The rest of the course
will be spent studying the Kingdom Animalia:
multicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. There
are over 35 Phyla, 34 of which contain only invertebrates. Only one Phylum (Chordata) includes vertebrates.
Criteria
for classification within Animalia:
I.
Body symmetry
·
Asymmetrical
·
Radially symmetrical
·
Bilaterally symmetrical
II.
Segmentation: repetition of body parts along length
of body
III.
Body organization
·
Cellular level
·
Cell-tissue level
o
Diploblastic:
o
Ectoderm:
o
Endoderm:
·
Tissue-organ level:
·
Organ-system level:
o
Triploblastic
o
Mesoderm:
IV.
Type of Coelom (Body cavity)
·
Acoelomates=no
body cavity
·
Pseudocoelomates=coelom incompletely lined by mesoderm
·
Coelomates=have
body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
o
Protostomes
o
Deuterostomes
V.
Type of body plan
·
Sac plan: incomplete digestive system
·
Tube-within-a-tube: complete digestive
system with separate entrance for food and an exit for undigested material
VI.
Molecular data:
HUMANS
I. Body symmetry:
bilaterally symmetrical
·
Cephalization
II. Segmentation:
III. Body Organization
·
Organ-system level with various types of
tissues
o
Epithelial tissue:
o
Connective tissue:
o
Muscular tissue:
o
Nervous tissue:
IV. Body Cavity: coelomate;
deuterostomes
V. Body plan:
Tube-within-a-tube plan
·
Heterotrophic omnivores:
·
Digestion: organic foods are
mechanically and chemically broken down into small units (carbs,
proteins, fats) via enzymes for absorption
·
Parts of digestive system
o
Buccal cavity
o
Pharynx
o
Esophagus
o
Stomach
o
Small intestine
o
Large intestine
·
Liver:
·
Excretion:
o
Kidneys:
Other Components of the
Body
·
Integument: outer covering of body
o
Epidermis: thin outer stratified
epithelial layer
o
Dermis: true skin, mesodermal
in origin
·
Skeleton:
o
Bone: living tissue with inorganic
calcium salts laid down in an extracellular matrix
o
Axial skeleton: includes skull,
vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
o
Appendicular skeleton: includes limbs
and pectoral/pelvic girdles
·
Movement:
·
Temperature Regulation:
o
Endothermy:
·
Circulation:
o
Blood
§ Plasma
§ Formed
elements
o
Closed system:
o
Lymphatic system:
·
Respiration
o
Cellular respiration: oxidative
processes within the cells
o
External respiration: exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between organism and environment
§ Lungs:
highly vascularized internal cavities that are ventilated by muscle movements
·
Alveoli:
§ Hemoglobin:
·
Nervous system: develops from primitive
ectoderm
o
Neuron
o
Dorsal nerve cord
o
Brain
§ Encephalization:
o
Eyes: highly organized and capable of
excellent image formation
·
Reproduction:
o
Dioescious:
o
Primary sex organs
o
Accessory sex organs
o
Fertilization
§ Blastocyst
§ Embryo
develops within a protective membranous sac called the amnion.
§ Placenta:
fetal structure through which the embryo is nourished; allows for long-term
development within the uterus
§ Fetal
growth: