If clause
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Simple Present |
S. Future |
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You’ll have to be careful. |
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If the water is boiling, |
S.Present |
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it means the food is nearly ready. |
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Modal (pode/poderá) |
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you may(can) turn off the gas. |
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Imperative |
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Turn off the gas. |
(or) Turn off the gas if the water is boiling.
If-clause (II): (hypothetical situations)would (I’d) [S. Conditional]
If I knew the answer,I might tell you. [modal ‘poderia’]
could
If I met her, I would tell her the truth.
If-clause (III): (hypothetical situations)
Past Perfect Conditional Perfect
(would have + Past Part.)
If I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the station. (could have met)
(might have met)
If I hadn’t arrived late, I would have met her.
-Unless(‘a não ser que’; ‘a menos que’):
If he wasn’t told by Jane, he couldn’t have known.
Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn’t have known.
*Special structures:
(to be for hypothetical usually ‘were’ )
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
If I were a carpenter, and you were my lady...
*Special structures:
Past events with results in the present: past perfect + would.
If Jim hadn’t missed the plane, he would be here by now.
If you had told me the truth, I wouldn’t have been shocked. =Had you told me the truth, I wouldn’t have been shocked.
Present Perfect can be used to emphasis completion after if.
If you’ve finished, then we’ll go.
Otherwise means ‘or if not’. It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence:
Thanks for your directions to the house. We wouldn’t have found it otherwise.
Whether:
Do you know if he saw you?
If he didn’t see you?
Do you know whether he saw you or not?
Do you know whether or not he saw you?
Jj
weather