"Project Background: The Basques are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. Today, the Basque Country, or Euskal Herria, is composed of seven provinces which are arranged in three district parts. Three provinces in Spain: Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Araba - compose the Basque Autonomous Community. The historically Basque province of Navarre forms its own community in Spain. The last three provinces: Zuberoa, Lapurdi, and Behe-Nafarroa - lie on the French side of the border. The main sources for the early history of the Basques are the classical writers, especially Strabo, who in the 1st century AD reports that the north of modern-day Navarre and Aragon were inhabited by a people known as the Vascones (this is not the area of the modern-day autonomous community of the Basque Country (here "the present Basque Country"), but an area immediately east of it). Although the word Vascones is clearly related to the modern word "Basque", we do not know for sure if the Vascones were indeed the ancestors of the modern Basques, or whether they spoke an old form of the Basque language. Surviving place names and a few personal names tend to suggest they spoke old Basque, but we cannot be sure. On the territory of the present Basque Country lived three different peoples: the Vardulli, the Caristi, and the Autrigones. Nobody knows if these three peoples were related to the Vascones, or if they spoke a language related to old Basque, as they have left no written records. Some researchers, based on the meager historical evidence we possess, think that they were Celtiberian peoples, speaking languages not related to old Basque, but we cannot be sure. In fact, the place where a Basque-related language is the best attested is Gascony, in the southwest of France, where the local Aquitanians spoke a language which is proven beyond doubt to be akin to Basque. Later in the period of the Roman Empire, the Vascones seem to have moved west into what is the present Basque Country (while some also clearly stayed in Navarre), either absorbing or displacing the Vardulli, Caristi, and Autrigones, and from this emerged the Basque nation. It is widely believed that the Basques have occupied a single region of Europe longer than any other identifiable ethnic group. There is also considerable evidence that the Basque language was once spoken over a much wider area than the modern day Basque country. The Middle Ages and the Reconquista extended the Basque territory beyond the limits of the Roman age. The only archeological evidence for an invasion of the Basque Country dates some 40,000 years ago when Cro-Magnon people first arrived in Europe and superseded Homo neanderthalensis. It is possible that the ancestors of the Basques first arrived in Europe at this time, but the archeological evidence is shaky. Another possibility is that a precursor of the Basque language may have arrived with the advance of agriculture, some 6,000 years ago. It is quite likely that the Basques arrived before the Indo-Europeans and thus that they are the oldest continuously surviving people inhabiting a particular location in Europe. It is believed that they have lived in or near their present location for thousands of years, a relatively small group of people surviving when many others were overwhelmed by invaders. A number of early Basque writers sought to explain this, in keeping with the academic fashion of their time, through speculation about racial superiority, but the endurance of the Basques can also be explained by good fortune: they happened to be in the right place over and over again. Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques Project Goals: To find the ancient origins of the Basque, whatever they may be. To discover previously unknown living relatives. To determine migration patterns of different families. To see if similar sounding surnames are related. To discover how closely related all of us really are. To share this information with others so that we can learn more about where we came from. Project News: We are still seeking more people from the Basque region of Spain and France to join this DNA project and help us learn more about the mark the ancient Basque left. Project Results: Y-DNA Results: Aburto - J2: Semitic origin. Mostly found in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and North Africa. This haplogroup contains the Cohen modal lineage which is found in about 5% of those with this origin. Sephardic Jews and Arab Moors belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of Spain. About 28% of Sephardic Jews have this origin. 3% of modern day Spaniards have J, J1, or J2 origin. "

"Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Haplogroup J2 is widely believed to be associated with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia [1],[2]. This connection is supported by its age (18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago) [2], which is very close to the beginning of the Neolithic, its distribution, which is centered in West Asia and Southeastern Europe, as well as its association with the presence of Neolithic archaeological artifacts, such as figurines and painted pottery [3]. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup J. Contents 1 Distribution 2 Subdivisions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit] Distribution Haplogroup J2 is found frequently in Greece and Italy [4], in Lebanon [2], in Turkey [1], and in the Caucasus region [5]. In Italy, one of the European countries with the highest frequencies of J2, it has been found in the remains of ancient Etruscans, who spoke a non-Indo-European language of unknown affinity. Another important fact about the distribution of Haplogroup J2 is that it appears to have dispersed from a Middle Eastern homeland to the west through a primarily maritime or littoral route, as it is found in high concentrations among the populations of the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea in both Eurasia and Africa, and particularly along the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean in Europe. This distribution may be more consonant with a Neolithic or post-Neolithic maritime dispersal from the Middle East, such as through Phoenician commercial and colonial activities, or even through Greek colonization following the presumed interaction between proto-Hellenes and Middle Eastern peoples that is suggested by ancient Greek legends, which attribute the founding of early cities in Greece to people of ancient Mesopotamian or other Middle Eastern extraction. Jews and Arabs also possess J2, as do Kurds and other Middle Eastern populations [6]. Typically, these populations of the Middle East have a higher frequency of the related haplogroup J1, whereas the great majority of Haplogroup J representatives among the populations of Europe and India belong to the subclade J2. Haplogroup J2 has been shown to have a more northerly distribution in the Middle East when compared to its brother haplogroup, J1, which has a more southerly and particularly Semitic distribution. This suggests that, if the occurrence of Haplogroup J among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia does reflect Neolithic demic diffusion from the Middle East, the source population is more likely to have originated from Anatolia or northern Mesopotamia than from regions further south. [edit] Subdivisions Haplogroup J2 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J2a, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J2b, defined by the M12 genetic marker. A subclade of haplogroup J2a, defined by the M92 marker has been implicated in the ancient Greek colonization [7]. [edit] See also Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups Y-most recent common ancestor | A | B | C | F D E G H | K I J L M NO P N O Q R [edit] References �ª C. Cinnioglu et al. (2004), Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics 114(2):127-48. �ª O. Semino et al. (2004), Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area, American Journal of Human Genetics 74(5):1023-34. �ª R. King and P.A. Underhill (2002), Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages, Antiquity 76:704-714 �ª F. Di Giacomo et al. (2003), Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(3):387-95. �ª I. Nasidze et al. (2003), Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome, Human Genetics 112(3):255-61. �ª Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists, American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221 �ª Renfrew, A.C. (1987). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6612-5 �ª A. Nebel et al. (2001), The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East, Americal Journal of Human Genetics 69(5):1095-112. �ª F. Di Giacomo et al. (2004), Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe, Human Genetics 115(5):357-71. [edit] External links Spread of J2 (M172) from the Genographic Project. J2 Y-DNA Project dedicated to haplogroup J2. M410 Project dedicated to haplogroup J2a. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J2_%28Y-DNA%29" Category: Human Y-DNA haplogroups "

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