CONJUGATIONS

For purposes of conjugation, verbs fall into four conjugations, of which the first ends in «ár», the second ends in «ér», the third in «ere» and the fourth «ír». There are four conjugatable modes (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional and Imperative) and three unconjugatable (Infinite, Gerund and Participle). There are three forms (Active, Passive and Reflexive). Verbs are further more divided in Transitives and Intransitives.
Note that the the Infinitive of the third conjugation is semi-penultimate in accent and that the Perfects and other Past tenses, Participle and Future Participe derive from a second, separate root. Occasionally there is even a third root for the past Participe. (not differently from the English "freeze, froze, frozen"). All these different roots are indicated in the IED.

CONJUGATABLE TENSES

		I Conjugation ending = -ár	II Conjugation ending = -ér	III Conjugation ending = -ere	IV Conjugation ending = -ír
Indicative
Present
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amo	moneo	mitto	audio
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amas	mones	mittis	audis
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	ama	mone	mitte	audi
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amám	moném	mittém	audíam
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amát	monét	mittét	audít
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	aman	monen	mitton	audin
Imperfect
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amávo	monévo	mittévo	audívo
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amávas	monévas	mittévas	audívas
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amáva	monéva	mittéva	audíva
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amavám	monevám	mittevám	audívám
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amavát	monevát	mittevát	audívát
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amávan	monévan	mittévan	audívan
Perfect
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amái	monéi	missi	audíi
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amáis	monéis	misséis	audíis
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amá	moné	missé	audí
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amámus	monémus	missémus	audímus
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amást	monést	missést	audíst
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amáron	monéron	misséron	audíron
Future
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amaró	moneró	mitteró	audiró
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amarás	monerás	mitterás	audirás
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amará	monerá	mitterá	audirá
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amarám	monerém	mitterém	audirám
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amarát	monerét	mitterét	audirát
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amarán	monerán	mitterán	audirán
Subjunctive
Present
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amia	monea	mitta	audia
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amias	moneas	mittas	audias
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amiat	moneat	mittat	audiat
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amiám	moneám	mittiám	audiám
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amiát	moneát	mittiát	audiát
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amin	monean	mittan	audian
Perfect
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amássi	monéssi	misséssi	audíssi
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amássis	monéssis	misséssis	audíssis
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amássit	monéssit	misséssit	audíssit
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amássim	monéssim	misséssim	audíssim
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amássist	monéssist	misséssist	audíssist
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amássen	monéssen	misséssen	audíssen
Future
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amarío	monerío	mittería	audirío
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amarías	monerías	mitterías	audirías
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amaría	monería	mittería	audiría
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amaríam	moneríam	mitteríam	audiríam
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amaríast	moneríast	mitteríast	audiríast
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amarían	monerían	mitterían	audirían
Conditional
Present
I Person Singular	Io, Ia	amaréo	moneréo	mitteréo	audiréo
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	amaréas	moneréas	mitteréas	audiréas
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amaréat	moneréat	mitteréat	audiréat
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amaréam	moneréam	mitteréam	audiréam
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amaréast	moneréast	mitteréast	audiréast
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amaréan	moneréan	mitteréan	audiréan
Imperative
Present
I Person Singular	Io, Ia
II Person Singular	Tu, Tua	ama	mone	mitti	audi
III Person Singular	Esso, Essa, Esse - Vu - On, Il	amit	moneat	mittat	audiat
I Person Plural	Noi, Noe	amiám	moneám	mittiám	audiám
II Person Plural	Voi, Voe	amáte	monéte	mittéte	audíte
III Person Plural	Essi, Esse, Esses - Vui, Vue	amin	monean	mittan	audian
Future
Generic	Tu, Tua, On, Il, etc…	amaré	moneré	mitteré	audiré

UNCONJUGATABLE TENSES

Infinite
Present
		amár	monér	míttere	audír
Gerund
Present
		amándo	monéndo	mitténdo	audiéndo
Participle
Past
		amáto, -a, -e	moníto, -a, -e	miss-o, -a, -e	audíto, -a, -e
Presente
		amánte	monénte	mitténte	audiénte
Future
		amatúro, -a, -e	monitúro, -a, -e	missitúro, -a, -e	auditúro, -a, -e

1. General notes:
   1. Transitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary HABER in the active mood, as in "Io ha edite le pomo."
   2. Intransitive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary ESSER in the active mood, as in "Io es ito al domu".
   3. The third conjugation, which seems highly irregular, is in reality quite regular. Normally the root for the past perfect indicative, subjunctive past is the second root listed in the dictionary. The same root is also used for the particple past and future, unlesss a thid root is listed. Composite names are generated from the past tense root ("mission" instead of "mittion" in the given example). Occasionally composite names may instead be generated from the participle root, again, as listed in the disctionary.
   4. The future Imperative is normally used in religious/legal contexts. It is used to express a prohibitions "On non faceré iste…" ("Thou shall not…") or "On faceré iste…" ("Thou shall…"). It always uses a generic pronoun, unless a hearer is addressed personally.
   5. The Gerund and the Infinitive are always undeclesable.
   6. The Gerund has two main uses:
      1. as a verbal name as in "vivendo on apprehende" ("living, one learns")
      2. to form progressive tenses in conjunction with "star", "esser" e "ir/vader", as in "io so/eo,vo/sto currendo" ("I am running").
   7. When used as a name the participle is always declensed. The past and the future participles follow the first declension, while the present participle follows the second.

2. Auxiliary Verbs:
   1. The verb ESSERE requires that any following participle agree in gender and number with the subject. The verb HABER require always the neutral/real singular form. As an example: "Ia so amata, but "Io/Ia ho amate.
   2. ESSERE always uses ESSERE as its own auxiliari and HABER always uses HABER, as in the following example: "Io so sito" for ESSERE and "Ia ho habite" for HABER.
   3. The otherwise regular verbs DEBER, VOLER, NOLER e POTER, if used to form verbal phrases, use the auxiliary used by the main verb.
   
   As an example: "Io ho potito vider", but "Ia so debita vader".
   4. There is also a full set of compound tenses formed using auxiliaries, as well as the passive. For a correct breakdown of the auxiliary to be used, please see the chart below.

3. Honorific Form:
   1. The honorific formed is normally used in very formal occasions. It can be used also when performing a paid service to address a customer
   2. The honorific form is normally expressed as a question and uses only the conditional/subjunctive in the third person, as in "Would your (Lordship/Lordships) want a drink? = Volereat Vu un bibita? / Volerean Vui, Vue un bibita?"
   3. The honorific does not have a neutral. In case of doubt, or in mixed groups, the Masculine form is preferred.

AUXILIARY VERBS

Transitive Verbs			Intransitive Verbs
Activo = HABER	Passivo = ESSER	Reflexivo = ESSER	Active = ESSER
Io/Ia ho lavate	Io/Ia so lavato, -a, -e	Io/Ia me so lavato, -a, -e (1)	Io/Ia so vadito, -a, -e

(1) The reflexive is considered to be a specialized passive. The given example is considered to be equivalent to "I have been washed by myself".

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