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Humulus lupulus : the cone-shaped flowers of the hop vine were used to flavor beer in much of Europe, though it only came to Britain late in period. Also used as a sedative (to make people sleep).
Linum usitatissimum: the plants of flax make linen, and the seeds cooked in water made a constipation treatment and an invalid's porridge;a flax seed, placed in the eye, was used to remove foreign bodies because of the mucilage it exudes. (Don't try this at home!)
Pimpinella anisum: Smells and tastes like licorice. The seeds were used to treat gas and to make people sweat. They were also used in sweets and candies.
Cuminum cyminum: hot/spicy seeds now used in Tex-mex cooking. Medieval people used it in cooking and to treat gas. Rye bread with cumin seeds is a Slavic food. (Though they may have used 'black cumin' which is another spice.)
Coriandrum sativum: The round seeds (which resemble bugs!) were used for cooking and to deter fevers; often used in breads. They may have been used to treat or prevent tummyaches, including gas.
Coriander
Cumin
Flax
Myristica fragrans: seed pit of the nutmeg tree, imported from India. Shipped as whole nuts and ground for use, or eaten whole. Nutmegs set in silver were a popular Renaissance pomander. Ground and eaten to improve digestion; set in silver and carried as scented jewelry. Common in medieval cookery. Both Banckes and Hildegarde mention it as a general tonic, but eating too much nutmeg is hard on the kidneys.
Zingiber officinale: rhizome of a tropical plant. Traveled as either whole roots, dried slices or crystalized (preserved in sugar) slices, packed in ginger jars. The dried slices were often powdered for use in recipes. Gingerbread was a popular sweet cake, sold in decorated slices by gingerbread baking guilds, at least in Torun. Suspected of provoking lust, but widely used in saucing meats, in cakes, and sidedishes anyway. Its warmth was used medicinally to treat stomach problems, and as a remedy for the plague. Modern science confirms its use as a mild anti-nausea treatment.
Matricaria chamomilla: a short, creeping fringy plant with daisylike flowers. Used in handwashing waters and for headaches. Lawns and garden seats were planted with chamomile, for it 'smells the sweeter for being trodden on'. Scientific testing indicates that it really may help settle the stomach and soothe the nerves, which may be why it was used in fevers.
Mentha species: all kinds were used in food and medicine. Mint vinegar was used as a mouthwash; mint sauce restored the appetite. Used for all stomach ailments, in fevers and in treating venom and wounds. Wilfred Strabo said in the 10th century that there were as many types of mint as the sparks that fly from Vulcan's forge-- in other words, lots!
Ruta graveolens: a sour-smelling periennial with rounded leaves, also called 'the herb of grace' because it was used as a holy water sprinkler. Used to treat venomous bites, and poor eyesight. Do not use internally!
Rosmarinus officinalis: pine-scented leaves, symbolic of wisdom and faithfulness. The flowers, boiled in tea, were an all-purpose medicine. A 1525 herbal suggests it boiled in wine for a face wash-- a sort of medieval Stridex. Putting the leaves under your pillow guarded against nightmares. The ashes of the wood, burnt, were used for cleaning teeth. Brides and grooms exchanged rosemary wreaths instead of rings; rosemary was also planted or strewn on graves. Rosemary was burned as an incense to kill or prevent infection, including the plague. Rosemary is said to have blue flowers because the Virgin dried her cloak on it on the way to Egypt.
Calendula officinalis:  round yellow flowers that look similar to regular marigolds but are a different species. Associated with the sun, they were said to follow its progress across the sky. Flower petals were used in broths and tonics, and in treatments to strengthen the heart. Now used in skin creams.
Crocus sativus: the inner parts of a kind of crocus flower. Saffron crocus can be grown in Europe but the best comes from Turkey. (Other crocuses are POISONOUS!) Even in medieval times, saffron was often imitated with safflower or tumeric. Supposedly imported to England in the reign of Edward III. Medieval cooks used it extensively in both sweet and savory dishes, especially soups and grains, for flavor and color. (Also used a dyestuff; when only color was wanted, the flavorless safflower could be substituted.) Used to treat infections.
Achillea millefolium, a fringey periennial with manyparted flowers. Used to treat headaches and wounds, especially battle wounds, and the bite of mad dogs. (In modern times it is used as a migraine treatment, but seldom in wound management. ) The wound treatment caused it to be associated with knights.
Rosemary
Rue
Yarrow
Commiphora myrrha: resin tapped from splits in the bark of an Arabian tree. An aromatic used in pomanders, cosmetics and other scented preparations, as well as embalming. Used extensively in period wound treatments due to its antiseptic properties. Still used in mouthwashes and some antiseptics, though not currently recommended for internal use.
Boswellia Thurifera: resin (dried sap) of the olibanum tree. Came as 'beads' of resin. The best, said Banckes, is clear and white. Imported from India. Used in incense. Also recommended by Banckes' herbal to treat sinus problems and uterine disorders (a poultice of frankincense tea applied to the abdomen, or the user burnt or steeped frankincense and sat over the smoke or steam). A rich, church-y smell. Nowadays primarily used as church incense.
Chamomile
Myrrh
Hops
Salvia officinalis: a shrub with gray-green sharp-tasting leaves, symbolic of age and wisdom. The leaves were used in salads and green sauces and as a spring tonic. "A man shall live for aye who eats sage in May." A tonic that is supposed to 'clean out' the system. In the Renaissance, the English ate sage butter in May.
Sage
Calendula
Saffron
Ginger
Mint
Anise
Syzyium aromaticum: nail-shaped flower-buds of a tree from the East Indies. Cloves were chewed to freshen the breath, used extensively in cooking -- both meat and fish were studded with them as we do ham. Ground/powdered cloves were also used in gruels and sweets. Clove's antiseptic and slight painkilling affects were exploited in wound treatments as well as treatments for toothache, and for 'coldness of the blood'. Considered one of the hottest of spices. Used in cooking and as an antiseptic and painkiller. (You can still buy oil of cloves for toothache in older pharmacies.)
Frankincense
Marjoram
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Rose
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Fruits
Cloves
Cannabis sativa Used to stimulate appetite in people with cancer, aids and those with Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's Disease to prevent excessive weight loss.  Also used to relieve pain in people with these diseases, it is a safe alternative to prescription drugs that can also be used to combat the nausea induced by other prescriptions used to treat these illnesses. Good headache remedy, especially those caused by side effects of treatment or the disease.  Combats stress as it is a great natural sedative, and is therefore especially useful in treating those with UC or Crohn's as stress can cause and maintain flare-ups.  Also very useful in easing the discomfort of and treating asthma.
Aloe Vera Gel used for internal and external healing of wounds, stops bleedings, especially those of large intestine, soothing for digestive tract irritation, especially colitis and peptic ulcers,  facilitates digestion, contains anti-inflammatory fatty acids for stomach, small intestine, and colon. Mild, safe purgative, it cleanses the body, allowing it to heal.  Use externally for burns and sunburns.  It contains enzymes which stop pain and reduce inflammation and it promotes healing by increasing the blood flow to damaged tissues. Also relieves itching. Follow treatment with use of vitamin E to help prevent scarring and also to aid the aloe in speeding healing.
I have added this herb as a caution, while it is very nutritious; a blood purifier, cleanses kidneys, and removes poisons from the body, and is useful for arthritis, allergies, neutralizing acid in the stomach, and aids in the assimilation of protein, Ca and other nutrients. It is not recommended for those with auto-immune diseases.  IBD is an auto-immune disease, see Immune System for more.
Thymus species: a low, creeping plant with tiny leaves, symbolic of courage. Used in cooking, and in baths and as an astringent. Burned as to fumigate against infection and to scent sacrifices. There are lots of varieties of thyme; they all have different scents. Legend has it that caraway-scented thyme was used so often in cooking 'barons' (big roasts) of beef that they are called 'herba barona'. Supposedly ladies embroidered a thyme sprig in flower, along with a bee, on favors for their favorite knights.
Agrimonia eupatoria AKA Sticklewort. This herb is used internally for anemia and digestive troubles, it promotes assimilation of food.  Used for diseases of the blood, digestive disorders including colitis, food allergies, diarrhea, incontinence, cystitis, skin disorders. Also for chronic gallbladder problems  resulting in excess stomach acidity.  Use a decoction of root and leaves sweetened with honey for fevers, coughs. Use in salve or external wash for slow healing wounds, varicose veins and to staunch bleeding.
Thyme
Wolvesclaw
Agrimony
Alfalfa
Aloe Vera
CLUB MOSS - (lycopodium clavatum) also known as Wolf Claw, staghorn. Among the Celts, only a priest or priestess could gather club moss, it had to be cut with a silver dagger. The plants and the spores (collected in July and August) were used for blessings and protection.
Cannibis
Hydrastis canadensis Good for earaches, colds & flu's, infections in the mouth, often used  with Echinacea. Soothes stomach, laxative. Helps with loss of appetite and vomiting, aids digestion, nasal discharge, useful for those with food sensitivity. Use for any mucous condition, colitis, gastroenteritis and especially for inflammation of the colon and rectum. Helps raise blood pressure. Bitter tonic taken before meals restores a chronically weak digestive system.  Mucous membrane tonic, it stimulates the flow of fresh healthy mucous which helps flush out infectious mucus and ulcerated mucous membranes. Use with chaste tree (Vitex) for menopausal problems. Said to be useful for chronic alcoholism when combined with cayenne.  Use as eyewash for conjunctivitis and other inflammations of the eye.  Use as a gargle for canker sores.  Good for skin problems like eczema, acne and even skin cancer.
Archangelica angelica: a very tallgreen plant whose stalks were cooked like celery or candied and whose leaves & roots were used against fevers, plague, and illness of all kinds.
Goldenseal
Angelica
Also known as the 'joy plant.'  A narcotic used to relieve severe pain, colic, and diarrhea.
Nutmeg
Opium
Poppy
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