps the Memory and would quicken even Helvetian [Shades of Julius Caesar!] dullness. 'Tis friendly to the Lungs, much more than Scolding itself. It comforts the Stomach, and Strengthens the Bowels, preventing all Colicks and Fluxes.__ In one word, it will make a man live a great while, and very well while he does live. And what is more, it will make Old Age amiable, by rendering it lively, cheerful and good-humored." \nThe Associated Press dispatches on August 6, 1913, said that 150,000 pounds of ginseng was @@shipped to China@@ from the United States for the past year, valued at $1,500,000-or @@ten dollars a pound, whereas it used to be sold for 12 1/2 cents in the mountains@@. Also that 155,000 pounds of the same herb had been exported the year before, valued at $7 per pound. It was also stated that @@before the wild forest supply diminished largely it brought only 40 cents per pound; and that its culti vation began in 1898. @@\n\nFINE FOR DOGS BUT FINER FOR SHEEP IF- In a country so ideally situated for @@sheep-raising as these mountains, it is difficult to explain why that industry has not been more successful than it has been, unless the destructiveness of dogs@@ is the reason. These faithful canine friends were indispensable to the pioneer, but their possession is now no longer necessary, and the farmers are getting rid of all that are not required for dairy purposes. This __elimmates many hounds and worthless mongrels and substitutes for them the intelligent Scotch collie and shepherd. All efforts to tax useless dogs out of existence have thus far failed to eliminate __the superfluity of our canine friends. \n\n@@WILD PIGEONS@@__. These birds used to come in flocks which literally darkened the heavens. At night their roosts were visited by men and boys bearing torches who wantonly killed thousands__ of these light-blinded birds. They come no longer. Pigeon river in Haywood county and Pigeon Roost creek in Mitchell have been named for these migrants. \n\nTHERMAL BELTS. In the pamphlet of the N. C. Agricultural Department, called "North Carolina A Land of Opportunity in Fruit Growing, Farming and Trucking " (Raleigh), is a most admirable article on thermal belts written by the late Silas McDowell, of Macon county, in 1858, for the U. S. Patent Office Report, from observations made near Franklin; and in the same paper are excerpts from a report made by the late Professor John LeConte on the thermal belts or "frostless zones of the flanks of the mountain spurs adjacent to the valleys of the Blue Ridge." His observations were made at Flat Rock, Henderson county, fifty miles east of Franklin. "These facts point out this region as the best place to be found for the cultivation of celery, cauliflower, tomatoes and other vegetables for canning; raspberries and strawberries, for shipment and preserving; for peaches, pears, fine apples, cherries, quinces and currants; also for the finer table and wine grapes." \n\nMILK SICK. In former years, before the country had been cleared of its forests, far more than at the present time, though the malady still exists in certain localities, there was prevalent a disease popularly known as "@@milk sick@@," __so called because it was supposed to be caused by the drinking of the milk of cows which had been pastured on "milk sick" land.__ The cows themselves do not at first disclose the fact that they were suffering any ill effects from having pastured there, as, if they did, it would be easy for people to avoid the disease by refraining from the use of milk of such cattle. On the contrary, such cows seem to be normal. @@This sickness is usually fatal to the victim unless properly treated@@. There were, and still are, for that matter, men and women peculiarly skilled and successful in the treatment of this obscure disease, who were called "milk sick" doctors. Sometimes they were not doctors or physicians at all, and did not pretend to practice medicine generally, seeming to know how to treat nothing except "milk sick." @@Whiskey or brandy with honey is the usual remedy@@; but in the doses and proportionate parts of each ingredient and when to administer it consisted the skill of the physician. When the "patch" of land supposed to contain milk sick had been located it was fenced off and all cattle kept from grazing there. \n\nSYMPTOMS. In his "Medicine in Buncombe County Down to 1885 Historical and Biographical Sketches," 1906, Dr. Galliard S. Tennent, M. D., says : \n"The @@symptoms, those of severe gastro~enten.tis@@ with some variations, were said to follow the ingestion of milk or butter from an infected cow. The @@origin was variously ascribed to some plant or fungus growth, or to some mineral poison@@ occurring in certain spots." \n\nDISEASE CANNOT BE ACCOUNTED FOR. Here is what the @@United States Department of Agriculture says @@on the subject :[11] \n"In reply I beg to advise you that many efforts have been made to elucidate the question regarding the nature and cause of milk sickness, but although many theories have been discussed none of them have so far been generally accepted. Some investigators hold that the disease is of micro-organismal origin, some that it is due to an autointoxication, while others think it is caused by vegetable or mineral poisons. All seem, however, to agree that the disease is@@ limited to low swampy uncultivated land,@@ and that the area of the places where it occurs is often restricted to one of a few acres. Furthermore, that @@when such land or pastures have been cultivated and drained the disease disappears completely. @@\n"The discovery of a new focus of this disease in the Pecos Valley of New Mexico in November, 1907, gave Jordan and Harris the opportunity of studying this peculiar affection by modern bacteriological methods. As a result they have succeeded in isolating in pure cultures from the blood and organs of animals dead of this disease a spore-forming bacillus which they name Bacillus laclimorbi. With this bacillus they have reproduced in experiment animals the symptoms and lesions Peculiar to @@milk sickness or trembles,@@ and from these animals the same organism has been recovered in purity. It therefore appears to have been demonstrated that @@the bacillus in question is the actual cause of the disease@@. As Jordan and Harris have afready indicated, more comprehensive studies, based on a larger supply of material, are desirable in order that the many obscure and mystifying features connected with the etiology of this rapidly disappearing disease may be elucidated. \n"The proper means of preventing losses from this disease is by excluding access to such pastures where the disease is known to occur. This has been done with good results in many places by the use of barb wfre fences. \n"The affected animals should be kept as quiet as possihie and a dose of one pound of Epsom salts dissolved in water administered as a drench. If the symptoms become alarming a competent veterinarian should be employed." \n\n@@HONEY DEW OR PLANT LICE@@. There is a __sugary formation often observable on the leaves of certain trees and saplings-usually of chestnut, oak and hickory-which looks like a coating of honey which has dried upon the upper surface of such leaves. It has a sweetish taste,__ which has given it the name of honey-dew. Many persons really __believe it is a sweet dew which settles__ on the upper surface of the leaves; but when the question as to the cause of this deposit was asked, the @@United States Department of Agriculture thus explained@@ it:[12] \n"The honeydew, in question, is __secreted by plant lice,__ scale insects, or leaf-hoppers, and more especially by plant lice, which appear __early in the season and become frequently very numerous and gradually disappear as the summer__ advances. The honeydew is exuded by them __from the anal end of the body__ and accumulates on the leaves below them."\n\nNOTES.\n1. T. L. Lowe's 'Hlstory of Watauga County."\n2. The facts stated herein are trom "Southern Wild Flowers," by Aijes Loundesberry, and P. M. Hale's "Woods and Timbers of North Carolina."\n3. Michaux's journal and facts about his life are set out in Dugger's book, pp. 251-259, and were taken from a memoir prepared by Mr. Charles S. Sargent for the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia.\n4. J. W. Powell, director, 1897-'98.\n5. Ibid., p.27\n6. These berries grow wild, and it is surprising that no effort has been made to cultivate, them.\n7. See" North Carolina, A Land of Opportunity in Fruit Growing, Farming and Trucking," issued by the Department of Agriculture. Raleigh, N. C.\n8. See Bulletin of" North Carolina Fruit Land for Sale," issued by Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, 1919.\n9. Balsam Groves, 248.\n10. McClure, 233.\n11. Letter of A. D. Melvin to Hon. J. C. Pritchard, February 7, 1912, @@Nancy Hanks, Abraham Lincoln's mother, died of milk-sick.@@\n12. L. O. Boward to Hon. J. C. Pritchard, February 9, 1912.\n\n~Return to New River Notes </newriver/nrv.htm> \n
This History of Haywood County was provided courtesy the Haywood County Tourism Development Authority.\nMost of the herb doctors and "granny women" are gone now, along with the chestnut trees, stagecoaches, circuit riders, hard cider and the barter system. Frog Level, once the busiest place in Haywood County, now bustles only during the annual antique sidewalk sale. \nMuch remains of the richly textured history of Haywood County. There are still a few moonshine stills left, if you know where to find them. Maggie’s house is still standing in the valley, as is the Shelton house in Waynesville and Moody’s farm at Little Cataloochee.\nIf you get high enough up on the ridges or far enough back in isolated "hollers," you might hear a linguistic remnant of the county’s Scotch-Irish and English settlers. Sometimes words or phrases are spoken more like one of the pilgrims in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales than anything in Modern English.\nLocal pronunciation of words like square dance ("skwar-daints") or biscuits and gravy (‘bee-skits n graahee-vee") sound as if they are stuck in the Great Vowel Shift that marked the transition from the Middle English of Chaucer’s time (1390) to Modern English (which emerged around 1500). Similarities between the mountain dialect and some Cockney pronunciations also can be heard; for example, Eliza Doolittle’s "raah-een in Spaah-een" or a Cockney rendition of "lady" are reminiscent of the local "gravy". Mountain people still love to tell stories on each other as their forebears did and more than vestiges of the Irish jig and Highland fling can be seen in clogging, the local folk dance. Dulcimers, the three-stringed instrument hand made in the southern Appalachians by Scottish settlers, reportedly attempted to replace the music of missing bagpipes.\nCHEROKEE CULTURE (1000-1775)\nThe first settlers, of course, weren’t Scotch-Irish or European at all. They were aboriginal bands of hunter-gathers who had migrated up from Mexico to the Great Lakes region around 10,000 BC. These nomads were the Iroquois tribe, of which the Cherokees were originally part. Eventually the Cherokees separated from the Iroquois and came south.\nBy 1000AD these nomadic tribes settled down and established agricultural communities from the Ohio Valley to South Carolina. In 1540 when Hernando DeSoto passed through the southern Appalachians, they had reached a population of about 25,000.\nMany of these groups lived in the Smokies, which they called "Sha-cona-ge," land of the blue mist or blue smoke. It became their sacred ancestral home. \nFor at least 500 years the Cherokee culture unfolded relatively unmolested by outside forces. Tribal decisions were made by consensus, with one of the European-style political hierarchy. Although some members held such roles as medicine man or elder, harmony was so valued, that nothing was done unless a consensus could be reached by all.\nIn the 1500’s and 1600’s the Cherokees generally welcomed the European explorers and traders they encountered because of the fascination of the pale skin, beards and strange clothes, as well as the guns and gadgets they carried. But tragedy lay in wait.\nIn 1715 smallpox, one of European diseases to which the Cherokees had no natural immunity, \nswept through the tribe. The population was reduced to only 11,000, less than half of what it had been.\nBy 1785 when a large number of Europeans began to settle in the area, the Cherokee learned to fear and despise them. At issue were two widely diverging, if not opposite, worldviews: the Cherokees had a deep reverence for nature and sought to live in harmony with all living things. The other was that the settlers saw the land and everything on it as a commodity to possess.\nToday few traces remain of the Cherokees who lived in Haywood County before they were pushed west of the Blue Ridge. Occasionally arrowheads can still be found and Cherokee baskets and artwork are displayed in the Museum of North Carolina Handcrafts in Waynesville. The most obvious legacies left by the Cherokees are names: Cataloochee is from the Cherokee "gad-a lu-tsi," variously translated as "wave upon wave" or "waves of mountains". Lake Junaluska was named for a Cherokee chief, which means "by the water". Soco Gap, one of four depressions in the Great Balsam Range, is from the Cherokee "Sag-wa," which means "one place".\nTHE FIRST WHITE SETTLEMENTS (1775-1850)\nIn 1775, the year the American Revolution started, the first Anglo-American person settled west of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Buncombe County. (Haywood was then part of Buncombe County.) His name was William Moore, a captain in the American militia from Ulster county, New York. In keeping with the customs of the time he brought his "bound boy" with him, an orphan indentured to him as an apprentice until the child came of age.\nIn 1776, General Griffith Rutherford brought 2,400 men to stop the Indian raids that the patriots believed were incited by British agents. They burned 36 Indian towns, making the area west of the Blue Ridge safer for the white settlers to come. Many of the men in Rutherford’s party and other soldiers in the American Revolution were so impressed with the beauty of the area that they came back to Haywood County to settle after the war. \nAfter the American Revolution white settlers at first trickled and then flowed into the area that is now Haywood County. Between 1806 and 1842, more than 2,000 claims were made for land in Haywood County.\nMost of the settlers had settled elsewhere in the country before moving into Western North Carolina. They were predominantly of Scotch-Irish, German or Dutch descent.\nIn 1809 Haywood County was officially chartered and included all of the territory west of the Balsam Mountains-land that is now in Macon, Jackson, Clay, Cherokee, Graham and Swain Counties. The county was named for John Haywood, state treasurer at the time.\n@@EARLY NAMES & PLACES@@\nEven though Haywood County initially spanned the territory of seven counties, the population base must have been almost exclusively within Haywood’s current borders, because all seven of the settlements that existed at the time of charter are still within the county. They were originally voting precincts and became townships after the Civil War.\nThe @@seven original precincts of Haywood County@@ were:\n1) Beaverdam, which was then the most populous, but now is just a small area north of Canton.\n2) Cataloochee, the area of Cataloochee Valley in northwestern Haywood County, which is now uninhabited because of its location in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\n3) Crabtree in the central northeastern section of the county, which became @@"Iron Duff"@@ Township (a mistake made and never corrected by the postal department when the name of the earliest settler, @@Aaron McDuff,@@ was submitted for the postal area).\n4) Fine’s Creek in the extreme northeastern part of the county, which was @@named for a militia man who was killed by Indians and whose body was never recovered from the creek.@@\n5) Jonathan’s Creek in the west central area of the county in the Jonathan/Dellwood/Maggie Valley area, which was named for Jonathan McPeters, one of the earliest settlers (1788).\n6) Mt. Prospect, a little southwest of the center of Haywood County, which became Waynesville; and,\n7) Pigeon River in the eastern central part of the county, which became Canton, and included "Lower Pigeon," which became Clyde. \nBetween 1800 and 1895 Canton underwent five name changes: from Pigeon River to Pigeon Ford to Ford of the Pigeon to Buford (after Algernon Sidney Buford, the president of the Richmond and Danville Railroad, which had just come to town and made everybody prosper) to Canton (after Canton, Ohio where the first iron bridge was made that spanned the Pigeon River).\nMt. Prospect was renamed Waynesville in 1811, after " Mad Anthony" Wayne. The new name was suggested by Colonel Robert Love, who gave the land for the courthouse and other public buildings for the new county seat. Love had fought in the American Revolution and was a great admirer of "Mad Anthony" Wayne, known for his quick temper and bravery in the American Revolution.\nMt. Pisgah was named sometime before 1800 for the peak in the Bible from which Moses viewed the promised land. No one knows who named it, but the speculation is that it was some member of the 1776 Rutherford expedition.\nMany of the roads, creeks, mountains and valleys of Haywood County are named for the people who settled the area. And likely as not, some of the descendants of those settlers still live on the land. Visitors riding through the county today can see landmarks bearing the names of the @@early settlers, including Hyatt, Henry, Leatherwood, Osborne, Plott, Killian, Moody, Love, Davidson, Messer, Medford, Hargrove, Ferguson, Boyd, Queen, Setzer, Campbell@@ and a long list of others.\nROUGH & READY: LIFE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1800s\nIn the first half of the 1800s Haywood County was a "rough and ready" place where you could simply claim unoccupied land, own slaves, kill Indians, hunt buffalo (Eastern bison) and take your chances on landing in the public stocks or getting branded on the palm of the hand for crimes such as stealing or murder (of Anglo-Americans).\nSettlers acquired land by locating a piece that looked good to them, cutting their initials in a tree, noting the natural landmarks defining the boundaries of the land they wanted, and recording their claim in the state Entry Book. From that point, they had 12 months in which to make improvements, at which time a survey would be conducted. If no one else had previously claimed the land, the deed to the property was his or hers. \nHaywood County’s first jail was built in 1812, complete with stocks and whipping post outside. Debtors also went to jail during this period and slave owners were arrested if caught playing cards with their slaves.\nThe first sale of a slave in Haywood County was recorded in 1813. Some 30 such sales were recorded between 1813 and 1865, which indicated the relatively small number of slave holders in the county compared to plantations nearer the flat coastal regions to the east.\nThe county’s first courthouse was built in 1814 on the land donated by Colonel Love. The new county court house was known as the Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions and operated until 1866 using a system based on English Common Law. Each of the 10 justices on the court was addressed by the people as "Your Worshipful".\nTravel in those days was by foot, horseback or ox wagon until 1828 when the stagecoach started coming through Waynesville. It carried mail and packages and as many as nine passengers on its route between Greenville, SC. and Greenville, TN. The @@stagecoach ran for 50 years, ceasing to operate only in 1880 with the advent of train travel.@@\n@@CHANGES IN CHEROKEE CULTURE@@\nDuring this same period (1800-1850), great changes also were taking place among the Cherokees. They responded to the white onslaught by @@fighting back, migrating west@@ and trying to gain power in the new order by @@adopting white ways.@@\nIn 1827 the Cherokees drafted a constitution and incorporated as the Cherokee Nation. They had an elected chief, as well as a senate and house of representatives. \nThe decade between 1828 and 1838 was especially tumultuous for the Cherokees all over the Southeast. Two events lead to this uproar: In 1828 gold was discovered in northwest Georgia, which attracted scores of prospectors eager to claim tribal lands and in 1830 President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which mandated that all Native Americans be removed to Indian lands west of the Mississippi (now the state of Oklahoma).\nThe Cherokees appealed to the Supreme Court for recognition of sovereignty over their own land. The Court eventually issued a decision in their favor that was written by Justice Marshall. President Jackson ignored the ruling, the only time in US history that an American president has done that. Regarding the 1832 Supreme Court decision, Jackson said, "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it."\nIn 1837 General Winfield Scott and his troops drove all the Cherokees they could round up out of Western North Carolina. The march became known as the "Trail of Tears". In all 18,000 to 20,000 Indians were forced to march 300 miles to Oklahoma. Some 4,000 died on the way of exposure to conditions, malnutrition and disease.\nSeveral hundred Cherokees hid out in the mountains and remained in the area. They finally received rights to the 56,000-acre Qualla Reservation (present-day Cherokee) in 1889. At that time the population was 1,000; now it is more than 10,000.\nCIVIL WAR & THE RAILROAD (1850-1900)\nIn 1850 the population of Haywood County was recorded as follows: 5,931 whites, 710 Indians, 418 slaves, and 15 Free Negroes. The population was reduced soon after, however, because all the land in \nHaywood County west of the Balsams was deeded to the newly chartered Jackson County in 1852.\nJust prior to the Civil War, Waynesville’s population was only 85 or 90 people, living in 15 family homes. The town consisted of the courthouse, a jail, three general stores, a tan yard and a leather-and-harness shop.\nThe two main events that shaped the latter half of the 19th century in Haywood County were the Civil War and the arrival of the railroad. \nIn 1861, North Carolina seceded from the Union, and approximately 925 soldiers left Haywood County to fight in the Civil War. No major battles were fought in the county, but at the tail end of the war (early April 1865), Union Colonel George Kirk and 600 soldiers came over the mountains from eastern Tennessee and marched through Cataloochee to Waynesville, plundering and taking prisoners along the way. They burned the home of Colonel Robert Love and the jail, after freeing the prisoners, and killed three of the eight captives they had taken.\n@@Some 30 days later, another company of 2,000 Union troops marched into Waynesville@@ and stationed themselves at the site of Sulphur Springs. Confederate Colonels James Love (with 250 men) and William Thomas (with a partial regiment of Cherokee Indians) engaged the Union troops near their encampment. After a short while the Union commander, Bartlett, requested a two-day armistice, during which he sent for reinforcements. Prior to the arrival of the reinforcements, the @@Thomas Regiment managed to make it appear that they had massive troops in the hillsides and then offered to surrender if the terms were equitable.@@ Bartlett agreed to let them surrender on generous terms without further fighting. (They had to keep their weapons and none were detained.)\nFor Haywood County, the Civil War ended after the skirmish in Waynesville on May 9, 1865. This was 30 days after Lee had surrendered at Appomattox, but because the area was so isolated by mountains, no one knew the war was over. About 80 percent of the Confederate soldiers from Haywood County returned home after the war. Of the 175 who died, about half of them died in Union prisons.\n@@After the war the roads and farms had grown up and needed repair, the schools were shut down, and salt was even hard to come by.@@ A few "carpetbaggers" from the North came into the area to take advantage of any economic or political opportunities that awaited in the county, but resources had become so depleted that none stayed longer than two or three years.\nIn 1868, North Carolina was readmitted to the Union and by then all Haywood County citizens had to take the Amnesty Oath that the Union required of all citizens in returning states. Many locals called it the "Nasty Oath".\nIn the 15 years or so after the war, many changes took place that clearly marked the end of the pioneer era and provided a transition into the 20th century. The seven original precincts became townships and Waynesville became the county’s first incorporated town. The old Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions was replaced with the county circuit court and the practice of putting debtors in prison evolved into the "poor house" or in the case of this county @@the "poor farm" system.@@\n@@Poor people were sent to live on W.L. Moody’s farm above Dellwood.@@ The county paid Moody 500 cents per person, per day, and the poor people had to work on his farm. This system stayed in place until the early 1950’s, when welfare was introduced.\nBy 1870 the population of the county (7,921) exceeded the 1850 census by 847. This was a significant increase in light of the loss of the Jackson County portion of Haywood in 1853 and the casualties of the Civil War.\nIn 1878 Waynesville was first advertised as a tourist destination when Colonel and Mrs. W.W. Stringfield built and opened the Haywood White Sulphur Springs Hotel there.\nTHE RAILROAD\nWhen the @@first train of the Western North Carolina (WNC) Railroad pulled into the new depot at Canton (then Ford of Pigeon) in 1882@@, the mountain isolation of Haywood County was penetrated forever.\nThe line terminated in Canton for 16 months, while the WNC Railroad sold the company. It became the Danville and Richmond Railroad. The town of Canton was briefly named "Buford" because that was the name of the president of the railroad at the time. @@Tracks were laid to Clyde and Waynesville, and service began there in 1883@@. The depot in Waynesville was built @@at Frog Level@@, a section of town down the hill from the courthouse, which became the busiest part of the city.\nThe impact of the new rail service can hardly be overstated. @@Before the railroad,@@ __the principal products of Haywood County were agricultural (crops and especially livestock) and the primary markets were Augusta and Charleston, a 160-to-200-mile journey that took 10 to 12 days.__ The distance and difficulty of getting goods to market restricted both the volume and the kinds of products that Haywood County could profitably produce. Markets closer to Haywood County, such as Asheville and Greenville, South Carolina, could produce enough agricultural products for their own use and even export some.\n@@Logging@@ (as an export industry) had started in Haywood County in the mid 1800s, but large-scale logging operations were impossible until@@ the railroad provided the needed transportation@@ to get the wood to market. Overnight the market was expanded to anywhere in the country that had train service and even to the rest of the world by connecting with major ports.\nA @@farming crisis began in Haywood County in 1892@@ and continued through much of that decade, making the rail connection even more important. The @@land had not been given a rest@@ since the first settler came, which caused a debilitating decline in production and profits from crops. About the same time, the @@cotton mills in South Carolina launched a massive drive to recruit workers@@ and tenant farmers in Haywood County left in droves for the promise of a paycheck. Finally, the bottom fell out of @@the world market for bright tobacco@@__, the light-colored, low-grade tobacco that was Haywood County’s only cash crop at the time__. The 1893 panic on Wall Street was one of the causes.\nThe railroad allowed Haywood County to develop other industries to survive. @@The three biggest industries in Haywood County in the 1880s were lumber, leather product from the Hazelwood \nTannery and "sang" (ginseng roots@@ that were dug up in the woods and shipped as far away as Hong Kong).\n@@Tourism @@was another important industry that began with rail service. Almost immediately at least three more hotels sprang up in Waynesville to accommodate guests flocking to the mountains to escape summer heat.\nIn the last 16 years of the century Haywood County had its@@ first newspaper @@(the Waynesville Courier in 1884), first bank (1887), first @@laws prohibiting the free range of livestock@@ (1890s), first local @@telephones @@(1894), first iron bridge (1895), first@@ high school@@ (1899), and first crude system for operating @@electric lights @@(1899).\nThe @@sale and consumption of alcohol@@ in the county was __voted legal and then illegal several times__ before the turn of the century, a debate that continues to this day with parts of the county "wet" and parts "dry". (Prohibition was enacted in the entire state in 1889, but it was not long before the people elected to go back to local option on the issue.)\nWith all of the progress of the late 1800s, the county still had dirt roads that had to be kept up by the local citizenry to keep them passable. A kind of conscription system was used, whereby every male in the county between the ages of 21 and 50 had to put in two days a year working the roads.\nDays when court was in session also provide a glimpse into life just before the turn of the century. The@@ county courthouse had sawdust on the floor @@to absorb noise and tobacco spittle. Circuit-riding judges and frequently lawyers too, would come from out of town on court days. Court would go on and afterwards any politicians who wanted to address the citizenry would hold forth. In between the two activities, plenty of @@story telling and horse-trading @@took place among the crowds gathered and "Granny" Mull’s @@hard cider and gingerbread stand@@ across from the courthouse did a land office business. She charged a nickel for a generous portion of both.\n
!Some helpful tips for taking notes using TiddlyWiki\n''Open the 'edit' mode to see how to make things look the way they look here.''\n\nTo type stuff, just type.\nTo erase an entire tiddler (note), enter 'edit' mode, then choose 'delete'.\nTo make a section title, use the ! mark like the section above.\n@@To highlight stuff,@@ use 2 @ symbols to start highlighting, then 2 @ symbols to stop.\n//To italicize stuff,// use 2 / symbols to start highlighting, then 2 / symbols to stop.\n''To make stuff bold,'' use 2 ' symbols to start highlighting, then 2 ' symbols to stop.\n__To underline stuff,__ use 2 _ symbols (that's an underscore) to start highlighting, then 2 _ symbols to stop.\n\nTo make a link to a [[new tiddler]] (note), type the name of the tiddler in double square brackets.\nTo make a link to a file or web site, just type the address, such as http://www.yahoo.com\nTo include an image, use this syntax: [img[image.jpg]]\n\n@@An Important Tip About Saving@@\nWhen saving, always choose '''save changes''' from the right side menu bar. //Don't// use the browser's File/Save option because crazy things happen that way.\n\nTo make bullet points, use the * symbol, such as:\n* a bullet point\n* a second bullet\n\nTo make bullets in outline format, use double/triple/etc. bullets, such as:\n* main category\n** subcategory 1\n** subcategory 2\n*** sub, subcategory\n** subcategory\n* a second main category\n\nOr to make outlines in an automatically numbered format, use the # symbol instead, such as:\n# main category\n## subcategory 1\n## subcategory 2\n### a sub, subcategory\n## subcategory 3\n# a second main category\n\nGradients\n\n<<gradient horiz #bbbbbb #eeeeee #ffffff>>The new GradientMacro allows simple horizontal and vertical coloured gradients. They are constructed from coloured HTML elements, and don't require any images to work.>>\nThe first parameter can be ''vert'' or ''horiz'' to indicate the direction of the gradient.
[[Early Haywood]]\n[[Civil War Era]]\n[[Post War]]\n[[Haywood]]\n\nWNC book web site: [[WNC Book|http://www.webroots.org/library/usahist/hownc000.html]]\n[[Preachers]] [[Customs]] [[Extraordinary Events]] [[Humor and Romance]] [[Railroad]] [[Flora and Fauna]] [[Physical Peculiarities]] [[Mining]] [[Cherokee]] [[Civil War WNC]] [[School]]
CHAPTER XII\nHUMOROUS AND ROMANTIC\n\nA FAITHFUL PICTURE OF THE PAST. "Somewhere about 1830," writes Judge A. C. Avery, "my father had a summer house constructed of hewn logs, containing four rooms and a hall, with outhouses, at the place now called Plumtree. It remained till about 1909, when it was destroyed by fire. This was a mile below the 'Quarter,' where the overseer kept house and my father's sons, who successively managed the stock, stayed. There were a number of negro cabins around the Craborchard proper, which was located. about half a mile from where Waightstill W. Avery now lives. My father had large meadows there, on which he raised a quantity of hay and wintered hundreds of heads of cattle that ranged on the mountains in summer. These mountains were the Roan and the Yellow, on whose bald summits grass grew luxuriantly. \nHAYMAKING IN THE SUMMERTIME. "During August of every year, after laying by his crop in Burke county, my father took a number of negroes and several wagons and teams over to the Craborchard, and moved his family for a stay of two months or more to his summer house at Plumtree. He hired white men from all over Yancey county to help his negroes in saving the hay. \nOPEN HOUSE AND GRAND FROLIC. "He kept open house at the summer place and large parties of ladies and gentlemen went out there from time to time and had a grand frolic. Many of the young people rode out on horseback, and some of the ladies in carriages. Parties were continually riding out to the Roan, the Yellow and to Linville Falls. The woods were full of deer, and all the streams were full of speckled trout that could be caught with redworm bait. So, the ladies and gentlemen fished in Toe river and its tributaries while others of the gentlemen hunted deer, often killing them near enough to the summer house for the shot to be heard." \nWHERE THE BOYS WERE "HANGED." "The late James Gudger, who was brought in his early infancy to his father's residence on Swannanoa, just settled, and who, in 1830, and 1836, represented Buncombe county in the North Carolina in the Senate, told his grandson, Capt. J. M. Gudger, that when he was a very small boy @@it was the custom to send a number of boys with bags of grain to mill to be ground, and leave it there until a month later, when the boys would return with other grain and carry back the meal ground from the first.@@ He further said that usually a man accompanied the party to put on the sacks when they should fall from the horses, but that on one occasion as he, then a very small boy, was returning from the mill, with his companions of about the same age, the man for some reason was not along, and one of the sacks fell off on the Battery Park hill over which they had to pass; that while endeavoring in vain to replace the sacks a party of Indians came upon them, and from pure mischief threatened and actually began to hang them; that the boys[1] were badly frightened, but finally the Indians left them unharmed and they went on their way, and that the hill was afterwards known through the country as 'the hill where the boys were hung.'[1] \nHANDLEN MOUNTAIN. "He still further said that the miller in charge of the mill, whose name was Handlen, undertook to cultivate a crop on the mountain on the western side of the French Broad, but as he did not return to the settlement for a long while his friends became frightened, and in a party went to the clearing, where they found him killed and scalped, and his crop destroyed, and that from this incident that mountain took its name of the Handlen mountain.[1] \n"@@TALKING FOR BUNCOMBE@@." "Famous as Buncombe deservedly is, she has acquired some notoriety that no place less merits. Her name has become @@synonymous with empty talk@@, a incus a non lucendo. In the sixteenth Congress of the United States the district of North Carolina which embraced Buncombe county was represented in the lower house by Felix Walker. The Missouri question was under discussion and the house, tired of speeches, wanted to come to a vote. At this time Mr. Walker secured the floor and was proceeding with his address, at best not very forceful or entertaining, when some impatient member whispered to him to sit down and let the vote be taken. This he refused to do, saying that he must 'make a speech for Buncombe,' that is, for his constituents; or, as others say, certain members rose and left the hall while he was speaking and, when he saw them going, he turned to those who remained and told them that they might go, too, if they wished, as he was 'only speaking for Buncombe.' The phrase was at once caught up and the vocabulary of the English language was enriched by the addition of a new term."[2] \nISOLATION OF MOUNTAIN NEIGHBORHOODS. So sequestered were many of these mountain coves which lay off the main lines of travel, that persons living within only short distances of each other were as though "oceans rolled between"; as the following incident abundantly proves: \nMONT. RAY'S FLIGHT, RETURN AND TRIAL.[3] Soon after the Civil War Mont. Ray killed Jack Brown of Ivy, between Ivy and Burnsville, and went to Buck's tanyard, just west of Carver's gap under the Roan mountain, where he supported himself making and mending shoes till many of the most important witnesses against him had gotten beyond the jurisdiction of the court-by death or removal -- when he returned and stood his trial in Burnsville and was acquitted. He had never been forty miles away, had remained there twelve years yet no one ever suspected that he was a fugitive; yet no one ever suspected he was a fugative from justice. \nA FORGOTTEN BATTLE-FIELD. The Star, a newspaper published in Sparta, Alleghany county, in its issue of February 29, 1912, contained the following : "A few years ago, along New river, near the northern border of this county, was found what is believed to be indications of a battle of which. no one now living has any knowledge, nor is there any tradition among our people concerning it. On the land of Squire John Gambill, near the bank of New river, after a severe rainstorm and wash-out, some white objects were noticed lying on the ground. On examination these were found to be human skulls and other parts of human skeletons. Further examinatidn revealed other marks of battle, such as leaden balls buried in old trees lying on the ground, etc. Squire Gambill's ancestors have resided in this section for one and a half centuries; yet, they have 'iever heard of the,,. occurrenes, no~ had they any tradition of it. Who fought this battle? Why was it fought? Was there a fort here? Was it fought between the whites and Indians?" (See ante, p.108.) \nANDREW JACKSON 'LOSES A HORSE RACE.[4] In the late summer or early fall of 1788, Andrew Jackson and Robert Love had a horse race in the Greasy Cove, just above what is now Ervin, Tenn. It seems that Jackson's jockey could not ride and "Old Hickory" was forced to ride his horse himself, while Love's jockey was on hand and rode Love's horse winning the race. When the result was known "just for a moment there was a deep, ominous hush; then a pandemomuin of noise and tumult that might have been heard in the two neighboring counties. Jackson was the chief actor in this riot of passion and frenzy. His brow was corrugated with wrath. His tall, sinewy form shook like an aspen leaf. His face was the livid color of the storm cloud when it is hurling its bolts of thunder. His Irish blood was up to the boiling point, and his eyes flashed with the fire of war. He was an overflowing Vesuvius of rage, pouring the hot lava of denunciation on the Love family in general and his victorious rival in particular. Col. Love stood before this storm unblanched and unappalled-for he, too, had plenty of 'sand,' and as lightly esteemed the value of life-and answered burning invective with burning invective hissing with the same degree of heat and exasperation. Jackson denounced the Loves as a 'band of land pirates' because they held the ownership of nearly all the choice lands in that section. Love retorted by calling Jackson 'a damned, long, gangling, sorrel-topped soap stick.' The exasperating offensiveness of this retort may be better understood when it is explained that in those days women 'conjured' their soap by stirring it with a long sassafras stick. The dangerous character of both men was well known, and it was ended by the interference of mutual friends, who led the enraged rivals from the grounds in different directions."[4] \nTWO OLD-TIME GENTLEMEN. Major O. F. Neal was a lawyer and farmer who lived in Jefferson, and who died in 1894. He and his brother Ben were @@punctilious on all matters of politeness.@@ On one occasion, after a long walk, they reached a spring. @@Ben insisted that, as the Major was a lawyer and lived in town, he should drink first; but the Major claimed that as Ben was the elder he must drink first@@. As neither would yield to the other, they politely and good-naturedly @@refused to drink at all,@@ and returned home more thirsty than ever. \nTHE FIRST DEPARTMENT STORE. Two mites from Old Field, Ashe county, was kept from about 1870 to about 1890 the first department store known. It was kept by that enterprising merchant Arthur D. Cole, and the large, but now empty, buildings still standing there show the extent of his business. He kept as many as twelve clerks employed, and boasted that there were but two things he did not carry constantly in stock, one being the grace of God and the other blue wool. A friend thought he had him "stumped" one day when he called for goose yokes; but Cole quietly took him up stairs and showed him a gross which he had had on hand for years. He and his father did more to develop the root and herb business in North Carolina than anyone else. He failed in business, after nearly twenty years of success. \nA MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE. Zachariah Sawyer, grandfather of George Washington Sawyer, now register of deeds of Ashe county, came to Ashe from east of the Blue Ridge eighty-odd years ago. He learned that he was entitled to a share in a large estate in England and went there to collect his interest. After he had been in that country a short time he wrote home that he had succeeded in collecting his share and would soon start home. He was never afterwards heard of. \nWELBURN WATERS, HERMIT HUNTER OF WHITE Top. In a well written book, Mr. J. A. Testerman of Jefferson has drawn a striking portrait of this old-time hunter and back-woodsman. The last edition is dated 1911. From it one gathers that Waters was born on Reddy's river in Wilkes county, November20, 1812, the son of John P. Waters, a French Huguenot, and a half-breed Catawba woman. His conversion and his distraction at a conference held at Abingdon, Va., in 1859 because he was afraid some harm would come to a new hat he had carried to church are amusingly told, while his encounters with wild beasts and his solitary life on White Top are graphically portrayed. \nLOCHINVAR REDUX. "About the year 1816, John Holsclaw, a young and adventurous hunter, and a regular lochinvar, as the sequel will show, built a @@bark 'shanty' @@on the waters of Elk at the 'Big Bottoms,' where he lived for many years. The romance of his life was that he went over to Valle Crucis, a settlement only eight miles distant, and there by sheer force of will, or love, I will not say which, @@carried away, captive, a young daughter of Col. Bedent Baird, and took her over the mountains by a route so circuitous that, from what her conductor told her, she verily believed she was in Kentucky.@@ She was kept in ignorance of where she actually did live for many years, and only by accident found out better. @@One day she heard a bell whose tinkle seemed strangely familiar. @@She went to the steer on which it was hung and found that it belonged to her father. This clue led to the discovery that, instead of being in Kentucky @@she was not eight miles as the crow flies@@ from her old home at Valle Crucis. Of course she thanked her husband for the deception, as all women do, and they lived happy ever afterwards. \n"For many years after John Holselaw settled on the 'Big Bottoms of Elk' with his youthful bride, they lived solitary and alone; and in after years she was wont to tell how @@she had frightened away the wolves which prowled around when her husband was away@@, by thrusting firebrands at them, when they would scamper off a distance and make night hideous with their howls. And how, in after years, when they built a rude log house with only one small window to admit the light, and had moved into it, Mr. Holselaw killed a deer and dressed it, and had gone away, @@a panther, smelling the fresh venison, came to the house and tried to get in@@, screaming with all the ferocity of a beast brought almost to the point of starvation. There was no one in the house but the woman and one child, but she bravely held her own till her husband returned, when the fierce beast was frightened away. She lived to a great age, and only a few years ago died,[5] and lies buried on a beautiful hillock hard by the place of her nativity, on the land now owned by one of her nephews, Mr. W. B. Baird, one time sheriff of Watauga." \nWHO WAS SELLER AND WHO WAS SOLD? Col. Carson Vance lived on Rose's creek, between Alta Pass and Spruce Pine before and during and after the Civil War. He was a bright, but eccentric man. He was admitted to the bar and practiced law to some extent. But @@he and a free negro named John Jackson made up a plot at the commencement of the Civil War whereby they were to go together to New Orleans, Vance as master and Jackson as slave@@. At New Orleans Jackson was to be sold for all the cash he would bring, after which Vance was to disappear. @@Then Jackson was to prove that he was a "free person of color,@@" regain his freedom and rejoin Vance on the outskirts of New Orleans. It is said that @@this scheme worked successfully and that Vance and Jackson divided the proceeds of the sale. @@\nLOVE 'FINDS A WAY. On the 21st of June, 1856, W. M. Blalock, commonly called Keith Blalock, and Malinda Pritchard were @@married in CaIdwell county@@, close to the Grandfather mountain. In 1862 the conscript law of the @@Confederacy went into operation, and Keith, though a Union man, was clearly subject to conscription@@. There was no escape from it except by volunteering. But to do that would be to part with his wife. So they resolved to enlist together and seek their first opportunity of deserting and getting over into the Federal lines. They went to Kinston, N. C., and joined the 26th N. C. regiment, then commanded by Col. Zebulon B. Vance, soon afterwards to become governor. This was on the 12th of April, 1862. She wore a regular Private's uniform and tented and messed with her husband. @@She enlisted@@ and was known as Sam Bla1ock. She stood guard, drilled and handled her musket like a man, and no one ever suspected her sex. But they were too far from the Federal lines, with little prospect of getting nearer. So@@ Keith went into a swamp and rubbed himself all over with poison oak@@. They sent him to the hdspital in Kinston, where the surgeons disagreed as to his ailment, and he was returned to his own regiment, where his surgeon recommended his @@discharge@@. It was granted and he left the camp. Then@@ his wife presented herself to Col. Vance@@ and said that as long as they had sent her man home she wanted to go, too. An explanation followed with confirmation "strong as proof of holy writ."@@ She was discharged. @@Keith joined the Union army and drew a pension. Mrs. Blalock died March 9, 1901. He was called "Keith" because when a boy he was a great fighter, and could "whip his weight in wild-cats," as the saying went. At that time there was a fighter, full grown and of great renown who lived at Burnsville, by the name of Alfred Keith. The boys Blalock played with, "double-teamed" on him sometimes, but always got thrashed. They then cafled him "Old Keith." He died in September, 1913, at Montezuma. \nTHE WILD CAT. In February, 1848, when she was sixteen years old, Mary Garland,' afterwards the wife of Judge Jacob W. Bowman, killed a wild cat which had followed some ducks into her yard. She hemmed it in a fence corner and beat it to death with a "battling stick"--a stout, paddle-like stick used to beat clothes when they are being washed. This was on Big Rock creek, Mitchell county. Her cousins, Jane and Nancy Stanley, while tending the boiling of maple sugar sap in a camp on the waters of Big Rock creek in the spring of 1842, when sixteen and thirteen years old respectively, killed a black bear which had been attracted by the smell of sugar, by driving it into a small tree and killing it with an ax. \nA MOONSHINER'S HEAVEN. Forty years ago Lost Cove was almost inaccessible, except by trails; but last year (1912) a wagon road over three miles long was constructed to it over the ridges from Poplar Station on the C. C. & 0. Railroad. Such a secluded place was a great temptation to moonshiners, and when to its inaccessibility was added the fact that it was in dispute between Tennessee and North Carolina, its fascinations became irresistible. Accordingly John D. Tipton was accused of having begun business by the light of the moon, as was evidenced by sundry indictments in the United States court at Asheville. His example was soon followed by others; but, whenever it appeared to Judge R. P. Dick. that the alledged stills were in the disputed territory, he directed the discharge of the defendants. However, a mighty change has taken place in Lost Cove within the past few years, and not only is there no moonshining there now, even when fair Luna is at the full,. but the good people will not suffer the "critter" to be brought in from Tennessee. And better still, in 1910 they built a school house and a church, and voted a special school tax, the first school having been taught in 1911. \nPEGGY'S HOLE. Three-quarters of a mile above Elk Cross Roads, now Todd, is a high bluff, covered with laurel, pines and ivy. It is at a bend of New river. About 1815 Mrs. Peggy Clauson was going to church on a bright Sunday morning. Dogs had run a bear off the bluff into a deep hole at the base of a cliff, and Mrs. Clauson saw him swimming around in the water. She waded in and, seizing the brute by both ears, forced his head under the water and held it there until Bruin had drowned. It has been called Peggy's Hole ever since. \nTHE HERMIT OF BALD MOUNTAIN.[6] "In Yancey county, visible from the Roan, and forty-five miles from Asheville, is a peak known as Grier's Bald, named in memory of David Grier, a hermit, who lived upon it for thirty-two years. From posthumous papers of Silas McDowell, we learn the following facts of the hermit's singular history. A native of South Carolina, he came into the mountains in 1798, and made his home with Colonel David Vance, whose daughter he fell in love with. His suit was not encouraged; the young lady was married to another, and Grier, with mind evidently crazed, plunged into the wilderness. This was in 1802. On reaching the bald summit of the peak which bears his name, he determined to erect a permanent lodge in one of the coves. He built a log house and cleared a tract of nine acres, sub sisting in the meantime by hunting and on a portion of the $250 paid him by Colonel Vance for his late services. He was twenty miles from a habitation. For years he lived undisturbed; then settlers began to encroach on his wild domains. In a quarrel about some of his real or imaginary landed rights, he killed a man named Holland Higgins. cleared on the ground of insanity, and returned home to meet death at the hands of one of Holland's friends. Grier was a man of strong mind and fair education. After killing Higgins he published a pamphlet in justification of his act, and sold it on the streets. He left papers of interest, containing his life's record and views of life in general, showing that he was a deist, and a believer in the right of every man to take the executive power of the law into his own hands." \nOLD CATALOOCHEE STORIES. Owing to the fact that the late Col. Allen T. Davidson spent much of his young manhood hunting and fishing in Cataloochee valley, much of its early history has been preserved. From him it was learned that years ago Zach White shot a deputy sheriff named Rayburn when Col. Davidson was a boy, and hid near a big rock in a little flat one half mile above the late Lafayette Palmer's home, where for years Neddy MeFalls and Dick Clark fed him. He also stayed on Shanty branch near where Harrison Caldwell now lives. This branch got its name from a shanty or shed that Old Smart, a slave of Mitchell Davidson, built there while he tended cattle for his master years before any white people ever lived in that valley. @@The cattle ranged on the Bunk mountain and on Mount Sterling@@, and one day when Neddy McFalls was looking for them to salt them he could not find a trace of them anywhere. His nickname for Col. Davidson was Twitty. Now the Round Bunk mountain stands between the lefthand fork of the Little Cataloochee and Deep Gap, while the Long branch runs from the balsam on Mount Sterling and between the headwaters of Little Cataloochee and Indian creek. It was on the Long Branch that Col. Davidson and Neddy McFalls were standing when the latter put his hands to his mouth and cried out: "Low, Dudley, low!", Dudley being the name of the bull with the herd of cattle; and almost immediately they heard Dudley from the top of Mount Sterling give a long, loud low, and they knew that their cattle were found. Richard Clark is the one who gave the name to the Bunk mountain.[7] Neddy McFalls was a great believer in witchcraft. He carried a rifle that had - been made by a man of the name of Gallaspie on the head of the French Broad river, while Col. Davidson's gun was known as the Aaron Price gun. @@Neddy missed a fair shot at a buck one day@@ and nothing could persuade him from leaving Cataloochee and @@traveling miles to a female witch doctor who was to take the "spell" off his gun@@. Jim Price was found dead of milk sick west of the "Purchase, " formerly the home of John L. Ferguson on top of Cataloochee mountain, on another branch, also known as the Long branch. A little dog, stayed with the body and attracted the searchers to it by getting on a foot-log and howling. \nIt was said that the Indians had -killed Neddy McFall's father and that he had a grudge against all Indians in consequence. So one day Neddy and Sam McGaha were together and saw an Indian seated on a log. Neddy told McGaha that the triggers on bis rifle were "set," that is locked, and asked him to take a good aim at the Indian just for fun. Not knowing that the triggers were really "sprung," and that the slightest touch on the "hair-trigger" would fire the rifle, McGaha did as he was asked, with the result that the Indian fell dead. It is said that Neddy had to run for his life to escape the wrath of McGaha. \nPRIVATE WM. NICODEMUS. An Indian named Christie lived on the site of the present town of Murphy, and a ford crossing Valley river between the two bridges of the present day was for years called the Christie ford. The first house built by a white man in Cherokee county was a large two-story log house with several rooms, erected by A. R. S. Hunter, originally of Virginia, but who moved into North Carolina from Georgia. Its furniture was of mahogany and was brought by Indians on their shoulders from Walhalla, South Carolina, there being no wagon roads at that time. Mr. Hunter, in about 1838, built a better house. General Wool and General Winfield Scott were entertained by the Hunters during the time of the removal of the Cherokees. Several of the United States soldiers engaged in that heart rending process died and were buried near this old residence; but these remains were removed in 1905 or 1906 to the National cemetery at Marietta, Georgia. On one of the old headstones a single name is yet decipherable -that of Wm. Nicodemus. \nCUPID AND THE GENERAL'S SURGEON. Fort Butler was on a hill not far from the Hunter home. Mr. Hunter had one child, a daughter, who married Dr. Charles M. Hitchcock, a surgeon on Gen. Wool's staff durng the "Removal" and the Mexican War. They afterwards moved to California, where they acquired many valuable lands and settled at San Francisco. They had one child, a daughter, Lily, who is now a Mrs. Coit, and spends much of her time in Paris, France. She still owns all the lands in Cherokee county which were acquired by her grandfather, Mr. Hunter. They embrace all the land between the Notla and the Hiwassee, the "Meadows," on the head of Tallulah creek in Graham county, and land in Murphy, where she owns a house near the west end of the bridge over the Hiwassee river. \nA FRIGHTENED ENTRY-TAKER. The Entry-Taker's office was opened in Murphy on the last of March, 1842, when much excitement prevalled, as it was strictly a case of "first come, first served." It is said that so eager and demonstrative was the crowd that Drewry Weeks became alarmed and hid himself in one of the upstairs rooms of the old jail, and that, when he was finally discovered, the rush that was made upon him was really terrifying. They broke out the window lights with their fists and handed or threw their bundles of entries and surveys through these openings. One land-hungry citizen, Stephen Whitaker by name, used to tell how he cllmbed upon the shoulders of the dense crowd of men who were packed in front of the window of the jail and scrambled and crawled.on hands and knees over the heads of those who were So crowded together that they could not use their fists upon him, or dislodge him by allowing him to drop by his own weight, till he reached the window and so got a place near the head of the list. It is said, however, that the execrations and maledictions-commonly called curses-which were hurled at him were enough to damn him eternally, if mere words could accomplish that result. \nA STRANGE DREAM. @@Dr. J. E. West was drowned@@ March 19, 1881, while @@attempting to ford the Tuckaseegee river@@ at the Bear Ford, and remained in the water about two weeks, when Rachel Grant, @@a poor woman whose son Dr. West had been treating, dreamed that he came to her@@ and on seeing him she expressed surprise and told him she thought that he was drowned. He told her that he was and wanted to tell her where to direct the men, when they came to search, @@where to find his body.@@He said to tell them to @@get into the canoe and pole toward two maples@@ on the opposite side and when they got @@near the current that came around a rock to put their pole down and they would find him@@. When she awoke in the moring she dressed and walked up to the landing to see if it looked like she had seen it while dreaming. She was so impressed that she sat and waited till the searching party came, to whom she told her story. Of course, some were amused while a few had faith enough to follow her directions, and @@when they did so found the body in the precise place@@ she had pointed out to them. Mrs. Grant is still living in this county, as well as some of those who found the body. It had floated about one-half mile.[8] \nTHE DELOSIA " MIND."[9] A man named Edward Delosia, of Blount county, Tenn., @@claimed to have discovered a gold mine @@in the Smoky mountains years before the Civil War; and it is said that @@he left a "way bill" or chart telling where it might be @@found. This chart located it @@at some point from which the Little Tennessee nver could be seen in three places coming toward the observer@@ and in three places going from the observer. No such place has ever been discovered, though there are points on the @@Gregory and Parsons Balds@@ from which the river can be seen in several places. It was said that Delosia claimed he had cut off solid "chunks" of gold with his hatchet. Many have hunted for it, and many more will continue to seek it, but in vain. Many others had and still have what may very properly be termed the "@@Delosia Mind@@," or the belief that sooner or later they would or will discover minerals of untold value in these mountains. \nA THRILLING BOAT RIDE. @@A large whale boat had been built@@ at Robbinsville and hauled to a place on Snowbird creek just below Ab. Moody's, where it was put into the creek, and it was floated down that creek to Cheoah liver and thence to Johnson's post-office, where Pat Jenkins then lived. It was hauled from there by wagon to @@Rocky Point@@, where, in April, 1893, Calvin Lord, Mike Crise and Sam MeFalls,@@ lumbermen@@ working for the Belding Lumber Company, @@got into it and started down the Little Tennessee on a "tide" or freshet.@@ No one ever expected to see them alive again. But they survived. By catching the overhanging branches when swept toward the northern bank at the mouth of the Cheoah river the crew manimd to effect a landing, where they spent the night. They started the next morning at daylight and got to Rabbit branch, where the men who had been sent to hunt them. They spent three days there till the tide subsided, then they went on to the Harden farm, which they reached just one went after leaving Rocky Point. @@No one has ever attempted this feat since, even when the water was not high.@@ The boat was afterwards taken on to Lenoir City, Tenn. \nA FAITHFUL DOG. Many incidents occurred in which our pioneer mothers showed grit equal to that of their intrepid husbands. But there is one of the intelligence and faithfulness of a dog that deserves to be recorded. \nWilliam Sawyer, one of the pioneers of that section, was living on Hazel creek, near where the famous Adams-Westfeldt copper lead was afterwards found. He left home one day in 1858, when there was what the natives call a "little blue snow covering the landscape, taking with him his trusty rifle and his trustier dog. Together they went into the @@Bone Valley on Bone creek@@, one of the head prongs of Hazel creek, and @@so called because a number of cattle had perished there from cold several years before,@@their bleaching bones remaining as a reminder of the blizzard that had locked everything in its icy fingers @@late in a preceding spring. @@\nWilliam Sawyer @@killed a large bear @@and prooeeded to disembowel and skin him, after which he @@started home loaded down with bear meat@@. But he did not get far before@@ he fell dead in the trail.@@ The@@ dog remained with him till after midnight when being satisfied that his master was dead, he left the body in the woods and proceeded back home.@@ Arriving there just before day, the faithful animal whined and scratched on the door till he was admitted. Once inside the cabin, he kept up his whining and, @@catching the skirts of Mrs. Sawyer's dress in his mouth, tried to draw her to the door@@ and outside the house. Quickly divining the dog's purpose and concluding that he was trying to lead her to her husband, she summoned her neighbors and followed. She soon discovered the body of her husband, cold and stiff. \nAQUILLA ROSE. This picturesque blockader lives at head of Eagle creek in Swain county. Soon after the Civil War he got into a row with a man named Rhodes a mile below Bryson City, and was shot through the body. As Rose fell, however, he managed to cut his antagonist with a knife wounding him mortally. After this he went to Texas and stayed there some time, returning a few years later and settling with his faithful wife at his present home. It is near the Tennessee line, and if anyone were searching for an inaccessible place at that time he could not have improved on Quil's choice. He was never arrested for killing Rhodes, self-defence being too evident. In 1912 he made a mistake about feeding some swill to his hogs and was "haled" literally hauled -before Judge Boyd at Asheville on a charge of operating an illicit distillery near his peaceful home. It was his violation of the @@eleventh commandment, to "never get ketched";@@ but Quil was getting old and probably needed a dram early in the morning, anyhow. Judge Boyd was merciful, and it is safe to predict that Quil will keep that eleventh commandment hereafter. \nTHE GOLDEN CITY. Wm. H. Herbert owned a large boundary of land in Clay which had been entered for Dr. David Christie of Cincinnati, Ohio, before the Civil War, say about 1857 or 1858, the warrants having been issued to M. L. Brittain and J. R. Dyche, who assigned them to Dr. Christie. He gave bonds to the State in 1859; but the Civil War came on and Dr. Christie returned to the North, and failed to pay for them. On February 27, 1865, the North Carolina legislature passed an act authorizing any person to pay for these lands and take grants from the State for them. Wm. H. Herbert paid what was due on Christie's bonds and took grants for the lands. \nHe then sold three hundred acres (Grant No.2989) to Peter Eckels, of Cincinnati, about 1870, and about 1874 Peter Eckels divided this tract into lots (on paper only) calling it The Golden City. But it was "Wild Land" on Tusquittee mountain at the head of Johnson creek, and was not very valuable. He sold several l9ts, however, to people in Cincinnati and years afterwards vain attempts were made to locate this Golden City. \nA LARGE HEART. For several years after the Civil War and up to the time of his death the residence of the late John H. Johnson was the scene of much hospitality. The lawyers hurried through court duties at Murphy, Robbinsville and Hayesville in order to get to spend as much time as possible beneath his roof. It was at a certain hospitable house in Clay county that rose leaves were scattered between tresses and the sheets, and the table groaned with the good things provided by the owner, and which were deliciously served by his wife and five charming daughters. One love-sick "limb of the law" is said to have addressed four of them in quick succession one bright Sabbath day in the early seventies only to be rejected by each in turn. It seems that these sisters had told each other of the proposals received, and that the ardent lover had sworn that he loved each one to distraction. So, when he made this declaration to the fourth and youngest, she asked him if he had not made the same protestation of love and devotion to her three elder sisters. He promptly admitted that he had. When she asked him how it was possible for him to love four girls at once, he solemnly assured her that he had a heart as big as a horse collar. \nBRUIN MEETS HIS FATE. It is a well authenticated fact that Mrs. Norton, then living in Cashier's Valley, was awakened one night while her husband was away from home by hearing a great commotion and the squealing of hogs at the hog-pen near by. Her children were small and there was no "man pusson" about the place. The night was cold and she had no time to clothe herself, but, rushing from the cabin in her night dress and with bare feet, she snatched an axe from the wood-pile and hastening to the hog-pen, saw a large, black bear in the act of killing one of her pet "fattening hog. She did not hesitate an instant, but went on and, aiming a well-directed blow at Bruin's cranium, split it from ears to chin and so had bear meat for breakfast instead of furnishing pork for the daring marauder. \nNEDDY DAVIDSON AND "GRANNY" WEISS.[10] Old Neddy Davidson, of Davidson river, was a mulatto who lived to be very old-some claiming that he was 116 years of age when he died. He was given his freedom by his master, Ben Davidson, and afterwards moved to Canada. But he returned to his old home on Davidson river before his death and about a year before that event Judge Shuford went to his house and spent half the day with him, listening to his stories of old times. He told of frequent fights at the Big Musters then common in this section, and of many other characters. Among the latter was a man named Johnson who used to live on Davidson river and "settled" what is now known as the Old Deaver (locally pronounced Devver) place. Something like one hundred years ago a cattle buyer named Carson stopped all night with Johnson and discovered the following morning that all his money, two or three hundred dollars, was missing. Having no reason to suspect Johnson or his family of the theft, he left for his home. Shortly after his departure Johnson @@was very seriously affected with gravel@@ and @@sent for an old woman reputed to be a witch@@, known as "Granny" Weiss or Weice. She lived on the French Broad river, near the mouth of Davidson's river. On her way to attend the sick man she met his (Johnson's) wife carrying a lot of money. She explained to Granny Weiss that both she and her husband were convinced that his urinary affliction had been visited pon him because he had taken Carson's money and that it would not be relieved till the money had been thrown into the French Broad river. \nA PRACTICAL "WITCH"[11] Well, the story went, that if Granny was a witch, she was a wise and good one. For she immediately put her veto on throwing that money in the French Broad river. She admitted that its theft from Carson by Johnson was the real cause of the latter's sickness; but, insisted that instead of throwing the money into the French Broad the proper course would be to send for Carson, its true owner, and return it to him. This was done. Carson did not prosecute Johnson, but the true story got out and Johnson had to sell his place and move away. \nA PATHETIC STORY. Mr. John Lyon of Great Britain was an assiduous collector of our plants, and was probably in these mountains prior to 1802. "He, however, spent several years there at a subsequent period, and died at Asheville in September, 1814, aged forty-nine years." In Riverside cemetery, Asheville, is a small tombstone bearing the following inscription: "In Memory of John Lyon, who departed this life Sept.14, 1814, aged 49 years." From a letter written by the late Silas McDowell of Macon county, N. C., to Dr. M. A. Curtis, author of "Woody Plants of North Carolina," and dated October, 1877, we learn that Lyon had been "a low, thick-set, small man of fine countenance," and had come from Black Mountain in the early autumn of 1814, sick; that he took a room in the Eagle hotel. Also that for two summers prior to that time he had been seen in Asheville by Mr. McDowell. Lyon and James Johnston, a blacksmith from Kentucky, and a man of great size had become friends. So when Lyon took to his bed, Johnston had a bed placed in the same room for his own use, and attended the botanist at night. The boy, Silas McDowell, had also become attached to Mr. Lyon, and on the day of his death had gone to his room earlier than usual. "This day throughoni had been one of those clear autumnal days'," continues this letter, "when the blue heavens look so transcendantly pure! but now the day was drawing fast to a close, the sun was about mnking behind the distant blue mountains, its rays gleaming through a light haze of fleecy cloud that lay motionless upon the western horizon, and which the sun's rays were changing to that bright golden tint that we can look on and feel, but can't describe. The dying man caught a glimpse of the beautiful scene and observed: 'Friend Johnston, we are having a beautiful sunset-the last I shall ever behold--will you be so kind as to take me to the window and let me look out?' Johnston carried him to the window took a seat and held the dying man in a position so that his eyes might take in the beautiful scene before him. With seraphile look he gazed intently, uttering the while a low prayer--or rather the soul's outburst of rapturous adoration and praise. After the sun sank out of sight, and the beautiful scene faded out, he exclaimed: 'Beautiful world, farewell! Friend Johnston lay me down upon my bed-I feel as if I can sleep-I may not awake-kiss me Johnston-now farewell.' He fell asleep in a short time and soon all was still. All of John Lyon that was mortal was dead." \nThe kind-hearted blacksmith left Asheville soon afterward, but soon met and married a lady of property in Alabama, and had two sons.[12] \nSoon after the death of John Lyon friends in Edinburgh, Scotland, sent the tombstone that now marks his grave. His grave had been in the graveyard of the First Presbyterian church, but was removed to Riverside in 1878, the late Col. Allen T. Davidson and Mr. W. S. Cornell, the keeper of the cemetery, bearing the expense. \nTHE JUDGE, THE WHISTLERS, AND THE GEESE. Judge J. M. Cloud of Salem rode the mountain circuit in 1871 and in 1872. He was a fearless and honest man whose knowledge of law consisted mainly in his knowledge of human nature, and in his own good sense. He was very eccentric and, apparently, the fiercest and sternest of jurists; but he was really a tender hearted gentleman. He was a bachelor and affected to hate whistling and the noise of geese and chickens; but he himself could shake a log house with his snoring. He was very fond of boiled sweet corn. On one occasion one of the lawyers who arrived at a certain noted hostelry at Valley Town in advance of the Judge told the landlady that his Honor had sent word by him to be sure to save him for supper twelve ears of corn and three bundles of fodder, the usual "feed " for a horse! Judge Cloud never forgave this joke. When he got to Asheville, several of the most mischievious young men serenaded him with sweet music at first and then with cat-mewing, tin pans and cow bells. One of their number, Mr. Samuel G. Weldon, made the others believe that the Judge had issued a bench warrant for their arrest for contempt of court, and two of them left town precipitately. \nWhen the Judge got to Bakersville he was annoyed by a gang of geese which prowled the streets around the court house and hissed-hissed-hissed. Judge Cloud called the sheriff and ordered him to kill the geese. The sheriff told Stokes Penland, now living at Pinola, to shut the geese up in a barn till the judge left town. Stokes, a mere boy then, did so. When court "broke," as final adjouinment is called, the sheriff presented his bill for $12. "What is this for?" fiercely demanded the judge. "For the twelve geese you ordered me to kill," answered the sheriff. "Show me their dead bodies," returned the Judge "or I'll not pay one cent." The sheriff called up Stokes, thinking he would carry out the joke and pretend that he had actually killed the geese. But he had failed to tell, the boy what was expected of him. So he asked him: "What did you do with those twelve geese the judge told me to have killed?" "I shut them up in the barn, and they are there yet," was the surprising but truthful answer. At another court, however, that at Marshall, the geese had really been killed and the judge was forced to pay for them, willy nilly. \nAN ASHEVILLE POO BAH. In a municipal campaign in 1874, while the late Albert T. Summey was mayor, he was opposed for re-election by the late Col. JoIm A. Fagg who declared in a speech that "Squire Summey held a separate office for each day in the week, being mayor on Monday, United States commissioner on Tuesday, justice of the peace on Wednesday, county commissioner on Thursday, chairman of the board of education on Friday, commissioner in bankruptcy on Saturday, and, in Prince Albert coat and silk hat, elder of the Presbyterian church on Sunday. 'Myself and my wife, my son George and his wife, us four and no more.' \nMURDER OF DANIEL STERNBERGH. In 1874 G. W. Cunningham was arrested, tried and convicted for having killed and robbed Sternbergh of Kansas 6th June, 1874, near Stepp's on the North Fork of the Swannanoa. The case was tried in Madison, and the defendant executed after the Supreme Court had confirmed his conviction. (72 N. C., 469.) \nWILL HARRIS, DESPERADO. At midnight, November 13, 1906, policemen Page and C. R. Blackstook were summoned to a house on Eagle street, and when Blackstock opened the rear door he was shot fatally by a mulatto man supposed to have been Will Harris or _______ Abernathy of Mecklenburg. Harris also shot Page in the arm as he went to headquarters to summon help. Harris started up Eagle street and on the way killed Jocko Corpening, a negro, and Ben Addigton, also colored.. As he turned into South Main Harris shot a hole in the clothes of a negro named George Jackson, and then started towards the square. Policeman J. W. Bailey started to meet Harris, and placed himself behind a large telegraph post on the northeast corner of the square and South Main; but Harris, with a Savage rifle with steel-jacketed balls dropped on one knee and fired at the post, the ball passing through it and through Policeman Bailey as well, killing him. Harris turned back down South Main, firing at three white men as he went, and at Kelsey Bell in a second-story window. There was snow that day, but the next Harris was shot to death about eleven o'clock in the forenoon near Fletcher's by a posse in pursuit. \nTHE LAST "BIG MUSTER." At the last Big Muster in Boone, which occurred on the second Saturday of October 1861, the militia had a somewhat hilarious time; and after it was over Gol. J. B. Todd, then clerk of the court, stood valiantly at the court house door, and vainly waved his sword in a frantic effort to prevent the sheriff and others from riding their horses into the court room, and pawing the big bass drum which some one had placed behind the bar for safe-keeping. \n"FREEZING OUT OF JAIL." Joseph T. Wilson, nick-named "@@Lucky Joe@@," obtained a change of venue from Watauga to Ashe Superior court at the November term, 1883.[13] He had been indicted for s@@tealing horses@@ from Mloway and Henry Maines of the North Fork; but before he was removed from the Boone jail, @@a blizzard came on@@, and one morning Lucky @@Joe was found in his cell frozen stiff@@. A doctor @@pronounced him dead@@ or beyond recovery; @@but he was taken to the Brick Row@@, an annex of the old Coffey hotel, @@and thawed out@@. Still protesting that he was stiff and frozen he was allowed to remain in that building a day or two, under guard. But one evening at dark the guard locked the door and went out for more fuel. When he returned Lucky Joe was absent. He was tracked through the snow three miles to the Jones place on Rich mountain; but he could not be overtaken. The following spring Alexander Perry, of Burke, @@captured him in one of the western States@@ and returned him to Ashe, where he was convicted and sentenced to ten years in the penitentiary. There he @@became superintendant of the prison Sunday School@@, and had earned an early discharge; but when his baggage to be examined it was @@discovered that he had stolen several articles from the penitentiary itself@@, and he was made to serve his full term. Upon his return to Watauga he studied law and tried to be "good "for several years; but at the June Term, 1904,[14] he was convicted under one and pleaded guilty to three indictments and was sentenced to five years on the Iredell county roads, where he died soon afterwards. The stories of his career in Kentucky would fill a volume. He was born in 1846 or 1847, and was a Civil War pensioner. \nA LONG - DISTANCE QUARREL. Long before the invention of telephones two farmers of Beaver Dams, Watauga county, established the fact that they at least had no need for wires and electricity, by indulging in the first wireless telegraphy on record. Elijah Dotson and Alfred Hilliard each owned a hill-side farm three miles apart. One morning Alf saw Elijah resting in his field, and jokingly told him to go to work; whereupon Elijah told Alf to go to a region devoid of snow and ice. This was the commencement of an oral duel that lasted half the day, and until the dinner horn summoned both to the midday meal. The success of this feat was due to strong lungs rather than to any peculiar carrying power of the atmosphere of Watauga, though it is the clearest and purest in the State. \nA ROMANCE OF SLAVERY DAYS. On October 15, 1849, Silas Baker, a slave belonging to Miss Elizabeth Baker, loved a negro woman named Mill or Millie, the property of William Mast of Va lle Crucis. About this time Jacob Mast, William's uncle, returned from Texas, and the servants discovered that he would soon marry Elizabeth Baker, and return with her to Texas. That she would take Silas with her was most probable; and, unless Jacob Mast should buy Millie and take her also, these dusky lovers would be separated forever. It is likely that they satisfied themselves that Jacob would not buy Millie; but probably reasoned that, if William Mast and his wife were dead, there would be a sale of his slaves to settle the estate, at which they hoped that Jacob would buy Millie. So, it is supposed, for there was never any tangible proof against either, that these two ignorant and infatuated lovers poisoned William Mast and his wife by putting wild or poison parsnips into their coffee. But the scheme miscarried; for, though William and his wife died that day (October 16), Jacob Mast took Silas to Texas with him, while John Whittington bought Millie and sold her to people in Tennessee, which effectually parted them forever. Elbert Dinkins of Caldwell county was then teaching school in the neighborhood, and was boarding. at William Mast's; and he told Dr. J. B. Phillips of Cove creek the above facts. \nANOTHER VERSION. Will Shull, a respected colored man, who was born March 10, 1832, claims that Millie's' motive was revenge for a severe chastisement which she had received at the hands of her master, William Mast, as punishment for having stolen a twenty-dollar gold-piece from his own young master and playmate, Andrew Mast, a son of David and Polly Mast, when she had been at this home washing clothes. Millie had given this money to Charles, another negro, who belonged to John Mast of Sugar Grove, to have changed for her; but Charles took the money to the store of Henry Taylor at that place, and as he and Andrew Mast were courting Emeline and Caroline, the two daughters of John Mast, Taylor asked Andrew if he could change the money for him. When Andrew saw it he recognized it as his own, as he had previously marked it. Charles, of course, laid the blame on Millie, who in turn tried to hold the colored boy Will Shull responsible. When Will heard of Millie's false charge, he loaded a small shotgun which had but recently been given him and started to shoot Millie, but was stopped by Mrs. Polly Mast, who told him Milh.e had confessed. Millie did not wish to poison Mrs. Mira Mast, who did not usually drink coffee; but on that fatal morning she had partaken with her husband, William Mast, of the potion Millie had prepared for him alone. William Mast was then at work on the bridge over the Watauga, a mile below Shull's Mills when he was taken sick and got medicine from Philip Shull that morning. Will acquits Sile. \nSILAS BAKER AND HIS BUGLE. Rev. L. W. Farthing, however, who remembers Sile well, says that the public sentiment of that day held Sile guilty as the prime mover and instigator of the plot. He says that Sile was a large, impudent black man, between thirty and forty years old, and blew a long tin horn on his way to and from his work-a bugle. This was probably a stage horn; for soon after the opening of the new turnpike down the Watauga river stage coaches ran on it from Abingdon via Mountain City (then Taylorsville), Trade, Sugar Grove, Shulls Mills, Blowing Rock, and Lenoir, to Lincoluton. They were drawn by four horses and driven by colored drivers, a Mr. Dunn of Abingdon having been the owner of the line. One of the stands or stopping places, where the horses were changed, was at John Mast's at Sugar Grove; another was at Joseph Shull's (where James M. Shull now resides) and one was at the Coffey gap of the Blue Ridge, where Jones Coffey now lives. These stages ran for several years prior to 1861, when they were withdrawn. \nJIM SPEER'S FATE. About ten or twelve years prior to the Civil War, four white men of Watauga county, went with James Speer of Beaver Dams to South Carolina. Their names are still remembered by a few of the older citizens. Speer @@was not considered "right bright@@," as the expression goes, @@meaning that while he was not utterly imbecile@@, he was yet stupid or dense intellectually. @@He agreed to be blacked and sold as a negro@@, with the with the understanding that @@he was to "wash up"@@ after they had returned home, "escape" from bondage, and share in the proceedes of the sale. All these things were done except the division of the spoils. At the next Big Muster following Jim's return, a quarrel was overheard between him and his confederates in the swindle, during which it is supposed Jim demanded his share and threatened "to let the cat out of the bag" if it was not forthcoming. He returned to his home on Beaver Dams and shortly afterwards disappeared forever. It was supposed that he had been done away with. About 1893 John K. Perry, Esq., found a human skeleton in the cliffs in the rear of his dwelling on Beaver Dams, and still has the skull in his possession. These are supposed to be the remains of Jim Speer.[15] \nJOSHUA PENNELL. In 1859 or 1860, Joshua Pennell of Wilkes left a will setting all his slaves free, and providing for their removal to a Free State, and their support there until they could raise a crop. Pennell was a bachelor. Joshua Winkler was made executor, and old citizens of Boone remember seeing him and the negroes pass through that town one bright Sabbath morning on their way to Kansas. Henry C. Pearson, Winkler's brother4n4aw, accompanied them also.[16] \n"A WANDERING MINSTREL HE." During the seventies, William Murphy of Greenville, S. C., wandered through these mountains making music every day. He, like Stephen Foster, was regarded as a half-vagabond, but he was tolerated for the pleasure his enchanted violin gave whenever he drew his magic bow across its strings. There can be little doubt that men of his genius feel the indifference and neglect of their contemporaries; and it may be that, from their Calvaries of poverty, they, too, realize that we know not what we do. For to them the making of music is their sole mission here upon earth, and come poverty, obscurity or death, ay, come even disgrace and obliquy, they, like Martin Luther at Worms, "can do no otherwise, God helping them." Indeed, it is the highest form of worship, and David's Psalms still live while all the Ptolemies of the past have been forgotten. Foster's songs are linking earth to heaven more and more as time goes on, and will be sung for eons and for eons. There can be no higher destiny than that a man should pour out his full soul in strains of haunting melody; and though Stephen Foster be dead and "the lark become a sightless song," the legacy he has left behind him is more priceless and more bountiful than those of the builders of the pyramids or the conquests of Napoleon and Alexander. \nMurphy, too, is dead, but while he lived, like the grasshopper "beating his tiny cymbals in the sun," he poured forth those matchless orisons that none who ever heard them can soon forget. For, while he was not a creator, he was the slave and seneschal of the masters who have left their melodies behind them for the ravishment of a money-mad and sordid world. And when he drew his magic bow across his violin's sentient strings, his genius thence evoked sweet strains formed with soul to all who had the heart to comprehended their message and their meaning. \nWas it a jig or waltz or stately minuet? one's feet moved rythmically to the "sweet melodic phrase." Was it dirge, lament or lovelorn lilt? one saw again the hearse -plumes nod, sobbed out his heart with pallid Jeane, or caught the note of bonny bird blythe fluting by the Doon. Was it martial air or battle-hymn? then, once again, came forth the bagpipe's skirl, the pibroch's wail, "what time the plaided clans came down to battle with Montrose." Again, with change of air, there dawned once more that "reddest day in history, when Pickett's legions, undismayed, leapt forth to ruin's red embrace." \nBut best, ah, far, far best of all, was that wonder-woven race his fine dramatic instinct had translated into song, in which the section-riven days of 'Sixty-one were conjured back again from out their graves and ghostly crements, and masqueraded full of life and hate and jealousy. For then we saw, as if by magic, the mighty racer, Black Hawk, typifying the North, and his unconquerable rival, Gray Eagle, the steel sinewed champion of the South, start once again on that matchless contest on the turf at Louisville. We heard again the wild, divided concourse cheer its favorite steed along the track, and saw the stramiug stallions, foam-flecked with sweat-now neck and neck, then one ahead, but soon overtaken, and both flying side by side again, their flame-shot nostrils dripping blood-till Gray Hawk, spent, but in the lead, dropped dead an inch without the goal, his great heart broken, as the South's was doomed to be a few years thence, when \n"Men saw a gray gigantic ghost\nReceding through the battle-cloud\nAnd head across the tempest loud\nThe death-cry of a nation lost! \nTHE VALLEY OF COUSINS. @@Valle Crucis is called the Valley of Cousins@@__ because of the kinship between its inhabitants__. Ex-Sheriff David F. Baird, a descendant of Bedent, says that all of Valle Crucis between the ford of the river on the road to Cove creek up to the ford at Shipley's@@ home was sold@@ by the original Hix who came to this section, @@for a shot-gun, a pair of leggins and a hound dog@@. A man named Hix was drowned in a "hole" of water in Watauga river below D. F. Baird's farm, and the place is called the "Hix Hole" yet. This original Samuel Hix was the first settler of this valley, but Bedent Baird was not long behind him. Bedent's son Franklin was the father of David F. Baird who was born June 10, 1835, and was sheriff from 1882 till 1886, and from 1890 till 1894. He went with his uncle Joel Moody to carry the body of Rev. Wm. Thurston from its place of temporary burial at Valle Crucis to Pittsboro, N,C., in 1856. Another prominent family of this section, which inter-married with the Baird family, is that of the Shulls. Frederick Shull and his wife came from Germany about the year 1750. He was a weaver and paid for their voyage by weaving while his wife worked in the field. Her name was Charity. Simon Shull was a son of this marriage, and the father seven children by his wife, Mary Sheifler, a daughter Phillip and Mary Ormatenfer Sheifier. She was born in Loudon county, Va., May 5, 1772. Simon Shull was born in Lincoln county, October 24, 1767. Simon Shull's children were Mary, Sarah, Phillip, John, Joseph, Temperance and Elizabeth, born between March 19, 1793, and April 10, 1808. Joseph was the father of James M. Shull, and Phillip of Joseph C. Shull. Simon Shull was married on Upper creek, Burke county, by Rev. William Penland, March 25, 1790, and died February 12, 1813. \nOTHER CLOSELY RELATED FAMILIES. Reuben Mast first lived where David F. Baird now lives, but the place had been settled before Mast went there. Reuben Mast sold it to John Gragg about 1849, and moved to Texas, where he died. Gragg lived there till 1867 and sold to David Wagner, and moved to Tennessee. David Wagner divided the place among his three sons, and David F. Baird bought the shares of John and Daniel Wagner on the east side of the river, about 1874. He had married a sister of these two Wagners in 1870. Joel Mast lived below the road at the place where Hardee Taylor lives. David Mast lived where Finley Mast now lives. John Mast lived at Sugar Grove, while Noah Mast lived on Watauga river where Wm. Winkler now lives. These were brothers. Henry Taylor came to Sugar Grove from Davidson county about 1849 and went into merchandising there. He married Emaline, daughter of John Mast, buying the Joel Mast farm at public auction. Taylor then moved to Valle Crucis, and bought the place where his son, T. Hardee Taylor, now lives from Joel Mast about 1850 or 1851. He made his money by selling to those who earned wages by the building of the turnpike. He was born August 20, 1819. His wife was born January 5, 1826. They had six children. After her death, September 21, 1880, he married Rachel Gray, by whom he had four children. He died March 6, 1899, and his last wife died March 3 of the same year. He bought the Ives land from Robert Miller before the Civil War. Into the valley of Cove creek in 1791 came Cutliff Harmon, from Randolph county, and bought 522 acres from James Gwyn, to whom it had been granted May 18, 1791, his deed from Gwyn bearing date August 6, 1791. Cutliff married Susan Fouts, and was about ninety years of age when he died in 1838, his wife having died several years before, and he having married Elizabeth Parker, a widow. He had ten children by his first marriage, none by his second. Among his children were Mary, who married Bedent Baird; Andrew, who married Sabra Hix; Eli, who married the widow Rhoda Dyer (born Dugger); Mathias, who married and moved to Indiana; Catherine, who married Benjamin Ward, and went' west; Rebecca, who married Frank Adams and moved to Indiana; Rachel, who married Holden Davis; Sarah, who married John Mast; Nancy, who married Thomas Curtis, and Rev. D. C. Harmon, born April 17, 1826, and died December 23, 1904. Among those who came about the time Cutliff did were the Eggers, Smith, Councill, Horton, Dugger, Mast and Hix families. The farm Cutliff bought is now owned by M. C., D. F. and D. C. Harmon. "Patch farming" was the rule to the Globe on Johns river for corn, as they raised only rye, buckwheat, Irish potatoes, onions and pumpkins on the new and cold land of Watauga river. A common diet was milk and mush for breakfast and soup and cider for dinner and supper, according to Maiden C. Harmon in the Watauga Democrat of April, 1891. The intermarriage of these families has brought about a neighborhood of closely related citizens, and Cove Creek and Valle Crucis are spoken of as the Valley of Cousins, Sugar Grove being also a part of Valle Crucis. Just down Watauga river from Valle Crucis is another settlement called Watauga Falls. Among the first to settle there was Benjamin Ward, who had seven sons, Duke, Daniel, Benjamin, Nicodemus, McCaleb, Jesse and James. He also had three daughters, one of whom was named Celia. Benjamin Ward, Sr., was a most enterprising and worthy man, and his widow lived to be 105 years of age, while their son Ben lived to be 110. Duke married Sabra, widow of Andrew Harmon, and moved to Illinoins Ben. Jr., went to Cumberland gap, and his son Duke came back and married Lucy Tester; while Amos son of Duke, Sr., came back from Illinois and married Sally sister of Lucy Tester. They had two sons, L. D. and .John the latter having been killed before Richmond in 1863. \nSAMUEL HIX, LOYALIST. According to Rev. L. W. Farthing, who was born April 18, 1838, and has lived in Beaver Dam township and at Watauga Falls postoffice all his long life, Samuel was the name of the first Hix who came to what is now Watauga county. He got possession of all of what is now known as Valle Crucis, including the Sheriff Baird farm, either by grant from the Crown or from the State, and was there during the Revolutionary War. Being a Loyalist he kept himself concealed by retiring to a shanty near Valle Crucis, still pointed out as his "Improvement." He sold the Valle Crucis land for a rifle, dog and sheepskin to Benjamin Ward, the latter later selling it to Reuben Mast. Hix then got possession of the land at the mouth of' Cove creek, but Ward got this also and sold it to a family named Summers. This family, consisting of man and wife and five children, were all drowned in their cabin at night during a freshet in the Watauga river, and their dog swam about the cabin and would allow no one to enter till it had been killed. This is still spoken of as the "Summers Fresh"- the highest anyone now remembers. The bodies of the family were recovered and are buried on the opposite side of the river from the mouth of Cove creek. Samuel Hix in 1816 obtained a grant to 126 acres, on part of which Rev. L. W. Farthing now lives, and his grave-stone still stands three miles below St. Judes postoffice, and a quarter of a mile below Antioch Baptist church. Benjamin Howard took the oath of allegiance to the American government in 1778 (Col. Rec., VoL 22. Page 172), but Samuel Hix seems never to have become reconciled. Even after the war he hid out, coming home at dark for his supplies. His five boys were mischievous and they manufactured a pistol out of a buck's horn, which they fired by applying a live coal to the touch-hole, when their father returned from the house carrying his rations, thus frightening him so much that he would drop them and return to his concealed camp in the mountains. The children of Samuel Hix were Golder, David, Samuel, Harmon and William; Sally, who married Barney Oaks; Sabra, who married Andrew Harmon, who was killed by a falling tree on L. W. Farthing's present farm, afid Fanny who never married. Samuel Hix cared more about hunting than anything else, and it was said he knew where there was a lead mine in the mountains out of which he ran his own bullets. James Hix and James (?) Tester, were drowned in what is still known as the Hix "Hole" in Watauga river below Sheriff Baird's farm, and Sam Tester rode his bull into the water in order to recover the two bodies, about 1835. Samuel Hix had a negro slave named Jeff, and two apple trees planted soon after his removal to the L. W. Farthing place, one at Samuel's cabin and the other at Jeff's, lived till within recent years. \nNOTES.\n1" Ashevllle's Centenary."\n2. Ibid.\n3. Stokes Penland's statement, October. 1912, at Pinola\n4. Chapter seven of"Dropped Stitches."\n5. Account by T. L.Lowe, Esq.\n6. From "The Heart of the Alieghanles," p.271.\n7, So called from its fancied resemblance to a bunk.\n8. Letter of Col. D. K. CoIllas to J. P. A., June 7, 1912.\n9. Frequently called "mind" for mine.\n10, Related by Judge G. A. Shuford.\n11. Ibid.\n12. From same letter.\n13. Minute Docket B. p.202, Watauga.\n14. Ibid., E, p. 352.\n15. Statements of J. K. Perry and W. L. Bryan, May, 1913\n16. Statement of w. L. Bryan. July, 1913\n
/***\n''Import Tiddlers Plugin for TiddlyWiki version 1.2.x and 2.0''\n!!!!!Inline interface (live)\n<<<\n<<importTiddlers inline>>\n<<<\n!!!!!Macro Syntax\n<<<\n{{{<<importTiddlers>>}}}\ncreates "import tiddlers" link. click to show/hide import control panel\n\n{{{<<importTiddlers inline>>}}}\ncreates import control panel directly in tiddler content\n\n{{{<<importTiddlers filter source quiet ask>>}}}\nnon-interactive 'automatic' import.\n''filter'' determines which tiddlers will be automatically selected for importing. Use one of the following keywords:\n>''"new"'' retrieves only tiddlers that are found in the import source document, but do not yet exist in the destination document\n>''"changes"'' retrieves only tiddlers that exist in both documents for which the import source tiddler is newer than the existing tiddler\n>''"updates"'' retrieves both ''new'' and ''changed'' tiddlers (this is the default action when none is specified)\n>''"all"'' retrieves ALL tiddlers from the import source document, even if they have not been changed.\n''source'' is the location of the imported document. It can be either a local document or an URL:\n>filename is any local path/file, in whatever format your system requires\n>URL is any remote web location that starts with "http://" or "https://"\n''"quiet"'' (optional)\n>supresses all status message during the import processing (e.g., "opening local file...", "found NN tiddlers..." etc). Note that if ANY tiddlers are actualy imported, a final information message will still be displayed (along with the ImportedTiddlers report), even when 'quiet' is specified. This ensures that changes to your document cannot occur without any visible indication at all.\n''"ask"'' (optional)\n>adds interactive confirmation. A browser message box (OK/Cancel) is displayed for each tiddler that will be imported, so that you can manually bypass any tiddlers that you do not want to import.\n\n''Special tag values: importReplace and importPublic''\n\nBy adding these special tags to an existing tiddler, you can precisely control whether or not to allow updates to that tiddler as well as decide which tiddlers in your document can be automatically imported by others.\n*''For maximum safety, the default action is to prevent existing tiddlers from being unintentionally overwritten by incoming tiddlers.'' To allow an existing tiddler to be overwritten by an imported tiddler, you must tag the existing tiddler with ''<<tag importReplace>>''\n*''For maximum privacy, the default action for //outgoing// tiddlers is to NOT automatically share your tiddlers with others.'' To allow a tiddler in your document to be shared via auto-import actions by others, you must tag it with ''<<tag importPublic>>''\n//Note: these tags are only applied when using the auto-import processing. When using the interactive control panel, all tiddlers in the imported document are available in the listbox, regardless of their tag values.//\n<<<\n!!!!!Interactive Usage\n<<<\nWhen used interactively, a control panel is displayed consisting of an "import source document" filename input (text field plus a ''[Browse...]'' button), a listbox of available tiddlers, a "differences only" checkbox, an "add tags" input field and four push buttons: ''[open]'', ''[select all]'', ''[import]'' and ''[close]''.\n\nPress ''[browse]'' to select a TiddlyWiki document file to import. You can also type in the path/filename or a remote document URL (starting with http://)and press ''[open]''. //Note: There may be some delay to permit the browser time to access and load the document before updating the listbox with the titles of all tiddlers that are available to be imported.//\n\nSelect one or more titles from the listbox (hold CTRL or SHIFT while clicking to add/remove the highlight from individual list items). You can press ''[select all]'' to quickly highlight all tiddler titles in the list. Use the ''[-]'', ''[+]'', or ''[=]'' links to adjust the listbox size so you can view more (or less) tiddler titles at one time. When you have chosen the tiddlers you want to import and entered any extra tags, press ''[import]'' to begin copying them to the current TiddlyWiki document.\n\n''select: all, new, changes, or differences''\n\nYou can click on ''all'', ''new'', ''changes'', or ''differences'' to automatically select a subset of tiddlers from the list. This makes it very quick and easy to find and import just the updated tiddlers you are interested in:\n>''"all"'' selects ALL tiddlers from the import source document, even if they have not been changed.\n>''"new"'' selects only tiddlers that are found in the import source document, but do not yet exist in the destination document\n>''"changes"'' selects only tiddlers that exist in both documents but that are newer in the source document\n>''"differences"'' selects all new and existing tiddlers that are different from the destination document (even if destination tiddler is newer)\n\n''Import Tagging:''\n\nTiddlers that have been imported can be automatically tagged, so they will be easier to find later on, after they have been added to your document. New tags are entered into the "add tags" input field, and then //added// to the existing tags for each tiddler as it is imported.\n\n''Skip, Rename, Merge, or Replace:''\n\nWhen importing a tiddler whose title is identical to one that already exists, the import process pauses and the tiddler title is displayed in an input field, along with four push buttons: ''[skip]'', ''[rename]'', ''[merge]'' and ''[replace]''.\n\nTo bypass importing this tiddler, press ''[skip]''. To import the tiddler with a different name (so that both the tiddlers will exist when the import is done), enter a new title in the input field and then press ''[rename]''. Press ''[merge]'' to combine the content from both tiddlers into a single tiddler. Press ''[replace]'' to overwrite the existing tiddler with the imported one, discarding the previous tiddler content.\n\n//Note: if both the title ''and'' modification date/////time match, the imported tiddler is assumed to be identical to the existing one, and will be automatically skipped (i.e., not imported) without asking.//\n\n''Import Report History''\n\nWhen tiddlers are imported, a report is generated into ImportedTiddlers, indicating when the latest import was performed, the number of tiddlers successfully imported, from what location, and by whom. It also includes a list with the title, date and author of each tiddler that was imported.\n\nWhen the import process is completed, the ImportedTiddlers report is automatically displayed for your review. If more tiddlers are subsequently imported, a new report is //added// to ImportedTiddlers, above the previous report (i.e., at the top of the tiddler), so that a reverse-chronological history of imports is maintained.\n\nIf a cumulative record is not desired, the ImportedTiddlers report may be deleted at any time. A new ImportedTiddlers report will be created the next time tiddlers are imported.\n\nNote: You can prevent the ImportedTiddlers report from being generated for any given import activity by clearing the "create a report" checkbox before beginning the import processing.\n\n<<<\n!!!!!Installation\n<<<\ncopy/paste the following tiddlers into your document:\n''ImportTiddlersPlugin'' (tagged with <<tag systemConfig>>)\n\ncreate/edit ''SideBarOptions'': (sidebar menu items) \n^^Add "< < ImportTiddlers > >" macro^^\n\n''Quick Installation Tip #1:''\nIf you are using an unmodified version of TiddlyWiki (core release version <<version>>), you can get a new, empty TiddlyWiki with the Import Tiddlers plugin pre-installed (''[[download from here|TW+ImportExport.html]]''), and then simply import all your content from your old document into this new, empty document.\n<<<\n!!!!!Revision History\n<<<\n''2006.02.17 [2.6.0]''\nRemoved "differences only" listbox display mode, replaced with selection filter 'presets': all/new/changes/differences. Also fixed initialization handling for "add new tags" so that checkbox state is correctly tracked when panel is first displayed.\n''2006.02.16 [2.5.4]''\nadded checkbox options to control "import remote tags" and "keep existing tags" behavior, in addition to existing "add new tags" functionality.\n''2006.02.14 [2.5.3]''\nFF1501 corrected unintended global 't' (loop index) in importReport() and autoImportTiddlers()\n''2006.02.10 [2.5.2]''\ncorrected unintended global variable in importReport().\n''2006.02.05 [2.5.1]''\nmoved globals from window.* to config.macros.importTiddlers.* to avoid FireFox 1.5.0.1 crash bug when referencing globals\n''2006.01.18 [2.5.0]''\nadded checkbox for "create a report". Default is to create/update the ImportedTiddlers report. Clear the checkbox to skip this step.\n''2006.01.15 [2.4.1]''\nadded "importPublic" tag and inverted default so that auto sharing is NOT done unless tagged with importPublic\n''2006.01.15 [2.4.0]''\nAdded support for tagging individual tiddlers with importSkip, importReplace, and/or importPrivate to control which tiddlers can be overwritten or shared with others when using auto-import macro syntax. Defaults are to SKIP overwriting existing tiddlers with imported tiddlers, and ALLOW your tiddlers to be auto-imported by others.\n''2006.01.15 [2.3.2]''\nAdded "ask" parameter to confirm each tiddler before importing (for use with auto-importing)\n''2006.01.15 [2.3.1]''\nStrip TW core scripts from import source content and load just the storeArea into the hidden IFRAME. Makes loading more efficient by reducing the document size and by preventing the import document from executing its TW initialization (including plugins). Seems to resolve the "Found 0 tiddlers" problem. Also, when importing local documents, use convertUTF8ToUnicode() to convert the file contents so support international characters sets.\n''2006.01.12 [2.3.0]''\nReorganized code to use callback function for loading import files to support event-driven I/O via an ASYNCHRONOUS XMLHttpRequest. Let's processing continue while waiting for remote hosts to respond to URL requests. Added non-interactive 'batch' macro mode, using parameters to specify which tiddlers to import, and from what document source. Improved error messages and diagnostics, plus an optional 'quiet' switch for batch mode to eliminate //most// feedback.\n''2006.01.11 [2.2.0]''\nAdded "[by tags]" to list of tiddlers, based on code submitted by BradleyMeck\n''2006.01.09 [2.1.1]''\nWhen a URL is typed in, and then the "open" button is pressed, it generates both an onChange event for the file input and a click event for open button. This results in multiple XMLHttpRequest()'s which seem to jam things up quite a bit. I removed the onChange handling for file input field. To open a file (local or URL), you must now explicitly press the "open" button in the control panel.\n''2006.01.08 [2.1.0]''\nIMPORT FROM ANYWHERE!!! re-write getImportedTiddlers() logic to either read a local file (using local I/O), OR... read a remote file, using a combination of XML and an iframe to permit cross-domain reading of DOM elements. Adapted from example code and techniques courtesy of Jonny LeRoy.\n''2006.01.06 [2.0.2]''\nWhen refreshing list contents, fixed check for tiddlerExists() when "show differences only" is selected, so that imported tiddlers that don't exist in the current file will be recognized as differences and included in the list.\n''2006.01.04 [2.0.1]''\nWhen "show differences only" is NOT checked, import all tiddlers that have been selected even when they have a matching title and date.\n''2005.12.27 [2.0.0]''\nUpdate for TW2.0\nDefer initial panel creation and only register a notification function when panel first is created\n''2005.12.22 [1.3.1]''\ntweak formatting in importReport() and add 'discard report' link to output\n''2005.12.03 [1.3.0]''\nDynamically create/remove importPanel as needed to ensure only one instance of interface elements exists, even if there are multiple instances of macro embedding. Also, dynamically create/recreate importFrame each time an external TW document is loaded for importation (reduces DOM overhead and ensures a 'fresh' frame for each document)\n''2005.11.29 [1.2.1]''\nfixed formatting of 'detail info' in importReport()\n''2005.11.11 [1.2.0]''\nadded 'inline' param to embed controls in a tiddler\n''2005.11.09 [1.1.0]''\nonly load HTML and CSS the first time the macro handler is called. Allows for redundant placement of the macro without creating multiple instances of controls with the same ID's.\n''2005.10.25 [1.0.5]''\nfixed typo in importReport() that prevented reports from being generated\n''2005.10.09 [1.0.4]''\ncombined documentation with plugin code instead of using separate tiddlers\n''2005.08.05 [1.0.3]''\nmoved CSS and HTML definitions into plugin code instead of using separate tiddlers\n''2005.07.27 [1.0.2]''\ncore update 1.2.29: custom overlayStyleSheet() replaced with new core setStylesheet()\n''2005.07.23 [1.0.1]''\nadded parameter checks and corrected addNotification() usage\n''2005.07.20 [1.0.0]''\nInitial Release\n<<<\n!!!!!Credits\n<<<\nThis feature was developed by EricShulman from [[ELS Design Studios|http:/www.elsdesign.com]]\n<<<\n!!!!!Code\n***/\n\n// // Version\n//{{{\nversion.extensions.importTiddlers = {major: 2, minor: 6, revision: 0, date: new Date(2006,2,17)};\n//}}}\n\n// // 1.2.x compatibility\n//{{{\nif (!window.story) window.story=window;\nif (!store.getTiddler) store.getTiddler=function(title){return store.tiddlers[title]}\nif (!store.addTiddler) store.addTiddler=function(tiddler){store.tiddlers[tiddler.title]=tiddler}\nif (!store.deleteTiddler) store.deleteTiddler=function(title){delete store.tiddlers[title]}\n//}}}\n\n// // IE needs explicit global scoping for functions/vars called from browser events\n//{{{\nwindow.onClickImportButton=onClickImportButton;\nwindow.loadImportFile=loadImportFile;\nwindow.refreshImportList=refreshImportList;\n//}}}\n\n// // default cookie/option values\n//{{{\nif (!config.options.chkImportReport) config.options.chkImportReport=true;\n//}}}\n\n\n// // ''MACRO DEFINITION''\n\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers = { };\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers = {\n label: "import tiddlers",\n prompt: "Copy tiddlers from another document",\n countMsg: "%0 tiddlers selected for import",\n src: "", // path/filename or URL of document to import\n inbound: null, // hash-indexed array of tiddlers from other document\n newTags: "", // text of tags added to imported tiddlers\n addTags: true, // add new tags to imported tiddlers\n listsize: 8, // # of lines to show in imported tiddler list\n importTags: true, // include tags from remote source document when importing a tiddler\n keepTags: true, // retain existing tags when replacing a tiddler\n index: 0, // current processing index in import list\n sort: "" // sort order for imported tiddler listbox\n};\n\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.handler = function(place,macroName,params) {\n // LINK WITH FLOATING PANEL\n if (!params[0]) {\n createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,onClickImportMenu);\n return;\n }\n // INLINE TIDDLER CONTENT\n if (params[0]=="inline") {\n createImportPanel(place);\n document.getElementById("importPanel").style.position="static";\n document.getElementById("importPanel").style.display="block";\n return;\n }\n // NON-INTERACTIVE BATCH MODE\n switch (params[0]) {\n case 'all':\n case 'new':\n case 'changes':\n case 'updates':\n var filter=params.shift();\n break;\n default:\n var filter="updates";\n break;\n } \n if (!params[0]||!params[0].length) return; // filename is required\n config.macros.importTiddlers.src=params.shift();\n var quiet=(params[0]=="quiet"); if (quiet) params.shift();\n var ask=(params[0]=="ask"); if (ask) params.shift();\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound=null; // clear the imported tiddler buffer\n // load storeArea from a hidden IFRAME, then apply import rules and add/replace tiddlers\n loadImportFile(config.macros.importTiddlers.src,filter,quiet,ask,autoImportTiddlers);\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // ''READ TIDDLERS FROM ANOTHER DOCUMENT''\n\n//{{{\nfunction loadImportFile(src,filter,quiet,ask,callback) {\n if (!quiet) clearMessage();\n // LOCAL FILE\n if ((src.substr(0,7)!="http://")&&(src.substr(0,8)!="https://")) {\n if (!quiet) displayMessage("Opening local document: "+ src);\n var txt=loadFile(src);\n if(!txt) { if (!quiet) displayMessage("Could not open local document: "+src); }\n else {\n var s="<html><body>"+txt.substr(txt.indexOf('<div id="storeArea">'));\n if (!quiet) displayMessage(txt.length+" bytes in document. ("+s.length+" bytes used for tiddler storage)");\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound = readImportedTiddlers(convertUTF8ToUnicode(s));\n var count=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound?config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length:0;\n if (!quiet) displayMessage("Found "+count+" tiddlers in "+src);\n if (callback) callback(src,filter,quiet,ask);\n }\n return;\n }\n // REMOTE FILE\n var x; // XML object\n try {x = new XMLHttpRequest()}\n catch(e) {\n try {x = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP")}\n catch (e) {\n try {x = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}\n catch (e) { return }\n }\n }\n x.onreadystatechange = function() {\n if (x.readyState == 4) {\n if (x.status == 200) {\n var sa="<html><body>"+x.responseText.substr(x.responseText.indexOf('<div id="storeArea">'));\n if (!quiet) displayMessage(x.responseText.length+" bytes in document. ("+sa.length+" bytes used for tiddler storage)");\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound = readImportedTiddlers(sa);\n var count=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound?config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length:0;\n if (!quiet) displayMessage("Found "+count+" tiddlers in "+src);\n if (callback) callback(src,filter,quiet,ask);\n }\n else\n if (!quiet) displayMessage("Could not open remote document:"+ src+" (error="+x.status+")");\n }\n }\n if (document.location.protocol=="file:") { // UniversalBrowserRead only works from a local file context\n try {netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege('UniversalBrowserRead')}\n catch (e) { if (!quiet) displayMessage(e.description?e.description:e.toString()); }\n }\n if (!quiet) displayMessage("Opening remote document: "+ src);\n try {\n var url=src+(src.indexOf('?')<0?'?':'&')+'nocache='+Math.random();\n x.open("GET",url,true);\n x.overrideMimeType('text/html');\n x.send(null);\n }\n catch (e) {\n if (!quiet) {\n displayMessage("Could not open remote document: "+src);\n displayMessage(e.description?e.description:e.toString());\n }\n }\n}\n\nfunction readImportedTiddlers(txt)\n{\n var importedTiddlers = [];\n // create frame\n var f=document.getElementById("importFrame");\n if (f) document.body.removeChild(f);\n f=document.createElement("iframe");\n f.id="importFrame";\n f.style.width="0px"; f.style.height="0px"; f.style.border="0px";\n document.body.appendChild(f);\n // get document\n var d=f.document;\n if (f.contentDocument) d=f.contentDocument; // For NS6\n else if (f.contentWindow) d=f.contentWindow.document; // For IE5.5 and IE6\n // load source into document\n d.open(); d.writeln(txt); d.close();\n // read tiddler DIVs from storeArea DOM element \n var importStore = [];\n var importStoreArea = d.getElementById("storeArea");\n if (!importStoreArea || !(importStore=importStoreArea.childNodes) || (importStore.length==0)) { return null; }\n importStoreArea.normalize();\n for(var t = 0; t < importStore.length; t++) {\n var e = importStore[t];\n var title = null;\n if(e.getAttribute)\n title = e.getAttribute("tiddler");\n if(!title && e.id && (e.id.substr(0,5) == "store"))\n title = e.id.substr(5);\n if(title && title != "") {\n var theImported = new Tiddler();\n theImported.loadFromDiv(e,title);\n importedTiddlers.push(theImported);\n }\n }\n return importedTiddlers;\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // ''NON-INTERACTIVE IMPORT''\n\n// // import all/new/changed tiddlers into store, replacing or adding tiddlers as needed\n//{{{\nfunction autoImportTiddlers(src,filter,quiet,ask)\n{\n var count=0;\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) for (var t=0;t<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;t++) {\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t];\n var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theImported.title);\n\n // only import tiddlers if tagged with "importPublic"\n if (theImported.tags && theImported.tags.find("importPublic")==null)\n { config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status=""; continue; } // status=="" means don't show in report\n\n // never import the "ImportedTiddlers" history from the other document...\n if (theImported.title=='ImportedTiddlers')\n { config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status=""; continue; } // status=="" means don't show in report\n\n // check existing tiddler for importReplace, or systemConfig tags\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="added"; // default - add any tiddlers not filtered out\n if (store.tiddlerExists(theImported.title)) {\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="replaced";\n if (!theExisting.tags||(theExisting.tags.find("importReplace")==null))\n { config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="not imported - tiddler already exists (use importReplace to allow changes)"; continue; }\n if ((theExisting.tags.find("systemConfig")!=null)||(theImported.tags.find("systemConfig")!=null))\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status+=" - WARNING: an active systemConfig plugin has been added or updated";\n }\n\n // apply the all/new/changes/updates filter \n if (filter!="all") {\n if ((filter=="new") && store.tiddlerExists(theImported.title))\n { config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="not imported - tiddler already exists"; continue; }\n if ((filter=="changes") && !store.tiddlerExists(theImported.title))\n { config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="not imported - new tiddler"; continue; }\n if (store.tiddlerExists(theImported.title) && ((theExisting.modified.getTime()-theImported.modified.getTime())>=0))\n { config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="not imported - tiddler is unchanged"; continue; }\n }\n\n // get confirmation if required\n if (ask && !confirm("Import "+(theExisting?"updated":"new")+" tiddler '"+theImported.title+"'\snfrom "+src))\n { config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="skipped - cancelled by user"; continue; }\n\n // DO THE IMPORT!!\n store.addTiddler(theImported); count++;\n }\n importReport(quiet); // generate a report (as needed) and display it if not 'quiet'\n if (count) store.setDirty(true); \n // always show final message when tiddlers were actually imported\n if (!quiet||count) displayMessage("Imported "+count+" tiddler"+(count!=1?"s":"")+" from "+src);\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // ''REPORT GENERATOR''\n\n//{{{\nfunction importReport(quiet)\n{\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) return;\n // DEBUG alert('importReport: start');\n\n // if import was not completed, the Ask panel will still be open... close it now.\n var askpanel=document.getElementById('importAskPanel'); if (askpanel) askpanel.style.display='none'; \n // get the alphasorted list of tiddlers\n var tiddlers = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound;\n tiddlers.sort(function (a,b) {if(a['title'] == b['title']) return(0); else return (a['title'] < b['title']) ? -1 : +1; });\n // gather the statistics\n var count=tiddlers.length;\n var added=0; var replaced=0; var renamed=0; var skipped=0; var merged=0;\n for (var t=0; t<count; t++)\n if (tiddlers[t].status)\n {\n if (tiddlers[t].status=='added') added++;\n if (tiddlers[t].status.substr(0,7)=='skipped') skipped++;\n if (tiddlers[t].status.substr(0,6)=='rename') renamed++;\n if (tiddlers[t].status.substr(0,7)=='replace') replaced++;\n if (tiddlers[t].status.substr(0,6)=='merged') merged++;\n }\n var omitted=count-(added+replaced+renamed+skipped+merged);\n // DEBUG alert('stats done: '+count+' total, '+added+' added, '+skipped+' skipped, '+renamed+' renamed, '+replaced+' replaced, '+merged+' merged');\n // skip the report if nothing was imported\n if (added+replaced+renamed+merged==0) return;\n // skip the report if not desired by user\n if (!config.options.chkImportReport) {\n // reset status flags\n for (var t=0; t<count; t++) config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="";\n // refresh display since tiddlers have been imported\n store.notifyAll();\n // quick message area summary report\n var msg=(added+replaced+renamed+merged)+' of '+count+' tiddler'+((count!=1)?'s':"");\n msg+=' imported from '+config.macros.importTiddlers.src.replace(/\s\s/g,'/')\n displayMessage(msg);\n return;\n }\n // create the report tiddler (if not already present)\n var tiddler = store.getTiddler('ImportedTiddlers');\n if (!tiddler) // create new report tiddler if it doesn't exist\n {\n tiddler = new Tiddler();\n tiddler.title = 'ImportedTiddlers';\n tiddler.text = "";\n }\n // format the report header\n var now = new Date();\n var newText = "";\n newText += "On "+now.toLocaleString()+", "+config.options.txtUserName+" imported tiddlers from\sn";\n newText += "[["+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+"|"+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+"]]:\sn";\n newText += "<"+"<"+"<\sn";\n newText += "Out of "+count+" tiddler"+((count!=1)?"s ":" ")+" in {{{"+config.macros.importTiddlers.src.replace(/\s\s/g,'/')+"}}}:\sn";\n if (added+renamed>0)\n newText += (added+renamed)+" new tiddler"+(((added+renamed)!=1)?"s were":" was")+" added to your document.\sn";\n if (merged>0)\n newText += merged+" tiddler"+((merged!=1)?"s were":" was")+" merged with "+((merged!=1)?"":"an ")+"existing tiddler"+((merged!=1)?"s":"")+".\sn"; \n if (replaced>0)\n newText += replaced+" existing tiddler"+((replaced!=1)?"s were":" was")+" replaced.\sn"; \n if (skipped>0)\n newText += skipped+" tiddler"+((skipped!=1)?"s were":" was")+" skipped after asking.\sn"; \n if (omitted>0)\n newText += omitted+" tiddler"+((omitted!=1)?"s":"")+((omitted!=1)?" were":" was")+" not imported.\sn";\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.addTags && config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags.trim().length)\n newText += "imported tiddlers were tagged with: \s""+config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags+"\s"\sn";\n // output the tiddler detail and reset status flags\n for (var t=0; t<count; t++)\n if (tiddlers[t].status!="")\n {\n newText += "#["+"["+tiddlers[t].title+"]"+"]";\n newText += ((tiddlers[t].status!="added")?("^^\sn"+tiddlers[t].status+"^^"):"")+"\sn";\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="";\n }\n newText += "<"+"<"+"<\sn";\n // output 'discard report' link\n newText += "<html><input type=\s"button\s" href=\s"javascript:;\s" ";\n newText += "onclick=\s"story.closeTiddler('"+tiddler.title+"'); store.deleteTiddler('"+tiddler.title+"');\s" ";\n newText += "value=\s"discard report\s"></html>";\n // update the ImportedTiddlers content and show the tiddler\n tiddler.text = newText+((tiddler.text!="")?'\sn----\sn':"")+tiddler.text;\n tiddler.modifier = config.options.txtUserName;\n tiddler.modified = new Date();\n store.addTiddler(tiddler);\n if (!quiet) story.displayTiddler(null,"ImportedTiddlers",1,null,null,false);\n story.refreshTiddler("ImportedTiddlers",1,true);\n // refresh the display\n store.notifyAll();\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // ''INTERFACE DEFINITION''\n\n// // Handle link click to create/show/hide control panel\n//{{{\nfunction onClickImportMenu(e)\n{\n if (!e) var e = window.event;\n var parent=resolveTarget(e).parentNode;\n var panel = document.getElementById("importPanel");\n if (panel==undefined || panel.parentNode!=parent)\n panel=createImportPanel(parent);\n var isOpen = panel.style.display=="block";\n if(config.options.chkAnimate)\n anim.startAnimating(new Slider(panel,!isOpen,e.shiftKey || e.altKey,"none"));\n else\n panel.style.display = isOpen ? "none" : "block" ;\n e.cancelBubble = true;\n if (e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation();\n return(false);\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // Create control panel: HTML, CSS, register for notification\n//{{{\nfunction createImportPanel(place) {\n var panel=document.getElementById("importPanel");\n if (panel) { panel.parentNode.removeChild(panel); }\n setStylesheet(config.macros.importTiddlers.css,"importTiddlers");\n panel=createTiddlyElement(place,"span","importPanel",null,null)\n panel.innerHTML=config.macros.importTiddlers.html;\n store.addNotification(null,refreshImportList); // refresh listbox after every tiddler change\n refreshImportList();\n return panel;\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // CSS\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.css = '\s\n#importPanel {\s\n display: none; position:absolute; z-index:11; width:35em; right:105%; top:3em;\s\n padding: 0.5em; margin:0em; text-align:left; font-size: 8pt;\s\n background-color: #eee; color:#000000; \s\n border:1px solid black; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-right-width: 3px; -moz-border-radius:1em;\s\n}\s\n#importPanel a { color:#009; }\s\n#importPanel input { width: 98%; margin: 1px; font-size:8pt; }\s\n#importPanel select { width: 98%; margin: 1px; font-size:8pt; }\s\n#importPanel .importButton { padding: 0em; margin: 0px; font-size:8pt; }\s\n#importPanel .importListButton { padding:0em 0.25em 0em 0.25em; color: #000000; display:inline }\s\n#importAskPanel { display:none; margin:0.5em 0em 0em 0em; }\s\n';\n//}}}\n\n// // HTML\n//{{{\nconfig.macros.importTiddlers.html = '\s\n<span style="float:left; padding:1px; white-space:nowrap">\s\n import from source document\s\n</span>\s\n<span style="float:right; padding:1px; white-space:nowrap">\s\n <input type=checkbox id="chkImportReport" checked style="height:1em; width:auto"\s\n onClick="config.options[\s'chkImportReport\s']=this.checked;">create a report\s\n</span>\s\n<input type="file" id="fileImportSource" size=56\s\n onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value"\s\n onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value;">\s\n<span style="float:left; padding:1px; white-space:nowrap">\s\n select:\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectAll"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select all tiddlers">\s\n all </a>\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectNew"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select tiddlers not already in destination document">\s\n added </a> \s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectChanges"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select tiddlers that have been updated in source document">\s\n changes </a> \s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importSelectDifferences"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="select tiddlers that have been added or are different from existing tiddlers">\s\n differences </a> \s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importToggleFilter"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="show/hide selection filter">\s\n filter </a> \s\n</span>\s\n<span style="float:right; padding:1px; white-space:nowrap">\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importListSmaller"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="reduce list size">\s\n – </a>\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importListLarger"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="increase list size">\s\n + </a>\s\n <a href="JavaScript:;" id="importListMaximize"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)" title="maximize/restore list size">\s\n = </a>\s\n</span>\s\n<select id="importList" size=8 multiple\s\n onchange="setTimeout(\s'refreshImportList(\s'+this.selectedIndex+\s')\s',1)">\s\n <!-- NOTE: delay refresh so list is updated AFTER onchange event is handled -->\s\n</select>\s\n<input type=checkbox id="chkAddTags" checked style="height:1em; width:auto"\s\n onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.addTags=this.checked;">add new tags \s\n<input type=checkbox id="chkImportTags" checked style="height:1em; width:auto"\s\n onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.importTags=this.checked;">import source tags \s\n<input type=checkbox id="chkKeepTags" checked style="height:1em; width:auto"\s\n onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.keepTags=this.checked;">keep existing tags\s\n<input type=text id="txtNewTags" size=15 onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags=this.value" autocomplete=off>\s\n<div align=center>\s\n <input type=button id="importOpen" class="importButton" style="width:32%" value="open"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importStart" class="importButton" style="width:32%" value="import"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importClose" class="importButton" style="width:32%" value="close"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n</div>\s\n<div id="importAskPanel">\s\n tiddler already exists:\s\n <input type=text id="importNewTitle" size=15 autocomplete=off">\s\n <div align=center>\s\n <input type=button id="importSkip" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="skip"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importRename" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="rename"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importMerge" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="merge"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n <input type=button id="importReplace" class="importButton" style="width:23%" value="replace"\s\n onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">\s\n </div>\s\n</div>\s\n';\n//}}}\n\n// // refresh listbox\n//{{{\nfunction refreshImportList(selectedIndex)\n{\n var theList = document.getElementById("importList");\n if (!theList) return;\n // if nothing to show, reset list content and size\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) \n {\n while (theList.length > 0) { theList.options[0] = null; }\n theList.options[0]=new Option('please open a document...',"",false,false);\n theList.size=config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize;\n return;\n }\n // get the sort order\n if (!selectedIndex) selectedIndex=0;\n if (selectedIndex==0) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='title'; // heading\n if (selectedIndex==1) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='title';\n if (selectedIndex==2) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='modified';\n if (selectedIndex==3) config.macros.importTiddlers.sort='tags';\n if (selectedIndex>3) {\n // display selected tiddler count\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) count+=(theList.options[t].selected&&theList.options[t].value!="")?1:0;\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n return; // no refresh needed\n }\n\n // get the alphasorted list of tiddlers (optionally, filter out unchanged tiddlers)\n var tiddlers=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound;\n tiddlers.sort(function (a,b) {if(a['title'] == b['title']) return(0); else return (a['title'] < b['title']) ? -1 : +1; });\n // clear current list contents\n while (theList.length > 0) { theList.options[0] = null; }\n // add heading and control items to list\n var i=0;\n var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(tiddlers.length+' tiddler'+((tiddlers.length!=1)?'s are':' is')+' in the document',"",false,false);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(((config.macros.importTiddlers.sort=="title" )?">":indent)+' [by title]',"",false,false);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(((config.macros.importTiddlers.sort=="modified")?">":indent)+' [by date]',"",false,false);\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(((config.macros.importTiddlers.sort=="tags")?">":indent)+' [by tags]',"",false,false);\n // output the tiddler list\n switch(config.macros.importTiddlers.sort)\n {\n case "title":\n for(var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++)\n theList.options[i++] = new Option(tiddlers[t].title,tiddlers[t].title,false,false);\n break;\n case "modified":\n // sort descending for newest date first\n tiddlers.sort(function (a,b) {if(a['modified'] == b['modified']) return(0); else return (a['modified'] > b['modified']) ? -1 : +1; });\n var lastSection = "";\n for(var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) {\n var tiddler = tiddlers[t];\n var theSection = tiddler.modified.toLocaleDateString();\n if (theSection != lastSection) {\n theList.options[i++] = new Option(theSection,"",false,false);\n lastSection = theSection;\n }\n theList.options[i++] = new Option(indent+indent+tiddler.title,tiddler.title,false,false);\n }\n break;\n case "tags":\n var theTitles = {}; // all tiddler titles, hash indexed by tag value\n var theTags = new Array();\n for(var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) {\n var title=tiddlers[t].title;\n var tags=tiddlers[t].tags;\n for(var s=0; s<tags.length; s++) {\n if (theTitles[tags[s]]==undefined) { theTags.push(tags[s]); theTitles[tags[s]]=new Array(); }\n theTitles[tags[s]].push(title);\n }\n }\n theTags.sort();\n for(var tagindex=0; tagindex<theTags.length; tagindex++) {\n var theTag=theTags[tagindex];\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(theTag,"",false,false);\n for(var t=0; t<theTitles[theTag].length; t++)\n theList.options[i++]=new Option(indent+indent+theTitles[theTag][t],theTitles[theTag][t],false,false);\n }\n break;\n }\n theList.selectedIndex=selectedIndex; // select current control item\n if (theList.size<config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize) theList.size=config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize;\n if (theList.size>theList.options.length) theList.size=theList.options.length;\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // Control interactions\n//{{{\nfunction onClickImportButton(which)\n{\n // DEBUG alert(which.id);\n var theList = document.getElementById('importList');\n if (!theList) return;\n var thePanel = document.getElementById('importPanel');\n var theAskPanel = document.getElementById('importAskPanel');\n var theNewTitle = document.getElementById('importNewTitle');\n var count=0;\n switch (which.id)\n {\n case 'fileImportSource':\n case 'importOpen': // load import source into hidden frame\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound=null; // clear the imported tiddler buffer\n refreshImportList(); // reset/resize the listbox\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.src=="") break;\n // Load document into hidden iframe so we can read it's DOM and fill the list\n loadImportFile(config.macros.importTiddlers.src,"all",null,null,function(src,filter,quiet,ask){window.refreshImportList(0);});\n break;\n case 'importSelectAll': // select all tiddler list items (i.e., not headings)\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n if (theList.options[t].value=="") continue;\n theList.options[t].selected=true;\n count++;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importSelectNew': // select tiddlers not in current document\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n theList.options[t].selected=false;\n if (theList.options[t].value=="") continue;\n theList.options[t].selected=!store.tiddlerExists(theList.options[t].value);\n count+=theList.options[t].selected?1:0;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importSelectChanges': // select tiddlers that are updated from existing tiddlers\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n theList.options[t].selected=false;\n if (theList.options[t].value==""||!store.tiddlerExists(theList.options[t].value)) continue;\n for (var i=0; i<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length; i++) // find matching inbound tiddler\n { var inbound=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[i]; if (inbound.title==theList.options[t].value) break; }\n theList.options[t].selected=(inbound.modified-store.getTiddler(theList.options[t].value).modified>0); // updated tiddler\n count+=theList.options[t].selected?1:0;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importSelectDifferences': // select tiddlers that are new or different from existing tiddlers\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n for (var t=0,count=0; t < theList.options.length; t++) {\n theList.options[t].selected=false;\n if (theList.options[t].value=="") continue;\n if (!store.tiddlerExists(theList.options[t].value)) { theList.options[t].selected=true; count++; continue; }\n for (var i=0; i<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length; i++) // find matching inbound tiddler\n { var inbound=config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[i]; if (inbound.title==theList.options[t].value) break; }\n theList.options[t].selected=(inbound.modified-store.getTiddler(theList.options[t].value).modified!=0); // changed tiddler\n count+=theList.options[t].selected?1:0;\n }\n clearMessage(); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.countMsg.format([count]));\n break;\n case 'importToggleFilter': // show/hide filter\n case 'importFilter': // apply filter\n alert("coming soon!");\n break;\n case 'importStart': // initiate the import processing\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=0;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(0);\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importClose': // unload imported tiddlers or hide the import control panel\n // if imported tiddlers not loaded, close the import control panel\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) { thePanel.style.display='none'; break; }\n importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound=null; // clear the imported tiddler buffer\n refreshImportList(); // reset/resize the listbox\n break;\n case 'importSkip': // don't import the tiddler\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n theImported.status='skipped after asking'; // mark item as skipped\n theAskPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index+1); // resume with NEXT item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importRename': // change name of imported tiddler\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n theImported.status = 'renamed from '+theImported.title; // mark item as renamed\n theImported.set(theNewTitle.value,null,null,null,null); // change the tiddler title\n theItem.value = theNewTitle.value; // change the listbox item text\n theItem.text = theNewTitle.value; // change the listbox item text\n theAskPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index); // resume with THIS item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importMerge': // join existing and imported tiddler content\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theItem.value);\n var theText = theExisting.text+'\sn----\sn^^merged from: [['+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+'#'+theItem.value+'|'+config.macros.importTiddlers.src+'#'+theItem.value+']]^^\sn^^'+theImported.modified.toLocaleString()+' by '+theImported.modifier+'^^\sn'+theImported.text;\n var theDate = new Date();\n var theTags = theExisting.getTags()+' '+theImported.getTags();\n theImported.set(null,theText,null,theDate,theTags);\n theImported.status = 'merged with '+theExisting.title; // mark item as merged\n theImported.status += ' - '+theExisting.modified.formatString("MM/DD/YYYY hh:mm:ss");\n theImported.status += ' by '+theExisting.modifier;\n theAskPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index); // resume with this item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importReplace': // substitute imported tiddler for existing tiddler\n var theItem = theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index];\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theItem.value);\n theImported.status = 'replaces '+theExisting.title; // mark item for replace\n theImported.status += ' - '+theExisting.modified.formatString("MM/DD/YYYY hh:mm:ss");\n theImported.status += ' by '+theExisting.modifier;\n theAskPanel.style.display='none';\n config.macros.importTiddlers.index=importTiddlers(config.macros.importTiddlers.index); // resume with THIS item\n importStopped();\n break;\n case 'importListSmaller': // decrease current listbox size, minimum=5\n if (theList.options.length==1) break;\n theList.size-=(theList.size>5)?1:0;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize=theList.size;\n break;\n case 'importListLarger': // increase current listbox size, maximum=number of items in list\n if (theList.options.length==1) break;\n theList.size+=(theList.size<theList.options.length)?1:0;\n config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize=theList.size;\n break;\n case 'importListMaximize': // toggle listbox size between current and maximum\n if (theList.options.length==1) break;\n theList.size=(theList.size==theList.options.length)?config.macros.importTiddlers.listsize:theList.options.length;\n break;\n }\n}\n//}}}\n\n// // re-entrant processing for handling import with interactive collision prompting\n//{{{\nfunction importTiddlers(startIndex)\n{\n if (!config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound) return -1;\n\n var theList = document.getElementById('importList');\n if (!theList) return;\n var t;\n // if starting new import, reset import status flags\n if (startIndex==0)\n for (var t=0;t<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;t++)\n config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[t].status="";\n for (var i=startIndex; i<theList.options.length; i++)\n {\n // if list item is not selected or is a heading (i.e., has no value), skip it\n if ((!theList.options[i].selected) || ((t=theList.options[i].value)==""))\n continue;\n for (var j=0;j<config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound.length;j++)\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j].title==t) break;\n var theImported = config.macros.importTiddlers.inbound[j];\n var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theImported.title);\n // avoid redundant import for tiddlers that are listed multiple times (when 'by tags')\n if (theImported.status=="added")\n continue;\n // don't import the "ImportedTiddlers" history from the other document...\n if (theImported.title=='ImportedTiddlers')\n continue;\n // if tiddler exists and import not marked for replace or merge, stop importing\n if (theExisting && (theImported.status.substr(0,7)!="replace") && (theImported.status.substr(0,5)!="merge"))\n return i;\n // assemble tags (remote + existing + added)\n var newTags = "";\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.importTags)\n newTags+=theImported.getTags() // import remote tags\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.keepTags && theExisting)\n newTags+=" "+theExisting.getTags(); // keep existing tags\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.addTags && config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags.trim().length)\n newTags+=" "+config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags; // add new tags\n theImported.set(null,null,null,null,newTags.trim());\n // set the status to 'added' (if not already set by the 'ask the user' UI)\n theImported.status=(theImported.status=="")?'added':theImported.status;\n // do the import!\n store.addTiddler(theImported);\n store.setDirty(true);\n }\n return(-1); // signals that we really finished the entire list\n}\n//}}}\n\n//{{{\nfunction importStopped()\n{\n var theList = document.getElementById('importList');\n var theNewTitle = document.getElementById('importNewTitle');\n if (!theList) return;\n if (config.macros.importTiddlers.index==-1)\n importReport(); // import finished... generate the report\n else\n {\n // DEBUG alert('import stopped at: '+config.macros.importTiddlers.index);\n // import collision... show the ask panel and set the title edit field\n document.getElementById('importAskPanel').style.display='block';\n theNewTitle.value=theList.options[config.macros.importTiddlers.index].value;\n }\n}\n//}}}\n
[[Admin]]\n[[Where I Left Off]]\n[[Storyline]]\n[[Timeline]]\n[[Stuff to Research]]\n[[Vocabulary]]\n[[History]]\n[[Religion]]\n[[Maps]]\n[[Characters]]\n[[Stuff to Get In]]\n[[Quilt]]
[[Smoky Mountains Park Map in pdf|gsmnp.pdf]]\n[[Smoky Mountains Trail Map in pdf|gsmnp_trailmap.pdf]]\n\nHaywood area\n[img[Haywood area|haywood.jpg]]\nSmokies area 2d\n[img[Smokies area 2d|area2d.jpg]]\nSmokies area 3d\n[img[Smokiesarea 3d|area3d.jpg]]\nSmokies area 3d large\n[img[Smokies area 3d large|area3dlarge.jpg]]\nWaynesville creeks\n[img[Waynesville creeks|waynesville_creeks.jpg]]\nSpruce & Balsam Mountains wider\n[img[Spruce and Balsam|spruce_balsam_wider.jpg]]\nSpruce & Balsam Mountains closer\n[img[Spruce and Balsam|spruce_balsam.jpg]]\nTopographic maps - north and south\n[img[gsmnp_topo_n.jpg]]\n[img[gsmnp_topo_s.jpg]]
The Methodist movement is a group of denominations </wiki/Religious_denomination> of Protestant </wiki/Protestant> Christianity </wiki/Christianity>.\nThe Wesleyan revival\nThe Methodist revival originated in England </wiki/England>. It was started by John Wesley </wiki/John_Wesley> and his younger brother Charles </wiki/Charles_Wesley> as a movement within the Church of England </wiki/Church_of_England> in the 18th century </wiki/18th_century>, focused on Bible </wiki/Bible> study, and a methodical approach to scriptures </wiki/Scripture> and Christian living. The term "Methodist" was a pejorative college nickname that was bestowed upon a small society of students at Oxford </wiki/Oxford>, who met together between 1729 and 1735 for the purpose of mutual improvement. They were accustomed to communicate every week, to fast regularly and to abstain from most forms of amusement and luxury. They also frequently visited poor and sick persons and prisoners in the jail </wiki/Prison>.\nThe early Methodists reacted against the apathy of the Church of England </wiki/Church_of_England>, became open-air preachers and established Methodist societies wherever they went. They were notorious for their enthusiastic sermons and often accused of fanaticism </wiki/Fanaticism>. In those days, members of the established church feared that the powerful new doctrines promulgated by the Methodists, such as the necessity to salvation </wiki/Salvation> of a New Birth </wiki/New_Birth>, of Justification by Faith </wiki/Justification_by_Faith>, and of the constant and sustained action of the Holy Spirit </wiki/Holy_Spirit> upon the believer's soul, would produce ill effects upon weak minds. Theophilus Evans, an early critic of the movement, even wrote that it was "the natural Tendency of their Behaviour, in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions, to make People mad." In one of his prints, William Hogarth </wiki/William_Hogarth> likewise attacked Methodists as "enthusiasts" full of "Credulity, Superstition and Fanaticism <http://www.haleysteele.com/hogarth/plates/credulity.html>." But the Methodists resisted the many attacks against their movement. (See John Wesley </wiki/John_Wesley> and George Whitefield </wiki/George_Whitefield> for a much more complete discussion of early Methodism.)\nJohn Wesley came under the influence of the Moravians </wiki/Moravians_%28religion%29> and Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius </wiki/Jacobus_Arminius>, while Whitefield </wiki/George_Whitefield> adopted Calvinistic </wiki/Calvinism> views. Consequently, their followers separated, those of Whitefield becoming Calvinistic Methodists. Generally Methodists have followed Wesley in Arminian </wiki/Arminianism> theology.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit§ion=2>] \n\nSeparation from the Church of England\nWesley originally had no intention of separating from the Church of England. However, following the American Revolution </wiki/American_Revolution>, the Church of England cut off those of its members who were Americans, refusing to ordain ministers for them. Wesley set aside Thomas Coke as superintendent of the Methodist people outside England, and since he was not a bishop </wiki/Bishop> this put him at odds with the English Church. He and the other early leaders formed the Methodist Church as a separate body partly in response to those events. Wesley never, however, ceased to be or to act as a priest of the Church of England and died an Anglican. (See also the Episcopal Church </wiki/Episcopal_Church>.) Wesley chartered the first Methodist Church on February 28 </wiki/February_28>, 1784 </wiki/1784>.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Methodism&action=edit§ion=3>] \n\nTheology and liturgy\nPart of the series on Methodism \n </wiki/Image:Jwesleysitting.JPG> </wiki/Image:Jwesleysitting.JPG> \nJohn Wesley </wiki/John_Wesley> \nBackground Christianity </wiki/Christianity> Protestantism </wiki/Protestantism> Pietism </wiki/Pietism> Anglicanism </wiki/Anglicanism> Arminianism </wiki/Arminianism> \nDoctrinal distinctives Articles of Religion </wiki/Articles_of_Religion_%28Methodist%29> Prevenient Grace </wiki/Prevenient_Grace> Governmental Atonement </wiki/Atonement_%28Governmental_view%29> Imparted righteousness </wiki/Imparted_righteousness> Christian perfection </wiki/Christian_perfection> \nPeople Charles Wesley </wiki/Charles_Wesley> George Whitefield </wiki/George_Whitefield> Thomas Coke </wiki/Thomas_Coke_%28Methodist%29> Francis Asbury </wiki/Francis_Asbury> Richard Allen </wiki/Richard_Allen_%28reverend%29> Albert C. Outler </wiki/Albert_C._Outler> \nLargest groups World Methodist Council </wiki/World_Methodist_Council> United Methodist Church </wiki/United_Methodist_Church> AME Church </wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church> British Methodist Church </wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain> \nRelated movements Holiness movement </wiki/Holiness_movement> Salvation Army </wiki/The_Salvation_Army> Personalism </wiki/Personalism> Pentecostalism </wiki/Pentecostalism> \n@@Traditionally, Methodism has believed in the Arminian view of free will @@</wiki/Free_will>, via God's prevenient grace </wiki/Prevenient_Grace>,@@ as opposed to predestination @@</wiki/Predestination>. This distinguishes it, historically, from Calvinist </wiki/Calvinist> traditions such as Presbyterianism </wiki/Presbyterianism>. However, in strongly Calvinist areas such as Wales </wiki/Wales>, Calvinistic Methodists </wiki/Presbyterian_church_of_Wales> remain. Also, more recent theological debates have often cut across denominational lines, so that theologically </wiki/Theology> liberal </wiki/Liberal> Methodist and Reformed churches have more in common with each other than with more conservative members of their own denominations.\n@@John Wesley was not a systematic theologian@@, though Methodist ministerial students and trainee local preachers </wiki/Methodist_local_preacher> do study his sermons for his theology. The @@popular expression of Methodist theology is in the hymns of Charles Wesley. @@Since enthusiastic congregational singing was a part of the Evangelical </wiki/Evangelicalism> movement, Wesleyan theology took root and spread through this channel.\nMethodism follows the traditional and near-universal Christian belief in the @@triune @@</wiki/Triune> God-Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In devotional terms, this confession is said to embrace the biblical witness to God's activity in creation, encompass God's gracious self-involvement in the dramas of history, and anticipate the consummation of God's reign. For them, there are @@two Sacraments ordained of Christ: Baptism and Communion @@ (Supper </wiki/Supper> of the Lord).\nIt is a traditional position of the church that any disciplined theological work calls for the careful use of reason </wiki/Reason>. @@By reason, it is said, one reads and interprets Scripture@@__. By reason one determines whether one's Christian witness is clear. By reason one asks questions of faith and seeks to understand God's action and will.__\nThis church @@insists that personal salvation always involves Christian mission and service to the world@@. __Scriptural holiness entails more than personal piety; love of God is always linked with love of neighbor,__ a passion for justice and renewal in the life of the world.\nIn liturgical matters, whereas most Methodist worship is modeled after the Book of Common Prayer a @@unique feature of the Methodist Church is its observance of the season of Kingdomtide,@@ which encompasses__ the last 13 weeks before Advent, thus dividing the long season after Pentecost into two discrete segments__. During Kingdomtide, Methodist liturgy __emphasizes charitable work and alleviating the suffering of the poor.__\nA second @@distinctive liturgical feature of Methodism is the use of Covenant services.@@ Although practice varies between different national churches, most Methodist churches annually follow__ the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their covenant with God.__ It is not unusual in Methodism for each congregation to normally hold an__ annual Covenant Service on the first convenient Sunday of the year, and Wesley's Covenant Prayer is still used,__ with minor modification, in the order of service. It is a striking and sobering piece of liturgical writing, as the following excerpts illustrate:\n...Christ has many services to be done. Some are easy, others are difficult. Some bring honour, others bring reproach. Some are suitable to our natural inclinations and temporal interests, others are contrary to both... Yet the power to do all these things is given to us in Christ, who strengthens us. \n...I am no longer my own but yours. Put me to what you will, rank me with whom you will; put me to doing, put me to suffering; let me be employed for you or laid aside for you, exalted for you or brought low for you; let me be full, let me be empty, let me have all things, let me have nothing; I freely and wholeheartedly yield all things to your pleasure and disposal... \n
CHAPTER XXV\nMines and Mining\n\nPREHISTORIC WORKINGS. Evidences of the early working of mines in this mountain region are so frequent and unmistakable as to leave no doubt that in several places mining was carried on at least three hundred years ago. But by whom is the problem.\n\nThe Andrews Sun of January 4, 1912, having stated that Tristan de Velazquez carried on mining in Cherokee county, the matter was submitted to the Librarian of Congress with the following result:\n\nNOT TRISTAN DE VELASQUEZ. "We have been unable to find any mention of Tristan de Velazquez in the histories of early Spanish explorations in the southeastern states. It seems probable that the article quoted has confused the names of Don Luis de Velasco and Don Tristan de Luna y Arellano. Velasco, as viceroy of New Spain, sent out an expedition in 1559 under command of Luna y Arellano to establish a colony in Florida. One of the latter's lieutenants appears to have led an expedition into northeastern Alabama in 1560. According to Charles C. Jones, in his 'Hernando de Soto, 1880, Luna's expedition penetrated into the Valley river valley in Georgia and there mined for gold, but this statement is questioned by Woodbury Lowery in his 'Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States,' New York, 1901, p.367. There appears to be no authority for the statement that this expedition entered the present limits of North Carolina. A Spanish account of this expedition will be found in Garcilasco de Ia Vega's 'La Florida del Inca,' Lisbon, 1605."[1]\n\nA brief history of early gold mining in the Southern states may be found in George F. Becker's "Gold fields of the Southern Appalachians," in 16th annual report of the United States Geological Survey, 1894-95. Some historical notes of interest are given in Nitze and Wilkins' "Gold Mining in North Carolina," Raleigh, 1897. (North Carolina Geological Survey Bullelin, No.10.) [2]\n\n"THE SPECIMEN" STATE. There are a great many kinds of minerals in North Carolina, especially in the mountain region. But, with few exceptions, the veins or deposits are in small __quantities-so small__ in fact as to have given the State the title of the "@@Specimen State@@." @@Iron, copper, mica, talc, kaolin, barytes, corundum, garnet, and lime@@, however, have been found in paying quantities.\n\nANCIENT DIGGINGS. In his "Speeches and Writings" (p.130) Gen. Clingman gives an account of his work at the Sink Hole mines in Mitchell county in 1867. He thought there was silver ore there and exhibited some of it to several western miners in New York City, who declared it would assay three hundred dollars to a ton; but it produced only about three dollars. Gen. Clingman, however, had caused a shaft to be sunk and two tunnels to be carried entirely below the old excavations, but found nothing but raica. In the same chapter he speaks of a tradition among the Indians that long ago white men came on mules from the South during the summer and carried off a white metal with them, and thinks the remains of old works in Cherokee give countenance to the report.\n\nSINK HOLE MINES. These are about seven niiles southwest from Bakersville and two miles from Galax. From present appearances it would seem that a large number of men had been at work there for years. The mines are on a ridge in front of D. Pinkney Chandler's home, and are from sixty to eighty feet in diameter at the top. They extend along ridge for one-third of a mile. They seem to have been a series of concentric holes, all of which have long since filled up from the debris which had been removed from them. But, standing with their roots on some of this waste originally taken from these holes are several large trees nearly three feet in diameter. "Timber," says Gen. Clingman, "which I examined, that had grown on the earth thrown out, had been growing as long as three hundred years." He speaks also of "a slab of stone near one of these workings that had evidently been marked by blows of a metalic tool." But Mr. Chandler, who has lived there and worked in the mines, thinks the miners carried the waste from these holes on their heads or shoulders, and dug downward only so long as the inclined, cone-like sides would bear a narrow, spiral track used to remove the earth. The walls are not perpendicular, but sloping making a hole in the shape of an inverted cone. The marks of tools are still visible on these sloping sides when the dirt that has fallen back is thrown out; for this earth that once had been removed is still loose, and one can tell the moment he gets outside the original excavation by the increased hardness of the ground. Stone tools five or six inches in length flattened, and two or three inches broad are still there, and some have been found at the bottom of these holes. Mr. Charles D. Stewart of Pinola dug out one of the highest of these sink holes in 1872 to a depth of 42 feet, removing therefrom a tree that had grown in the hole, with three hundred rings in its trunk. He also got stone tools out of this hole. While Gen. Clingman was at work there a tinner named Heap happened in, and taking a block of the mica, which had been thrown out as worthless, to Knoxville found that there was a market for it, and returned with a partner named Clapp and these worked the mine profitably several years. William Silver, about this time, ran a tunnel under this ridge seventeen hundred feet to drain the mine on his land, which was about halfway the length of the ridge. J. K. Irby and D. K. Young also worked there. Others are working there now, but getting only small returns. At the bottom of these mines the ground is too hard for stone tools. Gen. Clingman also mined for silver on C inglnan's branch of Beech creek in 1871. (Watauga County Deed Book No.3, page 595.)\n\nTHE GAERETT RAY MINES. These are near Bakersville, and when a boy Mr. Ray observed a line of stone posts about fifteen feet apart on a mountain slope of his father's farm, and years afterward found that they marked a valuable mica mine, whose limits did not extend beyond them. They had never been worked, though there were a series of round basinlike holes in the soil of the slope.\n\nANCIENT MINING IN CLAY COUNTY. On a ridge on the left bank of Toonah creek, in Clay county, are many evidences of early mining, the surface of the earth having been left in many small but distinct ridges. Gold in small quantities is found in the creek bed, and the character of the white rock and pebbles still tempts searchers after gold to pan and wash the sand and gravel from the nearby hills. It has never paid, however.\n\n@@MICA MINES IN ASHE@@. Of the mica mines in Ashe county the Director of the United States Geological Survey says (1909):\n\n"Hamilton Mine is on the west slope of a mountain two miles northwest of Beaver creek. It was reopened by the Johnson-Hardin Company in 1907. @@Two tunnels were run into the hillside along the vein@@." The character and quality of the mica are stated.\n\nThe North Hardin mine is on a ridge about one and a half miles west of Beaver creek and has been worked on a large scale. It was operated by __two open cuts and other pits__, etc., which have proved the continuity of the __pigmatite__ for over 100 yards and shown the __thickness to vary from three to eight feet__. "The mica has a __beautiful rum color__ and is of the best grade."\n\nThe South Hardin mine is near the top of a small mountain or hill about one and one-half miles southwest of Beaver creek. "The color of the mica obtained was a __clear rum color__ and the quality the best." The __quartz streaks along the foot wall of the pigmatite contained beryl crystals from less than an inch to six to eight inches in diameter__.\n\nOTHER NOTED MICA MINES. There are other noted mica mines in what was formerly Mitchell county, among them being Clarissa, the Seeb Miller mine near Flat Rock, where Ray and Anderson killed two men in a fight over the property in 1884, and the Deake mine, near Spruce Pine. There are several mica mines in Yancey and Macon, from one of the latter, the Jotla Bridge kaolin and mica mine, a @@block of mica@@ was taken "in 1907, which __measured about 29 by 36 inches across and was about four feet thick__."[3] There are numerous other mica mines, in Jackson, Madison and Transylvania. In 1910 there were over 150 producers.\n\n@@USES FOR MICA@@. Mica is used in sheet and ground form--@@sheet mica@@ for __stoves and lamps and for glazing__, and it is also punched into disks and washers or cut by shears for use in __stoves and electrical apparatus__. @@Ground mica@@ is used as an __insulating material__ in electrical machinery, wall paper, etc. The value of the production of mica in North Carolina in 1910 was $230,460,[4] as compared with $148,424 in 1909. The average price of sheet mica in the United States in l910 was 11.5 cents per pound, as compared with 12.9 in 1909; but the average price of sheet mica in North Oarolina per pound, by far the highest price paid.\n\n\n"Among the many varieties of mica only @@two are considered of economic importance@@ because of theirphysical properties; i. e., @@muscovite and phiogopite@@. Of these two varieties __muscovite alone is found in quantities of commercial importance in North Carolina__. Small quantities of biotite mica (black mica) have been used for commercial purposes within the last few years, however, and another variety, the lepidolite has been used as a source of lithium salts. Chemically, __muscovite is a silicate of aluminum and potash with a small amount of water__; phlogophite is a silicate of magnesium, aluminum and potassium; and poitite is a silicate of magnesium, iron, aluminum, and potassium. The three micas are very similar in physical properties except color." \n\nCORUNDUM AND EMERY. These minerals are found in Clay, Macon, Swain, Jackson, Transylvania, Buncombe, Madison, Yancey and Mitchell counties. The following facts are from Vol.1 of the N. C. Geological Survey, 1905, on Corundrum and the Periodites. It contains 464 pages and is devoted entirely to this subject. It can be had by paying the postage. It covers the ground fully.\n\nCorundum was first discovered in Madison county in 1847, about three miles below Marshall, at the mouth of Little Pine creek. The late Dr. C. D. Smith of Franklin, discovered corundum on both sides of Buck creek in Clay County prior to 1875, and Major Bryson did some prospecting there in that year, followed two years later by Frank Meminger, who worked six months and removed about 30 tons. In 1887, a Mr. Ernst did some work at Buck creek, but from then till about 1891 the mine lay idle. About this time, however, Mr. Gregory Hart of Detroit, Mich., worked it on a larger scale for about eighteen months. About 1893 the Hamden Emery and Corundum Company purchased the mine and worked it to some extent, sending the mined product to the Corundum Hill works to be cleaned. It is now owned by the International Emery and Corundum Company of New York. There is every indication of an almost inexhaustible amount of corundum at this mine. It is said to be too far from the nearest-railroad point to justify its operation. The completion of a short logging road from Andrews to Chogah gap will considerably lessen this distance. Just across the mountain, on the head of Shooting creek is the Isbel mine and factory, where considerable work was done about 1897-1898. It is now idle.\n\nCORUNDUM HILL. Corundum Hill mine, seven miles from Franklin on Cullasaja creek, was worked as early as 1871 by the late Col.C. W. Jenks. From 1878 to 1900 from 200 to 300 tons of corundum were cleaned up there every year, since which time only a small amount has been mined. It is owned by the International Emery and Qorundum Company of New York. The late Dr. H. S. Lucas was active in mining these minerals in Macon county for several years, and is credited with having made money in the business. The Buck creek and Corundum Hill mines are the most important as they have been the most productive mines in the State.\n\nCRANBERRY ORE BANK. "The @@Cranberry Ore Bank@@" __in Mitchell [now Avery__] is pronounced by Professor Kerr 'one of the most remarkable iron deposits in America.' Its location is on the __western slope of Iron mountain__, in the northwest part of county, about three miles from the Tennessee line. It takes the name Cranberry from the creek which flows near the outcrop at the foot of the mountain. The surrounding and; associated rocks are gneisses and gneissoids, hornblende, slate and syenite. The ore is a pure, massive and coarse granular magnetite. The steep slope of the mountain and ridges, which the bed occupies, are covered with blocks of ore, some weighing hundreds of pounds, and at places bare, vertical walls of massive ore, 10 to 15 feet thick, are exposed, and over several acres the solid ore is found everywhere near the surface. The length of the outcrop is 1,500 feet, and the width 200 to 800 feet" (State Geological Report). It was worked in 1820[5] by the Dugger family. (See Chapter XVI, "Notable Cases and Decisions," section headed "Carter v. Hoke.")\n\nCRANBERRY'S ANTECEDENTS. Dayton Hunter, Esq., lawyer of Elizabethton, Tenn., owns the land on which stood the first iron works of Tennessee, a deed now in Jonesboro, Tenn., calling in 1778 for Landon Carter's Forge Race. This forge stood about 700 feet east of the present court Carter county. This Landon Carter was the father S. P. Carter, who was both an admiral in the navy and a lieutenant general in the army of the United States. Dayton Hunter married a daughter of Rev. W. B. Carter, a Presbyterian minister and a noted Greek and Latin scholar. Whether Charles Asher had anything to do with this forge is not known, but on the 18th of December, 1795, he and his wife Molly conveyed to Julius Dugger for seventy pounds, "current money of Virginia," (Deed Book A, p.178), 88 3/4 acres on the south side of Watauga river, being part of a grant from North Carolina to said Charles Asher; and in May, 1802, John Asher conveyed to the same Dugger 45 additional acres on the same side of the same river (Deed Book C, p.421). On the 20th of November, 1822, John Asher (a son of Charles and Molly) conveyed to William Dugger (Deed Book C, p.577) one-fourth of all the land on Watauga river, "including the Forge," beginning on a mulberry tree on the north side of the Forge dam, and containing three acres and 54 poles, "which bargained land and one-fourth of the same, including the iron works, with all appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertaining, with free privilege of roads for the use of said iron works, together with the building or reparing timber for the use of said Forge, and free course for water to said Iron Works," is the first reference on the records of the old Dugger Forge, four miles above Butler, Tenn., on the north side of Watauga river. This would also indicate what tradition preserves, that Asher was the original iron master, and that he took the Duggers in with him. Joshua Perkins, who is said to have built the Cranberry forge for the Duggers, was a son of Jacob Perkins to whom on the 18th of September, 1811, Richard White, of Washington county, Va., conveyed, for $1,500, 250 acres on the north side of Watauga river opposite the mouth of Elk creek, reserving to himself a right of way over the land conveyed, "up the hollow," in order to avoid the jutting rock-cliff which formerly blocked the passage of the road on the right bank. This is the time that Richard White left for Missouri, according to the tradition of that locality. So it would seem that Landon Carter was the forefather of Cranberry Forge, that he was succeeded by Charles and John Asher, and the Duggers, while Joshua Perkins was the real builder of Cranberry Forge in 1820.\n\nMAGNETIC CITY. Soon after the Civil War John L. Wilder and associates started a forge on Big Rock creek, and a town which received the name of @@Magnetic City@@. But it was too far at that time from a railroad, and the forge was abandoned. The white houses around Magnetic City and the little valley in which they are situated afford a pleasant surprise to the traveler when he first catches a glimpse of them.\n\nTHE DAVIDSON RIVER IRON WORKS. Charles Moore, grandfather of Judge Charles A. Moore of Asheville, James W. Patton and Thomas Miller of Henderson county, many years before the Civil War, made a contract with George Shuford, a millwright, father of Judge George A. Shuford, to build a forge or furnace and a mill on Davidson River, some of the iron ore being hauled from Boylston creek, although some was brought only three or four miles from a mine on the Boylston road. The hammer used in connection with this iron forge or furnace was operated by water. These owners afterwards became incorporated as the Davidson River Iron Works. It was in operation until after the commencement of the Civil War, when the Confederate Government took charge of it and operated it till its collapse. After the war it was reopened and Judge Shuford remembers seeing from fifty to sixty hands at work there as late as 1866.[6]\n\nTHE SUTTON FORGE. There was also another iron forge or furnace on Mills river, known as the Sutton forge, because it was owned by a man named Sutton. This, however, was not on so large a scale as that on Davidson river.\n\nMEREDITH BALLOU, PIONEER MINER. From Mr. V. E. Ballou of Grassy creek we learn that there are valuable iron mines from eight to twelve miles from Jefferson and about fifteen miles from Troutdale, Va., the nearest railroad station.[7] They were first discovered by Meredith Ballou, the great-grandfather of V. E. Ballou who came to Ashe from Virginia among the first settlers. These iron properties are still owned principally by natives of Ashe county, among whom are J. U. Ballou, Dr. Thos. J. Jones, the Gentry heirs, B. Sturgill and J. U. Ballon. Napoleon B. Ballou was son of Meredith and the father of J. U. Ballou "who built the first bloomery forge and made the first iron in the State, which industry was carried on till about the year 1890 or 1891. Since that time there has been expended in Ashe county some $275,000 or $300,000 in the way of purchase money and development work. This work has proven that there are large, well defined veins of ore of a superior quality in this section of the State, but only one of these properties has been transferred to any large capitalist." (See J. H. Pratt's "Geological History of Western North Carolina in Chapter XXIV of this history.)\n\nIRON PRODUCTION.[8] The Cranberry Iron mine has produced almost all the iron that has been produced in North Carolina for years. __It produces a __@@pig iron@@__ of exceptional quality, commanding a high price. It is magnetic__, and the crude ore is shipped to Knoxville for reduction. It has been a constant producer for twenty-five years. Nearly one hundred years ago iron was made there by the old Bloomery methods, and no better iron has since been made by any method.\n\nAUTHENTIC INFORMATION. From "The Iron Manufacturer's Guide" (1859, by J. P. Lesley), quoted by Prof. Hyde Pratt in his "Geological History of Western North Carolina," in the chapter preceding this in this history, we get what is otherwise a matter of conjecture and doubt as to the date and names of the different "bloomeries" and iron works of this region. There is also a mass of valuable information concerning other mines and mining by Prof. Pratt in that article, to which reference is particularly invited.\n\nORE KNOB COPPER MINE OF ASHE COUNTY. (Information by Messrs. John Dent and H. D. Baker.) About nine miles east of Jefferson, is the Ore Knob Copper mine in Ashe county, which was first opened and worked for iron by Meredith Ballou, a Frenchman, many years ago. He __mined the ore and hauled it to his forge at the mouth of Helton creek, and made__ @@wrought iron@@ of it; but it was found to contain too much copper and sulphur, coating up the tools with copper and was not so good as that from the North fork of the New river. About four years before the Civil War a Virginia corportation, known as the Buckhannon Company, operated Ore Knob, for copper, and hauled the richest ore to Wytheville, Va., sixty miles away, by wagons, drawn by shod oxen. These men had bought it from Jesse Reeves, and after working the mine a year or more, sold it to George S. Miller and associates, who, after the Civil War, sold it to the Clayton Co., of Baltimore, Md. This company, under the management of John Dent now a resident of Jefferson, developed the mine scientificually, had the best of machinery installed, and established a smelter at the mine. They began work about 1873 and continued it till about 1877, when the price of copper declined. They shipped the manufacturered sheet copper to Baltimore, via Marion, Va., and worked from 300 to 600 hands. Work seems to have continued in a smaller way till 1880, when it stopped altogether, Mr. Dent leaving there in December, 1883. This is the first place in North Carolina where copper was made from the ore and __refined up to the__@@ Lake Superior grade@@. __The ore was piled on burning wood heaps and burned from five to to seven weeks, by which time most of the sulphur would have been driven off, after which the roasted ore was smelted with charcoal in shaft furnaces and refined down to 99« per cent pure copper__. The vein's general direction is northeast and southwest, with nearly a vertical dip. Among the principal stockholders of the company were James E. and S. S. Clayton and J. S. and Herman Williams.[9] The land in which the mine lay had belonged to John W. Martin, who conveyed his interest therein to the Clayton Company, the mineral rights therein having been sold under execution at the court house door and bought in by the same company. Work was commenced on the 17th day of March, 1873. Some suppose that this was a mere pocket; but its distance from a railroad was probably the true reason of its abandonment. There is an undeveloped copper mine on Gap creek, near the line between Ashe and Watauga.\n\nELK KNOB COPPER COMPANY. [10] In 1899 this company entered into a contract with J. A. Zinns and Joseph Bock of Minnesota for the operation of a copper mine on Elk Knob, and bought the engine of Vassas Brothers, who had __failed at @@making pipes out of laurel roots@@ in Boone, which business they had started in 1897 in a building in the rear of Blackburn's hotel__.[11] The copper mine was abandoned in a few years, and litigation ensued between Zinns and Bock.\n\nCULLOWHEE COPPER MINE. This is in Jackson county, where some copper was produced in 1909 and 1910; but it is almost too far from a railroad to pay. It has a @@shaft 177 feet deep and a tunnel 4,000 feet in length.@@\n\nADAMS-WESTFELDT COPPER MINE. This is on Hazel creek in Swain county; but the property has been in litigation since 1900. It is on the lead from Ducktown, and is said to be rich. (See this case in Chapter XVI.)\n\nGRAPHITE. The Connally mine at Graphiteville, between Round Knob and the Swannanoa tunnel is in McDowell county. It was operated a few years prior to 1907, but, owing to the difficulty of extracting the ore economically, it was abandoned. There is said to be an inexhaustible quantity on the land.\n\nKAOLIN. Is obtained principally from Jackson, Mitchell and Swain counties. Over $100,000 of this mineral has been produced in this State in a year.\n\nAMETHYST has been found in Macon, especially on Tessentee creek. The Connally mine on this creek has been worked by the American Gem and Pearl Company of New York and the Rhodes mine by the Passmore Gem Company of Boston.\n\nTALC AND PYROPHYLITE DEPOSITS. There are talc deposits in Swain and Cherokee counties. A. A. Campbell of Cherokee was the pioneer in this mining, having shipped it by wagons before the days of railroads to Cleveland, Tennessee. It was then $80 per ton, however. It was used as early as 1859 to line the copper furnaces at Ducktown, Tenn. The principal talc mines are the North Carolina Talc and Mining Company at Hewitts, Swain county; the Alba Mineral Company near Kinsey, Cherokee county; the American Talc Company, and the Glendon Mining and ManufacturingCompany, at Glendon, Moore county. Hewitts mine is the largest and best. Water interfered with the operation some years ago, but that has since been remedied. There is also a talc mine in Mitchell county, near Spruce Pine.\n\nBARYTES. Crude barytes has been produced in the vicinity of Marshall, Stackhouse, Sandy Bottom and Hot Springs in Madison county. This substance has been produced in this county since 1884. The value of the product in 1910 was $145,315. Owing to its weight, it is called "heavy spar." There was a mill for crushing barytes at Warm Springs (now Hot Springs) in August, 1884. ("On Horseback," page 139).\n\n@@THULITE@@ was mined in North Carolina, in the Flat Rock mine, in 1908. It furnishes @@attractive gems when cut en cabochon with the enclosing feldspar.@@\n\nZIRCON was produced in 1909 from the Jones mine near Zirconia, Henderson county, when operated by M. C. and C. F. Toms. Two thousand pounds in 1909 was valued at $250.\n\nPRECIOUS STONES. During 1908, 1909 and 1910 there was little systematic mining for gems in this region.\n\nMARBLE AND LIMESTONE. The main marble outcropping begins on the Nantahala river below Hewitts and extends southward down to Valley river, a distance of over 25 miles. A shorter and parallel band extends from the head of Peachtree creek nearly ten miles southwestward and up Little Brasstown creek. The North Carolina Mining and Talc Company are developing their marble deposits at Hewitts. High freight rates prevent the development of this property.\n\nTHE CASPERIS MARBLE COMPANY. The Casperis Marble Company is now operating marble quarries at Regal, a few miles east of Murphy, and is supplying stone to several railroads. Mr. S. Casperis of Columbus, Ohio, is one of the largest stone operators in the United States. An extensive finishing plant employing about 50 men is operated in connection with the quarry. The quality of what this company calls the "Regal Blue," now being quarried, is said to be unexceled in the United States. The possibilities of marble production near Andrews and Brasstown appear to be almost limitless.\n\nCHASING PETROLEUM RAINBOWs. Notwithstanding the opinion of scientists that "there is no petroleum to be found in the area west of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina, as the rocks were formed long before the period of time at which those carrying petroleum were formed," in the year of grace 1902, in the county of Buncombe, and within two miles of Asheville, W. A. Baird and wife and many others on Beaver-dam creek in Buncombe county, gave W. T. Sidell and E. E. Stewart of West Virginia, leases to mine oil and gas for one-eighth part of the oil and $200 a year for the use of all the gas that might be discovered or produced. (Deed Book, 124, p.73.)\n\nOIL EXCITEMENT ON COVE CREEK. Soon after the Big Freshet of May, 1901, indications of oil appeared near N. L. Mast's store on Cove creek, Watauga county; and A. J. McBride, a reputable citizen, collected the oily film on top of a pool of water by absorbing it with blotting paper. This burned brilliantly; and in July, 1902, W. R. Lovill, Esq., a lawyer of Boone, obtained options on the lands of J. T. Combs and members of his family, B. F. Bingham, T. B. Fletcher and others, for one year. Mr. Lovill interested Gen. J. S. Carr of Durham in the matter, and the latter sent Major Hamlet of Roanoke to investigate. The fiat formation of the rock strata indicates unmistakably the presence of oil, but the ancient character of the rocks contradicted these indications, they being gneiss of the oldest character. But, during the year 1907, the Carolina Valley Oil and Gas Company, composed of men from New York and Pennsylvania, put down a hole near N. L. Mast's store 800 feet deep, and then abandoned the work, claiming that the drill had begun to take a slanting course. This company had a map prepared which indicated that there is oil in many places in Watauga and Avery counties. It is certain that the formation of the rock strata along the lower part of Cove creek and below its entrance into Watauga river is as nearly fiat as it is possible to be. Oil leases were also taken on lands around Sutherland, Ashe county.\n\nAGE OF OUR ROCK FORMATION. From Professor Pratt's Geological History of Western North Carolina, Chapter XXIV in this work, it is clear that "all the rocks of Western North Carolina are amongst the oldest geologic formations," from which we may conclude that we are occupying land that is more ancient than that of the Euphrates, the Nile, or the Jordan so long associated in our minds with the Garden of Eden, the Ptolemys and Old Testament stories.\n\nHIGH HONOR FOR OUR NATIVE GEMS. In the "Carolina Mountains" we learn that the finest specimens of emerald green crystalized corundum in the world, measuring 4 «/ x 2 x 1« inches, is now in the Morgan-Bemet collection in New York. It was taken from Corundum Hill, near Franklin, in 1871. From Cowee creek comes the new gem Rhodolite. "remarkable for its transparency and great brilliancy (p. 268)," large sea-blue aquamarines, and beryls, both sea-green and yellow, tourmalines, purple amethyst, discovered on Tessentee creek by a landslide, and "smoky and citron-green quartz crystals in the Black mountains,... from which have been cut many beautiful objects by the Tiffany lapidaries of New York" (p. 272). Salmon pink chalcedony, agates, green chrysoprase and red and yellow jasper, also are mentioned. North Carolina minerals "are treasured in the greatest collections in the world, in this country very fine ones being on exhibition in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History (N.Y.), in the U.S. National Museum at Washington, D.C., in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, as well as many smaller museums."\n\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nVALUE OP MINERAL PRODUCTION IN FOLLOWING COUNTIES.[12]\nCounty 1909 1910 \nAlleghany $ 400 $ 500 \nAshe 155 500 \nBuncombe 82,844 64,505 \nCherokee 31,283 22,325 \nClay \nGraham \nHaywood 1,550 7,075 \nHenderaon 99,480 60,882 \nJackson 51,599 53,804 \nMacon 45,732 50,300 \nMadison 21,785 20,224 \nMitchell 191,777 259,127 \nSwain 99,564 80,983 \nTransylvania 7,337 6,771 \nWatauga and Wayne 48,338 59,810 \nYancey 32,860 59,284 \n\n\n\n\nNOTES.\n1. H. H. B. Meyer, Chief Bibliographer Congressional library, to J. P. A. January 16, 1912.\n2. Ibid.\n3. Economic Paper No. 23, N.C., Geo. And Econ. Survey, 1911.\n4. Ibid.\n5 From The Iron Manufacturer's Guide," 1859. by J. P. Lesley.\n6. Not mentioned in "The Iron Manufacturer's Guide," 1859, by J. P. Lesley.\n7. Harbard's Bloomery Forge at the mouth of Holton creek was built in 1807, and washed away in 1817;'' Iron Manufacturer's Guide," 1859.\n8. Economic Paper No, 23, N. C. 9. and 11. Survey, 1911, p .30.\n9. The Ore Ore Knob Mining Co. was incorporated by Ch. 29, Pr. Laws of N. C., 1881, John S. Williams, Washington Booth, James E. Tyson and others of Baltimore and James E. Clayton and others of Ashe incorporators.\n10. Deed Book V, Watauga, p.238.\n11. Ibid, T, p.472.\n12. From 25th Annual Beport of the Department of Labor. 1911.
The Pentecostal movement within protestant </wiki/Protestant> Christianity </wiki/Christianity> places special emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit </wiki/Spiritual_gift>. Pentecostalism is similar to the Charismatic </wiki/Charismatic> movement, but developed earlier and separated from the mainstream church. Charismatic Christians, at least in the early days of the movement, tended to remain in their respective denominations.\nTheology\nTheologically, most Pentecostal denominations are aligned with Evangelicalism </wiki/Evangelicalism> in that they emphasize the reliability of the Bible </wiki/Bible> and the need for conversion to faith in Jesus </wiki/Jesus>. Most Pentecostals also adhere to the doctrine of Biblical inerrancy </wiki/Biblical_inerrancy>. Pentecostals differ from Fundamentalists </wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianity> by @@placing more emphasis on personal spiritual experience and, in most cases, by allowing women in ministry.@@\nPentecostals have a transrational <http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transrational> worldview. Although Pentecostals are concerned with orthodoxy </wiki/Orthodoxy> @@(correct belief)@@, they are also concerned with orthopathy </w/index.php?title=Orthopathy&action=edit> @@(right affections)@@ and orthopraxy </wiki/Orthopraxy> @@(right reflection or action).@@ Reason is esteemed as a valid conduit of truth, but Pentecostals do not limit truth to the realm of reason.\nDr. Jackie David Johns </wiki/Jackie_David_Johns>, in his work on Pentecostal formational leadership, states that the Scriptures hold a special place in the Pentecostal worldview because the Holy Spirit is always active in the Bible. For him, to encounter the Scriptures is to encounter God. For the Pentecostal, the Scriptures are a primary reference point for communion with God and a template for reading the world.\nOne of the most prominent distinguishing characteristics of Pentecostalism from Evangelicalism </wiki/Evangelicalism> is its @@emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit@@ </wiki/Holy_Spirit>. @@Speaking in tongues@@, also known as glossolalia </wiki/Glossolalia>, @@is the normative proof of the baptism with the Holy Spirit@@. Some major Pentecostal churches also accept the corollary that those who don't speak in tongues have not received @@the blessing @@that they call "The Baptism of the Holy Spirit </wiki/Baptism_of_the_Holy_Spirit>". This claim is uniquely Pentecostal and is one of the few consistent differences from Charismatic </wiki/Charismatic> theology.\nSome ministers and members admit that a believer might be able to speak in tongues, but for various personal reasons (such as a lack of understanding) might not. This would be the only case where a believer would be filled with the Holy Spirit, but not exhibit the so-called "initial physical evidence" of speaking in tongues. This, however, would be a minority perspective.\nCritics charge that this doctrine does not mesh well with what they believe to be Paul </wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus>'s criticism of the early Corinthian church for their obsession with speaking in tongues (see 1 Corinthians, chapters 12-14 <http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%2012-14&version=31> in the New Testament </wiki/New_Testament>). Advocates say that the Pentecostal position aligns closely with Luke's emphasis in the book of Acts <http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2019:5-6&version=31> and reflects a more sophisticated use of hermeneutics </wiki/Hermeneutics>.\nDr. Dale A. Robbins writes in regards to charismatic beliefs that Church history argues against the idea that charismatic gifts went away shortly after the apostolic age. Dr. Robbins quotes the early church father Irenaeus </wiki/Irenaeus> (ca. 130-202) as writing the following,"..@@.we hear many of the brethren in the church who have prophetic gifts, and who speak in tongues through the spirit, and who also bring to light the secret things of men for their benefit [word of knowledge].@@..". Dr. Robbins also cites Irenaues writing the following, "When God saw it necessary, and the church prayed and fasted much, they did miraculous things, even of bringing back the spirit to a dead man." According to Dr. Robbins Tertullian </wiki/Tertullian> (ca. 155-230) reported similar incidents as did Origen </wiki/Origen> (ca. 182 - 251), Eusebius </wiki/Eusebius> (ca. 275 - 339), Firmilian </wiki/Firmilian> (ca. 232-269), and Chrysostom </wiki/Chrysostom> (ca. 347 - 407).[1] <http://www.victorious.org/sprgifts.htm>\nThe idea that one is not saved unless one speaks in tongues is rejected by most major Charismatic </wiki/Charismatic> denominations.\nSome Pentecostal churches hold to Oneness theology </wiki/Oneness_theology>, which decries the traditional doctrine of the Trinity </wiki/Trinity> as unbiblical. The largest Pentecostal Oneness denomination in the United States is the United Pentecostal Church </wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church>. Oneness Pentecostals </wiki/Oneness_Pentecostals>, are sometimes known as "Jesus-Name", "Apostolics", or by their detractors as "Jesus only" Pentecostals. This is due to the belief that the original Apostles </wiki/Apostles> baptized converts in the name of Jesus. They also believe that God </wiki/God> has revealed Himself in different roles rather than three distinct persons. The major trinitarian pentecostal organizations, however, including the Pentecostal World Conference </wiki/Pentecostal_World_Conference> and the Fellowship of Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches of North America </wiki/Pentecostal/Charismatic_Churches_of_North_America>, have condemned Oneness theology as a heresy </wiki/Heresy> and refuse membership to churches holding this belief. This same holds true for the Oneness Pentecostal towards trinitarian churches.\n[edit </w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit§ion=2>] \n\nHistory\nThe @@Pentecostal movement was also prominent in the Holiness movement @@</wiki/Holiness_movement> who were the first to begin making numerous references to the term "pentecostal" such as in 1867 when the Movement established The National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Christian Holiness with a notice that said: @@[We are summoning,] irrespective of denominational tie...those who feel themselves comparatively isolated in their profession of holiness…that all would realize together a Pentecostal baptism of the Holy Ghost @@</wiki/Holy_Ghost>....\nAlthough the 1896 </wiki/1896> @@Shearer Schoolhouse Revival in Cherokee County, North Carolina @@</wiki/Cherokee_County%2C_North_Carolina> might be regarded as a precursor to the modern Pentecostal movement, modern Pentecostalism began around 1901. \nThe@@ Shearer Schoolhouse Revival@@ was a religious phenomenon that occurred during a series of meetings conducted in the summer of 1896 </wiki/1896> in Cherokee County, North Carolina </wiki/Cherokee_County%2C_North_Carolina>. The revival was __characterized by what participants believed to be the biblical experience of speaking in tongues__ </wiki/Glossolalia>. The group that hosted these worship gatherings eventually became known as the Church of God (Cleveland) </wiki/Church_of_God_%28Cleveland%29>.\nIt needs to be pointed out that this event predated the Azusa Street Revival </wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival> (1906 </wiki/1906>) which is generally held to be the event that started the Pentecostal Movement </wiki/Pentecostalism> in the United States. This fact indicates that the Asuza Revival could possibly be seen as one of many similar religious phenomenons that occurred at around the same point in history. There is no doubting, however, that Asuza had a greater "impact" and is more widely known.\nEstablished as a holiness movement in 1886, the Christian Union, as it was called then, was characterised during its early years by fervent prayer for revival. Those prayers were answered in an unlikely place, a rural town in the mountains of western North Carolina. \nThere, @@in the spring of 1896@@__, some 130 believers who had assembled at the Shearer Schoolhouse in Cherokee County experienced manifestations of the Holy Spirit__ that they had never heard of before, particularly @@speaking in tongues and miraculous healing.@@ Only after studying the Bible did they realise that such manifestations had occurred in the early church. \nEarly Pentecostals in the Church of God faced @@persecution from locals who were opposed to their holiness doctrines, their unusual behaviour and their noisy services. Violence was not uncommon@@, as Christians were shot at and stoned and their homes and churches burned. \nUnder the leadership of founder W.F. Bryant, the services gradually became more orderly and the persecution abated. \nBryant was succeeded by A.J. Tomlinson, who is credited with changing the name to the Church of God and printing the church's first publications. Tomlinson later became the denomination's first general overseer and moved the headquarters across the mountains to Cleveland, north-east of Chattanooga, Tenn. \n
CHAPTER XXIII\nPhysical Peculiarities\n\nAN IMPOSSIBLE TASK. To give a full and detailed account or description of all the peculiar physical features of this Land of the Sky would be impossible in the allotted space. Doubtless there are many that are unknown to the writer. The facts given, however, may be relied on as an under- rather than as an over-statement. \n\nWAS IT EVER "LAKE TAHKEEOSTEE?" "Whether or not the valley of the French Broad near Asheville was ever, as has been supposed, the head of a mountain lake, whose lower or deepest part was above Mountain Island and Hot Springs, is an unsettled question for the geologists.[1] Certain it is that the French Broad has cut its way through the mountains at Mountain Island, as is apparent to the most casual observer of the mountains at that place, not only in the obvious signs that still remain to indicate the exact spot where it cut through, but also in the unquestionable beds of that river in the days gone by now on the tops of the mountain ridges which lie along its western banks, probably 200 feet higher than its present bed, and only a short distance above the Mountain Island. These old beds cross the channel of the present stream below the Palisades at Stackhouse's and above the Mountain Island. They contain many stones worn smooth and rounded by the abrasions to which their position in the river subjected them." This is also true of the stones on Battery Park hill. Dr. Sondley suggests that this may have been the famous lake mentioned by Lederer in his account of exploration into North Carolina in 1669-70, as it "fits the description and lies near the place," describing his visit to the Sara Indians who were subject to "a neighbor king residing upon the bank of a great lake called the Usbery, environed on all sides with mountains and Wisacky marsh." The water of this lake was a little brackish, due to mineral waters flowing into it, and was about ten leagues broad. He cites Hawk's History of North Carotina, p.49. \n\nMINOR ODDITIES. On the waters of Meat Camp, Watauga, is a field formerly belonging to David Miller who represented Ashe in the House of Commons in 1810,1811 and 1813, still known as the "Sinking Spring Field," because its water sinks shortly after appearing on the surface of the ground. In this field was also the largest white oak of which people still speak, said to have been 32/12 feet in circumference and from 50 to 60 feet to the first limbs. There are several immense springs which gush out of the earth in what is still known as The Meadows, mentioned in the will of Robert Henry as having belonged to him at the time of his death, but which is now owned by the heirs of Dr. Hitchcock of Murphy. On a ridge on the bank of Little Santeetla, near where John Denton used to live, is the largest single spring in the mountains, the stream from it being almost a creek. On the same ridge at the point known as Howard's Knob, near Boone, and probably half a mile to the northeast, is a place about ten feet in diameter on which it is said no snow was ever known to lie, and a piece of the ore taken from it melted into lead. There is also still some talk of a Swift and Munday mine, now long lost, but supposed to be somewhere in Ashe. What metal it was supposed to contain is not now known. \n\nCHEOAR AND NANTARALA RIVERS ORIGINALLY ONE. In the descnption of the Nantahala quadrangle (1907) the United States Geological survey says of the Nantahala and Cheoah rivers: \n"Nantahala river has by far the greatest descent, falling from 4,100 feet on the Blue Ridge to a little less than 1,600 feet at the point where it joins the Little Tennessee, an average grade of about 65 feet per mile, the greater part of it coming in the upper 25 miles. A similarly rapid fall characterizes the lower portion of Cheoah river. Originally the Nantahala flowed in a direct course down the Cheoah valley. It was diverted about midway in its course by a branch of Little Tennessee river, working back along the soluble Murphy marble. Its old elevation of 2,800 feet is marked by pebble deposits on summits one and one-half miles nearly west and three miles nearly southeast of Nantaha1a. On the upper reaches of both these streams small plateaus and rarely over a mile in width, accom~any the watercourses. Below on the Nantahala, and Buffalo creek, on the Cheoah, the rivers descend in narrow and rapidly deepening canyons. Similar plateaus, from two to four miles wide, border the upper parts of the Little Tennessee and Tuckaseegee. The river channels have cut their way 200 to 500 feet below the surface of these plateaus. Not far beyond the junction of these two rivers the valley is hemmed in by steep mountains and becomes a narrow and rocky gorge. The descent of 4,000 feet from Hangover to the mouth of aheosa river is accomplished in a trifle over four miles." \n\nTHE BALDS. There are no balds on the Blue Ridge; but from Whitetop at the Virginia line to the Stratton and Hooper balds in Graham county, the Great Smoky mountain summits, abound in bald spots. They are usually above the 5,000-foot mark, and contain no trees whatever. Instead, they are carpeted with rich wild grass, and tradition says that before white men turned their cattle on them to graze, @@this grass was "saddle-high."@@ Some of the transverse ranges have these balds also, notably the Nantahalas and the Balsams. There must be a thousand acres of almost level and perfectly bald lands on the Roan and Yellow mountains, and a large acreage on the Tusquittee and Nantahala. From Thunderhead in Swain to the Little Tennessee river there is a succession of bald summits, and the Andrews bald just north of Clingman's Dome covers a considerable area. There are invariably small springs flowing from the edges of these bald spots, where cattle slake their thirst in midsummer. From a distance these green patches seem to be yellow, hence the name of the Yellow mountain just north of the Roan. @@Surrounding these balds are usually forests of balsam trees@@ in primeval state. The Blacks and Clingman's Dome are covered with them, also the Balsam mountains, in Haywood county. The soil is black and deep. \n\nSTRATTON AND HOOPER BALDS. At the head of Santeetla and Buffalo creeks in Graham county, near its junction with Cherokee, are the Hooper and Stratton Balds, named for first settlers by those names. Near them are the Haw Knob and Laurel Top; and to the north Hangover, Hayo and Fodder Stack mountains. Just below the Hangover is the residence of Dave Orr, one of the pioneers of that section and still a famous bear hunter. In 1897 a bear caught his bell-wether, and the next day Dave belled a cowardly young hound and left him to gnaw upon the carcass of the dead sheep, and waited. Soon the pup came running, with bruin at his heels. Dave had a "mess of bar meat for dinner that day." \n\nTUSQUITTEE BALDS. The view from the balds of Tusquittee is unsurpassed in the mountains. There are several bald prominences on this mountain, one of which is known as the Medlock Bald and another the Pot Rock Bald, from a depression in the rock almost the exact size and depth of an ordinary pot. It is at least two miles along the top of this mountain, which forms an elbow in its course. \nTo the north of this range and scarcely three miles distant is the parallel range, known as Valley River mountains, and they are separated by Fires creek. They come together at a point called Nigger Head. This is at the head of Tunah and Chogah creeks, and there is@@ a high, narrow ridge running from it to the Weatherman Bald, across which deer and bear used to have to pass when driven by the hunters@@ from the head of Chogah creek or Fires creek. It was @@along this sharp ridge, scarcely wide enough for a narrow footpath, that "Standers" used to be placed in order to get a shot at the fleeing game@@. The late Alex. P. Munday of Aquone used to be a famous bear hunter, and his old dog, "Nig," and his gray stallion, "Buck," knew better where to go than he did himself in order to get the best stand for a shot. It is near here that one finds the Juckers and Weatherman "roughs," or rocky places, grown up in vines, laurel and spruce pines. "Roughs"is sufficiently descriptive of them. On the Valley River mountains the principal peaks are Beal's Knob, White Oak Knob, the Big Stamp Knob and the Peachtree Knob. \n\nMITCHELL'S PEAK. This highest point east of the Rocky mountains is about thirty miles from Asheville. The road used to go via what is now Black Mountain Station and the old Patton house, near what is the intake of the city water works and Gombroon, up the North Fork of the Swannanoa river almost to the Estatoe gap, where it took to the left, and passing the Half Way house,' built by the late William Patton of Charleston, S. C., zig-zagged up to the top. There is now a road via Montreat and Graybeard. Another trail is from Pensacola, in Yancey, in trying to follow which Prof. Mitchell lost his life, and another from South Toe river. It is also possible to go along the ridge from Celo at the head of Cattail. In 1905 Mr. R. S. Howland constructed a road from what is now the E. W. Grove park to the top of Sunset mountain, thence to Locust gap, thence to Craven's gap, and thence to within half a mile of Bull gap, the grade being about one per cent from Overlook Park, and costing over $50,000. Later on Dr. C. P. Ambler constructed a road from this terminus to his house on a slope of Craggy, and known as Rattlesnake Lodge. From there on, in 1911, a riding way was built via Craggy to Mitchell's Peak; but it was never finished. This is the road that will be converted into "The Crest of the Blue Ridge" highway, and will pass Mitchell's Peak and go On via Altamont to Linville gap, over the Yonahlossie road to Blowing Rock. Work was done on this road near Altamont in the Summer of 1912. The view from Mitchell's Peak is somewhat obstructed by the balsam growth surrounding it, and as clouds hover over it almost constantly, disappointment often attends a visit to this lofty point. In 1877 there was a hut made of balsam logs and covered with boughs, that afforded shelter to visitors, in addition to that under the shelving ledge of rock, beneath which hundreds of visitors have shivered and lain awake for hours. About 1885 the U. S. Weather Bureau established a station there, when more comfortable quarters were constructed for the observers. They had to "pack" their supplies up late in the fall, and were practically isolated till spring. That house, however, like the first spoken of, was afterwards burned by vandals. Other vandals, later on have shot holes through the monument to Prof. Mitchell, and one fiend sank his axe-blade clean through one of its sides. There is a good spring near the peak. In 1912 a lumber company erected another shelter on top, and quarters can be secured for a night's lodging under certain conditions. Mr. William Patton of Charleston built the first trail to the top in 1857-58. \n\nTHE GRANDFATHER. From Linville city in Avery county, from Banner Elk, and from Blowing Rock good trails run to the top of the highest of the five peaks of the Grandfather. Pinola and Montezuma on the Linville river railroad are the nearest railroad points. The view is splendid-unsurpassed, in fact. Near the top is a @@spring which is said to be the coldest in the mountains, being 45 degrees in all seasons@@. Alexander McRae's and the Grandfather Inn are the nearest stopping places. McRea was born in Glenelg, Inverness county, Scotland, and came over to America in 1885, and has furnished music on the bagpipes to visitors- to the Grandfather ever since.[2] \n\nTHE ROAN MOUNTAIN. This can be reached from Mountain station on the East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad or from Bakersville, three miles Toecane ou the Cincinnati, Clinchfield and Ohio Railroad. It is much patronized by hay-fever patients. There is fine hotel there. The view is better than any other. It over 6,000 feet above the sea. \n\nNANTAHALA BALDS. The Wayah, Wine Spring, Rocky, Jarrett's and Little balds are the principal peaks. They can be reached from Franklin or from Aquone, both in Macon county. The view is splendid. \n\nTHUNDERHEAD. Just above what is still known as the Anderson Road, an abandoned wagon road from Tennessee to the Spence cabin in Swain, stands Thunderhead, one of the lofty peaks of the Great Smokies. From it Miss Mary N. Murfree saw the picture her pen painted in one of her stories of this region. \n\nA PEN PICTURE. "On a certain steep and savage slope of the Great Smoky Mountains the primeval wilderness for many miles is unbroken save one meagre clearing. The presence of humanity upon the earth is further attested only by a log cabin, high on the rugged slant. At night, the stars seem hardly more aloof than the valley below. By day, the mountains assert their solemn vicinage, an austere company. The clouds that silently commune with the great peaks, the sinister and scathing deeds of the lightnings, the passionate rhetoric of the thunders, the triumphant pageantry of the sunset tides, and the wistful yearnings of the dawn aspiring to the day--these might seem only incidents of this lonely and exalted life. So august is this mountain scheme that it fills all the world with its massive multitudinous presence: still stretching out into the dim blue distances an infinite perspective of peak and range and lateral spur, till one may hardly believe that the fancy does not juggle with the fact."[3] \n\nHELLS. There are many @@tangles and thicketty places@@ in the coves of these mountains, and others where the __laurel and ivy and small spruce pines__ so cover the banks of the streams as to render locomotion along them impossible. are necessary to hew a way in many places, and woe to that man who ventures too far into their depths by crawling or creeping between their rigid branches. At the head of Tellico creek in Tennessee and in the Rainbow country of North Carolina, where the State line is now in dispute, is what is called @@Jeffries Hell. It is said that many years ago a man named Jeffries got bewildered in that place and spent nine days there without food before he managed to effect his escape@@. There are @@other hells in the mountains@@, but Jeffries' is the largest and most famous. \n\nTHE CHIMNEYS. At the head of one of the Pigeons, and just west of Collins gap, visible from the Ocona Lufty road, are three sharp, pyramidal shaped pinnacles called the Chimneys. They are covered with small spruce pines and rocks, but how any soil manages to cling to such steep mountain sides is a mystery. They are green in winter because of the spruce pines covering them, and present a striking contrast to other peaks around them. \n\nGRAPHIC PEN PICTURES. In "The Heart of the Alleghanies" we have glowing descriptions of the view from Clingman's Dome, the culminating point of the Great Smoky range, and which Gen. Clingman measured in 1857; of the Great Balsam Divide, the Plott Balsams, and of the mysterious Juda-Culla Old Field, just south of the Old Bald gap between Richland creek and Caney Fork river; which always "presents a weird and unnatural appearance. . . . Its only growth presents a peculiar yellowish look, and the fact that __no tree or sapling has ever grown within its limits__ has not been accounted for scientifically." Here, the legend says, the giant Tsulkalu made a clearing for his farm. Here flint arrow-heads and broken pottery have been found, showing "almost conclusively that some of the Cherokees themselves . . . occupied it as an abiding place for years." This book also tells of the "@@fire-scalds@@," and of the @@Devil's Court House in the Balsams@@, which, however, is not his Supreme court house the latter being on Whiteside mountain. Gen. Clingman, in his "Speeches and Writings," describes Shining Rock in the Balsams most strikingly; and says of the Devil's Old Field on the Balsams that it was __the Devil's chosen resting place__. He also accounts for the balds by saying the @@Indians supposed they were made by the devil's footsteps@@ as he walked over the tops of the mountains. A fine description of the Tuckaseegee falls above Webster is given in the "Heart of Alleghanies." \n\nOTHER NOTED ROCKS. Buzzards' Rocks and the Dogs' Ears, near Shull's Mills, Watauga county; Black Rock, above Horse Cove; Satula (pronounced Stooly) near Highlands; Samson's Chimney, near Howard's Knob at Boone; Hawk's Bill and Table Rock, between Morganton and Linville mountain; Riddle's and Howard's Knobs, near Boone; Nigger Head, near Jefferson, and scores of others are objects of local interest in various localities. Hanging Rock, above Banner Elk, and the North Pinnacle, on the Beech mountain, in the same locality, are noted rocks, from the last of which a fine view can be had after an easy climb from a good road. \n\nTRACK ROCKS. "Some distance further to the west (from Juda-Culla Old Field) on the north bank of Caney Fork, about one mile above Moses' creek and perhaps ten miles above Webster, is the Juda-Culla Rock, a large soap-stone slab covered with rude carvings, which, according to...tradition, are @@scratches made by the giant in jumping@@ from his, farm on the mountain to the creek below."' Tracks of elk, wolves, etc., are said to be visible in a rock at the head of Devil's creek in Mitchell county. \n\n"THE ROCKS." What are locally known as ' The Rocks" are two immense masses of stone standing detached m a pasture field on the road from Plumtree to Bakersville They are a landmark. Bynum's Bluff is also noted. \n\nSMALL NATURAL BRIDGE. Just over the ridge from the Caney Fork of the Tuckaseegee river, in what is called Canada, and where it has been suspected that one or more blockade stills have existed in time past, present and (will) to come, is Tennessee creek. It flows under a small natural rock bridge when it is normal, and over it when it is "full." \n\nTHE TRIANGLE TREE. Almost one mile above Fairfax post office on the Little Tennessee river, in Swain county, stood, until a great freshet came and washed it away eight or ten years ago, one of the most unusual and remarkable freaks in the shape of tree growth in America. But so isolated had it become by reason of the practical abandonment of late years of the wagon road from Bushnel to Rocky Point that few strangers ever saw it, while to the few natives of region, who had seen it for years and years, it called marked attention. \nIt was a large spruce pine at least three feet in diameter five feet above the ground where a limb or branch of a diameter of at least eighteen inches left the main trunk at an angle of about forty-five degrees and extended out toward the river, while three feet above its point of departure from the main trunk a second limb or branch, twelve inches in diameter, shot out in the same direction as the first, but at an angle of seventy-five or eighty degrees and joined itself to the first limb six or seven feet from its base so perfectly that it grew into and had become a part thereof, thus forming with the main trunk a perfect triangle of living wood. It was easy to climb into this triangle and by sitting astride the first or lower limb to hold the body erect against the trunk of the tree immediately under the second limb. It is a pity it was never photographed, but the dimensions given above are accurate, since they were carefully measured and noted while the tree was still standing in all its glory. \n\nTHE HIGH ROCKS. Just below the mouth of Eagle creek are what are locally called the "High Rocks." They are a tumbled mass of solid rocks, some of them larger than a two-roomed house, resting one upon the other above the riverside and extending almost to the top of the mountain. They are apparently now just where they found themselves when eons and eons ago some cataclysm of nature tumbled these mountains about as though they had been pebbles and grains of sand. \n\nTHE CHIMNEYS. On the road from Montezuma to Banner Elk and just before reaching the Sugar Gap, are two other large masses of rook projecting out of the side of the mountain like two enormous and discolored incisor teeth. One of them is said to be eighty feet in height and the other and further one from the road, nearly as high. There is no photograph of these immense rock heaps, but fortunately there is no danger of their destruction by a freshet or other cause. They are called "The Chimneys." \n\nTHE DEVIL'S CAP. Eight miles from Altamont and about three from the Cold Spring hotel in Burke county, on Ginger Cake mountain, and just east of Linville river, below Linville Falls, is what is called the Devil's Cap. It is a perpendicular mass of rock sixty or seventy feet high and about twenty feet in diameter, surmounted by a large flat stone so placed on its pedestal as to look as if it must surely soon slide off and fall to the ground. It is in a little swag or gap in this ridge, and is best seen from the top of a precipice nearby, from which can also be had through a rift in the dense foliage, a magnificent view of the wild and romantic Linville Gorge, the wildest and most inaccessible in the mountains, with the possible exception of that of the Nantahala, between the "Apple Tree" place and Jarrett's Station on on the Murphy branch of the Western North Carolina Railroad. This freak of nature, the Devil's Cap however, has been photographed. \n\nDUTCH CREEK FALLS. Within half a mile of Valle Crucis school, Watauga, are the Dutch creek falls, which are about eighty feet in height. The little stream spreads itself evenly over the surface of the precipice down which it slides rather than falls, forming a fine picture as seen from the gloomy gorge below. It is more easy of access than falls generally are, and is well worth a visit. \n\nLINVILLE FALLS are at Linville, a postoffice and village in what is now Avery county. The falls had in 1876 two distinct falls, each about 35 feet in height, the upper falls pouring into a small basin and then plunging over another precipice into the black pool below. But, of late years, the lower ledge of rock has given way from some cause, and much of the water passes under and around the boulders into which it has been broken, instead of falling smoothly over a straight line of rock, as formerly. It is the most accessible of all falls now. \n\nELK FALLS. Three miles from Cranberry are the Falls of Elk, and they are about as high as the Dutch creek falls, but carrying more water in the descent. The cascades or rapids of the same creek a few miles above, at Banner's Elk, are also worth a visit. \n\nWATAUGA FALLS are a few hundred feet west of the North Carolina and Tennessee line. They are hardly falls, but rapids, pouring an immense volume of water through a narrow gorge, and requiring several hundred feet at that place to gain comparative smoothness. The scenery around the falls is wild and imposing, the rocks left bare by the current being immense, It is only about a quarter of a mile from the Butler-Valle Crucis turnpike. \n\nTHE "DRY" FALLS. The Dry, or Pitcher falls, of the Cullasaga river, four miles from Highlands, are so called because the stream leaps from the precipice above and leaves a clear dry space beneath, behind and under which one can pass to the further side dry-shod. It is about seventy-five feet in height and the water pours over the rock ledge from which it leaps much as does a stream poured from the mouth of a pitcher. \n\nHICKORY-NUT FALLS. The Hickory Nut Falls are just east of the Hickory Nut gap of the Blue Ridge. This appears to be a mere ribbon of water hung from the top of the precipice, but in reality it is a creek of such size as to have power to turn a grist mill before leaping to the gorge nine hundred feet below. \n\nCHIMNEY ROCK. Between this loftiest waterfall in the Appalachians and the Hickory Nut gap road is the Chimney Rock, an enormous rock mass on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge, eighty or ninety feet in height. The large trees growing around it reveal by contrast its immense size and height. Though, till within the last twenty years, no man had ever scaled its height to let the plummet down, a ladder-like stairway now reaches its summit and a wooden railing extends all the way around it. \n\nTHE POOLs. The Pools, just above the old Logan hotel or tavern in the same picturesque locality, are three circular holes from eight to fifteen feet in diameter, in the rock bed of the creek, all of which are said to be bottomless. It is evident that they were made by the revolution of small stones on the softer surface of the creek bed, kept in constant motion by the continual flow of the creek; but they are not bottomless, nor is there any danger of suction, as swimmers disport themselves in their cool depths every summer. \n\nESMERALDA'S CABIN. Just across the road is the detached rock mass locally known as Esmeralda's cabin, because of the delightful romance located in that region by the gifted Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett, called "Esmeralda," and which was popular twenty-five years ago. Indeed, the novel was dramatized and successfully played at that time in New York and all over the country. \n\nSHAKING BALD. Here, too, is Esmeralda Inn, long kept by Col. Thomas Turner, a veteran of the Federal Army, and now by his son, while not far away is Bat Cave, a gloomy cavern in the face of the mountain above one prong of the Broad river; and @@Shaking Bald@@, a mountain top which, in the seventies, caused considerable newspaper comment because of the @@noises said to have been heard@@ in that locality. __Earthquake shocks and volcanoes even were predicted for several years but nothing ever came__ of the stories. This locality, one the most charming and picturesque in the mountains, is adequately described in @@Christian Reid's "Land of the Sky", the novel@@ which gave its name to this entire region. It was published in l875[5] and was one of the means of drawing public attention to the beautiful scenery of the mountain region of North Carolina and its unsurpassed summer climate. The Hickory Nut region is in what is called the Thermal Belt. \n\n@@HOT SPRINGS@@. Paint Rock and Hot Springs, on the French Broad river, about forty miles northwest from Asheville, are two other remarkable places in this mountain region worthy of mention, which the same gifted author described with her facile pen in the same charming story. Hot Springs was discovered in l787 by some soldiers from the Watauga settlement when in pursuit of a band of Cherokee Indians, and has been a noted health resort ever since. Although its waters are __strongly impregnated with mineral and have medicinal properties__, they are as clear as crystal. They are very __beneficial for gouty and rheumatic troubles__. There is a large and well appointed hotel which is very popular every season of the year. \n\nPAINT ROCK. "The Painted Rock" of old - Cherokee days, or "@@Paint Rock@@" of our times, is a rock cliff over a hundred feet in height which has a red stain on its outer surface caused by the oxidation of the iron in its composition. Whatever figures of men or animals ever existed upon its face have long since disappeared. There is the usual romantic __story of one or two lovers throwing himself or herself, or themselves__, from the top of this rock and from the top of __another rock nearly as high in the neighborhood of Hot Springs__,@@ called Lover's Leap@@, but there is no tangible evidence that any local lovers ever were so foolish. \n\nTHE @@SMOKING MOUNTAIN@@. Twenty years ago there were a series of newspaper stories of a smoking mountain above Bee Tree creek in Buncombe county, and many citizens visited the locality in question only to be disappointed, while none save those living constantly in the neighborhood __never saw the smoke__, and by the time others were called from a distance it had disappeared. What it was, if anything more than __autumn haze or imagination__, was never established. It, however, "had __nothing to do with anything regarding volcanic action__."[6] \n\nTHE WALKS. A short distance below Flat Shoals of Watauga river, and near the Tennessee line, are a series of immovable natural stepping stones, regularly placed across the bed of the river, and over which one may walk dry-shod even when the stream is considerably swolen. Hence the name-- @@The Walks@@. \n\n"THUS FAR." Almost from the Virginia line to the Little Tennessee river there is a fringe of balsam or white spruce crowning the crest of the western escarpment known as the Smoky mountains, except where the dense blue fringe of trees is broken by the "balds." But, remarkable as it may seem, there is not a single tree or sapling of the balsam growth south of the Little Tennessee, although the Gregory Bald, only a few miles to the northeast, is fringed by a dense growth of balsams which extend to both the Big and Little Parson balds. The soil and climate and, indeed, the altitude of the range south of the Little Tennessee, are almost identical with those to the north, but neither bird nor breeze has ever carried the balsam seed across the river and imbedded it in the soil beyond in a manner that has resulted in its growth across which the dead line of that rapid stream. \n\nHELL's HALF-ACRE.[7] "The bear-hunters are the only men familiar with these head-waters of the Richland creek. At the foot of the steep, funereal wall lies one spot known as Hell's Half-Acre. Did you ever notice, in places along the bank of a wide woodland river, after a spring flood, the __great piles of huge drift-logs, sometimes covering an entire field__, and heaped as high as a house? @@Hell's Half-Acre@@ is like one of these fields. It is __wind and time, however, which bring the trees, loosened from their hold on the dizzy heights and craggy slopes, thundering down into this pit__. \n\n"THE CHIMBLEYS AND SHINIES."[7] The "Chimbleys and Shinies," as called by the mountaineers, form another feature of the region of the Gulfs. The former are walls of rock, either bare or overgrown with wild vines and ivy. They take their name from their resemblance to chinineys as the fogs curl up their faces and away from their tops. The Shinies are sloping ledges of rock, bare like the Chimneys, or covered with great thick plaits of shrubs, like the poisonous hemlock, the rhododendron, and kalmia. Water usually trickles over their faces. In winter it freezes, making surfaces that, seen from a distance, dazzle the eye. \n\n"@@HERRYCANES@@." The effects of a hurricane in the Balsam mountains are described thus in "The Heart of the Alleghanies") \n"For two miles, along this sharp ridge, nearly e"ery other tree had been whirled by the storm from its footing. They not only covered the path with their trunks bristling with straight branches; but, instead of being cut off short, the wind had torn them up by the roots, lifting thereby all the soil from the black rocks, and leaving great holes for us to descend into, cross and then ascend. It was a continuous crawl and climb for this distance."\nViolent windstorms are rare in these mountains, owing to the fact that they are broken up as they approach from the lowlands east, west and south; but there are two other places called "herrycanes," one being on a branch at the head of Tusquittee creek in Clay county, and the other on @@Indian creek@@ just above its junction with @@Ugly creek@@, thus @@forming Cataloochee creek@@ in Haywood county. The Clay hurricane occurred soon after the Civil War or during it, and the Haywood hurricane about 1896. The fallen timber in Clay is still visible, while a whole mountain side in front of Jesse Palmer's residence is covered with the rent fragments of giant trees which have been uprooted or twisted from their trunks bodily. \n\nLOOKING-GLASS FALLS. These are in Transylvania county and are on G. W. Vanderbilt's "Pisgah Forest tract." In the sale of his timber in 1812, he reserved twenty acres around these falls.[8] \n\nNOTES.\n1. From "Asheville's Centenary."\n2. Balsam Groves, 221-232.\n3. From "The Despot of Broomsedge Cove," by Miss Mary N. Murfree.\n4. Nineteenth Eth. Rep., p.407.\n5. D. Appleton & Co., publisher,, but now out of print.\n6. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, to J. P. A., April 5, 1912.\n7. Zeigler and Grosseup. p.64.\n8. Buncombe Deed Book, No.161, p.118. \n\n~Return to New River Notes </newriver/nrv.htm> \n
Post Civil War\n- 1866 to 1930 -\nBecause of the @@remoteness of Cataloochee, the valley was hardly affected by Reconstruction.@@ The residents more or less resumed their pre-Civil War way of life and did well in their wonderful valleys. The children were educated in the little one room @@school houses from grades 1 through 7.@@ Circuit riding preachers helped to feed the already spirits.\nAs a new century came, the people of Cataloochee still farmed, raising their crops and livestock and performed the chores that maintained their existence. Post Offices kept them in touch with the outside world.\nIn the 1920s, work was begun to modernize the Cataloochee Turnpike which was first completed in about 1861. With the help of dynamite, the improved road, only wide enough for a wagon in most places, was completed. The new road was a vast improvement from the old road used for sixty years.\nAn influenza epidemic struck the world in 1918 and reached Cataloochee in 1920. Many were sick and recuperated. Others were not so fortuante and are buried in the cemeteries in across Cataloochee.\nIn the late 1920s, the beautiful timber in and around Cataloochee turned money green. Lumber companies bought properties, built camps and railroads, hired the workers and logged out the mountains. The once beautiful forests were turned into a wasteland.\nCataloochee had four post offices. The first one was in Young Bennett's house, then it was moved to Frank Palmer's house. From there it was moved to Jarvis Palmer's house. Maria Palmer was the postmistress. This post office was referred to as the Cataloochee Post Office. When this post office was closed, it was replaced by the Nellie Post Office which was named after Turkey George Palmer's daughter amd was in a general store.\nThe Ola Post Office was in Little Cataloochee. It was named after Will and Rachel Messer's daughter. This post office was also located in the general store.\nThe mail carriers were Hub Caldwell and Mercius Hall. Their substitutes at one time or another were Myrtle Sutton, Ella Hall, and Pearl Valentine. (t\n
CHAPTER IX.\nPIONEER PREACHERS\n\nSOLITUDE AND RELIGION. The @@isolation of the early settlers was conducive\nto religious thoughts, @@especially among the uneducated ministry of that\nday. This is impressively told in the following paragraph:\n\n"There was naught in the scene to suggest to a mind familiar with the\nfacts an oriental landscape -- naught akin to the hills of Judea. Yet,\nignorance has license. It never occtrrred to Teck Jepson [a local preacher\nin the novel] that his biblical heroes had lived elsewhere... He brooded\nupon the Bible narratives, instinct with dramatic movement, enriched with\npoetic color, and localized in his robust imagination, till he could trace\nilagar's wild wanderings in the fastnesses; could show where Jacob slept\nand piled his altar of stones; could distinguish the hush, of all others\non the "bald," that blazed with fire from heaven when the angel of the\nLord stood within it;... saw David, the stripling, running and holding\nhigh in his right hand the bit of cloth cut from Saul's garments while the\nking had slept in a cave at the base of Cbilhowie mountain. And how was\nthe splendid miracle of translation discredited because Jepson believed\nthat the chariot of the Lord had rested in scarlet and purple clouds upon\nthe towering summit of Thunderhead that Elijah might thence ascend into\nheaven?"(1)\n\nEARLY PREACHERS. Staunton, Lexington and Abingdon, Virginia, and\nJonesboro, Tenn., and Morganton, N. C., have been @@largely Presbyterian\nfrom their earliest beginning. Not so, however, Western North Carolina in\nwhich the Baptists and Methodists got the "start" @@and have maintained it\never since, notwithstanding the presence almost from the first of the Rev.\nGeorge Newton and many excellent ministers of the Presbyterian faith since\nhis day. The@@ progress of the Methodists was due largely, no doubt, to the\nfrequent visits of Bishop Asbury.@@\n\nTHE FIRST METHODIST BISHOP. "In the year 1800 @@Bishop Francis Asbury @@began\nto include the French Broad valley in his annual visits throughout the\neastern part of the United States, which extended as far west as Kentucky\nand Tennessee."(2) @@He was so encouraged by the religious hunger he\ndiscovered in these mountain coves@@ that he continued his visits till\nNovember, 1813, notwithstanding the rough fare he no doubt frequently had\nto put up with. Following extracts are from his "Journal":\n\nAT WARM SPRINGS IN 1800.\n(Thursday, November 6, 1800) "Crossed Nolachucky at Querton's Ferry, and\ncame to Major Craggs', 18 miles. I next day pursued my journey and arrived\nat Warm Springs, not, however, without an ugly accident. After we had\ncrossed the Small and Great Paint mountain, and had passed about thirty\nyards beyond the Paint Rock, my roan horse, led by Mr. O'Haven, reeled and\nfell over, taking the chaise with him; I was called back, when I beheld\nthe poor beast and the carriage bottom up, lodged and we ged against a\nsapling, which alone prevented them both being precipitated into the\nriver. After a pretty heavy lift all was righted again, an we were pleased\nto find there was little damage done. Our feelings were excited more for\nothers than ourselves. Not far off we saw clothing spread out, part of the\nloading of household furniture of a wagon which had overset and was thrown\ninto the stream, and bed clothes, bedding, etc., were so wet that the poor\npeople found it necessary to dry them on the spot. We passed the side\nfords of French Broad and came to Mr. Nelson's; our mountain march of\ntwelve miles calmed us down for this day. My company was not agreeable\nhere-there were @@too many subjects of the two great potentates of this\nWestern World whisky, brandy. My mind was greatly distressed."@@\n\nCURIORSLY CONTRIVED ROPE AND POLE FERRY.\n"North Carolina, Saturday 8. We started away. The cold was severe upon the\nfingers.@@ We crossed the ferry, curiously contrived with a rope and pole,\nfor half a mile along the banks of the river@@, to guide the boat by. And 0\nthe rocks! the rocks! Coming to Laurel river, we followed the wagon ahead\nof us-the wagon stuck fast. Brother O'H. mounted old Gray-the horse fell\nabout midway, but recovered, rose, and went safely through with his\nburden. We pursued our way rapidly to Ivy creek, suffering much from heat\nand the roughness of the roads, and stopped at William Hunter's."\n\nAT THOMAS FOSTER'S.\n"Sabbath Day, 9. We came to Thomas Foster's, and held a small meeting at\nhis house. We must bid farewell to the chaise; this mode of conveyance by\nno means suits the roads of this wilderness. We obliged to keep one behind\nthe carriage with a strap to hold by, and prevent accidents almost\ncontinually. I have health and hard labor, and a constant sense of the\nfavor of God."\n\nBLACKSMITH, CARPENTER, COBBLER, SADDLER AND HATTER.\n"Tobias Gibson had given notice to some of my being at Buncombe\ncourthouse, and the society at Killyon's, In consequence of this, made an\nappointment for me on Tuesday, 11. We were strongly importuned to stay,\nwhich Brother Whatcoat felt inclined to do. In the meantime we had our\nhorses shod by Philip Smith; this man, as is not infrequently the case in\nthis country, makes wagons and works at carpentry, @@makes shoes for men and\nfor horses;@@ to which he adds, occasionally the manufacture of saddles and\nhats."\n\nREV. GEORGE NEWTON AT METHODIST SERVICE.\n"Monday, 10. Visited Squire Swain's agreeable family. On Tuesday we\nattended our appointment. My foundation for a sermon was Heb. ii, 1. We\nhad about eighty hearers; among them was Mr. Newton, a Presbyterian\nminister, who made the concluding prayer. We took up our journey and came\nto Foster's upon Swansico (Swannanoa)-company enough, and horses in a\ndrove of thirty-three. Here we met Francis Poythress-sick of Carolina-and\nin the clouds. I, too, was sick. Next morning we rode to Fletcher's, on\nMud creek. The people being unexpectedly gathered together, we gave them a\nsermon and an exhortation lodged at Fletcher's."\n\nA LECTURE AT BEN. DAVIDSON'S.\n"Thursday, 13. We crossed French Broad at Kim's Ferry, forded Mills river,\nand made upwards t9 the barrens of Broad to Davidson's, whose name names\nthe stream. The aged mother and daughter insisted upon giving notice for a\nmeeting; In consequence thereof Mr. Davis, the Presbyterian minister, and\nseveral others came together. Brother Whatcoat was taken with a bleeding\nat the nose, so that necessity was laid upon me to lecture; my subject was\nLuke xi 13."\n\nDESCRIBES THE FRENCH BROAD.\n"Friday, 14. We took our leave of French Broad-the lands flat and good,\nbut rather cold. I have had an opportunity of making a tolerably correct\nsurvey of this river. It rises in the southwest, and winds along in many\nmeanders, fifty miles northeast, receiving a number of tributary streams\nin its course; it then inclines westward, passing through Buncombe in\nNorth Carolina, and Green and Dandridge counties in Tennessee, in which\nlast it is augmented by the waters of Nolachucky. Four miles above\nKnoxville it forms a junction with the Holston, and their united waters\nflow along under the name of Tennessee, giving a name to the State. We had\nno small labor in getting down Saluda mountain."\n\nAGAIN AT WARM SPRINGS.\nIn October, 1801, we find this entry: "Monday, October 5. We parted in\ngreat love. Our company made twelve miles to Isaiah Harrison's, and next\nday reached the Warm Springs upon French Broad river.\n\n"MAN AND BEAST 'FELT THE MIGHTY HILLS.'"\n"Wednesday, 7. We made a push for Buncombe courthouse: man and beast felt\nthe mighty hills. I shall calculate from Baker's to this place one hundred\nand twenty miles; from Philadelphia, eight hundred and twenty miles."\n\nRESTING AT GEORGE SWAIN'S.\n"Friday, 9. Yesterday and today we rested at George Swain's.\n\nQUARTERLY MEETING AT DANIEL KILLON'S.\n"Sabbath Day, 11. Yesterday and today had quartefly meeting at Daniel\nKillon's, near Buncombe courthouse. I spoke from Isa. I and I Cor. vii, 1.\nWe bad some quickenings."\n\nA SERMON FROM N. SNETHEN.\n"Monday, 12. We came to Murroughs, upon Mud creek; he~ had a sermon from\nN. Snethen on Acts xiv, 15. Myself and James that gave an exhortation. We\nhad very warm weather and a long [missing]. At Major Britain's, near the\nmouth of Mills river, we found a lodge [missing].\n\nAT ELDER DAVEDSON's. "Tuesday, 13. We came in haste up to elder\nDavidson's, refres man and beast, commended the family to God, and then\nstruck into mountains. The want of sleep and other inconveniences made me\n[missing]. We came down Sniuda River, near Saluda Mountain: it tried my\n[missing] feet and old feeble joints. French Broad, in its meanderings, is\nnear two hundred miles long; the line of its course is semi-circular; its\nwaters are pure, rapid, and its bed generally rocky, except the Blue\nRidge; passes through all the western mountains."\n\nAT WILLIAM NELSON'S AT WARM SPRINGS. Again in November, 1802, we find this\nentry: "Wednesday, 3. We labored over the Ridge and the Paint Mountain: I\nheld on awhile, but grew afraid of this mountain, and with the help of a\npine sapling worked my way down the steepest and roughes parts. I could\nbless God for life and limbs. Eighteen miles this day contented us, and we\nstopped at William Nelson's, Warm Springs. About thirty travelers having\ndropped in, I expounded the scriptures to them, as found in the third\nchapter of Romans, as equally applicable to nominal Christians, Indians,\nJews, and Gentiles."\n\nDINNER AT BARNETT'S STATION. "Thursday, 4. We came off about the rising of\nthe sun, cold enough. There were six or seven heights to pass over, at the\nrate of five, two or one mile an hour as this ascent or descent would\npermit: four hours brought us to the end of twelve miles to dinner, at\nBarnett's station; whence we pushed on to John (Thomas) Foster's, and\nafter making twenty miles more, came in about the going down of the sun.\nOn Friday and Saturday we visited from house to house."\n\n"DEAR WILLIAM MCKENDREE."\n"Sunday, 7. We had preaching at Killon's. William MeKendree went forward\nupon 'as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God;'\nmy subject was Heb. iii, 12, 13. On Monday I parted from dear William\nMcKendree. I made for Mr. Fletcher's, upon Mud creek; be received me with\ngreat attention, and the kind offer of everything in the house necessary\nfor the comfort of man and beast. We could not be prevailed on to tarry\nfor the night, so we set off after dinner and he accompanied us several\nmiles. We housed for the night at the widow Johnson's. I was happy to find\nthat in the space of two years, God had manifested his goodness and his\npower in the hearts of many upon the solitary banks and isolated glades of\nFrench Broad; some subjects of grace there were before, amongst\nMethodists, Presbyterians and Baptists. On Tuesday I dined at Benjamin\nDavidson's, a house I had lodged and preached at two years ago. We labored\nalong eighteen miles, eight ascent, on the west side, and as many on the\neast side of the mountain. The descent of Saluda exceeds all I know, from\nthe Province of Maine to Kentucky and Cumberland; I had dreaded it,\nfearing I should not be able to walk or ride such steeps; nevertheless,\nwith time, patience, labor, two sticks and above all, a good Providence I\ncame in about five o'clock to ancient father John Douthat's, Greenville\nCounty, South Carolina."\n\nAGAIN AT NELSON'S. On October, 1803, we meet with this entry:\n\n"North Carolina. On Monday, we came off in earnest; refreshed at Isaiah\nHarrison's, and continued on to the Paint Mountain, passing the gap newly\nmade, which makes the road down to Paint Creek much better.@@ I lodged with\nMr. Nelson, who treated me like a minister, a Christian and a gentleman."@@\n\nIVY HAD BEEN BRIDGED IN 1803.\n"Tuesday, 25. We reached Buncombe. The road is greatly mended by changing\nthe direction, and throwing a bridge over Ivy."\n\nSISTERS KILION AND SMITH DEAD.\n"Wednesday, 26. We called a meeting at Kilion's, and a gracious season it\nwas: my subject was I Cor. xv, 38. Sister Kilion and Sister Smith, sisters\nin the flesh, and kindred spirits in holiness and humble obedience, are\nboth gone to their reward in glory. On Thursday we came away in haste,\ncrossed Swamoat (Swannanoa) at T. Foster's, the French Broad at the High\n(Long) Shoals, and afterwards again at Beard's Bridge, and put up for the\nnight at Andrew Mitchell's: In our route we passed two large encamping\nplaces of the Methodists and Presbyterians: it made country look like the\nHoly Land."\n\nHE ESCAPES FROM FILTH, FLEAS, AND RATTLESNAKES.\n"Friday, 28. We came up Little River, a sister stream of French Broad: it\noffered some beautiful flats of land. We found a new road, lately cut,\nwhich brought us in at the head of Little River at the old fording place,\nand within hearing of the falls, a few miles off of the head of Matthews\nCreek, a branch of the Saluda. The waters foaming down the rocks with a\ndescent of half a mile, make themselves heard at a great distance. I\nwalked down the mountain, after riding sixien or eighteen miles; before\nbreakfast, and came in about twelve o'clock to father John Douthat's; once\nmore I have escaped from filth, fleas, rattlesnakes, hills, mountains,\nrocks, and rivers; farewell, western world, for awhile!"\n\nAT FLETCHER'S ON MUD CREEK. Again in October 1805 we find the following\nentry:\n\n"North Carolina. We came into North Carolina and lodged with Wm. Nelson,\nat the Hot Springs. Next day we stopped with Wilson in Buncombe. On\nWednesday I breakfasted with Mr. Newton. Presbyterian minister, a man\nafter my own mind: we took sweet counsel together. We lodged this evening\nat Mr. Fletcher's, Mud Creek. At Colonel Thomas's, on Thursday, we were\nkindly received and hospitably entertained."\n\nBEDS A BENCH AND DIRT FLOOR OF SCHOOL HOUSE. Again in September, 1806, we\nfind the following entry:\n\n"Wednesday, 24. We came to Buncombe: @@we were lost within a mile of Mr.\nKillion's (Killian's), and were happy to get a school house to shelter us\nfor the night. I had no fire, but a bed wherever I could find a bench; my\naid, Moses Lawrence, had a bear skin and a dirt floor to spread it on."@@\n\nHIS FOOD BRINGS BACK HIS AFFLICTION.\n"Friday, 26. My affliction returned: considering the food, the labor the\nlodging, the hardships I meet with and endure it is not wonderful. Thanks\nbe to God! we had a generous rain -- may it be general through the\nsettlement!"\n\nCAMP MEETING ON TURKEY CREEK.\n"Saturday, 27. I rode twelve miles to Turkey Creek, to a kind of camp\nmeeting. On the Sabbath, @@I preached to about five hundred souls it was an\nopen season and a few souls professed converting grace."@@\n\nRODE THROUGH SWANINO RIVER.\n"Monday, 29. Raining. We had dry weather during the meeting. There were\neleven sermons and many exhortations. At noon it clears up, and gave us an\nopportunity of riding home: my mind enjoyed peace. but my body felt the\neffect of riding. On Tuesday I went to a house to preach: I rode through\nSwanino River, and Cane and Hooper's Creeks."\n\nLITTLE AND GREAT HUNGER MOUNTAIN.\n"North Carolina, Wednesday, October 1. I preached at Samuel Edney's. Next\nday we had to cope with Little and Great Hunger mountains. Now I know what\nMill's Gap is, between Buncombe and Rutherford. One of the descents is\nlike the roof of a house, for nearly a mile: I rode, I walked, I sweat, I\ntrembled, and my old knees failed; here are gulleys and rocks, and\nprecipices; nevertheless the way is as good as the path over the Table\nMountain-bad is the best. We came upon Green River."\n\nWARM SPRINGS IN 1807. Again in October, 1807, we find the following entry:\n\n"Friday 16. We reached Wamping's (Warm Springs). I suffered much today;\nbut an hour's warm bath for my feet relieved me considerably. On Saturday\nwe rode to Killon's."\n\nGEORGE NEWTON, AN ISRAELITE INDEED.\n"North Carolina, Sabbath, 18. At Buncombe courthouse I spoke from 2 Kings,\nvli, 13-15. The people were all attention. I spent a night under the roof\nof my very dear brother in Christ, George Newton, a Presbyterian minister,\nan Israelite Indeed. On Monday we made Fletcher's; next day dined at\nTerry's, and lodged at Edwards. Saluda ferry brought us up on Wednesday\nevening."\n\nLABORED AND SUFFERED, BUT LIVED NEAR GOD. Again in October, 1808, we find\nthe following entry:\n\n"On Tuesday we rode twenty miles to the Warm Springs, and next day reached\nBuncombe, thirty-two miles. The right way to improve a short day is to\nstop ouly to feed the horses, and let the riders meanwhile take a bite of\nwhat they have been provident enough to put into their pockets.@@ It has\nbeen a serious October to me. I have labored and suffered; but I have\nlived near to God."@@\n\nMR. IRWON (ERWIN), A CHIEF MAN.\n"North Carolina, Saturday, 29. We rested for three days past We fell in\nwith Jesse Richardson: He could not bear to see the fields of Buncombe\ndeserted by militiamen, who fire a shot and fly, and wheel and fire, and\nrun again; he is a veteran who has learned to endure hardness like a good\nsoldier of the Lord Jesus Christ. On the Sunday I preached in Buncombe\ncourthouse upon I Thess. i, 7-10. I lodged with a chief man a Mr. Irwon.\nHenry Boehm went to Pigeon Creek to preach to the Dutch."\n\nWOOTENPILE ASKS PAY IN PRAYER. In October, 1909, we find:\n\n"We crossed the French Broad and fed our horses at the gate of Mr.\nWootenpile (Hoodenpile); @@he would accept no pay but prayer@@; as I had never\ncalled before he may have thought me too proud to stop. Our way now lay\nover dreadful roads. I found old Mr. Barnett sick-the ease was a dreadful\none, and I gave kim a grain of tartar and a few composing drops, which\nprocured him a sound sleep. The patient was very thankful and would charge\nus nothing. Here are martyrs to whiskey! I delivered my own soul. Saturday\nbrought us to Killion's. Eight times within nine years I have crossed\nthese Mps. If my journal is transcribed it will be as well to give the\nsubject as the chapter and the verse of the text I preached from. Nothing\nlike a sermon can I record. Here now am I and have been for twenty nights\ncrowded by people, and the whole family striving to get round me."\n\nJAMES PATTON, RICH, PLAIN, HUMBLE, KIND.\n"Sabbath, 29. At Buncombe I spoke on Luke xiv, 10. It was a season of\nattention and feeling. We dined with Mr. Erwin and lodged with James\nPatton; bow rich, how plain, how humble, and how kind! There was a sudden\nchange in the weather on Monday; we went as far as D. Jay's. Tuesday, we\nmoved in haste to Mud Creek, Green river cove, on the other side of\nSaluda."\n\nAT VATER SHUCK'S ON A WINTER'S NIGHT. Again in December, 1810, we find the\nfollowing entry:\n\n"At Catahouche (Cataiouche) I walked over a log. But O the mountain-height\nafter height, and five miles over? After crossing other streams, and\nlosing ourselves in the woods, we came in, about nine o'clock at night, to\nVater Shuck's. What an awful day? Saturday, December 1. Last night I was\nstrongly afflicted with pain. We rode twenty-five miles to Buncombe."\n\nGEORGE NEWTON ALMOST A METHODIST.\n"North Carolina, Sabbath, December 2. Bishop McKendree and John McGee rose\nat five o'clock and left us to fill an appointment about twenty-five miles\noff. Myself and Henry Boehm went to Newton's academy, where I preached.\nBrother Boelim spoke after me; and Mr. Newton, in exhortation, @@confirmed\nwhat was said. Had I known and studied my congregation for a year, I could\nnot have spoken more appropriately to their particular cases;@@ this I\nlearned from those who knew them well. We dined with Mr. Newton. He is\nalmost a Methodist and reminds me of dear Whatcoat-the same placidness and\nsolemnity. We visited James Patton; this is, perhaps, the last visit to\nBuncombe."\n\nSPEAKING "FAITHFULLY."\n"Monday. It was my province today to speak faithfully to a certain person.\nMay she feel the force of, and profit by the truth."\n\nTHE HOODENPILE ROAD IS OPEN. In December, 1812, we find the following:\n\n"Monday, 30. We stopped at Michael Bollen's on our route, where I gave\nthem a discourse on Luke, xi, 11-13. Why should we climb over the\ndesperate Spring and Paint mountain when there is such a fine new road? We\ncame on Tuesday a straight course to Barratt's (Barnett's) dining in the\nwoods on our way."\n\nBACK AGAIN AT KILLION'S.\n"North Carolina, Wednesday, December 2. We went over the mountains, 22\nmiles, to Killlon's."\n\nAT SAMUEL EDNEY'S AND FATHER MILLS'S.\n"Thursday, 3. Came on through Buncombe to Samuel Edney's: I preached in\nthe evening. We have had plenty of rain lately. Friday, I rest. Occupied\nin reading and writing. I have great communion with God. I preached at\nFather Mills's."\n\nIN GREAT WEAKNESS. Again, in November, 1813, we meet with this entry:\n"Sabbath, 24. I preached in great weakness. I am at Killion's once more.\nOur ride of ninety miles to Staunton bridge on Saluda river was severely\nfelt, and the necessity of lodging at taverns made it no better."\n\nVALEDICTORY TO PRESIDING ELDERS.\n"Friday, 29. On the peaceful banks of the Saluda I write my valedictory\naddress to the presiding elders."\n\nKillian's, so often mentioned with different spellings in the foregoing\nextracts, is the present residence of Capt. I. C. Baird on Beaverdam.(3)\nWhen the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, met\nat Asheville in May, 1910, a gavel made of a portion of the banister of\nthe old Killian home was presented to the presiding bishop.\n\nFIRST CHURCH IN THE MOUNTAINS. According to Col. W. L. Bryan of Boone, the\nfirst church established west of the Blue Ridge and east of the Smokies\nwas at what is still called "Three Forks of New river in what is now\nWatauga county, a beautiful spot." It was organied November 6, 1790. The\nfollowing is from its records: "A book containing (as may be seen) in the\ncovenant and conduct of the Baptist church of Jesus Christ in Wilkes\ncounty,... New River, Three Forks settlement" by the following members:\nJames Tomkins, Richard Greene and wife, Daniel Eggers and wife, William\nMiller, Elinor Greene and B. B. Eggers. "This is the mother of all the\nBaptist churches throughout this great mountain region. From this mother\nchurch using the language of these old pioneers, they established arms of\nthe mother church; one at what is now known as the Globe in Caldwell\ncounty, another to the westward, known as Ebinezer, one to the northeast\nnamed South Fork . . . and at various other points. Yet, it should be\nremembered that the attendance upon the worship of the mother church\nextended for many, many miles, reaching into Tennessee." After these\n"arms" had been established "there was organized Three Forks Baptist\nassociation, which bears the name to this day, and is the oldest and most\nvenerated religious organization known throughout the mountains. Among the\nfirst pastors of the mother church were Rev. Mr. Barlow of Yadkin, George\nMcNeill of Wilkes, John G. Bryan who died in Georgia at the age of 98,\nNathaniel Vannoy of Wilkes, Richard Gentry of Old Field, Joseph Harrison\nof Three Forks, Brazilla McBride and Jacob Greene of Cove creek, Reuben\nFarthing, A. C. Farthing, John or Jackie Farthing, Larkin Hodges and Rev.\nWilliam Wilcox, the last named having been the last of the Old Patriarchs\nof this noted church to pass away. They were all farmers and worked in the\nfields for their daily bread. To the above list should be added Rev. D. C.\nHarmon of Lower Cove creek, Rev. D. C. Harmon, Rev. Smith Ferguson, who,\nthough they have been gone for many years, yet some of those left\nbehind."(4)\n\nPROMINENT PIONEER RELIGIOUS TEACHERS.(5) Among these were "Richard Gentry,\nAaron Johnson, William Baldwin Richard Jacks, David Smith, all of whom\nwere Baptists favoring missions; and among the Methodists were James Wagg,\nSamuel Plumer, A. B. Cox and Hiram and Elihu Weaver."\n\nREV. HUMPHREY POSEY. Of this good man Col. Allen T. Davidson says in The\nLyceum for January, 1891, p.11, that James Whittaker of Cherokee "and the\nRev. Humphrey Posey established the leading (Baptist) churches in this\nupland country, to wit: Cane creek, in Buncombe county, and Locust Old\nField in Haywood county, where the friends of these two men have\nworshipped ever since. . . . There they stand, monuments to the memory of\nthese pioneers.... Perhaps the most remarkable man in this up-country was\nRev. Humphrey Posey, who was born in Henry county, Va., January 12, 1780,\nwas brought to Burke when only five years old and remained there until he\nreached manhood, was ordained a minister at Cane creek church in 1806.\nAbout 1820 he established a mission school at what is now known as the\nMission Place on the Hiwassee river, seven miles above Murphy. He removed\nto Georgia in 1784, and died at Newman, Ga., 28 December, 1846. He was a\nman greatly endowed by nature to be a leader, of great physical force,\nwith a profile much like that of the Hon. Tom Corwin of Ohio. He had a\nfine voice and manner, was singularly and simply eloquent.... In fact, by\nnature, he was a great man, and "his works do follow him." The effect of\nhis mission schools have been seen for many years past, and many citizens\nof Indian blood are left to tell the tale. The Stradley brothers of\nAsheville were two other pioneer Baptist preachers of note. They had been\nin the Battle of Waterloo as members of Wellington's army before\nemigrating to America. Their record is known of all men in Buncombe\ncounty, and a long line of worthy descendants attest the sturdy character\nof the parent stock.\n\nREV. BRANCH HAMLINE MERRIMON. He was born in Dinwiddie county, Va.,\nFebruary 22, 1802, and moved with his parents as far as Rogersville,\nTenn., on their way to the Great West, when one member of the family\nbecoming too ill to travel further, they stopped there permanently. He\njoined the Methodist Conference at Knoxville in 1824 and became an\nitinerant Methodist preacher, being assigned to this section. In 1829 he\nmarried Mary E. Paxton, a daughter of William Paxton and his wife Sarah\nMcDowell, a sister of Gen. Charles McDowell of Revolutionary fame. William\nPaxton was born in Roxbridge county, Va., and came to Burke county, where\nat Quaker Meadows he married his wife. William Paxton and wife then moved\nto the Cherry Fields in what is now Transylvania county, where they bought\nand improved a large tract of fertile land, whither Mr. Merrimon and his\nwife followed. William Paxton was a brother of Judge John Paxton of\nMorganton, a Superior court judge from 1818 to 1826. He was also a near\nkinsman of Judge John Hall, a member of the first Supreme court of this\nState. Mr. Merrimon died at Asheville in November, 1886, leaving seven\nsons and three daughters. Chief Justice A. S. Merrimon was one of his\nsons, and Ex-Judge J. H. Merrimon of Asheville is another. Rev. Mr.\nMerrimon was a staunch Union man during the Civil War.\n\nThe late Rev. J. S. Burnett was another pioneer Methodist preacher of\nprominence.\n\nUNITED THEY STOOD. "It is a striking fact in the character of this\nprimitive people," says Col. A. T. Davidson with a profile in The Lyceum\nfor January 1891, "that they. were @@entirely devoted to each other,\nclannish in the extreme; and when affliction, sorrow, trouble, vexation,\nor offence came to one it came to all.@@ It was like a bee-hive always some\none on guard, and all affected by the attack from without. They were the\nconstant attendants around the bed of the sick; suffered with the\nsuffering, wept with those who wept, and attended all the funerals without\nreward, it never having been known that a coffin was charged for, or the\ndigging of a grave for many long years. Is it a fact that these men were\nbetter than those of the present day, or does it only exist in my\nimagination? When I look back to them I think that they were the best men\nI ever knew; and the dear old mothers of these humble people are now\nstrikingly engraved upon my memory. The men rolled each others logs in\ncommon; they gathered their harvests, built their cabins, and all work of\na heavy character was done in common and without price. @@The log meeting-\nhouse was reared in the same way, and it is a fact that this was done\npromptly, without hesitation--regardless of creeds or sect@@-all coming\ntogether with a will. The Baptists, "rifle, axe and saddle-bag men," or\nthe Methodist "circuit rider" supplied the people with the ministry of the\nword; and it is pleasant to look back and reflect upon the enjoyment and\ncomfort these humble people had in the administration by these humble\nministers in the long-ago. Then they came together and held what they\ncalled "@@union meetings@@," under arbors made with poles and brush, or, at\nthe private residence of some good citizen-often at my father's. I\nremember distinctly that Nathaniel Gibson, of Crabtree creek, converted\nthe top story of his mill house into one of these places of worship; and\nJacob Shook, on Pigeon, the father of the family near Clyde, turned his\nthreshing floor, in his barn, into a place of worship; and near this was\nestablished about 1827 or 1828, Shook's Camp Ground. The good old Dutchman\ncontributed or donated to the church ten acres of land, which have ever\nbeen kept for a place of public worship.\n\nREV. WM. G. BROWNLOW.(6) In @@the year 1832@@ Rev. Wm. G. Brownlow, a\nMethodist minister, afterwards better known as Parson Brownlow and\nGovernor of Tennessee, served as pastor of the Franklin circuit in Macon\ncounty. @@These were the days of intense religious prejudices and\ndenominational controversies.@@ Rev. Humphrey Posey, a kinsman of the late\nBen. Posey, Esq., was at that time the leading minister of the Baptist\nchurch in this section.\n\n"It was impossible for men of the type of Brownlow and Posey to long\nremain in the same community without becoming involved in controversy. Nor\ndid they. From denominational discussions their controversy degenerated\ninto matters personal, a personal quarrel. Brownlow, as is well known, was\na master of invective and his pen was dipped in vitriol, On July 23,1832,\nhe wrote Rev, Posey a @@24-page letter@@__ which is still on file among the\nrecords of Macon court and which that gentleman regarded as libelous.__ He\nthereupon Indicted parson Brownlow, as appears from the court records. The\nfirst bill was found at fall term 1832. It is signed by J. Roberts,\nsolicitor pro-tem., and seems to have been quashed; at any rate a new bill\nwas sent and the case tried at spring term 1833. Wm. J. Alexander was the\nsolicitor when the case was tried. The defendant pleaded not guilty but\nwas found guilty by the jury, whether upon the ground that the "greater\nthe truth the greater the libel" or not does not appear. He was sentenced\nto pay a fine and the costs. The @@amount of the fine was @@not given but the\nrecord discloses that it was paid by J. B. Siler, one of the leading\ncitizens and original settlers, and a prominent member of the Methodist\nchurch. Execution issued for the costs and the return shows that on July 1,\n1833, the sheriff levied on@@ dun mare, bridle, saddle and saddle bags@@. Sold\nfor $65.50. Proceeds into office $53.83.\n\n"There is a generally accredited story to the effect that when the sheriff\nwent to levy on the Parson's horse, Brownlow was just closing a preaching\nservice at Mt. Zion church-that@@ he saw the sheriff approaching and knew\nthe purpose of his coming@@. and before the sheriff came up Browniow @@handed\nhis Bible to one lady member of his congregation and his hymn book to\nanother@@ and that these books are still in the families of the descendants\nof these ladies. It is also said that when Brownlow started to conference\nthat fall, J. B. Siler made him a present of another horse in lieu of the\none that had been sold."\n\nWilliam Gunnaway Browniow was born in Virginia in 1805, and became a\ncarpenter first and then a Methodist preacher. In 1828 he moved to\nTennessee and in 1839 became a local preacher at Jonesboro and editor of\nThe Whig, but moved to Knoxville, taking The Whig with him and continued\nits publication till the beginning of the Civil war. He preached many\nsermons defending slavery, and was defeated by Andrew Johnson for Congress\nin 1843. He wrote several books, the most famous of which was called\nParson Brownlow's Book, in which he gave his unpleasant experiences with\nthe Confederates and his views on secession and the Civil War. He was a\nmember of the convention which revised the constitution of Tennessee in\n1865, and was elected governor in 1865, and again in 1867. He was sent to\nthe United States senate in 1869 where he remained till 1875. He died at\nKnoxville in April, 1877.(7)\n\nCANARIO DRAYTON SMITH.(8) He was a son of Samuel and Mary Smith, and was\nborn in Buncombe April 1, 1813. His grandfather, Joseph Smith, was born on\nthe eastern shore of Maryland, April 1, 1730, and his grandmother, Rebecca\nDath (Welch), was born near the same place on April 1, 1739. In 1765 they\nmoved to North Carolina, and on the journey C. D. Smith's father was born\nat a public inn in Albemarle county, Va., August 20, 1765. They first\nsettled at Hawfields in Guilford county, where they were living when the\nbattle was fought in 1780. His maternal grandfather, Daniel Jarrett, was\nborn in Lancaster county, Pa., December 18, 1747. He was of English blood.\nHis grandmother Jarrett, whose maiden name was Catharine C. Moyers, was\nborn in Lancaster county, Pa., February 9, 1753. She was a German woman.\nThey were married October 25, 1772, moving to North Carolina shortly\nafterwards and settling in Cabarrus where his mother, Mary Jarrett, was\nborn June 23, 1775. Soon after the close of hostilities between the\nCherokees and whites they moved to Buncombe county, where in 1796 his\nfather and mother were married. They moved to Macon in the winter of 1819-\n20. At @@the sale of the Cherokee lands at Waynesville in September, 1820,@@\nhis father bought the land known as the Tessentee towns, now Smith's\nBridge, where C. D. Smith was reared to manhood. He attended the\nsubscription schools of the neighborhood, and in 1832 went to Caney river,\nthen in Buncombe, now in Yancey, to clerk for Smith & McElroy, merchants,\nwhere he spent five years, buying ginseng principally, getting in in 1837\nover 86,000 pounds which yielded 25,000 pounds of @@choice clarified root,@@\nwhich was barreled and shipped to Lucas & Heylin, Philadelphia, and thence\nto China. In the meantime Yancey had been created a county and John W.\nMcElroy had been elected first clerk of the Superior court, making C. D.\nSmith his deputy. At a camp meeting held at Caney River Camp Ground in\n1836, by Charles K. Lewis, preacher in charge of the Black Mountain\ncircuit, he was converted and joined the church. At the quarterly\nconference at Alexander chapel the following June he was licensed to\npreach by Thos. W. Catlett, presiding elder. He continued to preach till\n1850 when he went on the supernumerary list on account of bad health. In\n1853 he became agent for the American Colonization Society for Tennessee\nand sent to Liberia two families of emancipated negroes. In 1854 he became\ninterested in mineralogy, and continued this study of mineralogy and\ngeology till his death. He was assistant State Geologist under Prof.\nEmmons and a co-worker with Prof. Kerr. He is mentioned in Dr. R. N.\nPrice's works on Methodism, and has an article in Kerr'sGeology of North\nCarolina. He died in 1894.\n\n(1. "The Despot of Broomsedge Cove," by Mary N. Murfree)\n\n(2. "Asheville's Centenary")\n\n(3. Reference is to 1898)\n\n(4. From "A Primitive History of the Mountain Region," by Col. W. L. Bryan)\n\n(5. Facts Furnished by Hon. A. H. Eller of Ashe county, 1912)\n\n(6. By Fred S. Johnston, Esq., of Franklin, N. C.)\n\n(7. McGee, p.173)\n\n(8. From the "Autobiography of Dr. C. D. Smith," and statements of Henry\nG. Robertson, Esq.)
Quilt diagram\n[img[quilt|quilt.jpg]]
CHAPTER XX\nRailroads\n\nTHE FIRST RAILROAD PROJECT[1] "When, about the year 1836, a railroad from Cincinnati to Charleston, which should pass through Asheville, was projected, Robert Y. Hayne, the great South Carolinian who had vanquished Daniel Webster in debate, was made its president. At a meeting of this company, held in Asheville in 1839, Mr. Hayne, who had continued to be its president, became dangerously ill, and died here September 24, 1839, in the old Eagle Hotel building." \nThe railroads which had been built prior to 1845 "were all in the eastern portion of the State. The need of a road toward the mountains was strikingly shown by the failure of the crops in the western counties.[2] Owing to this failure, even the necessaries of life became dear in that section. Corn rose from fifty cents to a dollar and a half a bushel; and yet, at the same time, corn in the eastern counties was rotting in the fields for lack of a market, and fish were being us to enrich the ground. The condition of the [wagon] roads in 1848 was, however, such as to discourage further expense." \n\n@@A CROP FAILURE STARTED RAILROAD INTEREST.@@ This general failure of crops in the mountain regions called attention to the want of communication between the two sections of the State; and in 1850-51 $12,000 was appropriated by the legislature to survey a route for a railroad from Salisbury to the Tennessee line where the French Broad river passes into 'Tennessee. \n\nTHE WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. Although it is generally supposed that the Western North Carolina \nrailroad had its genesis in 1855 the North Carolina and Western railroad, to run from Salisbury to the Tennessee line was chartered as early as 1852 (Ch. 136). Its authorized capital stock was $3,000,000. Nothing of comsequence, however, was accomplished under this charter. \n\nLEGISLATIVE HISTORY. "In 1854 the State of North Carolina was completeing the c9nstruction of her great work, the North Carolina railroad, and emboldened by this success and having in view a connection of her then existing system of railroads with the proposed Blue Ridge railroad, and so with the Great West, there was passed an act entitled: 'An Act to incorporate the Western North Carolina Railroad Company,' ratified February 15, 1855 (Laws of North Carolina 1854-55, ch. 228, p.257), which, after reciting the purpose of constructing a railroad to effect a communication between the North Carolina railroad and the Valley of the Mississippi,' provided for the organization of a corporation under the style of Western North Carolina Railroad Company, with power 'to construct a railroad, with one or more tracks, from the town of Salisbury on the North Carolina railroad, passing by or as near as practicable to Statesville, in the county of Iredell, to some point on the French Broad river, beyond the Blue Ridge, and if the legislature shall hereafter determine, to such point as it shall designate, at a future session.' Four years later, when the line had been located from Salisbury to the French Broad river at Asheville, the general assembly supplemented this original charter and definitely fixed the route of the proposed line in an act entitled: 'An Act to amend an Act entitled: "An Act to incorporate the Western North Carolina Railroad Company" passed at the session of 1854-55, and also an act amendatory thereof passed at the session of 1856-57' (Ratified February 15, 1859. Private Laws of North Carolina 1858-59, ch. 170, p. 217).[3] This directed that the survey be continued from the point near Asheville to which the survey has already been made, extending west through the valley of the Pigeon and Tuckaseegee rivers, to a point on the line of the Blue Ridge railroad on the Tennessee river, or to the Tennessee line at or near Ducktown, in the county of Cherokee,' and thereby located a line which would connect the North Carolina railroad with the Blue Ridge railroad, an extension which has since been realized, without the Blue Ridge railroad connection, in the existing Murphy branch. \n"As the legislature was intent, however, on effecting some western connection for the North Carolina system of railroads, the Western North Carolina was not limited to an alliance with the Blue Ridge railroad, but it was provided that the extension from Asheville might be down the French Broad river,, through Madison county, to the line of the State of Tennessee at or near Paint Rock, which might, 'connect with any company that has been formed or may be formed to complete the railroad connection with the East Tennessee and Virginia railroad.'"[4] \nSurveys were accordingly made for both of these proposed lines, and these surveys were duly approved by the legislature at its next session in an act ratified February 18, 1861. (Private Laws of North Carolina 1860-61, ch. 138, p.154). \n"The alternative, or Paint Rock line so authorized, being that of Louisville, Cincinnati, and Charleston, which had been pronounced in the reports of the engineer read at the Knoxville convention in 1836 to be extraordinarily feasible for a railroad, would no doubt have been originally adopted by the Western North Carolina but for the fact that in 1859 the Blue Ridge railroad was still considered certain of construction, while the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap and Charleston Railroad Company, which held the Tennessee franchise to carry on the old Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston line from Paint Rock to a connection with the East Tennessee and Virginia railroad at Morristown, was finacially weak. \n"As the securing of a through trunk line was the principal object for which the construction of the Western North Carolina was undertaken, the proposed Blue Ridge connection accordingly dictated the adoption of the line from Asheville toward Murphy as the main line of the Western North Carolina and it was so considered as late as 1868 when the Constitutional convention, then in session, passed an ordinance entitled: 'An ordinance for the completion of the Western North Carolina Railroad,' ratified March 14, 1868 (Ordinances of 1868, ch. 50, p.100), which provided that no part of the subscription of the state to the Western North Carolina should be used in the construction of branch lines, except the line to Paint Rock until 'the main trunk line of a said railroad shall have been completed to Copper Mine, at or near Ducktown' and furthermore that the General Assembly 'is hereby authorized and directed to make such further appropriation or subscription to the capital stock of said railroad company as will insure the completion of said road at the earliest practicable day.' \n"The Paint Rock line, thus relegated to the status of a branch, was not, however, abandoned but it was considered that the Tennessee enterprise of the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap and Charleston was primarily interested therein, as is evidenced by the act entitled: 'An Act to amend the Charter of the Western North Carolina Railroad' ratified March 4, 1867, (Public Laws of N. C. 1866-67, ch. 94, p.152), which authorized the Western North Carolina to construct its line from Asheville to Paint Rock upon the 'Tennessee Gauge,' and to so maintain it until the entire line was completed, and the gauge of the North Carolina railroad could be established thereon uniformly. 'It was the realization of the Paint Rock line in 1881, however, that opened the only railroad which has ever been built through the southern ranges of the Appalachian Mountains."[4] \n\nROUTE AND CONNECTIONS. It will be seen from the above how the route was changed from that originally contemplated.[5] It was never purposed to build this railroad by way of Franklin; as that town was on the proposed Blue Ridge line from Walballa, S. C., and it was the intention to connect with that line; but this connection was contemplated at some point west of Franklin, Ducktown, Tennessee, having been considered at one time as the point of junction, due to ignorance of the topography of the western part of the State, as the connection must necessarily have been somewhere on the Little Tennessee, that stream rising in Raburn gap, Ga. \n\nRAPID PROGRESS. The Western North Carolina railroad was chartered by an act which was ratified February 15, 1855, and work was begun and the railroad completed and put into operation to within a few miles east of Morganton by the summer of 1861. A contract had been given to Crockford, Malone & Co., in September, 1860, when Dr. A. M. Powell was president of the railroad company, for the completion of the road from a point near Old Fort to the western portal of the Swannanoa tunnel, for a specified sum, plus 20 per cent for contingencies. These contractors stopped work in the spring of 1861 on account of the war, having done about $27,000 worth of work. Soon after the close of the Civil War, while Mr. ____ Caldwell was president and Capt. Samuel Kirkland was chief engineer, the road was completed to Morganton by paying 50 per cent increase on estimates made previous to the war, the increase being due to depreciation of currency. Colonel W. A. Eliason was elected chief engineer in 1868 and continued as such till April, 1871. Previous to 1868 Col. Eliason had been assistant engineer. The line had been changed in the winter of 1860-61 for a considerable distance on sections 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 ajid this reduced the estimates by $171,293. \n\nLOCATION ON THE BLUE RIDGE CHANGED. The route up the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge was changed after the war to one with longer, safer and lighter grades than those of the original survey.[6] \n\nENGINEERS AND MOUNTAIN WORK. While Col. J. W. Wilson was chief engineer Col. S. W. McD. Tate became president, and in October, 1866, the board of directors ordered the resumption of work west of Morganton, and the precedent of paying 50 per cent advance was followed. In January, 1868, the contract for the work from Old Fort to the western portal of the Swannanoa tunnel was let to Johh Malone & Co., diminished by the work which had been done by Crockford, Malone & Co., plus 50 per cent to the original estimates. \n\nA PROPOSITION was afterwards made to Col. Wilson that, if he would turn over $200,000 of first mortgage bonds of the road, the chief engineer would make out estimates for $701,000 in addition to what he had received, which would be a majority of the $1,400,000 bonds authorized by the act of December 19, 1866. This proposition was made at the Boyden House in Salisbury in December, 1870, and the object was claimed to be to get control of the majority of the bonds and thus prevent a forced foreclosure of the railroad: \n"Some time in the fall of 1869 I had conversation with Col. Tate in relation to the condition of the road.[7] ...In one of those conversations in Morganton it was suggested that the sale of the road could not be forced unless a majority of the bonds got into the hands of one person. I suggested to Col. Tate that probably the contract with John Malone & Co. could be made useful in preventing the sale; that they claimed compensation for their work according to the old estimates and contract: with Crockford and Malone. I thought they were bound by the estimates on the line as changed by me, but that I would sign the estimates according to the old notes, with the understanding that 600 of the bonds were to be delivered to Maj. Wilson, and 200 were to be placed in my hands; for the whole was to be held so that they would not be put on the market and get into the hands of the New York speculators, and thereby endanger the sale of the road. The 800 were to be divided between Maj. Wilson and myself, so that no one was to have a majority of the bonds. 'Col. Wilson declined this proposition,' as it was 'much more than was due me, and I regarded the transaction as corrupt.'"[8] \n\nA CHANGE OF OFFICERS. Dr. J. J. Mott succeeded Col. Tate as president of this division of the road, Col. Tate becoming financial agent when he secured the State bonds issued on account of the company. The office of financial agent was abolished in 1869. Col. Tate accounted for all these bonds before the Bragg committee, which found his official conduct correct. \n\nJOHN MALONE & CO. The firm of John Malone & Co., was composed of John Malone, J. W. Wilson and Mr. Goldsborough of Maryland. J. W. Wilson had been the chief engineer and superintendent of the road from the summer of 1864 until the provisional governor was appointed in 1865. He was afterwards reappointed by the directors named by Gov. Worth and held the position until the spring of 1867, when he resigned in order to go into business. Up to September, 1871, John Malone & Co., had been paid for their work about $600,000, the estimate of the whole contract having been $1,959,000, two-thirds of which was to be paid in cash and one-third in stock, leaving $220,000 still due to the contractors. The Swepson and Littlefield frauds brought all work to a stop in 1870. (See Chapter XIX.) \n\nWESTERN DIVISION ABOLISHED. At its session of 1873-74 the legislature repealed the act appointing the Woodfin commission and required the commissioners to turn over all the books and property of the Western Division to the directors of the Western North Carolina railroad, upon whom devolved the former duties of the commissioners; and the legislature of 1876-77 required the president of the railroad to report what property he had acquired from Swepson and Littlefield in his settlement with them. This Western Division consisted of the Murphy and Paint Rock lines. The Eastern Division was the line from Salisbury to Asheville. \n\nEARLY LITIGATION. The Western North Carolina railroad got into trouble with its creditors, and, in 1874-75, we find a joint resolution to ascertain what the claims against the road could be bought for, and another joint resolution to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States from the decision of the United States court at Greensboro in the case of Henry Clews, Hiram Sibley and others V. the Western Division of the Western North Carolina railroad, and, finally (Ch. 150) an act to authorize the purchase of the road under the decree for its sale at not more than $850,000, with authority to issue seven per cent bonds to that amount, secured by a mortgage of the property; and to complete the road to Paint Rock and Murphy, the State to have three-fourths of the stock and the private stockholders the other third. \n"By an act ratified March 13, 1875 (laws of North Carolina 1874-75, ch. 150, p.172), the Governor, Curtis H. Brogden, the president of the senate. R. F. Armfield, and the Speaker of the House, James L. Robinson, were constituted a commission with power to purchase the Western North Carolina railroad at the forthcoming sale in the Sibley suit for not exceeding $850,000, the amount which had been adjudged due on the outstanding first mortgage bonds issued by the Eastern Division. In order to force through the negotiations for the purchase of the outstanding claims, this commission was later authorized to prosecute an appeal in the Sibley suit to the Supreme Court of the United States,byresolution adopted March 20, 1875. (Laws of North Carolina 1874-75, p.405. See also a resolution concerning the expenses of this commission, ratified January 11, 1877, Laws of North Carolina 1876-77, p. 582.) \n"This finally resulted in the execution of an agreement under date of April 17, 1875, whereby all the parties in interest, including the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, the North Carolina Railroad Company and McAden, assigned all claims to the State commission consisting of Messrs. Brogden, Armfield and Robinson, in consideration of their agreement to purchase and reorganize the Western North Carolina, and to issue new first mortgage bonds for $850,000 to be ratably distributed among the parties in agreement was thereupon carried out, and reorganization by the State followed; the new corporation, hereinafter styled Western North Carolina Railroad Company No.2, taking possession of the property on October 1, 1875, "[9] \n\nORGANIZATION. By chapter 105 of the laws of 1876-77 the Western North Carolina railroad was organized with a capital stock of $850,000, three-fourths of which belonged to the State and one-fourth to the private stockholders to be appointed according to their several interests. The State also undertook to furnish 500 convicts to work on the road and the governor was authorized to buy iron to lay the track from the then terminus near Old Fort. It was also provided that when the road should have been completed to Asheville the convicts were to be divided equally, one-half to work on the Paint Rock line and the other half on the Murphy division, and that after the line should have been completed to Paint Rock, all the convicts were to be employed on the line to Murphy. Apparently, however, the State became uncertain as to the securities of the Richmond & Danville railroad for its lease of the Western North Carolina Railroad, for on the 23d of January, 1877, a joint resolution was adopted to enquire into the sufficiency of those securities. In 1879 the Western Division was abolished and consolidated with the Eastern Division under the name of the Western North Carolina Railroad Company. \n\nW. J. BEST & CO. A special session of the legislature was called and by an act of March 29, 1880, (Ch. 26) the State agreed to sell the Western North Carolina railroad to Wm. J. Best, Wm. R. Grace, James D. Fish and J. Nelson Tappan subject to the mortgage of 1875 for $850,000, on which the purchasers were to pay the interest, etc. \nThe agreement of April 27, 1880, between Wm. J. Best et al. and the State of North Carolina, among recited: \n"The Act of March 29, 1880, and provides in consideration of the delivery of a deed by the Commissioners named in said act to the United Trust Company, to be held in escrow, that the purchasers will: \n1. Complete the line to Paint Rock on Qr before July 1, 1881, and to Murphy on or before January 1, 1885. \n2. Repay to the State all moneys expended on the road after March 29,1880. \n3. Pay to the State $125 per annum rent for each of five hundred able-bodied convicts. \n4. That no bonds will be issued exeept as provided in the act. \n5. That they will deliver $520,000 of thefr first mortgage bonds, when nsued and $30,000 cash, to make up the aggregate of $550,000, invested by the State in the property, to the State Treasurer. 6. That they will pay the interest on the outstanding $850,000 of W. N. C. No.2 bonds."[10] \n\nCLYDE, LOGAN AND BUFORD. "Clyde, Logan and Buford, in 1880, loaned W. J. Best money and he failed to pay same back and forfeited the road, he assigning all his interest to Messrs. Clyde, Logan and Buford on May 28, 1880."[10] These men controlled both the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company and the Richmond and West Point Terminal Company.[11] \n\nTHE RICHMOND AND DANVILLE. The Richmond and Danville Railroad Company at one time owned the Richmond and West Point Terminal Company, and afterwards the Richmond and West Point Terminal Company bought the Richmond and Danville. Under the assignment from Best the Richmond Terminal Company came into control of the Western North Carolina and immediately proceeded with the work, issuing two mortgages for this purpose.[13] \n"The Richmond Terminal Company acquired the Western North Carolina in the interest of the expanding R. &. D system to extend its line from a connection at 8alisbury with the North Carolina Railroad, which the R. & D. was operating in 1880 under lease. \n"For the next five years while the construction of the Western North Carolina was being completed the operation was carried on in the name of Western North Carolina No.3 as is evidenced by an act entitled: \n'An Act empowering the Western North Carolina Railroad- Company to construct telegraph and telephone lines on its right of way.' \n"Ratified March 6,1885. \n"Laws of North Carolina 1885, ch. 294, p.542, which authorized the company to do a general telegraph business, but in 1886, when the R.& D. was assuming the operation of most of the Richmond Terminal lines in its own name, the following lease was executed: \n"'Western North Carolina Railroad Co., to Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, lease dated April 30, 1886 Term Ninety-nine years. Rental Net earnings above fixed charges. (Abrogated May 5, 1894.)' "[12] \n\nRICHMOND TERMINAL. "From this it will be seen that the property was operated as the Western North Carolina but was held by the Richmond Terminal Company up to April 30, 1886, from which time to May 5, 1894, when the Southern Railway purchased the property, it was operated by the Richmond & Danville under lease."[12] \n\nTHE STATE SELLS THE RAILROAD. By an act of 1883 (ch. 241) the State agreed to sell the road to Clyde, Logan and Buford, assignees of W. J. Best and associates, provided they should complete it to the mouth of the Nantahala river by September 1, 1884, and should keep at work beyond that point 75 convicts. They were also required to purchase of the State treasurer $520,000 of the coupon bonds of the Western North Carolina railroad which they had deposited with the State treasurer under sections 12 and 24 of the act of March 29, 1880. The road was finished into Andrews in the summer of 1889 and to Murphy in 1891. Soon thereafter, to wit, on June 15, 1892, the old Richmond & Danville Railroad went into the hands of receivers, Fred W. Hidekoper, Reuben Foster, and, later on, Samuel Spencer, and emerged therefrom as the Southern Railway Company, August 22, 1894, when the order was made confirming the sale of the road which had been made by Charles Price, special master, on August 21 at Salisbury, for $500,000. \n\nCOMPLETION OF THE RAILROAD. From 1869 and thereafter for several years, passengers were taken from Old Fort, the terminus of the railroad, to Asheville in stage coaches operated by the late Ed. T. Clemmons, contractor. Jack Pence "drove the mountain," as the end of the line nearest Old Fort was called, handling "the ribbons" over six beautiful white horses. The part of the trip down the mountains was always made at night, but there was never an accident. After several years the road was completed to a station called Henry's, where it remained till 1879, when it had been finished to Azalia, 130 miles west of Salisbury. The formidable Blue Ridge had been successfully surmounted at last. \n\nTHE ANDREWS GEYSER. A @@hotel and geyser-like fountain were maintained at Round Knob@@ from about 1885 to about the close of the last century, when the hotel was burned. The fountain had ceased some time before that; but in 1911 George F. Baker of New York, as a testimonial to the services Col. A. B. Andrews had rendered in the development of Western North Carolina, restored the fountain at his own expense. @@It throws a stream of water 250 feet into the air.@@ \n\nARRIVAL AT VARIOUS POINTS. [14] The railroad was completed to Biltmore on Sunday, October 3, 1880; to Alexanders, 10 miles below Asheville on the French Broad, on the 4th day of July, 1881, and to Paint Rock January 25, 1882. The bridge at Marshall was finished June 15,1882. The Murphy branch was completed to Pigeon river, now @@Canton, January 28, 1882, reaching Waynesville later in the same year. @@\n\nPROGRESS WEST OF WAYNESVILLE. If the original @@plan to have a tunnel through the Balsam mountain @@had been adhered to the terminus of the road must have remained at Waynesville many years; but the road was built over the mountain by a difficult and dangerous grade, and the work which had been done on the tunnel in 1869 and 1870 was abandoned. This @@Balsam gap is the highest railroad pass east of the Rocky mountains, being about 3,100 feet above sea level@@. . . . The road was completed to __Dillsboro in 1883 and to Bryson city in 1884. It reached Jarrett's station, or Nantahala,__ at the mouth of the Red Marble creek, November 23, 1884. Here it stayed a long time, due to the fact that a tunnel had been contemplated through the Red Marble gap of' the Valley River Mountain; but after the grading had been completed nearly to the gap it was discovered that the soil would not support the roof and sides of a tunnel, and the whole work had to be done over again and the roadbed placed on a much higher grade. This serious error cost many thou- sands of dollars and long delay. The road was __finished to Andrews in the summer of 1889__, and its entrance into @@Murphy was celebrated in 1891, on the same day the cornerstone of the fine new court house was laid@@. The original survey required the road to go by old Valley Town, but it was changed. @@Several of the convicts who helped to build this road@@ settled in Murphy when their terms expired and are making good citizens. \n\nSPARTANBURG AND ASHEVILLE RAILROAD. This road was completed to Saluda, twelve miles east of Hendersonville in 1879, and to Hendersonville about 1882. It was necessary that Buncombe county should contribute to the building of this railroad. \n\nBUNCOMBE'S SUBSCRIPTION. On the 5th of August, 1875, there were 1,944 votes for subscription to $100,000 of the stock of the Spartanburg and Asheville railroad, and only 242 votes against subscription, and the bonds were issued bearing six per cent interest and due in twenty years. But they were issued only as the grading was completed and amounted at the end to only $98,000 in all. These bonds were refunded at par by new bonds dated July 1, 1895, due in twenty years, under Chapter 172, Public Laws 1893. But at the meeting of the Republican board of county commissioners on December 27, 1897, they ratified a contract which had been made by the board and Hon. A. C. Avery, Mark W. Brown and Moore & Moore, attorneys, to contest the validity of the bonds in a case entitled the County Commissioners v. W. R. Payne, County Treasurer. This attempted repudiation was used by the Democrats to defeat the Republicans in November, 1898. But the Democrats themselves afterwards employed counsel to carry out the repudiation of these bonds on the ground that the bill had not been read on three separate days in each house. However, certain holders of these bonds soon brought an action in the District court of the United States, which held that the bonds were valid. \n\nRICHMOND PEARSON's BILL. Having secured the $100,000 subscription from Buncombe county, the officers of this road seemed satisfied to keep its terminal at Hendersonville indefinitely. Consequently, in 1885, Hon. Richmond Pearson, of Buncombe, introduced a bill in the legislature to declare forfeited the charter of the Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad Company, but before it could be read a second time, the railroad company began work and in 1886 completed the road to Asheville. During the time the road's terminus remained at Hendersonville Buncombe county was paying interest on the $98,000 of bonds which had been issued. \n\nTHE SOUTH AND WESTERN RAILROAD. The South and Western railroad was completed from Johnson City, Tennessee, to Huntdale, Yancey county, North Carolina, in 1900. It was afterwards built to Spruce Pine in 1904. \n\nTHE SOUTHERN RAILWAY IN THE MANGER. From the decision of the Supreme court in the case of the Johnson City Southern Railway against the South and Western Railroad Company[15] it is clear that the Southern Railway Company in 1907 attempted to defeat the building of this incomparable railroad now crossing the mountains from Marion, North Carolina, to Johnson City, Tennessee, by alleging that it (the Southern) was seeking to condemn land along the North Toe river in Yancey county for the purpose of constructing a railway from the coal fields to tidewater, when in point of fact it "did not in good faith intend to construct a railroad over the line in controversy," but had caused the Johnson City railroad to be "incorporated for the purpose of hindering, delaying and obstructing the building of a railroad along the North Toe by the South and Western Railway Company which was in good faith constructing a railroad from Johnson City.... to Spruce Pine in North Carolina, and was operating the same."[15] \n\nTHE SOUTHERN'S PLAN. The plan of the Southern Railway had been to pretend that it meant to build a railroad along this river, although it was well aware that the South and Western had already built such a road along the stream from Johnson City to Spruce Pine; and, by appealing to' the courts, to prevent the real road from changing its track from the east to the west bank of the river in order to obtain a better grade, which it had commenced to do in November, 1905, while the dummy corporation the Southern railway was using for this purpose had not been incorporated till December of the following year. Upon this the court said: \n\nCOURTS NOT TO BE USED TO PREVENT PROGRESS. "It is not of so much interest to the public which of two corporations build the road as it is that, by using the courts in the way suggested, they prevent either from doing so. If the course proposed by the 'Southern Railway' be permitted, the State has granted her franchise, with its sovereign power, to her own hindrance. If in creating two corporations she has conferred power upon both by which, through the instrumentality of her own courts, the building of railroads may be retarded, if not ultimately defeated, and her mountain fastnesses remain locked in their primitive isolation, the legislature may well consider whether some restriction should not be put upon corporations enjoying such power. If the course proposed by the 'Southern Railway' be permitted, railroad building may be 'tied up' indefinitely by repeatedly renewed condemnations, proceedings, contested until the end has been reached, and then withdrawn, only to be repeated in another form."[15] \n\nTHE CAROLINA, CLINCHRFIELD AND OHIO The South and Western, also known as the "Three C's" but now the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio, was completed to Marion, in 1908. It is the best constructed railroad in the mountains, the grades and curvatures being far less than those of the Southern from Old Fort to Morristown. \n\nALLEGED PEONAGE. During the time the heavy work on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge was being done, construction companies were given contracts for the building of certain sections of the line. Among these contractors was the Carolina Construction Company. @@Labor was hard to get@@, and in order to secure laborers this Construction @@Company paid the expenses of certain men to their camp. They worked half a day and slipped off, were followed, captured, returned to camp and imprisoned till nightfall, when they were taken out and severely whipped.@@ The facts appear in Buckner V. South & Western Railway Co., 159 N. C., going up on appeal from Buncombe county. This was known as the @@"peonage case."@@ \n\nTHE SNOW BIRD VALLEY RAILROAD. The Kanawha Hardwood Company, with that progressive and public spirited Virginian, J. Q. Barker, at its head, came in 1902 and constructed tlie Snow Bird Valley logging railroad for a distance of fifteen miles from Andrews over the Snow Bird mountains to the head of Snow Bird creek in 1907-08. The Cherokee Tanning and Extract Company began business in 1903, and the Andrews Lumber Company, under the management of Mr. H. R. Campbell, came in the spring of 1911, and have since completed fifteen miles of logging railroad of standard gauge into heavily timbered lands in Macon county on Chogah creek. This company has also built a saw mill near Andrews with a capacity of 80,000 feet a day. \n\nEAST TENNESSEE AND WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. This road was completed from Johnson City, Tenn., via Elizabethton to the Cranberry iron mines in 1882. It is a narrow gauge road. In 1900 or thereabout it was extended to Pinola or Saginaw, in what is now Avery county. This extension was paid for in coffee for a long time, funds being short, and was called the Arbuckle line. Its real name, however, is: \n\nLINVILLE RIVER RAILROAI COMPANY, and was built by E. B. Camp, who owned a considerable body of timber near Saginaw, the company operating the road and saw mills being the Pinola Lumber and Trading Company. Both companies went into the hands of a receiver, however, and were bought in by Isaac T. Mann of Bramley, W. Va. He got the W. M. Ritter Lumber Company interested in it and both properties finally went to that company, including a very good inn, called the Pinola Inn. A majority of its stock was transferred to the Cranberry Iron and Coal Company in April, 1913 by the W. M. Ritter Lumber Company. \n\nHENDERSONVILLE AND BREVARD RAILROAD. This road was built in 1894 by the late Tam C. McNeeley. Thos. S. Boswell was the engineer, and after it went into the hands of a receiver in 1897 he operated it as superintendent, when it was bought by J. F. Hays and associates, who afterwards organized \n\nTHE TRANSYLvANIA RAILROAD COMPANY, and in 1900 extended the road to Rosman, N. C., a point ten miles southwest of Brevard. From there it was to have been constructed to Seneca, S. C., which would have given a shorter route south from Asheville by 35 miles; but the Southern Railway leased it and that put an end to that scheme. In 1903 this road, as the Transylvania railroad, was extended to Lake Toxaway, nine miles beyond Rosman, and it was in this year that the Toxaway Inn was built, the lake having been dammed in the same year, Thos. S. Boswell having been the engineer. \n"The building of the Transylvania road and its extension resulted in the construction of the plant of the Toxaway Tanning Company at Rosman, N. C., in about 1901, as I recall. This has also resulted in the development of the Gloucester Lumber Company at that place; this concern is operating 20,000 acres on the western end of the Pisgah Forest tract of the Vanderbilt estate and have their mills located at Rosman, and carry on quite a large operation, with probably 20 miles of railroad. Also, at Rosman is located the plant of the Shaffer Lumber Company, and they have a line of railroad running to the south from Rosman and have quite a large operation with their mills located on their line of road. Also, the building of the Transylvania resulted in the location of the plant of the Brevard Tanning at Pisgah Forest, two miles northeast of Brevard which has had a very successful operation."[16] \n\nTHE ELKIN AND ALLEGHANY RAILROAD. The great drawback to Alleghany county has been the lack of a railroad. The legislature of 1907 authorized the State to furnish not less than 50 convicts for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Elkin to Sparta. The State took stock in this road to the amount of the work done by the convicts, and the work of grading was begun in the fall of 1907. In the early part of the year 1911 the directors, John T. Miles, Capt. Roth, H. G. Chatham, R. A. Doughton, A. H. Eller, C. C. Smoot, Henry Fries and others, succeeded in interesting John A. Mills in this enterprise, and he helped to procure the financial aid. And now the railroad has every appearance of being rapidly pushed to completion. The train is now running to the foot of the mountain, nearly halfway to Sparta. \n\nTHE PIGEON RIVER RAILROAD. This was one of the first enterprises planned by the Champion Fiber Company; but it decided that a flume from Sunburst to Canton would be cheaper and answer its purposes as well as a railroad. This proved impracticable, on account of difficulties in securing rights of way; and a railroad was commenced a few years ago, of standard gauge, and it is now completed. \n\nGEORGIA AND NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. The Georgia and North Carolina railroad, from Marietta, Georgia, to Murphy (ch. 167, Laws 0 1870-71) was the first railroad to run into Cherokee, and the late Mercer Fain was its first president and was the most active in its construction. It reached Murphy in 1888, and at first was a narrow gauge. It was afterwards absorbed by the Marietta and North Georgia railroad, which extended it from Blue Ridge, Georgia, to Knoxville, leaving the Murphy end a mere branch. It was originally intended that this road should go down the Hiwassee and Tennessee rivers to Chattanooga, but others had already obtained a charter for a road by that route which they refused to surrender or assign except upon prohibitive terms. Hence the route via Blue Ridge was adopted. The dog-in-the-manger policy has thus prevented a road down the Hiwassee river and has nct produced any benefit to those who not only would not build themselves but would not allow others to do so. \n\nTHE APPALACHIAN RAILROAD. There is also a short railroad which leaves the Murphy branch about five miles east of Bryson City and runs a short distance up Ocona Lufty creek. \n\nTALLULAH FALLS AND FRANKLIN RAILROAD. This road was completed from Cornelia, in Georgia, via Tallulah Falls and Rabun Gap to Franklin, in 1908. It affords an outlet for a large section of this region, and practically makes the whole of Macon county tributary to Georgia. If the Southern Railway would complete the link betweea Franklin and Almond, and down the Little Tennessee river from Bushnel to Maryville, Teun., Franklin would have two other outlets, one into our own State via Asheville, and into Tennessee via Bushnel and Murphy. 17 This is more of the dog-in-the-manger spirit. \n\nTHE DAMASCUS LUMBER COMPANY RAILROAD. In 1902 the Hemlock Extract Company, D. K. Stouffer, manager, was built, and several years afterwards the Damascus Lumber Company built a narrow gauge railroad from Laurel Bloomery in Tennessee, on the Laurel Railway Company's line, over the Cut Laurel gap. It is operated exclusively as a logging road, but the grade generally, is good enough for a standard road, and there is no reason why it should not be electrified and operated as it is for freight and passengers. Its terminus at Hemlock is only 19 miles from Jefferson, the county seat of Ashe county, the grade down Laurel creek to the North Fork of the New river is good, and the road should be extended to Jefferson at least, the principal barrier to mountain roads having been overcome in the passage of the Cut Laurel gap. \n\nTHE TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD was completed to @@the mouth of Big creek on the Pigeon river about 1897, and then extended two miles up to Mount Sterling post office@@, where there @@has been a large saw mill plant since about 1900@@. The design is to complete this line up the Pigeon to Canton at least; and ultimately up the Pigeon to Sunburst, and thence into Transylvania county. @@Should it get as far as the mouth of Cataloochee creek it will have tapped the finest body of virgin hardwood timber left in the mountains. @@\n\nASHEVILLE AND CRAGGY MOUNTAIN RAILWAY. On March 29, 1901, the city of Asheville authorized the Craggy Railway Company to transfer its rights over Charlotte street to the reorganized Asheville Street Railroad Company. Mr. R. S. Howland operated this road to Overlook Park, on Sunset Mountain, several summers; but, by September, 1904, he had demonstrated to his own satisfaction that it could not be made to pay. In that month it was torn up and the rails and ties used to build a track from the Golf Club to Grace and thence to the French Broad river at Craggy Station on the Southern Railway, and the Weaver Power Company plant and dam, then but recently erected, and to the factory of the William Whittam Textile Company, which had been incorporated February 1, 1902. He also built a trestle across the French Broad river to the opposite bank, where the Southern Railway established a station called Craggy. \n\nQUARRY. Meantime, however, not losing sight of the objective point of the Craggy Railway Company, Mr. Howland graded a roadbed and laid a track for a steam railroad from the new Music Hall at Overlook Park, to Locust Gap, a distance of about two miles, and opened a new quarry about a quarter of a mile from the Music Hall, with a track ex- tending down to it. He also leased a part of the old James M. Smith property, in rear of the present Langren Hotel, where he established bins, and from which he sold all sorts of stone, bringing it down the mountain by a steam dummy engine, and hauling it through the streets of Asheville with a large electric motor engine. The ties and rails on the track to Locust Gap and to the new quarry were also taken up and placed on the railroad leading to Grace and Craggy Station. He also graded a traction road from near Locust Gap through the lands of J. W. Shartle, C. A. Webb and others to Craven Gap at the head of Beaver Dam creek, and thence to within half a mile of Bull Gap at the head of Ox creek on the North and Bull creek on the south. This road is to form a part of the projected automobile road from Asheville via Mitchell's Peak, and thence along the crest of the Blue Ridge to Blowing Rock. During this time Mr. Howland experimented with steam traction engines; but they were not satisfactory for the mountain roads. \n\nASHEVILLE LOOP LINE RAILWAY. Mr. Howland operated the railroad down to Craggy Station and to the Elk Mountain Cotton Mill till April, 1906, when he sold that portion of the railroad between New Bridge on the Burnsville road and Craggy Station to the Southern Railway, but continued to run cars from the Golf Club to New Bridge. The sale of the lower portion of this railroad also carried with it the corporate rights, etc., of the Asheville and Craggy Mountain Railroad Company, and it then became necessary to organize the Asheville Loop Line Railway to operate what was left of the Craggy Mountain Railway. This company, during the summer of 1906, leased from the Southern Railway that portion of the railway between New Bridge and Craggy Station and operated the entire line from the Golf Club to the river. The water impounded by the Weaver Power Company dam was called Lake Tahkeeostee, and proved quite an attraction to summer visitors who were in Asheville in great numbers during the season. The railroad paid a slight profit. \n\nASHEVILLE RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD. During the fall of 1906 Messrs. Culver and Whittlesey, attorneys, and Mr. R. H. Tingley, civil engineer, of New York City, got control of the Loop Line railroad and determined to rebuild the track to the Music Hall on Sunset mountain. To do this they formed a new corporation called the Asheville Rapid Transit Company, December 18, 1906, and in March of 1907 obtained a franchise to build an electric railway from the corner of Water street and Patton avenue across North Main street, and thence along Merrimon avenue to a point near the Manor, and thence over private property to the Golf Club. In order to secure this concession from the city they deposited $1,000, to be forfeited in case they did not commence to build the railway into town by the following Septemher and complete it within a few months thereafter. \n\nMERRIMON AVENUE LINE. These gentlemen secured enough money to reconstruct the track up the mountain to the Music Hall, which was in full operation by July 4, 1907, on which day two thousand passengers were transported over the new road. They continued to operate the road during the summer and opened a restaurant and moving picture show at Overlook Park. But the money they had expected to borrow for the completion of the railway into the city via Merrimon avenue could not be obtained, and they abandoned the enterprise, turning the property back to Mr. R. S. Howland in the spring of 1908. As there were several local debts due by the company the board of aldermen very considerable returned the $1,000 which had been deposited as a forfeit, upon the abandonment and release by the company of all rights on the streets, on condition be so applied. In June, 1908, Mr. R. S. Howland took charge of the company again; but the company not having paid the Asheville Electric Company for the power which had been furnished for some time previous the latter company refused to supply electric current for the operation of cars to Sunset mountain. An arrangement, however, was soon afterwards made for power to operate the cars from the Golf Club to New Bridge and this continued to be done till August 27, when the Rapid Transit Company was placed in the hands of a receiver. It was sold in December, 1908, to R. S. Howland and associates for $25,000. By an arrangement between Messrs. LaBarbe, Moale & Chiles and R. S. Howland the latter was to have the roadbed from the Golf Club to New Bridge and certain other property, and the former the track up the mountain and ten acres around Music Hall. This led to some litigation between these parties, which, however, was adjusted in 1911. \n\nEAST TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. During 1909 R. S. Howland built a trolley railroad from New Bridge to Weaverville, thus giving a continuous line from Grace to Weaverville. By a subsequent agreement with the Asheville Electric Company and the Asheville and East Tennessee Railroad Company, as this WeaverVille railway company is called; under its charter, the latter has the right to operate its cars over the track of the former from Grace to Pack Square. This line passes over Merrimon avenue under a franchise granted the Asheville Electric Company by the city soon after its rights over that avenue had been abandoned by the Rapid Transit Company. Both the Merrimon Avenue line in the city and the railway from Grace to Weaversville have proven great conveniences to the public. \n\nSUNSET MOUNTAIN RAILWAY COMPANY. Under this name LaBarbe, Moale and Chiles operated the road up Sunset mountain to Music Hall during the summer of 1910, but soon sold it to the E. W. Grove Park Company, who also bought about 300 acres on Sunset mountain from the Howlands. The track has been removed and the roadbed converted into an automobile road. \n\nTHE HIWASSEE VALLEY RAILROAD. In 1913 Clay and Cherokee counties each voted $75,000 for the construction of a railroad from Andrews via Marble down the Hiwassee river to Hayesville, crossing Peach Tree and Hiwassee at the Clay county line. It will be 35 miles long, standard gauge, etc., and will be operated by electricity from a power plant to be erected on Hiwassee river. A question has arisen as to the legality of the vote, and the company is now enjoined from proceeding further in securing aid from either county. J. Q. Barker is president, and Samuel Cover, treasurer, and D. S. Russell, secretary. \n\nBETTER THAN RAISING CORN AND COTTON. If Ashe, Clay, Graham, and Watauga counties, four of the richest counties in the mountains naturally, had railroads the enhanced value of their property would give the State a larger and more constant revenue from taxation than she now derives from the raising of uncertain crops of cotton and corn on the @@State farms by working her convicts@@ in that malarious section of the State. If these convicts were taken to the healthful and invigorating climate of the mountains and put to work grading railroads, @@for their support in provisions alone@@, it would not be long before every county west of the Blue Ridge would be adequately served with an @@outlet for their crops, lumber and minerals, while new health and pleasure resorts would be opened up for summer tourists and health seekers. @@\nAshe is less known than any mountain county, but it is the finest of them all, agriculturally and in minerals and water power. Yet in the decade between 1900 and 1910 its population decreased from 19,581 to 19,074. Clay's population fell from 4,532 in 1900 to 3,909. Yet the lands of Clay are rich and productive and its jail is empty nine-tenths of the time. Watauga, which in many respects is unsurpassed, gained only a little over one hundred inhabitants in the same period. These three fine counties are really retrograding for want of railroads. If the increase in population and wealth of Buncombe in 1880, before railroads reached its borders, compared with its population and wealth in 1913, is an index of what railroads accomplish for communities, it will be evident that the convicts could be more advantageously employed in the mountains building wagon- and railroads than in raising precarious crops of cotton and corn near Weldon. \nThe territory that in 1911 was erected into the county of Avery is more moutitainous and was formerly more inaccessible than any other part of the mountains. Yet having a railroad, it gained nearly 2,000 in population in the last ten years. \n\nOTHER RAILROADS. In November, 1912, the county of Watauga by a large majority voted $100,000 toward the construction of a railroad through Cook's Gap, Boone and down the Watauga river, and the State has since provided thirty convicts for work thereon. Work has already begun. The Virginia - Carolina Railway obtained from the Legislature of North Carolina in 1911, authority to construct a railroad from its line in Grayson and Washington counties, Virginia, into the counties of Ashe and Watauga, and in June, 1913, let the entire line to the Callahan Construction Company, from Konarok, Va., via Jefferson to Todd, or Elk Cross Roads; all grading to be completed by July, 1914. That the link between Canton and the mouth of Big creek, near Mount Sterling post office, will be built shortly seems probable, as the line has only to follow the Pigeon river to complete this link, @@thus opening up a large boundary of timber and acid wood and bark in the Cataloochee valley.@@ There is also hope that a railroad will be built from Saginaw (Pinola) to Mortimer or Collettsville. A lumber road from Black Mountain station to Mitchell's peak is being constructed rapidly. \n\nTHE BLATHERSKITE RAILROAD. This road has been building (in the newspapers) for ten years or more, but never hauls any freight or passengers. It is quiescent until there is talk of a bona fide railroad, and then it develops a state of activity and construction (still in the newspapers) wherever it is proposed to locate such new railway. \n\nNOTES.\n1. From Asheville's Centenary.\n2. Hill's. p. 259.\n3. Col. Wm. H. Thomas was more active in securing this amendment than anyone else.\n4. Harrison's Legal History of the Lines of the Southern Railway.\n5. Under the act incorporating the 'Vestern North Carolina R. R., commissioners were appointed to take subscriptions to the capital stock in Salisbury, Lincointon. Newton, Statssville, Hendersonville, Lenoir. Boone, Taylorsville, Morganton, Marion, Rutherfordton, Shelby, Mocksville, and Asheville. The act provided for the construction of a railroad to effect a communication between the North Carolina R. R. and the Valley of the Mississippi, no route being specified.\n6. Shipp Fraud Gem. Rep., pp.250 and 307.\n7. Wm. A. Ellason Testimony, Shipp Fraud Com., p.357.\n8. J. W Wilson before Shlpp Fraud Commission, p. 365.\n9. Harrison's "Legal History of the Lines of the Southern Railway."\n10. Fairfax Harrison's "Legal History of the Lines of the Southern Railway."\n11. Letter from Col. A. B. Andnews to J. P. A.. July. 1912.\n12. Fairfax Harrison's "Legal Hiatory of the Lines of the Southern Railway."\n13. Letter from Ccl. A. B. Andrews to J. P. A .. July. 1912.\n14. These dates are from letter' from CoLA. B. Andrews to J. P.A., dated July19 and 21, 1913.\n15. 148 N. C. Reports. p.51.\n16. Letter of J. F. Hays to J. P. A., 1912.\n17. "The Southern's line has been extended from Bushnel to Eagle creek, on the Little Tennessee, sixteen miles; but it is used principally for hauling lumber. The scenery is unsurpassed.\n\n~Returned to New River Notes </newriver/nrv.htm> , A \n
[[Baptist]]\n[[Pentecostal]]\n[[Methodist]]\n[[Scripture]]
CHAPTER XVII.\nSCHOOLS AND COLLEGES\n\nOLD-FIELD SCHOOLS. Col. J. M. Ray gives the following description of these\nantiquated methods of teaching the young idea how not to shoot In lieu of\nkindergarten, graded and normal schools "was the @@Old-Field school@@__, of\nwhich there were generally only one or two in a county__, and they were __in\nsession only when it was not 'crop-time.' __They were attended by __little and\nbig, old and young__, sometimes by as many as a hundred, and all jammed into\none room-a __log-cabin with a fire-place at each end-puncheon floor, slab\nbenches, and no windows, except an opening made in the wall by cutting out\na section of one of the logs__, here and there. The pedagogue in charge (and\nno matter how large the school there was but one) prided himself upon his\nknowledge of and efficiency in teaching the 'three R's'-readin', 'ritin'\nand 'rithmetic-and upon his ability to use effectively the rod, of which a\ngood supply was always kept in stock; He must know, too, how to make a\nquill pen from the wing-feather of goose or turkey, steel and gold pens\nnot having come into general use. The __ink used was made from 'ink-balls__'-\nsometimes @@from poke-berries@@~and was kept__ in little slim vials__ partly\nfilled with cotton. These vials not having base enough to stand alone,\nwere __suspended on nails near the writer__. The schools were paid for from a\npublic fund, the teacher boarding with the scholars. The common plan was\nfor all to study aloud, and this was universally so when getting the\nspelling lesson, which was the concluding exercise and most exciting part\nof the inside program. Two of the good spellers of the school were\nappointed by the teacher as captains, and they made selections alternately\nfrom the scholars for their respective sides in the spelling match. The\n__first choice was determined by @@spitting on a chip@@ and tossing it up, the\ncaptain tossing it asking the other 'Wet or dry?__' and the other stating\nhis choice. If the chip fell with the side up as designated, he had 'first\npick' of the spellers, and of course selected the one thought best. If he\nlost, his opponent had first pick. Another plan was '@@Cross or pile?@@' when\na knife was used the same way, __the side of the handle with the ornament\nbeing the cross__. Some of these old pedagogues were very rigid in\ndiscipline-almost tyrants-a day without several fioggings being unusual.\nThey sometimes resorted to __queer plans to catch up with mischievous\nscholars__; one I distinctly remember-it is not necessary to say why I so\ndistinctly remember it-was to__ put the school on its behavior and leave the\nbuilding, cut around to some crack or opening and watch inside movements.__\nThis watching generally resulted in something.\n\nOLD SCHOOL GAMES. "The outside sports made bearable all inside oppression,\nhowever. 'Base,' 'cat,' 'bull-pen,' and 'marbles,' were the leading\npopular games, and were entered into with a zest and enthusiasm unknown in\nthese times. The sensational occurrence of the session was, however, the\nchase given some party who, in passing, should holler '@@school butter!@@' But\nsuch party always__ took the precaution to be at a safe distance__ and to have\na good start, and stood not upon the order of his going, but went for all\nthat was in him; __for to be taken was to be roughly handled-soused in some\ncreek, pond or mud-hole__. The pursuers were eager and determined, sometimes\nfollowing for miles and miles, and having but small fear of being punished\nfor neglect of studies. On the contrary,__ the offence was of so high an\norder (and I never understood just why) that sometimes the teacher would\njoin in the race."__\n\nA PRIMITIVE SPELLING BOOK. Col. Allen T. Davidson gives this picture of a\ntime earlier than any Col. Ray can remember: "The @@first schoolmaster@@ I\nremember (on Jonathan's creek) was an old man by the name of Hayes. He was\na good old man, and had a nice family, and had come to that back-country\nto 'learn' the young idea how to shoot. I was about six years old (1825).\nWe could not then get spelling-books readily. I had none, and was more\ninclined to fun than study. The old man or his daughters __dressed a board\nas broad as a shingle, printed the alphabet on it, bored a hole through\nthe top, put a string in it, tied it around my neck and told me to get my\nlesson__. I did not make much progress; but was greatly indulged by the old\nman, and 'went out' without the 'stick,' which was the passport for the\nothers. The old man wore a pair of black steel-rim spectacles, with the\nlargest eyes I ever saw, and was a great smoker. There were no matches in\nthose days, and no way to get fire except by @@punk and steel@@; hence, he had\nto keep fire covered up in the ashes in the fire-place to light his\npipe... When I would bring in the sticks with which to replenish the fire,\nI would usually bring in two or three @@buckeyes@@__, which I slipped into the\nashes as I covered the wood. The wood would smolder to a coal and the\nbuckeyes would get hot, but they would not explode until the air reached\nthem, when they would explode like the report of a musket__, scattering the\nhulls, ashes and embers all over the house, in the old man's face and\nagainst his spectacles. This always happened whenever he uncovered the\ncoals to light his pipe. The good old man never did discover the cause of\nthe explosions. He has long since gone to his reward, and I remember him\nwith tenderest affection."(6)\n\nTHE BLAB SCHOOL. At the earliest period of the most isolated schools,\nthere were but few books, and spelling was usually taught and learned by a\nsort of chant or sing-song, iri which all, teacher and scholars, joined.\nYoung and old joined in this exercise, and children often learned to spell\nwho did not readily distinguish the letters of the alphabet. These were\noften chalked or written with charcoal against the walls.\n
''Ephesians 4:11-16 (King James Version)''\n//Focusing on how everyone has different jobs and we're all a part of the Church even though we bicker between ourselves between man-made churches.//\n11And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; \n12For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: \n13Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ: \n14That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; \n15But speaking the truth in love, may grow up into him in all things, which is the head, even Christ: \n16From whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love.\n
<<search>><<closeAll>><<permaview>><<newTiddler>>/%<<newJournal 'DD MMM YYYY'>>%/<<saveChanges>><<slider chkSliderOptionsPanel OptionsPanel 'options »' 'Change TiddlyWiki advanced options'>>
and stuff
Appville Notes
Qualifiers:\n* must be timeless\n* must have tone of simplicity, clarity\n* no preachiness\n\nTitle possibilities:\nAppalachiaville, Balsam Holler, Spruce Holler, Laurel Holler\n\nThe basics:\n* 3 competing churches in turn-of-the-century mountain hamlet\n* story flows down to the Carolina coast, Pamlico Sound\n* returns to the mountain hamlet, what's left of it, and ends there
To Do for this section:\n* I should really clean this section up and categorize it either by topic (?) and/or generally story chronology (?).\n* Go back and review highlighted stuff and get more stuff in here.\n\n[_] modest gravestones, not ostentatious\n[_] paint the door blue to announce a girl is of age for courting\n[_] foot washing (Baptist)\n[_] shunning - as with Amish, when person goes bad, how much shunning should there be. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish ...Baptism, Rumspringa, shunning\n[_] Caney Branch - a locale on a branch with a canebreak; they call it Caney Brainch\n[_] witchcraft stuff - signs, hair bullets shot against barn doors, witches stirrups\n[_] dye for wool (in customs)\n[_] Abe Lincoln from NC (in extraordinary events)\n[_] Mtn place-names... --- Hyatt, Henry, Leatherwood, Osborne, Plott, Killian, Moody, Love, Davidson, Messer, Medford, Hargrove, Ferguson, Boyd, Queen, Setzer, Campbell and a long list of others.\n\n[_] "Iron Duff..." ---\n\n· Located in "History-->Haywood history", based on Aaron McDuff, first settler\n· Also worth working in...\n· Fine's Creek\n· Waynesville from Mad Anthony Wayne\n\n[_] stagecoach... ---\n\nThe stagecoach ran for 50 years, ceasing to operate only in 1880 with the advent of train travel.\n\n--- salt needed after war... ---\n\nAfter the war the roads and farms had grown up and needed repair, the schools were shut down, and salt was even hard to come by.\n\n--- poor farm... ---\n\nAfter the Civil War, the practice of putting debtors in prison evolved into the "poor house" or in the case of this county the "poor farm" system.\nPoor people were sent to live on W.L. Moody’s farm above Dellwood. The county paid Moody 500 cents per person, per day, and the poor people had to work on his farm. This system stayed in place until the early 1950’s, when welfare was introduced.\n\n--- 1st train... ---\n\n· came to Canton in 1882\n· it then went to Clyde & Waynesville in 1883, down at Frog Level\n· Before the railroad, the principal products of Haywood County were agricultural (crops and especially livestock) and the primary markets were Augusta and Charleston, a 160-to-200-mile journey that took 10 to 12 days.\n· After RR, biggest industries were lumber, leather (Hazelwood tannery) , 'sang\n\n--- tourists... ---\n\n· with the 1st RR, came tourists in hotels that sprang up in Waynesville (and Hot Springs?)\n\n--- logging... ---\n\n· the train made logging a big business as transportation of logs was possible\n\n--- 1890s hard times... ---\n\n· 1892 farming crisis\n· land was worn out\n· SC cotton mills sought workers\n· bottom fell out the "bright tobacco" industry (light colored, low-grade)\n· Wall Street fell in 1893\n\n--- Haywood 1sts... ---\n\nThese things 1st appeared in the 1890s\n(the years can be found in "Haywood history...", but the exact years probably doesn't matter as much as this is not a history book)\n\n· newspaper\n· iron bridge\n· high school\n· laws against free range of livestock\n· electric lights\n\n--- temperance... ---\n\n· sale and consumption of alcohol in the county was voted legal and then illegal several times before the turn of the century\n· parts of the county "wet" and parts "dry" (this could reflect different churches' influence)\n· Prohibition was enacted in the entire state in 1889\n\n--- dirt roads... ---\n\n· the county still had dirt roads that had to be kept up by the local citizenry to keep them passable\n· a kind of conscription system was used --> every male in the county between the ages of 21 and 50 had to put in two days a year working the roads\n\n--- courthouse... ---\n\n· sawdust on the floor to cut noise and gather tobacco juice spit\n· circuit riding judges and lawyers would come to town for trials\n· story telling and horse-trading took place among the crowds gathered outside\n· "Granny" Mull’s hard cider and gingerbread stand across from the courthouse did a great business. She charged a nickel for a generous portion of both.\n\n--- lost easily... ---\n\n"Wednesday, 24. We came to Buncombe : we were lost within a mile of Mr. Killion's (Killian's), and were happy to get a school house to shelter us for the night. I had no fire, but a bed wherever I could find a bench; my aid, Moses Lawrence, had a bear skin and a dirt floor to spread it on."\n\nUse this for the boy getting lost at the school\n\n--- exhortation... ---\n\nconfirmed what was said. Had I known and studied my congregation for a year, I could not have spoken more appropriately to their particular cases\n\n--- 1st church... ---\n\nthe first church established west of the Blue Ridge and east of the Smokies was at what is still called "Three Forks of New river in what is now Watauga county, a beautiful spot." It was organied November 6, 1790.\n\nThis is the mother of all the Baptist churches throughout this great mountain region. From this mother church using the language of these old pioneers, they established arms of the mother church; After these "arms" had been established "there was organized Three Forks Baptist association, which bears the name to this day, and is the oldest and most venerated religious organization known throughout the mountains. The first pastors of the churches were all farmers and worked in the fields for their daily bread. \n\n--- Locust Old Field... ---\n\nthe leading (Baptist) churches in this upland country, to wit: Cane creek, in Buncombe county, and Locust Old Field in Haywood county, where the friends of these two men have worshipped ever since\n\n--- clannishness... ---\n\n"It is a striking fact in the character of this primitive people," says Col. A. T. Davidson with a profile in The Lyceum for January 1891, "that they. were entirely devoted to each other, clannish in the extreme; and when affliction, sorrow, trouble, vexation, or offence came to one it came to all. It was like a bee-hive always some one on guard, and all affected by the attack from without. They were the constant attendants around the bed of the sick; suffered with the suffering, wept with those who wept, and attended all the funerals without reward, it never having been known that a coffin was charged for, or the digging of a grave for many long years. Is it a fact that these men were better than those of the present day, or does it only exist in my imagination? When I look back to them I think that they were the best men I ever knew; and the dear old mothers of these humble people are now strikingly engraved upon my memory. The men rolled each others logs in common; they gathered their harvests, built their cabins, and all work of a heavy character was done in common and without price. \n\n--- "union meetings..." ---\n\nThe log meeting-house was reared in the same way, and it is a fact that this was done promptly, without hesitation--regardless of creeds or sect-all coming together with a will. The Baptists, "rifle, axe and saddle-bag men," or the Methodist "circuit rider" supplied the people with the ministry of the word; and it is pleasant to look back and reflect upon the enjoyment and comfort these humble people had in the administration by these humble ministers in the long-ago. Then they came together and held what they called "union meetings," under arbors made with poles and brush, or, at the private residence of some good citizen-often at my father's. I remember distinctly that Nathaniel Gibson, of Crabtree creek, converted the top story of his mill house into one of these places of worship; and Jacob Shook, on Pigeon, the father of the family near Clyde, turned his threshing floor, in his barn, into a place of worship; and near this was established about 1827 or 1828, Shook's Camp Ground. The good old Dutchman contributed or donated to the church ten acres of land, which have ever been kept for a place of public worship.\n\n--- libel... ---\n\nDenominational bickering was heavy after 2nd Great Awakening. "Discussions" degenerated into personal quarrels. To wit the story below. In essence, a joker wrote a 24 page letter laying waste to some fellow who took offense and sued for libel. He won, and the writer was fined a dun mare, bridle, saddle and saddle bags (or sold those items for the fine). The writer became a hero and his Bible and hymnbook got passed down through families. \n\nREV. WM. G. BROWNLOW.[6] In the year 1832 Rev. Wm. G. Brownlow, a Methodist minister, afterwards better known as Parson Brownlow and Governor of Tennessee, served as pastor of the Franklin circuit in Macon county. These were the days of intense religious prejudices and denominational controversies. Rev. Humphrey Posey, a kinsman of the late Ben. Posey, Esq., was at that time the leading minister of the Baptist church in this section. \n"It was impossible for men of the type of Brownlow and Posey to long remain in the same community without becoming involved in controversy. Nor did they. From denominational discussions their controversy degenerated into matters personal, a personal quarrel. Brownlow, as is well known, was a master of invective and his pen was dipped in vitriol, On July 23,1832, he wrote Rev, Posey a 24-page letter which is still on file among the records of Macon court and which that gentleman regarded as libelous. He thereupon Indicted parson Brownlow, as appears from the court records. The first bill was found at fall term 1832. It is signed by J. Roberts, solicitor pro-tem., and seems to have been quashed; at any rate a new bill was sent and the case tried at spring term 1833. Wm. J. Alexander was the solicitor when the case was tried. The defendant pleaded not guilty but was found guilty by the jury, whether upon the ground that the "greater the truth the greater the libel" or not does not appear. He was sentenced to pay a fine and the costs. The amount of the fine was not given but the record discloses that it was paid by J. B. Siler, one of the leading citizens and original settlers, and a prominent member of the Methodist church. Execution issued for the costs and the return shows that on July 1,1833, the sheriff levied on dun mare, bridle, saddle and saddle bags. Sold for $65.50. Proceeds into office $53.83.' \n"There is a generally accredited story to the effect that when the sheriff went to levy on the Parson's horse, Brownlow was just closing a preaching service at Mt. Zion church-that he saw the sheriff approaching and knew the purpose of his coming. and before the sheriff came up Browniow handed his Bible to one lady member of his congregation and his hymn book to another and that these books are still in the families of the descendants of these ladies. It is also said that when Brownlow started to conference that fall, J. B. Siler made him a present of another horse in lieu of the one that had been sold."\n\n\n--- ginseng choice clarified root ---\n\nin 1832 went to Caney river, then in Buncombe, now in Yancey, to clerk for Smith & McElroy, merchants, where he spent five years, buying ginseng principally, getting in in 1837 over 86,000 pounds which yielded 25,000 pounds of choice clarified root, which was barreled and shipped to Lucas & Heylin, Philadelphia, and thence to China. \n\n--- buffalo... ---\n\nOnce very plentiful, back before 1770s and entrance of white man.\n\nSee WNC History, Manners/Customs, Buffaloes\n\n--- Cherokee land sale.. ---\n\nAt the sale of the Cherokee lands at Waynesville in September, 1820, his father bought the land known as the Tessentee towns, now Smith's Bridge, where C. D. Smith was reared to manhood.\n\n--- medicine & cures ---\n\n· \n\n--- insect cures... ---\n\nWNC, Manners/Customs, Some Insect Pests...\nDeer ticks and cattle ticks have such an aversion to Penny Royal, that they will attack no Part that rubbed with the juice of that fragrant Vegetable. And a strong decoction of this is likewise fatal to the most Seedtikes, which bury themselves in your Legs, where they are so small you can hardly discern them without a Microscope, [Surely the man is talking about "chiggers."] \nHORSEFLIES AND MUSQUETAS. He says (p.213) that Dittany "stuck in the Head-Stall of your Bridle" will keep horse flies at a "respectful Distance. Bear's Oyl is said to be use by Indians (p. 214) against every species of Vermin." He also remarks that the "Richer sort in Egypt" used to build towers in which they had their bed-chambers, in order to be out of the reach of musquetas, because their wings are "so weak and their bodies so light that if they mount never so little, the Wind blows them quite away from their Course, and they become an easy prey to Martins, East India Bats," etc. (p.214). \n\n--- medicine/superstition... ---\n\nMEDICINE AND SUPERSTITION. "Medicine was at a crude stage, many of the so-called cures being as old as Egypt, while others were borrowed from the Indians. The borderers firmly believed in the existence of witches; bad dreams, eclipses of the sun, the howling of dogs, the croaking of ravens, were sure to bring disasters in their train."[9] Teas made of burdock, sassafras, catnip, and other herbs are still in use. Lye poultices were considered Sovereign remedies for wounds and cuts. Hair bullets shot from guns against barn doors were sure to drive away witches. Tangled places in a horse's mane or tail were called "witches' stirrups," in which the witches were thought to have placed their feet when riding the animals over the hills.[10] Mullein was cultivated for medicine for and cows. \n\n--- fire hunting... ---\n\nFIRE-HUNTING. This Gentleman of Old Virginia (p.223) describes an unsportsmanlike practice of the early settlers of setting the woods afire in a circumference of five miles and driving in the game of all kinds to the hunters stationed near the center to slaughter the terrified animals. The deer are said "to weep and groan like a Human Creature" as they draw near their doom. He says this is called Fire-Hunting, and that "it is much practiced by Indians and the frontier Inhabitants." This, however, is not what was later known as fire-hunting, which consisted in blinding the deer with the light from torches at night only, and shooting at their eyes when seen in the darkness. \n\n--- primogeniture reversed... ---\n\nThey gave land to the youngest son just to show spite to the old English tradition.\n\n--- curing meat/skins... ---\n\nWNC, Manners/Customs, Curing\n\nBriefly...\nkill it, skin it there, scrape & cure, hang on scaffold, put burnt powder on rag to ward off predators\n\n--- Plott dogs ---\n\n\n\n--- walnut fences/newground... ---\n\nWalnut or poplar fences were not uncommon back in old old days despite being top wood. They had to constantly clear out new ground 'cause the land would be worn out.\n\n--- 1863 frost each month ---\n\n\n\n--- wrestling... ---\n\nHe can still run a foot race and "throw" most men in a wrestle "catch as catch can." \n\n--- woman's morning routine... ---\n\nThen the fire was started and the water brought from the spring, poured into the "kittle," and while it was heating the chickens were fed, the cows milked, the children dressed, the bread made, the bacon fried and then coffee was made and breakfast was ready.\n\n--- fetching honey/beekeeping ---\n\n\n\n--- pewter & knife... ---\n\nFolks used pewterware traditionally and didn't like pottery as it'd dull a knife.\n\n--- curing hides... ---\n\nTANNING HIDES AND MAKING SHOES. According to Col. W. L. Bryan, every farmer had his tan-trough, which was an excavation dug out of a poplar or chestnut log of large size, while some had two troughs in one log, separate by leaving a division of the log in place. Into these troughs ashes or lime was placed, diluted with water. Skins should always be salted and folded together a few days till all the blood has been drawn out; but salt was high and scarce, and this process was often omitted. When "green" hides were to be tanned at once, they were first "fleshed," by being placed on the "fleshing block" and scraped with a fleshing knife-one having a rounded edge. This block was a log with the upper surface rounded, the lower end resting on the ground and the upper end, supported on pegs reaching to a man's waist. Fleshing consisted in scraping as much of the fat and blood out of the hide as possible. When hides were to be dried before being tanned, were hung lengthwise on poles, with the flesh side upper-most, and left under shelter till dry and hard. Hair was removed from green and dry hides alike by soaking them in the tan-trough in a solution of lime or wood ashes till the hair would "slip" that is, come off easily. They were then soaked till all the lime or ashes had been removed, after which they were placed again on the fleshing bench and "broken" or made pliable, with a breaking-knife. They then went into the tan-trough, after having been split lengthwise into two parts, each of which was called a "side." The bottom of the tan-trough was lined with a layer of bark, after which a fold of a "side" was placed on the bark and another layer of bark placed above the upper fold of the side; then the side was folded back again and another layer of bark placed on it, and so on till the tan-trough had been filled. Then water was turned or poured in, and the mass allowed to remain two months, after which time the bark and water were renewed in the same manner as before. This in turn remained another two months, when the bark and water were again renewed. Two months longer completed the process, making six months in all. This was called "the cold-ooze" process, and while it required a much longer time it made better leather than the present hot-ooze process, which cooks and injures the leather. The hide of every animal bearing fur is thicker along the back-bone than elsewhere, and after the tanning process this was cut off for sole leather, while the rest was blacked for "uppers," etc. The under side of the thin or "uppers" leather was then "curried" with a knife, thus making it as smooth as the upper side. Sole leather, however, was not curried ordinarily. "Buffing" was the removal of the "grain" or upper surface of the hide after it had been tanned, thus making both sides alike. Smaller skins were tanned in the same way, and those of dogs, coons, ground hogs, etc., were used for "whang" leather--that is, they were cut into strings for sewing other leather with. Horse collars, harness and moccasins thus joined will outlast those sewed- with thread. The more valuable hides of smaller- animals were removed from the carcass without being split open, and were then called "cased" hides. This was done by splitting open the hind legs to the body and then pulling the skins from the carcass, fore legs and head, after which they were "stretched" by inserting a board or sticks inside, now the fur-side, and hanging them up "in the dry" till dried. Other less valuable skins were stretched by means of sticks being stuck into the four "corners" of the hide, tacked to the walls of the houses under the eaves and allowed to dry. The women made moccasins for the children by doubling the tanned deer skin along the back, laying a child's stocking along it so that the sole of the stocking was parallel with the fold in the skin, and then marking around the outline of the stocking, after which the skin, still doubled, was cut out around the outline, sewed together with "whang" leather, placed on a last till it was "shaped," after which it was ready for wear. The new moon in June was the best time for taking the bark from trees. White and chestnut oak bark was prereferred, the outer or rough part of the bark having been first removed with a drawing knife, which process was called "scurfing" or "scruffing." The bark was then piled, inside up, inider shelter, and allowed to dry. Among the personal effects of Abraham Lincoln's grandfather were "a drawing-knife, a currying knife, and a currier's knife and barking iron."[14] Lime was scarce in most localities in this section, and ashes were used instead. Every deer's head was said to have enough brains to "dress" its hide.[15] The brains were rubbed into the hair of the hide, after which the hide was folded together till the hair would "slip," when the hide was placed in the tan-trough and tanned, the brains thus taking the place of lime or ashes. After vats came in bark mills came also. \n\n\n--- shoe making... ---\n\nSee "curing hides..."\n\n--- AJ & spelling... ---\n\nAndew Jackson said anyone who spelled a word in only one way was, "A might po' excuse for a full grown man."\n\n--- candles... ---\n\n. Owing to the fact that kerosene was unknown in the pioneer days, there was but poor illlunination for those little mountain homes, generally consisting of but one large room and a shed or lean-to in the rear. Tin candle molds and heavy wicks were used with the tallow of beeves and deer for making of candles, which gave but a poor light. Bear's oil in a saucer, with a spun cotton thread wick also served to light the houses.\n\n--- varmints... ---\n\nPanthers, wild cats, wolves and bear were the most troublesome depredators and they were the means of much serious damage to the mountain ranges, settlers, most of which was driven to the mountain ranges where luxuriant grasses abounded from May till October. Colts, calves and pigs were frequently attacked and destroyed by these "varmints," as the settlers called them. But while there was little or no danger to human beings from these animals, the black bear being a notorious coward, unless hemmed up, the "women folk" were "pestered" by the beautiful and, on occasion, malodorous pole-cat or skunk, the thieving o'possum, the mink, weasel, etc., which robbed the chicken roosts after dark. Moles and chipmunks, also destroyed their "garden truck" in early summer, while hawks and eagles played havoc with their fowls, and crows pulled up the young corn and small grain which had not been sown deep enough. \n\n--- big muster... ---\n\nThere were shooting matches at which a young steer was divided and shot for foot races, wrestling bouts, camp-meetings, log-rollings, house-raisings and the "Big Musters" where cider and ginger cakes were sold\n\nOn the second Saturday of October each year there was a general muster at each county seat, when the various companies drilled in battalion or regimental formation; and each separate company met on its local muster grounds quarterly, and on the fourth of July the commanding officers met at the court house to drill. The Big Musters called most of the people together, and there was much fun and many rough games to beguile the time. Cider and ginger cakes were sold, and many men got drunk. There was also some fighting, but seldom with stones or weapons. \n\n\n--- married noise... ---\n\nthey made noises with cow horns and tin plates to serenade newlyweds\n\n--- quilting... ---\n\nQuilting parties were very common, and, indeed, the quilting frame can still be observed in many a mountain house, suspended from the ceiling above, even in the modern parlor or company room. All sorts of superstitions attended a quilting--the first stitch given being usually emblematic of the marriage of the one making it and the last of the death of the person so unfortunate as to have that distinction. Of course the coverlid or top of the quilt, usually a patchwork of bright scraps of cloth carefully hoarded and gathered from all quarters, had been prepared in advance of the gathering of the quilting party, and the quilting consisted in spreading it above the wool or cotton rolls spread uniformly on a white cloth and stitching the upper and lower cloths together. Hence the great convenience of the quilting frame which held the quilt and was lowered to a point about waist high. \n\n\n--- school cutting up... ---\n\nAt school it was customary for the larger boys to bar the teacher out when a holiday was ardently desired. This was accomplished by placing themselves inside the school room and barring the placing the rude and backless benches against it and refusing to remove them. As there was but one door and no teacher was helpless, and, after threatening and bullying for a time, usually left the boys in possession of the school house till the following day, when no one was punished. For anyone, be he friend or foe, but especially a stranger to holler "school butter" near a school was to invite every urchin to rush from the room; and the offender had either to treat the scholars or be soundly thrashed and pelted. In Monroe county, Tennessee, near Madisonville, in the year of grace 1893, this scribe was dared and double-dared to holler those talismanic words as he passed a county school, but ignommiously declined. \n\n\n--- Ant'y over... ---\n\nA game almost universal with the children of that day was called "Ant'ny Over." Sides were chosen, one side going to one side of the house and the other to the other. A ball was tossed over the roof by one side, the problem being whether it would reach the comb of the roof and fall on the other side. If it did so and was caught by one on that side, that side ran around the house and tried to hit somebody on the other side with the ball; if they succeeded the one hit had to join the other side, and the side catching the ball had to throw it over the house and so on until one side lost all children. The rule was for the side tossing the ball to cry "Ant'ny!" as they were ready to throw the ball and when the other side hollered "Over!" the ball was thrown. \n\n\n--- methligen lager... ---\n\nMethiglen, a mildly intoxicating drink, made by pouring water upon honey-comb, and allowing it to ferment, was a drink quite common in the days of log rollings, house raisings and big musters. It was a sweet and pleasant beverage and about as intoxicating as beer or wine. \n\n--- hog feed... ---\n\nStill slops are used to feed cattle and hogs, when practicable, but moonshiners usually have to empty their slops upon the ground, from which it is sure to drain into some stream and thus lead to discovery. Still slop-fed hogs do not as firm lard as corn-fed animals, just as mash-fed hogs do not produce as good lard as corn-fed hogs, though the flesh of mast-fed hogs is considered more delicate and better flavored than that of any other kind. \n\n\n--- new road... ---\n\nwhen a new road was desired a jury was appointed to lay it off and divide it into sections as nearly equal as possible, the work on each section being assigned by lot to the respective captains of militia companies, and that the work was done without compensation.\n\n--- fisticuffs... ---\n\nTo settle minor disputes and differences, whether for imaginary or real personal wrongs, there were occasional fisticuffs. Then, it sometimes occurred in affairs of this kind, that whole neighborhoods and communities took an interest. I have known county arrayed against county, and state against state, for the belt in championship, for manhood and skill in a hand-to-hand tussel between local bullies. When these contests took place the custom was for the parties to go into the ring. The crowd of spectators demanded fairness and honor.\n\n--- fish traps & gigging... ---\n\nfished in canoes at night by torchlight and gigged fish\n\n--- clock... ---\n\nTime was based around noon. A knife mark on the doorstep or somewhere would mark noon when the shadow split the mark. All other times were guestimated based in relation to that noon marking. Sunup and sundown were the only other two times necessary.\n\n--- products to sell/buy... ---\n\nSALABLE PRODUCTS. Apples, hog meat, deer hams, chestnuts, chinquapins, butter, honey, wax, lard, eggs were the commodities they usually took to market, returning heavily laden with salt, yarn, pins, needles, tools, crockery ware, ammunition and a few cooking utensils. \n\nIt was a three weeks' trip with a wagon to Augusta, Georgia. For this market the neighborhood would bunch their products, bring their forces together and make trips to Augusta loaded with bacon, peltries and such other marketable articles as would bear transportation in this simple way. The return for these products was sugar, coffee, salt and molasses; and happy was the family on the return of the wagons to be able to have a jugful of New Orleans black molasses. And how happy the children were to meet their fathers and brothers again, and have them recite the many stories of the trip.\n\n--- paying debts w/ corn... ---\n\n"Corn, sixty years ago, was 'the staple production'; the culture of tobacca was not thought of. These hotel men, many of them, kept little stores, bartered or sold everything on a credit; and in the fall they would advertise that on certain days they would receive corn in payment of 'store accounts', and then the farmers would bestir themselves. They would commence delivering frequently by daylight and continue it until midnight. I have seen these corn wagons strung out for a mile and as thick as they could be wedged. They were more anxious to pay accounts then than some of us are now; but it was pay or no credit next year. \n\n--- herbs... ---\n\nHERBS AND ROOTS. Ginseng was for the principal herb that commanded cash in this section, but at first brought, when green, only seven cents a pound. It is now worth six dollars or more.[35] But gradually a market was developed for many other native herbs, such as angelico blood root, balm of gilead buds, yellow and white sarsaparilla, shamonium (Jamestown or gyrlipsum weed), corn silk (from maize), corn-smut or ergot, liverwort, lobelia, wahoo bark, Solomon's seal, polk root and berries, pepper and spear-mint, poppy and rose leaves, and raspberry leaves. Dried black-berries since the Civil War also find a ready market. Arthur Cole on Gap creek in Ashe county once did an immense business in herbs, and the large warehouses still standing there were used to store the herbs which he baled and shipped north. Ferns, galax leaves and other evergreens are gathered by women in the fall and winter and find ready sale. \n\n--- rock slide... ---\n\nTalk about a rock slide; maybe on a day a child was born as below...\n...on the morning of February 19, 1827, the day his daughter Rachel, now the wife of Russell Wilbar of Texas, was born, a huge mass of rock fell from the top of Negro mountain and ploughed a deep furrow, still visible, down its side for a quarter of a mile. The main mass of this rock, almost intact, is still visible, with a small tree growing on it, while large trees have since grown in the ravine left by the fall of this immense boulder. \n\n\n--- falling of stars... ---\n\nNov 13, 1833; THE FALLING of THE STARS. Several people still living remember this wonderful and fearful event. Col. John C. Smathers, who then lived on Pigeon river above Canton, remembers it distinctly. He remembers hearing women wailing and men praying. \n\n--- murdered husband... ---\n\n Frances Stewart Silver murdered her husband, Charles Silver, at what is now Black Mountain Station on the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railroad-tho mouth of the South Toe river-on the night of December 22, 1831.2 She was tried before Judge Donnell, June Term, 1832, and convicted at Morganton, where she was executed July 12, 1833. On appeal her conviction was affirmed by Judge Ruffin (14 N. C., 332). She escaped from jail but was recaptured. She cut her husband's head off with an ax, and then dismembered the body, after which she tried to burn portions of it in the open fireplace of her home. She left a poem lamenting her fate, in which she refers to "the jealous thought that first gave strife to make me take my husband's life." She also pleads that her "faults shall not her child disgrace." She also relates in the poem that \n"With flames I tried him to consume\nBut time would not admit it done." \nShe must have been educated better than the average woman of that day. Finding that she could not get rid of the body by burning it, she concealed portions of it under the floor, in rock cliffs and elsewhere, claiming that he had gone off for whiskey with which to celebrate Christmas, and had probably fallen into the river, which had soon thereafter frozen over. A negro with a "magic glass" was brought from Tennessee, and as the glass persisted in turning downward, the floor was removed and portions of the body found. The weather growing warmer other parts of the remains revealed themselves, a little dog helping to find some. \n\n\n--- Asheville newspaper... ---\n\nAsheville Gazette News was a newspaper in 1912\n\n--- Big snow... ---\n\nseems that a couple of times in 1800s a big snow fell, deer got stuck as their legs dug into it and couldn't move and hunters cleaned 'em out.\n\n--- Cold... ---\n\n1885 cold snap and fire...\nbig fire in Asheville and temp a -7 degrees. couple days later at 13 degrees below\n\n
[_]armenians and/or doctrine of election (presdestination)\n[_]tobacco -grades of tobacco? growing process?\n[_] acid wood and acid mills (maybe goes with or is bark)(like pulp mill, but an acid mill)\n[_]locust old field - some place in haywood county\n[_]buckwheat\n[ ] puncheon floor\n[ ] punk and steel = some sort of flint and steel = punk is a crumbly wood that's been attacked by fungus and is used as tender\n[_]poisonous white snakeroot as cause of milk sickness (it killed Nancy Hanks, mother of Abe Lincoln)\n[_]ginseng - plant, "choice clarified root", the ginseng curing or preparation process\n[_]cures - [_]penny royal, [_]dittany, [_]burdock, [_]mullein\n[_]chinquapins\n[_]herbs and such - [_]angelico blood root, [_]balm of gilead buds, [_]yellow and while sarsparilla, [_]sassafras, [_]shamonium (Jamestown or gyrlipsum weed), corn silk, [_]corn-smut or [_]ergot, [_]liverwort, [_]lobelia, [_]wahoo bark, [_]Solomon's seal, [_]polk root and berries, pepper and spearmint, poppy and rose leaves, [_]raspberry leaves, [_]dried blackberries, [_]galax (from WNC book)\n[_]Pamlico Sound - types of fishing? dredging for scallops or oysters? skipjacks? clams? crabs?\n[_]goose yokes\n[_]gravel - some urinary infection or something\n[_]wrought iron
.headerForeground, .headerShadow { padding-top: 0.3em; } \n.siteTitle { font-size: 1.5em; }\n.siteSubtitle { font-size: 0.9em; } \n\n.viewer pre, .viewer code {\n color:#040;\n font-family:'lucida console',monospace;\n border-style:none;\n line-height:1.2em;\n}\n\n\n.viewer pre {\n padding:1em;\n font-size:90%;\n background-color:#f8f8f8;\n}\n\n\n/* this sort of makes Shorten Tab Links unnecessary */\n/* div#sidebar { overflow:hidden;white-space: nowrap; } */\n\ndiv#mainmenu hr {margin:0px;padding:0px;padding-top:10px;\n border-style:none;\n border-width:1px;\n border-color:#ccc;\n border-bottom-style:solid;\n}\n.viewer pre { font-size:75%; }\n/* colour scheme begin */ \ndiv#titleLine { background:#369;}\ndiv#sidebarOptions { background:#696; }\ndiv#sidebarOptions .button { color:#eef;}\ndiv#sidebarOptions .button:hover { color:#fff; background:#252;}\ndiv#mainmenu .tiddlyLink { font-weight:bold;color:#369; }\ndiv#mainmenu .tiddlyLink:hover { background:#369;color:white; }\ndiv#mainmenu .button { font-weight:bold; color:#363; }\ndiv#mainmenu .button:hover { background:#363;color:white; }\ndiv.viewer a.tiddlyLink { color:#369; }\ndiv.viewer a.tiddlyLink:hover { background:#acd; }\ndiv.footer a.tiddlyLink { color:#369; }\ndiv.footer a.tiddlyLink:hover { background:#acd; }\n.editorFooter a.button, .tiddler .button { color: #369; background:#eee; }\n.editorFooter a.button:hover, .tiddler .button:hover { color: #fff; background: #369; }\n.editorFooter a.button:active, .tiddler .button:active { color: #fff; background: #369; }\n.editorFooter a:link { color: #369; } \n#popup {color:#eee; background:#369;}\n#popup a {color:#fff; background:#369; }\n#popup a:hover {color:black; background:#eee;}\ndiv.tabset {background:#696;}\na.tab {background:#369;}\n#mainMenu .externalLink { color:#252; }\n#mainMenu .externalLink:hover { color:white;background:#696; }\n.tiddler .externalLink { color:#252; }\n.tiddler .externalLink:visited { color:#252; }\n.tiddler .externalLink:hover { color:#252;background:#ada; }\n.viewer a:link { color: #252; } \n.viewer a:visited { color: #252; } \n.viewer a:hover { color:#252; background:#ada; }\n#titleLine a {color:white;}\na.tabSelected {background:#369;font-weight:bold;}\n#sidebarTabs {color: white;background-color: #69b;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabSelected {color: white;background-color: #369;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabUnselected {color: white;background-color: #369;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents {background-color: #69c;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabSelected {background-color: #7ad;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabUnselected {background-color: #369;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabContents {background-color: #7ad;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabset {background-color: #69b;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .tiddlyLink {color: #135;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .tiddlyLink:hover {background-color: #eee;color: black;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .button {color: #eee;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .button:hover {color: #white;background-color: #252;}\n/* colour scheme end */\n\n#displayArea {\n margin-right: 15.5em;\n margin-left: 13em;\n}\n\n// this works great in firefox but breaks something with ie. help??\n// .toolbar { float:right; }\n\n\n.viewer h1,\n.viewer h2,\n.viewer h3,\n.viewer h4,\n.viewer h5 { font-family: 'Trebuchet MS' Arial sans-serif; background:#f8f8f8; }\n\n.viewer h1 { font-size:1.2em; }\n.viewer h2 { font-size:1.1em; }\n.viewer h3 { font-size:1.0em; }\n.viewer h4 { font-size:0.9em; }\n.viewer h5 { font-size:0.8em; }\n\nbody {\n background:#eee;\n}\n\ndiv.tiddler {\n background:white;\n border-top:solid #ccc 2px;\n border-left:solid #ccc 2px;\n border-bottom:solid #aaa 2px;\n border-right:solid #aaa 2px;\n margin-bottom:5px;\n padding-bottom:10px;\n}\n\n\ndiv.title {\n font-family:'Trebuchet MS' Arial sans-serif;\n font-size:150%;\n}\n\ndiv.editor input,\ndiv.editor textarea {\n background:#ffe;\n border:solid #aa9 2px;\n margin:4px;\n\n\ndiv.editor {\n font-size: 8pt;\n color: #402C74;\n font-weight: normal;\n padding: 10px 0;\n}\n\n.editor input, div.editor textarea {\n display: block;\n font: 13px/130% "Andale Mono", "Monaco", "Lucida Console", "Courier New", monospace;\n margin: 0 0 10px 0;\n border: 1px inset #333;\n padding: 2px 0;\n}\n\n.editor textarea{\n height: 500px !important;\n}\n\n}\n\n@media print {\n div.tiddler {border:none white 0px; border-top:solid #bbb 1px;}\n div.tagged {border:none white 0px;}\n #titleLine { display:none; }\n #displayArea { margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; }\n .toolbar { display:none; }\n}\n\n\nblockquote b{\n font-weight: normal;\n}\n\nblockquote:hover b{\n font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n#sidebar{\n width: 20em;\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n#mainMenu{\n position: static;\n width: auto;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\n#mainMenu, #mainMenu ul{\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n}\n\n#mainMenu li{\ndisplay: inline;\nmargin: 0 .5em;\n}\n\n#mainMenu br{\n display: none;\n}\n\n#mainMenu a.button,#mainMenu a.tiddlyLink{\n color:#aaa;\n padding: 3px;\n}\n\n#displayArea{\n margin: 0 19em 0 1em;\n}\n\n#sidebar .tabContents a.button:hover{\n background:#69c;\n}\n\n.tiddler{\n-moz-border-radius: 10px;\n}\n\n.tab{\n-moz-border-radius-topright: 6px;\n-moz-border-radius-topleft: 6px;\n}\n\n.toolbar a.button{\n-moz-border-radius: 3px;\n}\n\n.tabUnselected{\npadding-bottom: 0;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents{\n width: 100%;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .tabSelected {\n color: white;\n background-color: #69c;\n padding: 4px 4px 2px 4px;\n cursor: default;\n}\n\n#mainMenu a{\n-moz-border-radius-bottomright: 6px;\n-moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 6px;\n}\n\n#mainMenu a.button:hover,#mainMenu a.tiddlyLink:hover{\n background: #69c;\n}\n\n#messageArea{\n position: fixed;\n top: 5px;\n right: 10px;\n background:#ffe;\n border: 2px solid #aa9;\n color: #000;\n}\n\n#contentWrapper #messageArea a{\n color: #000;\n text-decoration: none;\n}\n\n#contentWrapper #messageArea a:hover{\n text-decoration: underline;\n}\n\n#titleLine{\n padding: 0 .5em;\n}\n\n#header{\n background-color: #2a537d;\n margin-bottom: 1em;\n}
.headerForeground, .headerShadow { padding-top: 0.3em; } \n.siteTitle { font-size: 1.5em; }\n.siteSubtitle { font-size: 0.9em; } \n\n.viewer pre, .viewer code {\n color:#040;\n font-family:'lucida console',monospace;\n border-style:none;\n line-height:1.2em;\n}\n\n\n.viewer pre {\n padding:1em;\n font-size:90%;\n background-color:#f8f8f8;\n}\n\n\n/* this sort of makes Shorten Tab Links unnecessary */\n/* div#sidebar { overflow:hidden;white-space: nowrap; } */\n\ndiv#mainmenu hr {margin:0px;padding:0px;padding-top:10px;\n border-style:none;\n border-width:1px;\n border-color:#ccc;\n border-bottom-style:solid;\n}\n.viewer pre { font-size:75%; }\n/* colour scheme begin */ \ndiv#titleLine { background:#369;}\ndiv#sidebarOptions { background:#696; }\ndiv#sidebarOptions .button { color:#eef;}\ndiv#sidebarOptions .button:hover { color:#fff; background:#252;}\ndiv#mainmenu .tiddlyLink { font-weight:bold;color:#369; }\ndiv#mainmenu .tiddlyLink:hover { background:#369;color:white; }\ndiv#mainmenu .button { font-weight:bold; color:#363; }\ndiv#mainmenu .button:hover { background:#363;color:white; }\ndiv.viewer a.tiddlyLink { color:#369; }\ndiv.viewer a.tiddlyLink:hover { background:#acd; }\ndiv.footer a.tiddlyLink { color:#369; }\ndiv.footer a.tiddlyLink:hover { background:#acd; }\n.editorFooter a.button, .tiddler .button { color: #369; background:#eee; }\n.editorFooter a.button:hover, .tiddler .button:hover { color: #fff; background: #369; }\n.editorFooter a.button:active, .tiddler .button:active { color: #fff; background: #369; }\n.editorFooter a:link { color: #369; } \n#popup {color:#eee; background:#369;}\n#popup a {color:#fff; background:#369; }\n#popup a:hover {color:black; background:#eee;}\ndiv.tabset {background:#696;}\na.tab {background:#369;}\n#mainMenu .externalLink { color:#252; }\n#mainMenu .externalLink:hover { color:white;background:#696; }\n.tiddler .externalLink { color:#252; }\n.tiddler .externalLink:visited { color:#252; }\n.tiddler .externalLink:hover { color:#252;background:#ada; }\n.viewer a:link { color: #252; } \n.viewer a:visited { color: #252; } \n.viewer a:hover { color:#252; background:#ada; }\n#titleLine a {color:white;}\na.tabSelected {background:#369;font-weight:bold;}\n#sidebarTabs {color: white;background-color: #69b;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabSelected {color: white;background-color: #369;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabUnselected {color: white;background-color: #369;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents {background-color: #69c;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabSelected {background-color: #7ad;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabUnselected {background-color: #369;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabContents {background-color: #7ad;}\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabset {background-color: #69b;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .tiddlyLink {color: #135;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .tiddlyLink:hover {background-color: #eee;color: black;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .button {color: #eee;}\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents .button:hover {color: #white;background-color: #252;}\n/* colour scheme end */\n\n#displayArea {\n margin-right: 15.5em;\n margin-left: 13em;\n}\n\n// this works great in firefox but breaks something with ie. help??\n// .toolbar { float:right; }\n\n\n.viewer h1,\n.viewer h2,\n.viewer h3,\n.viewer h4,\n.viewer h5 { font-family: 'Trebuchet MS' Arial sans-serif; background:#f8f8f8; }\n\n.viewer h1 { font-size:1.2em; }\n.viewer h2 { font-size:1.1em; }\n.viewer h3 { font-size:1.0em; }\n.viewer h4 { font-size:0.9em; }\n.viewer h5 { font-size:0.8em; }\n\nbody {\n background:#eee;\n}\n\ndiv.tiddler {\n background:white;\n border-top:solid #ccc 2px;\n border-left:solid #ccc 2px;\n border-bottom:solid #aaa 2px;\n border-right:solid #aaa 2px;\n margin-bottom:5px;\n padding-bottom:10px;\n}\n\n\ndiv.title {\n font-family:'Trebuchet MS' Arial sans-serif;\n font-size:150%;\n}\n\ndiv.editor input,\ndiv.editor textarea {\n background:#ffe;\n border:solid #aa9 2px;\n margin:4px;\n\n\ndiv.editor {\n font-size: 8pt;\n color: #402C74;\n font-weight: normal;\n padding: 10px 0;\n}\n\n.editor input, div.editor textarea {\n display: block;\n font: 13px/130% "Andale Mono", "Monaco", "Lucida Console", "Courier New", monospace;\n margin: 0 0 10px 0;\n border: 1px inset #333;\n padding: 2px 0;\n}\n\n.editor textarea{\n height: 500px !important;\n}\n\n}\n\n@media print {\n div.tiddler {border:none white 0px; border-top:solid #bbb 1px;}\n div.tagged {border:none white 0px;}\n #titleLine { display:none; }\n #displayArea { margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; }\n .toolbar { display:none; }\n}\n\n\nblockquote b{\n font-weight: normal;\n}\n\nblockquote:hover b{\n font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n#sidebar{\n width: 20em;\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n#mainMenu{\n position: static;\n width: auto;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\n#mainMenu, #mainMenu ul{\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n}\n\n#mainMenu li{\ndisplay: inline;\nmargin: 0 .5em;\n}\n\n#mainMenu br{\n display: none;\n}\n\n#mainMenu a.button,#mainMenu a.tiddlyLink{\n color:#aaa;\n padding: 3px;\n}\n\n#displayArea{\n margin: 0 19em 0 1em;\n}\n\n#sidebar .tabContents a.button:hover{\n background:#69c;\n}\n\n.tiddler{\n-moz-border-radius: 10px;\n}\n\n.tab{\n-moz-border-radius-topright: 6px;\n-moz-border-radius-topleft: 6px;\n}\n\n.toolbar a.button{\n-moz-border-radius: 3px;\n}\n\n.tabUnselected{\npadding-bottom: 0;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents{\n width: 100%;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .tabSelected {\n color: white;\n background-color: #69c;\n padding: 4px 4px 2px 4px;\n cursor: default;\n}\n\n#mainMenu a{\n-moz-border-radius-bottomright: 6px;\n-moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 6px;\n}\n\n#mainMenu a.button:hover,#mainMenu a.tiddlyLink:hover{\n background: #69c;\n}\n\n#messageArea{\n position: fixed;\n top: 5px;\n right: 10px;\n background:#ffe;\n border: 2px solid #aa9;\n color: #000;\n}\n\n#contentWrapper #messageArea a{\n color: #000;\n text-decoration: none;\n}\n\n#contentWrapper #messageArea a:hover{\n text-decoration: underline;\n}\n\n#titleLine{\n padding: 0 .5em;\n}\n\n#header{\n background-color: #2a537d;\n margin-bottom: 1em;\n}
/***\nPlace your custom CSS here\n***/\n/*{{{*/\n#calendarWrapper .Christian {background-color: yellow;}\n\nbody {\n position: static;\n background: #eee;\n}\n\n#siteTitle .tiddlyLinkExisting,\n#siteTitle .tiddlyLinkNonExisting{\n font-weight: normal;\n font-style: normal;\n}\n\n.siteSubtitle .externalLink {\n text-decoration: none;\n}\n\nh1,h2,h3,h4,h5 {\n color: #000;\n background: transparent;\n padding-left: 0;\n}\n\nhr {\n border: 0px solid #0044bb;\n color: #0044bb;\n background-color: #0044bb;\n}\n\n.button {\n border: 1px solid #eee;\n}\n\n.toolbar .button {\n color: #014;\n border: 1px solid #fff;\n}\n\n.button:hover {\n border: 1px solid #db4;\n}\n\n#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel {\n background: transparent;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .tabSelected {\n color: #000;\n background: #fff;\n border: 1px solid #fff;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .tabUnselected {\n color: #999;\n background: #eee;\n border-top: solid 1px #ccc;\n border-left: solid 1px #ccc;\n border-right: solid 1px #ccc;\n border-bottom: none;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .tabContents {\n background: #fff;\nborder: 1px solid #fff;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabContents {\n background: #ffffcc;\n border: 1px solid #ffffcc;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabSelected {\n background: #ffffcc;\n border: 1px solid #ffffcc;\n}\n\n#sidebarTabs .txtMoreTab .tabUnselected {\n background: #fff;\n}\n\n#messageArea{\n background-color:#bde;\n font-size:90%;\n border: none;\n filter:alpha(opacity=50);\n opacity: 0.5;\n -moz-opacity:0.5;\n}\n\n#messageArea .button{\n text-decoration:none;\n font-weight:bold;\n background:transparent;\n border:0px;\n}\n\n#messageArea .button:hover{\n background: #acd;\n}\n\n.tiddler {\n border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;\n border-right:1px solid #ccc;\n padding-bottom:0;\n margin-bottom:1em; \n background:#fff;\n -moz-border-radius: 1.5em;\n}\n\n.selected .tagging, .selected .tagged {\n background-color: #eee;\n}\n\n.sparkline {\n background: none;\n}\n\n.viewer th, thead td {\n background: #996;\n}\n\n.headerShadow {\n padding: 1.5em 0em 1.5em 1.5em;\n}\n\n.headerForeground {\n padding: 1.5em 0em 1.5em 1.6em;\n}\n\n.headerForeground a {\n color: #fff;\n}\n\n#displayArea {\n margin: 1em 15.5em 0em 12.5em;\n}\n\n.title {\n font-size:200%;\n color:#cc9;\n}\n\n.tagClear {\nmargin-top:1em;\n}\n\n.viewer {\n padding: 0.5em 0 0 0;\n}\n\n.viewer pre { background-color:#f8f8ff; border-color:#ddf; }\n\n.editor input, .editor textarea {\n margin-bottom: 1px;\n}\n\n.tabContents li{\n list-style: none;\n}\n/*}}}*/\n[[BoxesStyleSheet]]\n[[TopMenuStyleSheet]]
1850\n1860\n1870\n1880\n1890\n1900\n1910\n1920\n1930\n1940
* "jists" for joists to hold up the floor or ceiling\n* sleds, slides or sledges = sleds for hauling\n* whang = less desirable hides that are cut into strips for sewing\n* scurfing or scruffing = stripping bark off for curing hides\n* plague = to tease\n* consentable = agreeable to go along with something\n* poke = a purse or satchel to carry things\n* piece = a distance\n* blockading = making and running 'shine\n* herrycanes = hurricanes\n* heap - quantity; a heap of a man, a heap of water, she's a heap sick\n* smartly - quite a bit; my wife is smartly better today\n* powerful - quite a bit; she's been powerful weak today\n* Tories = Yankees back in the War
#Upload to http://geocities.yahoo.com/v/fm.html or http://briefcase.yahoo.com/rogercrump for back-up purposes\n#I'll need to go through and put stuff in [[Stuff to Get In]] and do [[Stuff to Research]]\n#Then, I must order things and ideally, organize the info that's highlighted. I need to the info in a logical and manageable order, rather than just info all over the place.\n#Need to try and meld "Quilt" and "Appalachiaville"\n#Go to http://www.glifffy.com and login [email, BHS mascot] I can put the "Quilt" characters on a schematic, update/change, save, export as JPG.\nNotes:\n#Saving issues: I couldn't save correctly in Firefox from geocities page. I had to open geocities page in Safari, save it to the computer, then I could open in Firefox (Safari won't save file to itself)\n#The most up-to-date appville.htm should be on Mac as of 11/19/06\n#FYI: appstick is much cleaner and simpler, but the search function of tiddly is worth it\n\n[img[church4.jpg]]
/***\n|''Name:''|YourSearchPlugin|\n|''Version:''|2.0.2 (2006-02-13)|\n|''Source:''|http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#YourSearchPlugin|\n|''Author:''|UdoBorkowski (ub [at] abego-software [dot] de)|\n|''Licence:''|[[BSD open source license]]|\n|''TiddlyWiki:''|2.0|\n|''Browser:''|Firefox 1.0.4+; Firefox 1.5; InternetExplorer 6.0|\n<<tiddler [[YourSearch Introduction]]>>\nFor more information see [[Help|YourSearch Help]].\n\n!Compatibility\nThis plugin requires TiddlyWiki 2.0. \nUse http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#YourSearchPlugin-1.0.1 for older TiddlyWiki versions.\n\n!Revision history\n* v2.0.2 (2006-02-13)\n** Bugfix for Firefox 1.5.0.1 related to the "Show prefix" checkbox. Thanks to Ted Pavlic for reporting and to BramChen for fixing. \n** Internal\n*** Make "JSLint" conform\n* v2.0.1 (2006-02-05)\n** Support "Exact Word Match" (use '=' to prefix word)\n** Support default filter settings (when no filter flags are given in search term)\n** Rework on the "less than 3 chars search text" feature (thanks to EricShulman)\n** Better support SinglePageMode when doing "Open all tiddlers" (thanks to EricShulman)\n** Support Firefox 1.5.0.1\n** Bug: Fixed a hilite bug in "classic search mode" (thanks to EricShulman)\n* v2.0.0 (2006-01-16)\n** Add User Interface\n* v1.0.1 (2006-01-06)\n** Support TiddlyWiki 2.0\n* v1.0.0 (2005-12-28)\n** initial version\n!Code\nThe code is compressed. \n\nYou can retrieve a readable source code version from http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#YourSearchPlugin-src.\n/%\n***/\nif(!version.extensions.YourSearchPlugin){version.extensions.YourSearchPlugin={major:2,minor:0,revision:2,date:new Date(2006,2,13),type:"plugin",source:"http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#YourSearchPlugin"};var alertAndThrow=function(_1){alert(_1);throw _1;};if(!window.abego){window.abego={};}if(abego.YourSearch){alertAndThrow("abego.YourSearch already defined");}abego.YourSearch={};if(version.major<2){alertAndThrow("YourSearchPlugin requires TiddlyWiki 2.0 or newer.\sn\snGet YourSearch 1.0.1 to use YourSearch with older versions of TiddlyWiki.\sn\snhttp://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#YourSearchPlugin-1.0.1");}var STQ=function(_2,_3,_4,_5){this.queryText=_2;this.caseSensitive=_3;if(_5){this.regExp=new RegExp(_2,_3?"mg":"img");return;}this.terms=[];var re=/\ss*(\s-)?([#%!=]*)(?:(?:("(?:(?:\s\s")|[^"])*")|(\sS+)))(?:\ss+((?:[aA][nN][dD])|(?:[oO][rR]))(?!\sS))?/mg;var _7=re.exec(_2);while(_7!=null&&_7.length==6){var _8="-"==_7[1];var _9=_7[2];var _a=_9.indexOf("!")>=0;var _b=_9.indexOf("%")>=0;var _c=_9.indexOf("#")>=0;var _d=_9.indexOf("=")>=0;if(!_a&&!_b&&!_c){_a=config.options.chkSearchInTitle;_b=config.options.chkSearchInText;_c=config.options.chkSearchInTags;if(!_a&&!_b&&!_c){_a=_b=_c=true;}}if(_4){_b=false;_c=false;}var _e;if(_7[3]){try{_e=eval(_7[3]);}catch(ex){}}else{_e=_7[4];}if(!_e){throw "Invalid search expression: %0".format([_2]);}var _f=_7[5]&&_7[5].charAt(0).toLowerCase()=="o";this.terms.push(new STQ.Term(_e,_a,_b,_c,_8,_f,_3,_d));_7=re.exec(_2);}};var me=STQ.prototype;me.getMatchingTiddlers=function(_10){var _11=[];for(var i in _10){var t=_10[i];if((t instanceof Tiddler)&&this.matchesTiddler(t)){_11.push(t);}}return _11;};me.matchesTiddler=function(_14){if(this.regExp){return this.regExp.test(_14.title)||this.regExp.test(_14.text);}var n=this.terms.length;if(n==0){return false;}var _16=this.terms[0].matchesTiddler(_14);for(var i=1;i<this.terms.length;i++){if(this.terms[i-1].orFollows){if(!_16){_16|=this.terms[i].matchesTiddler(_14);}}else{if(_16){_16&=this.terms[i].matchesTiddler(_14);}}}return _16;};me.getOnlyMatchTitleQuery=function(){if(!this.onlyMatchTitleQuery){this.onlyMatchTitleQuery=new STQ(this.queryText,this.caseSensitive,true,this.useRegExp);}return this.onlyMatchTitleQuery;};me.getMarkRegExp=function(){if(this.regExp){return "".search(this.regExp)>=0?null:this.regExp;}var _18={};var n=this.terms.length;for(var i=0;i<this.terms.length;i++){var _1b=this.terms[i];if(!_1b.negate){_18[_1b.text]=true;}}var _1c=[];for(var t in _18){_1c.push("("+t.escapeRegExp()+")");}if(_1c.length==0){return null;}var _1e=_1c.join("|");return new RegExp(_1e,this.caseSensitive?"mg":"img");};me.toString=function(){if(this.regExp){return this.regExp.toString();}var _1f="";for(var i=0;i<this.terms.length;i++){_1f+=this.terms[i].toString();}return _1f;};STQ.Term=function(_21,_22,_23,_24,_25,_26,_27,_28){this.text=_21;this.inTitle=_22;this.inText=_23;this.inTag=_24;this.negate=_25;this.orFollows=_26;this.caseSensitive=_27;this.wordMatch=_28;var _29=_21.escapeRegExp();if(this.wordMatch){_29="\s\sb"+_29+"\s\sb";}this.regExp=new RegExp(_29,"m"+(_27?"":"i"));};STQ.Term.prototype.toString=function(){return (this.negate?"-":"")+(this.inTitle?"!":"")+(this.inText?"%":"")+(this.inTag?"#":"")+(this.wordMatch?"=":"")+"\s""+this.text+"\s""+(this.orFollows?" OR ":" AND ");};STQ.Term.prototype.matchesTiddler=function(_2a){if(!_2a){return false;}if(this.inTitle&&this.regExp.test(_2a.title)){return !this.negate;}if(this.inText&&this.regExp.test(_2a.text)){return !this.negate;}if(this.inTag){var _2b=_2a.tags;if(_2b){for(var i=0;i<_2b.length;i++){if(this.regExp.test(_2b[i])){return !this.negate;}}}}return this.negate;};var stringToInt=function(s,_2e){if(!s){return _2e;}var n=parseInt(s);return (n==NaN)?_2e:n;};var getIntAttribute=function(_30,_31,_32){return stringToInt(_30.getAttribute(_31));};var isDescendantOrSelf=function(_33,e){while(e!=null){if(_33==e){return true;}e=e.parentNode;}return false;};var getMatchCount=function(s,re){var m=s.match(re);return m?m.length:0;};var createEllipsis=function(_38){var e=createTiddlyElement(_38,"span");e.innerHTML="…";};var isWordChar=function(c){return (c>="a"&&c<="z")||(c>="A"&&c<="Z")||c=="_";};var getWordBounds=function(s,_3c){if(!isWordChar(s[_3c])){return null;}for(var i=_3c-1;i>=0&&isWordChar(s[i]);i--){}var _3e=i+1;var n=s.length;for(i=_3c+1;i<n&&isWordChar(s[i]);i++){}return {start:_3e,end:i};};var removeTextDecoration=function(s){var _41=["''","{{{","}}}","//","<<<","/***","***/"];var _42="";for(var i=0;i<_41.length;i++){if(i!=0){_42+="|";}_42+="("+_41[i].escapeRegExp()+")";}return s.replace(new RegExp(_42,"mg"),"").trim();};var logText="";var lastLogTime=null;var logMessage=function(_44,s){var now=new Date();var _47=lastLogTime?(now-lastLogTime).toString():"";logText+="<tr><td>"+now.convertToYYYYMMDDHHMMSSMMM()+"</td><td align='right'>"+_47+"</td><td>"+_44+"</td><td>"+s.htmlEncode()+"</td></tr>\sn";lastLogTime=now;};function writeLog(){var t=" <<JsDoIt 'WriteLog' 'WriteLog' 'javascript:writeLog();story.closeTiddler(\s"Log\s");story.displayTiddler(null,\s"Log\s");'>>"+"<html><table><tbody><tr><th>Time</th><th>Delta (ms)</th><th>Kind</th><th>Message</th></tr>\sn"+logText+"</tbody></table></html>";store.saveTiddler("Log","Log",t,config.options.txtUserName,new Date(),["System","Log"]);logText="";lastLogTime=null;}var yourSearchResultID="yourSearchResult";var yourSearchResultItemsID="yourSearchResultItems";var maxCharsInTitle=80;var maxCharsInTags=50;var maxCharsInText=250;var maxPagesInNaviBar=10;var itemsPerPageDefault=25;var itemsPerPageWithPreviewDefault=10;var minMatchWithContextSize=40;var maxMovementForWordCorrection=4;var matchInTitleWeight=4;var precisionInTitleWeight=10;var matchInTagsWeight=2;var resultElement;var lastResults;var lastQuery;var lastSearchText;var searchInputField;var searchButton;var firstIndexOnPage=0;var currentTiddler;var indexInPage;var indexInResult;var getItemsPerPage=function(){var n=(config.options.chkPreviewText)?stringToInt(config.options.txtItemsPerPageWithPreview,itemsPerPageWithPreviewDefault):stringToInt(config.options.txtItemsPerPage,itemsPerPageDefault);return (n>0)?n:1;};var standardRankFunction=function(_4a,_4b){var _4c=_4b.getMarkRegExp();if(!_4c){return 1;}var _4d=_4a.title.match(_4c);var _4e=_4d?_4d.length:0;var _4f=getMatchCount(_4a.getTags(),_4c);var _50=_4d?_4d.join("").length:0;var _51=_4a.title.length>0?_50/_4a.title.length:0;var _52=_4e*matchInTitleWeight+_4f*matchInTagsWeight+_51*precisionInTitleWeight+1;return _52;};var findMatches=function(_53,_54,_55,_56,_57,_58){lastSearchText=_54;var _59=_53.reverseLookup("tags",_58,false);var _5a=new STQ(_54,_55,false,_56);lastQuery=_5a;var _5b=_5a.getMatchingTiddlers(_59);var _5c=abego.YourSearch.getRankFunction();for(var i=0;i<_5b.length;i++){var _5e=_5b[i];var _5f=_5c(_5e,_5a);_5e.searchRank=_5f;}if(!_57){_57="title";}var _60=function(a,b){var _63=a.searchRank-b.searchRank;if(_63==0){if(a[_57]==b[_57]){return (0);}else{return (a[_57]<b[_57])?-1:+1;}}else{return (_63>0)?-1:+1;}};_5b.sort(_60);lastResults=_5b;return _5b;};var moveToWordBorder=function(s,_65,_66){var _67;if(_66){_67=getWordBounds(s,_65);}else{if(_65<=0){return _65;}_67=getWordBounds(s,_65-1);}if(!_67){return _65;}if(_66){if(_67.start>=_65-maxMovementForWordCorrection){return _67.start;}if(_67.end<=_65+maxMovementForWordCorrection){return _67.end;}}else{if(_67.end<=_65+maxMovementForWordCorrection){return _67.end;}if(_67.start>=_65-maxMovementForWordCorrection){return _67.start;}}return _65;};var getContextRangeAround=function(s,_69,_6a,_6b,_6c){var _6d=Math.max(Math.floor(_6c/(_6b+1)),minMatchWithContextSize);var _6e=Math.max(_6d-(_6a-_69),0);var _6f=Math.min(Math.floor(_6a+_6e/3),s.length);var _70=Math.max(_6f-_6d,0);_70=moveToWordBorder(s,_70,true);_6f=moveToWordBorder(s,_6f,false);return {start:_70,end:_6f};};var getTextAndMatchArray=function(s,_72){var _73=[];if(_72){var _74=0;var n=s.length;var _76=0;do{_72.lastIndex=_74;var _77=_72.exec(s);if(_77){if(_74<_77.index){var t=s.substring(_74,_77.index);_73.push({text:t});}_73.push({text:_77[0],isMatch:true});_74=_77.index+_77[0].length;}else{_73.push({text:s.substr(_74)});break;}}while(true);}else{_73.push({text:s});}return _73;};var simpleCreateLimitedTextWithMarks=function(_79,s,_7b){if(!lastQuery){return;}var _7c=getTextAndMatchArray(s,lastQuery.getMarkRegExp());var _7d=0;for(var i=0;i<_7c.length&&_7d<_7b;i++){var t=_7c[i];var _80=t.text;if(t.isMatch){createTiddlyElement(_79,"span",null,"marked",_80);}else{var _81=_7b-_7d;if(_81<_80.length){_80=_80.substring(0,_81)+"...";}createTiddlyText(_79,_80);}_7d+=_80.length;}};var addRange=function(_82,_83,_84){var n=_82.length;if(n==0){_82.push({start:_83,end:_84});return;}var i=0;for(;i<n;i++){var _87=_82[i];if(_87.start<=_84&&_83<=_87.end){var r;var _89=i+1;for(;_89<n;_89++){r=_82[_89];if(r.start>_84||_83>_87.end){break;}}var _8a=_83;var _8b=_84;for(var j=i;j<_89;j++){r=_82[j];_8a=Math.min(_8a,r.start);_8b=Math.max(_8b,r.end);}_82.splice(i,_89-i,{start:_8a,end:_8b});return;}if(_87.start>_84){break;}}_82.splice(i,0,{start:_83,end:_84});};var getTotalRangesSize=function(_8d){var _8e=0;for(var i=0;i<_8d.length;i++){var _90=_8d[i];_8e+=_90.end-_90.start;}return _8e;};var writeTextAndMatchRange=function(_91,s,_93,_94,_95){var t;var _97;var pos=0;var i=0;var _9a=0;for(;i<_93.length;i++){t=_93[i];_97=t.text;if(_94<pos+_97.length){_9a=_94-pos;break;}pos+=_97.length;}var _9b=_95-_94;for(;i<_93.length&&_9b>0;i++){t=_93[i];_97=t.text.substr(_9a);_9a=0;if(_97.length>_9b){_97=_97.substr(0,_9b);}if(t.isMatch){createTiddlyElement(_91,"span",null,"marked",_97);}else{createTiddlyText(_91,_97);}_9b-=_97.length;}if(_95<s.length){createEllipsis(_91);}};var getMatchedTextCount=function(_9c){var _9d=0;for(var i=0;i<_9c.length;i++){if(_9c[i].isMatch){_9d++;}}return _9d;};var getMatchedTextWithContextRanges=function(_9f,s,_a1){var _a2=[];var _a3=getMatchedTextCount(_9f);var pos=0;for(var i=0;i<_9f.length;i++){var t=_9f[i];var _a7=t.text;if(t.isMatch){var _a8=getContextRangeAround(s,pos,pos+_a7.length,_a3,_a1);addRange(_a2,_a8.start,_a8.end);}pos+=_a7.length;}return _a2;};var fillUpRanges=function(s,_aa,_ab){var _ac=_ab-getTotalRangesSize(_aa);while(_ac>0){if(_aa.length==0){addRange(_aa,0,moveToWordBorder(s,_ab,false));return;}else{var _ad=_aa[0];var _ae;var _af;if(_ad.start==0){_ae=_ad.end;if(_aa.length>1){_af=_aa[1].start;}else{addRange(_aa,_ae,moveToWordBorder(s,_ae+_ac,false));return;}}else{_ae=0;_af=_ad.start;}var _b0=Math.min(_af,_ae+_ac);addRange(_aa,_ae,_b0);_ac-=(_b0-_ae);}}};var writeRanges=function(_b1,s,_b3,_b4,_b5){if(_b4.length==0){return;}if(_b4[0].start>0){createEllipsis(_b1);}var _b6=_b5;for(var i=0;i<_b4.length&&_b6>0;i++){var _b8=_b4[i];var len=Math.min(_b8.end-_b8.start,_b6);writeTextAndMatchRange(_b1,s,_b3,_b8.start,_b8.start+len);_b6-=len;}};var createLimitedTextWithMarksAndContext=function(_ba,s,_bc){if(!lastQuery){return;}if(s.length<_bc){_bc=s.length;}var _bd=getTextAndMatchArray(s,lastQuery.getMarkRegExp());var _be=getMatchedTextWithContextRanges(_bd,s,_bc);fillUpRanges(s,_be,_bc);writeRanges(_ba,s,_bd,_be,_bc);};var createLimitedTextWithMarks=function(_bf,s,_c1){return createLimitedTextWithMarksAndContext(_bf,s,_c1);};var myStorySearch=function(_c2,_c3,_c4){highlightHack=new RegExp(_c4?_c2:_c2.escapeRegExp(),_c3?"mg":"img");var _c5=findMatches(store,_c2,_c3,_c4,"title","excludeSearch");firstIndexOnPage=0;showResult();highlightHack=null;};var myMacroSearchHandler=function(_c6,_c7,_c8){var _c9="";var _ca=null;var _cb=function(txt){if(config.options.chkUseYourSearch){myStorySearch(txt.value,config.options.chkCaseSensitiveSearch,config.options.chkRegExpSearch);}else{story.search(txt.value,config.options.chkCaseSensitiveSearch,config.options.chkRegExpSearch);}_c9=txt.value;};var _cd=function(e){_cb(searchInputField);return false;};var _cf=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}switch(e.keyCode){case 13:_cb(this);break;case 27:if(isResultOpen()){closeResult();}else{this.value="";clearMessage();}break;}if(String.fromCharCode(e.keyCode)==this.accessKey||e.altKey){reopenResultIfApplicable();}if(this.value.length<3&&_ca){clearTimeout(_ca);}if((this.value.length>2)&&(this.value!=_c9)){if(!config.options.chkUseYourSearch||config.options.chkSearchAsYouType){if(_ca){clearTimeout(_ca);}var txt=this;_ca=setTimeout(function(){_cb(txt);},500);}}if(this.value.length==0){closeResult();}};var _d3=function(e){this.select();reopenResultIfApplicable();};var btn=createTiddlyButton(_c6,this.label,this.prompt,_cd);var txt=createTiddlyElement(_c6,"input",null,null,null);if(_c8[0]){txt.value=_c8[0];}txt.onkeyup=_cf;txt.onfocus=_d3;txt.setAttribute("size",this.sizeTextbox);txt.setAttribute("accessKey",this.accessKey);txt.setAttribute("autocomplete","off");if(config.browser.isSafari){txt.setAttribute("type","search");txt.setAttribute("results","5");}else{txt.setAttribute("type","text");}searchInputField=txt;searchButton=btn;};var isResultOpen=function(){return resultElement!=null&&resultElement.parentNode==document.body;};var closeResult=function(){if(isResultOpen()){document.body.removeChild(resultElement);}};var openAllFoundTiddlers=function(){closeResult();if(lastResults){var _d7=[];for(var i=0;i<lastResults.length;i++){_d7.push(lastResults[i].title);}story.displayTiddlers(null,_d7);}};var refreshResult=function(){if(!resultElement||!searchInputField){return;}var _d9=store.getTiddlerText("YourSearchResultTemplate");if(!_d9){_d9="<b>Tiddler YourSearchResultTemplate not found</b>";}resultElement.innerHTML=_d9;firstIndexOnPage=Math.floor(firstIndexOnPage/getItemsPerPage())*getItemsPerPage();applyHtmlMacros(resultElement,null);refreshElements(resultElement,null);if(lastResults&&lastResults.length>0){var _da=store.getTiddlerText("YourSearchItemTemplate");if(!_da){alertAndThrow("YourSearchItemTemplate not found");}var _db=document.getElementById(yourSearchResultItemsID);if(!_db){_db=createTiddlyElement(resultElement,"div",yourSearchResultItemsID);}var _dc=Math.min(firstIndexOnPage+getItemsPerPage(),lastResults.length);indexInPage=-1;for(var i=firstIndexOnPage;i<_dc;i++){currentTiddler=lastResults[i];indexInPage++;indexInResult=i;var _de=createTiddlyElement(_db,"div",null,"yourSearchItem");_de.innerHTML=_da;applyHtmlMacros(_de,null);refreshElements(_de,null);}}currentTiddler=null;ensureResultIsDisplayedNicely();};var ensureResultIsDisplayedNicely=function(){adjustResultPositionAndSize();scrollVisible();};var scrollVisible=function(){if(resultElement){window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(resultElement));}if(searchInputField){window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(searchInputField));}};var adjustResultPositionAndSize=function(){if(!searchInputField){return;}var _df=searchInputField;var _e0=findPosX(_df);var _e1=findPosY(_df);var _e2=_df.offsetHeight;var _e3=_e0;var _e4=_e1+_e2;var _e5=findWindowWidth();if(_e5<resultElement.offsetWidth){resultElement.style.width=(_e5-100)+"px";_e5=findWindowWidth();}var _e6=resultElement.offsetWidth;if(_e3+_e6>_e5){_e3=_e5-_e6-30;}if(_e3<0){_e3=0;}resultElement.style.left=_e3+"px";resultElement.style.top=_e4+"px";resultElement.style.display="block";};var showResult=function(){if(!resultElement){resultElement=createTiddlyElement(document.body,"div",yourSearchResultID,"yourSearchResult");}else{if(resultElement.parentNode!=document.body){document.body.appendChild(resultElement);}}refreshResult();};var reopenResultIfApplicable=function(){if(searchInputField==null||!config.options.chkUseYourSearch){return;}if((searchInputField.value==lastSearchText)&&lastSearchText&&!isResultOpen()){if(resultElement&&(resultElement.parentNode!=document.body)){document.body.appendChild(resultElement);ensureResultIsDisplayedNicely();}else{showResult();}}};var setFirstIndexOnPage=function(_e7){if(!lastResults||lastResults.length==0){return;}firstIndexOnPage=Math.min(Math.max(0,_e7),lastResults.length-1);refreshResult();};var onDocumentClick=function(e){if(e.target==searchInputField){return;}if(e.target==searchButton){return;}if(resultElement&&isDescendantOrSelf(resultElement,e.target)){return;}closeResult();};var onDocumentKeyup=function(e){if(e.keyCode==27){closeResult();}};addEvent(document,"click",onDocumentClick);addEvent(document,"keyup",onDocumentKeyup);config.macros.yourSearch={label:"yourSearch",prompt:"Gives access to the current/last YourSearch result",funcs:{},tests:{"true":function(){return true;},"false":function(){return false;},"found":function(){return lastResults&&lastResults.length>0;},"previewText":function(){return config.options.chkPreviewText;}}};config.macros.yourSearch.handler=function(_ea,_eb,_ec,_ed,_ee,_ef){if(_ec.length==0){return;}var _f0=_ec[0];var _f1=config.macros.yourSearch.funcs[_f0];if(_f1){_f1(_ea,_eb,_ec,_ed,_ee,_ef);}};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.itemRange=function(_f2){if(lastResults){var _f3=Math.min(firstIndexOnPage+getItemsPerPage(),lastResults.length);var s="%0 - %1".format([firstIndexOnPage+1,_f3]);createTiddlyText(_f2,s);}};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.count=function(_f5){if(lastSearchText){createTiddlyText(_f5,lastResults.length.toString());}};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.query=function(_f6){if(lastResults){createTiddlyText(_f6,lastSearchText);}};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.version=function(_f7){var t="YourSearch %0.%1.%2".format([version.extensions.YourSearchPlugin.major,version.extensions.YourSearchPlugin.minor,version.extensions.YourSearchPlugin.revision]);var e=createTiddlyElement(_f7,"a");e.setAttribute("href","http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de/#YourSearchPlugin");e.innerHTML="<font color=\s"black\s" face=\s"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\s">"+t+"<font>";};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.copyright=function(_fa){var e=createTiddlyElement(_fa,"a");e.setAttribute("href","http://tiddlywiki.abego-software.de");e.innerHTML="<font color=\s"black\s" face=\s"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\s">© 2005-2006 <b><font color=\s"red\s">abego</font></b> Software<font>";};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.linkButton=function(_fc,_fd,_fe,_ff,_100,_101){if(_fe<2){return;}var _102=_fe[1];var text=_fe<3?_102:_fe[2];var _104=_fe<4?text:_fe[3];var _105=_fe<5?null:_fe[4];var btn=createTiddlyButton(_fc,text,_104,closeResultAndDisplayTiddler,null,null,_105);btn.setAttribute("tiddlyLink",_102);};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.closeButton=function(_107,_108,_109,_10a,_10b,_10c){var _10d=createTiddlyButton(_107,"close","Close the Search Results (Shortcut: ESC)",closeResult);};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.openAllButton=function(_10e,_10f,_110,_111,_112,_113){if(!lastResults){return;}var n=lastResults.length;if(n==0){return;}var _115=n==1?"open tiddler":"open all %0 tiddlers".format([n]);var _116=createTiddlyButton(_10e,_115,"Open all found tiddlers (Shortcut: Alt-O)",openAllFoundTiddlers);_116.setAttribute("accessKey","O");};var onNaviButtonClick=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}var _119=getIntAttribute(this,"page");setFirstIndexOnPage(_119*getItemsPerPage(),0);};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.naviBar=function(_11a,_11b,_11c,_11d,_11e,_11f){if(!lastResults||lastResults.length==0){return;}var _120;var _121=Math.floor(firstIndexOnPage/getItemsPerPage());var _122=Math.floor((lastResults.length-1)/getItemsPerPage());if(_121>0){_120=createTiddlyButton(_11a,"Previous","Go to previous page (Shortcut: Alt-'<')",onNaviButtonClick,"prev");_120.setAttribute("page",(_121-1).toString());_120.setAttribute("accessKey","<");}for(var i=-maxPagesInNaviBar;i<maxPagesInNaviBar;i++){var _124=_121+i;if(_124<0){continue;}if(_124>_122){break;}var _125=(i+_121+1).toString();var _126=_124==_121?"currentPage":"otherPage";_120=createTiddlyButton(_11a,_125,"Go to page %0".format([_125]),onNaviButtonClick,_126);_120.setAttribute("page",(_124).toString());}if(_121<_122){_120=createTiddlyButton(_11a,"Next","Go to next page (Shortcut: Alt-'>')",onNaviButtonClick,"next");_120.setAttribute("page",(_121+1).toString());_120.setAttribute("accessKey",">");}};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs["if"]=function(_127,_128,_129,_12a,_12b,_12c){if(_129.length<2){return;}var _12d=_129[1];var _12e=(_12d=="not");if(_12e){if(_129.length<3){return;}_12d=_129[2];}var test=config.macros.yourSearch.tests[_12d];var _130=false;try{if(test){_130=test(_127,_128,_129,_12a,_12b,_12c)!=_12e;}else{_130=(!eval(_12d))==_12e;}}catch(ex){}if(!_130){_127.style.display="none";}};var createOptionWithRefresh=function(_131,_132,_133,_134){invokeMacro(_131,"option",_132,_133,_134);var elem=_131.lastChild;var _136=elem.onclick;elem.onclick=function(e){var _138=_136.apply(this,arguments);refreshResult();return _138;};return elem;};config.macros.yourSearch.funcs.chkPreviewText=function(_139,_13a,_13b,_13c,_13d,_13e){var _13f=_13b.slice(1).join(" ");var elem=createOptionWithRefresh(_139,"chkPreviewText",_13c,_13e);elem.setAttribute("accessKey","P");elem.title="Show text preview of found tiddlers (Shortcut: Alt-P)";return elem;};config.macros.foundTiddler={label:"foundTiddler",prompt:"Provides information on the tiddler currently processed on the YourSearch result page",funcs:{}};config.macros.foundTiddler.handler=function(_141,_142,_143,_144,_145,_146){if(!currentTiddler){return;}var name=_143[0];var func=config.macros.foundTiddler.funcs[name];if(func){func(_141,_142,_143,_144,_145,_146);}};var closeResultAndDisplayTiddler=function(e){closeResult();var _14a=this.getAttribute("tiddlyLink");if(_14a){var _14b=this.getAttribute("withHilite");var _14c=highlightHack;if(_14b&&_14b=="true"&&lastQuery){highlightHack=lastQuery.getMarkRegExp();}story.displayTiddler(this,_14a);highlightHack=_14c;}return (false);};var getShortCutNumber=function(){if(!currentTiddler){return -1;}if(indexInPage>=0&&indexInPage<=9){return indexInPage<9?(indexInPage+1):0;}else{return -1;}};config.macros.foundTiddler.funcs.title=function(_14d,_14e,_14f,_150,_151,_152){if(!currentTiddler){return;}var _153=getShortCutNumber();var _154=_153>=0?"Open tiddler (Shortcut: Alt-%0)".format([_153.toString()]):"Open tiddler";var btn=createTiddlyButton(_14d,null,_154,closeResultAndDisplayTiddler,null);btn.setAttribute("tiddlyLink",currentTiddler.title);btn.setAttribute("withHilite","true");createLimitedTextWithMarks(btn,currentTiddler.title,maxCharsInTitle);if(_153>=0){btn.setAttribute("accessKey",_153.toString());}};config.macros.foundTiddler.funcs.tags=function(_156,_157,_158,_159,_15a,_15b){if(!currentTiddler){return;}createLimitedTextWithMarks(_156,currentTiddler.getTags(),maxCharsInTags);};config.macros.foundTiddler.funcs.text=function(_15c,_15d,_15e,_15f,_160,_161){if(!currentTiddler){return;}createLimitedTextWithMarks(_15c,removeTextDecoration(currentTiddler.text),maxCharsInText);};config.macros.foundTiddler.funcs.number=function(_162,_163,_164,_165,_166,_167){var _168=getShortCutNumber();if(_168>=0){var text="%0)".format([_168.toString()]);createTiddlyElement(_162,"span",null,"shortcutNumber",text);}};function scrollToAnchor(name){return false;}if(config.options.chkUseYourSearch==undefined){config.options.chkUseYourSearch=true;}if(config.options.chkPreviewText==undefined){config.options.chkPreviewText=true;}if(config.options.chkSearchAsYouType==undefined){config.options.chkSearchAsYouType=true;}if(config.options.chkSearchInTitle==undefined){config.options.chkSearchInTitle=true;}if(config.options.chkSearchInText==undefined){config.options.chkSearchInText=true;}if(config.options.chkSearchInTags==undefined){config.options.chkSearchInTags=true;}if(config.options.txtItemsPerPage==undefined){config.options.txtItemsPerPage=itemsPerPageDefault;}if(config.options.txtItemsPerPageWithPreview==undefined){config.options.txtItemsPerPageWithPreview=itemsPerPageWithPreviewDefault;}config.shadowTiddlers.AdvancedOptions+="\sn<<option chkUseYourSearch>> Use 'Your Search' //([[more options|YourSearch Options]])//";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearch Introduction"]="!About YourSearch\sn"+"\sn"+"YourSearch gives you a bunch of new features to simplify and speed up your daily searches in TiddlyWiki. It seamlessly integrates into the standard TiddlyWiki search: just start typing into the 'search' field and explore!\sn"+"\sn"+"''May the '~Alt-F' be with you.''\sn"+"\sn"+"\sn"+"!Features\sn"+"* YourSearch searches for tiddlers that match your query ''as you type'' into the 'search' field. It presents a list of the ''\s"Top Ten\s"'' tiddlers in a ''popup-like window'': the ''[[YourSearch Result]]''. The tiddlers currently displayed in your TiddlyWiki are not affected.\sn"+"* Using ''~TiddlerRank technology'' the [[YourSearch Result]] lists the ''most interesting tiddlers first''.\sn"+"* Through ''Filtered Search'' and ''Boolean Search'' you can easily refining your search, like excluding words or searching for multiple words. This way less tiddlers are displayed in the [[YourSearch Result]] and you can faster scan the result for the tiddler you are looking for.\sn"+"* The [[YourSearch Result]] lists the found tiddlers ''page-wise'', e.g. 10 per page. Use the ''Result Page Navigation Bar'' to navigate between pages if the result does not fit on one page.\sn"+"* The [[YourSearch Result]] states the ''total number of found tiddlers''. This way you can quickly decide if you want to browse the result list or if you want to refine your search first to shorten the result list.\sn"+"* Beside the ''title of the found tiddlers'' the [[YourSearch Result]] also ''displays tags'' and ''tiddler text previews''. The ''tiddler text preview'' is an extract of the tiddler's content, showing the most interesting parts related to your query (e.g. the texts around the words you are looking for).\sn"+"* The words you are looking for are hilited in the titles, tags and text previews of the [[YourSearch Result]].\sn"+"* If you are not interested in the tiddler text previews but prefer to get longer lists of tiddlers on one result page you may ''switch of the text preview''.\sn"+"* If the [[YourSearch Result]] contains the tiddler you are looking for you can just ''click its title to display'' it in your TiddlyWiki. Alternatively you may also ''open all found tiddlers'' at once. \sn"+"* Use [[YourSearch Options]] to customize YourSearch to your needs. E.g. depending on the size of your screen you may change the number of tiddlers displayed in the [[YourSearch Result]]. In the [[YourSearch Options]] and the AdvancedOptions you may also switch off YourSearch in case you temporarily want to use the standard search.\sn"+"* For the most frequently actions ''access keys'' are defined so you can perform your search without using the mouse.\sn"+"\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearch Help"]="<<tiddler [[YourSearch Introduction]]>>"+"\sn"+"!Filtered Search<html><a name='Filtered'/></html>\sn"+"Using the Filtered Search you can restrict your search to certain parts of a tiddler, e.g only search the tags or only the titles.\sn"+"|!What you want|!What you type|!Example|\sn"+"|Search ''titles only''|start word with ''!''|{{{!jonny}}}|\sn"+"|Search ''contents only''|start word with ''%''|{{{%football}}}|\sn"+"|Search ''tags only''|start word with ''#''|{{{#Plugin}}}|\sn"+"\sn"+"You may use more than one filter for a word. E.g. {{{!#Plugin}}} finds tiddlers containing \s"Plugin\s" either in the title or in the tags (but does not look for \s"Plugin\s" in the content).\sn"+"\sn"+"!Boolean Search<html><a name='Boolean'/></html>\sn"+"The Boolean Search is useful when searching for multiple words.\sn"+"|!What you want|!What you type|!Example|\sn"+"|''All words'' must exist|List of words|{{{jonny jeremy}}}|\sn"+"|''At least one word'' must exist|Separate words by ''or''|{{{jonny or jeremy}}}|\sn"+"|A word ''must not exist''|Start word with ''-''|{{{-jonny}}}|\sn"+"\sn"+"''Note:'' When you specify two words, separated with a space, YourSearch finds all tiddlers that contain both words, but not necessarily next to each other. If you want to find a sequence of word, e.g. '{{{John Brown}}}', you need to put the words into quotes. I.e. you type: {{{\s"john brown\s"}}}.\sn"+"\sn"+"!'Exact Word' Search<html><a name='Exact'/></html>\sn"+"By default a search result all matches that 'contain' the searched text. \sn"+" E.g. if you search for 'Task' you will get all tiddlers containing 'Task', but also 'CompletedTask', 'TaskForce' etc.\sn"+"\sn"+"If you only want to get the tiddlers that contain 'exactly the word' you need to prefix it with a '='. E.g. typing '=Task' will the tiddlers that contain the word 'Task', ignoring words that just contain 'Task' as a substring.\sn"+"\sn"+"!Combined Search<html><a name='Combined'/></html>\sn"+"You are free to combine the various search options. \sn"+"\sn"+"''Examples''\sn"+"|!What you type|!Result|\sn"+"|{{{!jonny !jeremy -%football}}}| all tiddlers with both {{{jonny}}} and {{{jeremy}}} in its titles, but no {{{football}}} in content.|\sn"+"|{{{#=Task}}}|All tiddlers tagged with 'Task' (the exact word). Tags named 'CompletedTask', 'TaskForce' etc. are not considered.|\sn"+"\sn"+"!~CaseSensitiveSearch and ~RegExpSearch<html><a name='Case'/></html>\sn"+"The standard search options ~CaseSensitiveSearch and ~RegExpSearch are fully supported by YourSearch. However when ''~RegExpSearch'' is on Filtered and Boolean Search are disabled.\sn"+"\sn"+"!Access Keys<html><a name='Access'/></html>\sn"+"You are encouraged to use the access keys (also called \s"shortcut\s" keys) for the most frequently used operations. For quick reference these shortcuts are also mentioned in the tooltip for the various buttons etc.\sn"+"\sn"+"|!Key|!Operation|\sn"+"|{{{Alt-F}}}|''The most important keystroke'': It moves the cursor to the search input field so you can directly start typing your query. Pressing {{{Alt-F}}} will also display the previous search result. This way you can quickly display multiple tiddlers using \s"Press {{{Alt-F}}}. Select tiddler.\s" sequences.|\sn"+"|{{{ESC}}}|Closes the [[YourSearch Result]]. When the [[YourSearch Result]] is already closed and the cursor is in the search input field the field's content is cleared so you start a new query.|\sn"+"|{{{Alt-1}}}, {{{Alt-2}}},... |Pressing these keys opens the first, second etc. tiddler from the result list.|\sn"+"|{{{Alt-O}}}|Opens all found tiddlers.|\sn"+"|{{{Alt-P}}}|Toggles the 'Preview Text' mode.|\sn"+"|{{{Alt-'<'}}}, {{{Alt-'>'}}}|Displays the previous or next page in the [[YourSearch Result]].|\sn"+"|{{{Return}}}|When you have turned off the 'as you type' search mode pressing the {{{Return}}} key actually starts the search (as does pressing the 'search' button).|\sn"+"\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearch Options"]="|>|!YourSearch Options|\sn"+"|>|<<option chkUseYourSearch>> Use 'Your Search'|\sn"+"|!|<<option chkPreviewText>> Show Text Preview|\sn"+"|!|<<option chkSearchAsYouType>> 'Search As You Type' Mode (No RETURN required to start search)|\sn"+"|!|Default Search Filter:<<option chkSearchInTitle>>Titles ('!') <<option chkSearchInText>>Texts ('%') <<option chkSearchInTags>>Tags ('#') <html><br><font size=\s"-2\s">The parts of a tiddlers that are searched when you don't explicitly specify a filter in the search text (using a '!', '%' or '#' prefix).</font></html>|\sn"+"|!|Number of items on search result page: <<option txtItemsPerPage>>|\sn"+"|!|Number of items on search result page with preview text: <<option txtItemsPerPageWithPreview>>|\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearchStyleSheet"]="/***\sn"+"!~YourSearchResult Stylesheet\sn"+"***/\sn"+"/*{{{*/\sn"+".yourSearchResult {\sn"+"\stposition: absolute;\sn"+"\stwidth: 800px;\sn"+"\sn"+"\stpadding: 0.2em;\sn"+"\stlist-style: none;\sn"+"\stmargin: 0;\sn"+"\sn"+"\stbackground: White;\sn"+"\stborder: 1px solid DarkGray;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+"/*}}}*/\sn"+"/***\sn"+"!!Summary Section\sn"+"***/\sn"+"/*{{{*/\sn"+".yourSearchResult .summary {\sn"+"\stborder-bottom-width: thin;\sn"+"\stborder-bottom-style: solid;\sn"+"\stborder-bottom-color: #999999;\sn"+"\stpadding-bottom: 4px;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchRange, .yourSearchCount, .yourSearchQuery {\sn"+"\stfont-weight: bold;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchResult .summary .button {\sn"+"\stfont-size: 10px;\sn"+"\sn"+"\stpadding-left: 0.3em;\sn"+"\stpadding-right: 0.3em;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchResult .summary .chkBoxLabel {\sn"+"\stfont-size: 10px;\sn"+"\sn"+"\stpadding-right: 0.3em;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+"/*}}}*/\sn"+"/***\sn"+"!!Items Area\sn"+"***/\sn"+"/*{{{*/\sn"+".yourSearchResult .marked {\sn"+"\stbackground: none;\sn"+"\stfont-weight: bold;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchItem {\sn"+"\stmargin-top: 2px;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchNumber {\sn"+"\stcolor: #808080;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchTags {\sn"+"\stcolor: #008000;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchText {\sn"+"\stcolor: #808080;\sn"+"\stmargin-bottom: 6px;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+"/*}}}*/\sn"+"/***\sn"+"!!Footer\sn"+"***/\sn"+"/*{{{*/\sn"+".yourSearchFooter {\sn"+"\stmargin-top: 8px;\sn"+"\stborder-top-width: thin;\sn"+"\stborder-top-style: solid;\sn"+"\stborder-top-color: #999999;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchFooter a:hover{\sn"+"\stbackground: none;\sn"+"\stcolor: none;\sn"+"}\sn"+"/*}}}*/\sn"+"/***\sn"+"!!Navigation Bar\sn"+"***/\sn"+"/*{{{*/\sn"+".yourSearchNaviBar a {\sn"+"\stfont-size: 16px;\sn"+"\stmargin-left: 4px;\sn"+"\stmargin-right: 4px;\sn"+"\stcolor: black;\sn"+"\sttext-decoration: underline;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchNaviBar a:hover {\sn"+"\stbackground-color: none;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchNaviBar .prev {\sn"+"\stfont-weight: bold;\sn"+"\stcolor: blue;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchNaviBar .currentPage {\sn"+"\stcolor: #FF0000;\sn"+"\stfont-weight: bold;\sn"+"\sttext-decoration: none;\sn"+"}\sn"+"\sn"+".yourSearchNaviBar .next {\sn"+"\stfont-weight: bold;\sn"+"\stcolor: blue;\sn"+"}\sn"+"/*}}}*/\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearchResultTemplate"]="<!--\sn"+"{{{\sn"+"-->\sn"+"<span macro=\s"yourSearch if found\s">\sn"+"<!-- The Summary Header ============================================ -->\sn"+"<table class=\s"summary\s" border=\s"0\s" width=\s"100%\s" cellspacing=\s"0\s" cellpadding=\s"0\s"><tbody>\sn"+" <tr>\sn"+"\st<td align=\s"left\s">\sn"+"\st\stYourSearch Result <span class=\s"yourSearchRange\s" macro=\s"yourSearch itemRange\s"></span>\sn"+"\st\st of <span class=\s"yourSearchCount\s" macro=\s"yourSearch count\s"></span>\sn"+"\st\stfor <span class=\s"yourSearchQuery\s" macro=\s"yourSearch query\s"></span>\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+"\st<td class=\s"yourSearchButtons\s" align=\s"right\s">\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch chkPreviewText\s"></span><span class=\s"chkBoxLabel\s">preview text</span>\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch openAllButton\s"></span>\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch linkButton 'YourSearch Options' options 'Configure YourSearch'\s"></span>\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch linkButton 'YourSearch Help' help 'Get help how to use YourSearch'\s"></span>\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch closeButton\s"></span>\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+" </tr>\sn"+"</tbody></table>\sn"+"\sn"+"<!-- The List of Found Tiddlers ============================================ -->\sn"+"<div id=\s"yourSearchResultItems\s" itemsPerPage=\s"25\s" itemsPerPageWithPreview=\s"10\s"></div>\sn"+"\sn"+"<!-- The Footer (with the Navigation) ============================================ -->\sn"+"<table class=\s"yourSearchFooter\s" border=\s"0\s" width=\s"100%\s" cellspacing=\s"0\s" cellpadding=\s"0\s"><tbody>\sn"+" <tr>\sn"+"\st<td align=\s"left\s">\sn"+"\st\stResult page: <span class=\s"yourSearchNaviBar\s" macro=\s"yourSearch naviBar\s"></span>\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+"\st<td align=\s"right\s"><span macro=\s"yourSearch version\s"></span>, <span macro=\s"yourSearch copyright\s"></span>\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+" </tr>\sn"+"</tbody></table>\sn"+"<!-- end of the 'tiddlers found' case =========================================== -->\sn"+"</span>\sn"+"\sn"+"\sn"+"<!-- The \s"No tiddlers found\s" case =========================================== -->\sn"+"<span macro=\s"yourSearch if not found\s">\sn"+"<table class=\s"summary\s" border=\s"0\s" width=\s"100%\s" cellspacing=\s"0\s" cellpadding=\s"0\s"><tbody>\sn"+" <tr>\sn"+"\st<td align=\s"left\s">\sn"+"\st\stYourSearch Result: No tiddlers found for <span class=\s"yourSearchQuery\s" macro=\s"yourSearch query\s"></span>.\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+"\st<td class=\s"yourSearchButtons\s" align=\s"right\s">\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch linkButton 'YourSearch Options' options 'Configure YourSearch'\s"></span>\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch linkButton 'YourSearch Help' help 'Get help how to use YourSearch'\s"></span>\sn"+"\st\st<span macro=\s"yourSearch closeButton\s"></span>\sn"+"\st</td>\sn"+" </tr>\sn"+"</tbody></table>\sn"+"</span>\sn"+"\sn"+"\sn"+"<!--\sn"+"}}}\sn"+"-->\sn";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearchItemTemplate"]="<!--\sn"+"{{{\sn"+"-->\sn"+"<span class='yourSearchNumber' macro='foundTiddler number'></span>\sn"+"<span class='yourSearchTitle' macro='foundTiddler title'/></span> - \sn"+"<span class='yourSearchTags' macro='foundTiddler tags'/></span>\sn"+"<span macro=\s"yourSearch if previewText\s"><div class='yourSearchText' macro='foundTiddler text'/></div></span>\sn"+"<!--\sn"+"}}}\sn"+"-->";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearch"]="<<tiddler [[YourSearch Help]]>>";config.shadowTiddlers["YourSearch Result"]="The popup-like window displaying the result of a YourSearch query.";setStylesheet(store.getTiddlerText("YourSearchStyleSheet"),"yourSearch");var origMacros_search_handler=config.macros.search.handler;config.macros.search.handler=myMacroSearchHandler;var ownsOverwrittenFunctions=function(){var _16b=(config.macros.search.handler==myMacroSearchHandler);return _16b;};var checkForOtherHijacker=function(){if(!ownsOverwrittenFunctions()){alert("Message from YourSearchPlugin:\sn\sn\sn"+"Another plugin has disabled the 'Your Search' features.\sn\sn\sn"+"You may disable the other plugin or change the load order of \sn"+"the plugins (by changing the names of the tiddlers)\sn"+"to enable the 'Your Search' features.");}};setTimeout(checkForOtherHijacker,5000);abego.YourSearch.getStandardRankFunction=function(){return standardRankFunction;};abego.YourSearch.getRankFunction=function(){return abego.YourSearch.getStandardRankFunction();};abego.YourSearch.getCurrentTiddler=function(){return currentTiddler;};}\n/***\n%/\n!Licence and Copyright\nCopyright (c) abego Software ~GmbH, 2005-2006 ([[www.abego-software.de|http://www.abego-software.de]])\n\nRedistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,\nare permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n\nRedistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this\nlist of conditions and the following disclaimer.\n\nRedistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this\nlist of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other\nmaterials provided with the distribution.\n\nNeither the name of abego Software nor the names of its contributors may be\nused to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific\nprior written permission.\n\nTHIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY\nEXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES\nOF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT\nSHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,\nINCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED\nTO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR\nBUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN\nCONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN\nANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH\nDAMAGE.\n***/\n\n
