Integument, Support, and Function
v Integument:
outer, boundary layer between an animal and its environment
o
Skin: outer epidermis and inner dermis
on top of the hypodermis (subcutaneous region)
v
Epidermis
o
Stratum corneum:
o
Stratum granulosum:
o
Stratum basale:
**Melanocytes
v
Dermis
o
Connective tissue
o
Various structures:
·
Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous
glands (epidermal in origin); and blood vessels and sensory endings of nerves
v
Hypodermis
o
Fatty tissue
o
Base of hair follicles, vascular tissues,
parts of sweat glands, and portions of dermal sensory receptors
o
Hair
v
Develop from within the epidermis
v
Erector pili can stand the hair up
v
Three well-defined structural layers
o
Medulla
o
Cortex
o
Cuticle
v
Categorization
o
Angora
o
Definitive
v
Main functional types of hair
o
Vibrissae
o
Body hair
·
Spines
·
Bristles
·
Awns
1.
Wool
2.
Fur
3.
Velli
v
Color of hair
o
Pheomelanin (xanthophylls)
o
Eumelanin
o
Agouti
o
Albinism
o
Melanism
o
Types of coloration
·
Countershading
·
Cryptic coloration
·
Disruptive coloration
v
Molting
o
Postjuvenile
o
Annual
o
Seasonal
o
Skin Glands
v
Sweat glands
o
Eccrine sweat glands
o
Apocrine sweat glands
v
Mammary glands
v
Sebaceous glands
v
Scent glands
o
Claws,
Nails, Hooves, Horns, and Antlers
v
Claws
o
Subunguis
o
Unguis
v
Nails
v
Hooves
v
Horns
v
Antlers
v Skeletal
Patterns
o
Cranial skeleton
v
Cranium
o
Made up of a series of bones
o
Sagittal crest
o
Zygomatic arch
o
Foramina
·
Foramen magnum
v
Facial area
o
Eyes
o
Nose
o
Ears
·
Incus, malleus, stapes
o
Jaw region
·
Maxilla
·
Mandible
o
Hyoid apparatus
o
Axial Skeleton
v
Vertebral column
o
Cervical
o
Thoracic
o
Lumbar
o
Sacral
o
Caudal
v
Atlas and
v
Ribs
o
Appendicular Skeleton
v
Pectoral girdle, or shoulder
v
Forelimbs
v
Pelvic girdle, or hip
v
Hindlimbs
v Muscles
of Mammals
o
Striated
o
Smooth
o
Cardiac
v Modes
of Locomotion
o
Walking and running
v
Cursorial
o
Digitigrade
o
Unguligrade
v
Ambulatory
o
Plantigrade
v
Gait: pattern of regular oscillations of
legs in the course of forward movement
o
Jumping and ricocheting
v
Saltatorial
o
Swimming
v
Amphibious mammals
v
Aquatic mammals
v
Marine mammals
o
Flying and gliding
v
Volant locomotion
v
Patagium
o
Gliding
o
Climbing
v
Prehensile hands, feet, tail
v
Brachiation
o
Digging and burrowing
v
Fossorial
v Subterranean
mammals