PHYSICS, ELECTRICITY, and ELECTRONICS --
UN- CHARGED ELECTRONS !

               It is PRETTY OBVIOUS, from observation and experiment, 
          that static electricity BEHAVES MUCH DIFFERENTLY than current 
          electricity.  The real reason for this, according to the 
          comprehensive GENERAL UNIFIED Theory of the Physical Universe 
          developed by the late Physicist Dewey B. Larson, is that 
          static electrons are charged, while most electrons flowing 
          through a wire at low or moderate voltage are UN-CHARGED. 

               Static electrons VIGOROUSLY REPEL each other.  If 
          current electrons flowing through a wire behaved like that, 
          then they would all REPEL each other toward the OUTSIDE of 
          the wire and flow ONLY along its OUTER SURFACE.  This would 
          make the conductance of a wire proportional to its 
          CIRCUMFERENCE.  But the conductance is in fact proportional 
          to CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA, indicating that current electrons 
          flow throughout the ENTIRE VOLUME of the wire.  "Skin effect" 
          shows up ONLY with radio-frequency alternating current, and 
          for reasons related to the inductance of the wire (induced 
          back-emf at the center of the wire) rather than from any 
          charges.  "Skin effect" is essentially ZERO at 0 frequency 
          (DC). 

               The solution to the mystery of the vacuum tube is that 
          electrons on the cathode are GIVEN a charge by the hot 
          filament, and then most of them GIVE UP their charge when 
          striking the plate, thereby heating it up, the charge being 
          converted back to heat.  (The "law" of conservation of charge 
          is ERRONEOUS.  Electric charges can be EASILY created or 
          destroyed.) 

               UN-charged electrons are MASS-LESS.

               Voltage is really a PRESSURE on electrons, which occupy 
          space in a wire, and resist compression, like water molecules 
          in a pipe.
          
          
               A WEALTH of Information about the comprehensive GENERAL 
          UNIFIED Theory of the Physical Universe developed by the late 
          Physicist Dewey B. Larson can be found at the web site 
          http://www.rstheory.com .

                               Robert E. McElwaine
                               B.S., Physics and Astronomy, UW-EC

          P.S.: PASS IT ON !