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Table (31) – (32) – (33) – (34)

6. Potassium uptake by mustard grain and stover (kg ha^-1)

Data pertaining to mean potassium uptake by grain and stover of mustard as influenced significantly by different treatments are summarized in Table 30 and depicted in Fig. 25. It was noticed that the mean uptake of potassium in grain and stover was 7.93 and 27.14 during 2000-2001 and 8.16 and 26.02 kg ha^-1 during 2001-2002, respectively.

i. Potassium uptake by mustard grain

Effect of preceding treatments

During 2000-2001, the potassium uptake in grain was significantly higher due to the residual effect of T₇ and T₃ compared to that after the remaining treatments, while the differences between former two treatments was of similar order. T₆ also had an edge over the remaining treatments, on the other hand, more or less similar trend was noted, except that the residual effect did not vary due to T₆ and T₃, as well as T₂, T₅, T₄ and T₈ in 2001-2002.

Effect of fertilizer levels

Application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 recorded significantly higher potassium uptake in grain than Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1, which in turn was also superior to control during both the years.

Interaction effect

The interaction effects of potassium uptake in mustard grain were not significant.

ii. Potassium uptake by mustard stover

Effect of preceding treatments

During 2000-2001, T₇ noted significantly higher residual effect, which resulted in higher uptake of potassium compared to remaining treatments while T₆ and T₃ as well as T₂ and T₄ failed to show any significant residue, but these were superior to the remaining treatments. T₄, T₅ and T₈ did not exert any residue effect, but were superior to that after control. On the contrary, T₇, T₃ and T₆ showed profound residue resulting in significant increase in potassium uptake in mustard stover compared to that after the remaining treatments in 2001-2002. T₅, T₂, T₈ and T₄ though superior over control did not show any significant variation in residue.

Effect of fertilizer levels

Application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 recorded significantly higher potassium uptake in stover than Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1, which in turn was also superior to control.

Interaction effect

Interaction effects were found not significant.

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XII. Quality characters of mustard

The quality characters, namely, oil and protein content (%), oil production and protein yield (kg ha^-1) of mustard are presented in Table 31. The oil production and protein yield (kg ha^-1) of mustard are depicted in Fig. 26.

Table 31. Oil content (%), oil production (kg ha^-1), protein content (%) and protein yield (kg ha^-1) of mustard as influenced by different treatments.

1. Oil content (%) in mustard

Effect of preceding treatments

During 2000-2001, the residual effects due to T₁, T₂ and T₆ were very much significant resulting in higher oil content in mustard over the remaining treatments, except T₄. Former three treatments did not show significant variation in residue. Similarly, T₃, T₇ and T₅ as well as T₆, T₄ and T₈ did not show significant residue. During 2001-2002, T₆ showed significant residue in case of oil content compared to that after T₁, T₃, T₇ and T₅.

Effect of fertilizer levels

During 2000-2001, control showed significantly higher oil content than Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 while the differences between M₁ and M₃ as well as M₃ and M₂ were of the similar magnitude. On the contrary, during 2001-2002, control had an edge over the Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 as well as Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 while the differences between latter two treatments were not conspicuous.

Interaction effect

Interaction effects were not significant.

2. Oil production (kg ha^-1) in mustard

Effect of preceding treatments

T₆ showed significantly higher residual effect in oil production followed by T₇, T₃, T₂, T₈, T₄, T₅ and control in that descending order during both the years.

Effect of fertilizer levels

Application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 registered significantly higher value of oil production than Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1, which in turn was also superior to control during both the years.

Interaction effect

The interaction effect of treatments in oil production (kg ha^-1) of mustard was not significant.

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3. Protein content (%) in mustard

Effect of preceding treatments

Data indicated that mustard grown after T₅ noted significantly higher protein content in mustard than that after all the remaining treatments except T₇ where the differences was of the similar magnitude during both the years. T₇ as preceding treatment showed its superiority over the remaining treatments, but the differences between T₇ and T₃ were not up to the mark during both the years. The residual effect due to T₃ was well marked them that after T₈, T₄, T₆, T₂ and T₁ during both the years. The protein content did not differ due to the residue effect of T₈, T₄ and T₆ as well as T₆, T₂ and control during both the years.

Effect of fertilizer levels

During both the years application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 noted significantly higher protein content compared to that of control, but it behaved similarly with Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1. The differences between Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 and control were not conspicuous.

Interaction effect

Interaction effects were not significant.

4. Protein yield (kg ha^-1) in mustard

Effect of preceding treatments

Data showed that mustard following T₇ produced significantly higher protein yield compared to that of all the remaining treatments during both the years. Similarly, residual effect due to T₃ was very much marked than that after the remaining treatments. The differences in residue due to T₈, T₂ and T₄ were of similar magnitude during both years. The residual effect due to T₆ and T₅ were well marked, which resulted in increased yield of protein over T₂, T₈, T₄ and T₁ during both the years.

Effect of fertilizer levels

Application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 recorded significantly higher value of protein yield followed by Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1, which in turn was superior to control.

Interaction effect

Interaction effects were not significant.

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XIII. Studies on physical properties and chemical composition of soil after harvest of mustard

Data pertaining to the mean changes in physical properties and chemical composition of soil as influenced by different treatments after harvest of mustard are summarized in Table 32 and depicted in Fig. 27.

Table 32. Bulk density (Mg m^-3), water holding capacity (%) and organic carbon (%) of soil after harvest of mustard as influenced by different treatments.

1. Changes in bulk density of soil (Mg m^-3)

Effect of preceding treatments

The residual effect due to preceding treatments did not influence the bulk density after harvest of mustard during both the years.

Effect of fertilizer levels

Fertilizer levels did not influence the bulk density during both the years.

Interaction effect

The interaction effect was not significant.

2. Changes in water holding capacity of soil (%)

Effect of preceding treatments

During 2000-2001, the residual effect of T₅ noted significantly higher water holding capacity compared to the remaining treatments. The differences between T₇ and T₃ as well as T₆, T₁ and T₄ were of similar magnitude. T₂ and T₈ while recording lowest value were of similar magnitude. During 2001-2002, T₅ recorded the highest water holding capacity and was followed by T₃ and T₇, which were similar to each other. The differences between T₁, T₆ and T₄ as well as T₄, T₈ and T₂ were not conspicuous.

Effect of fertilizer levels

Control recorded significantly highest value over Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1, which in turn was significantly superior over Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1.

Interaction effect

Interaction effect was not significant.

3. Changes in organic carbon content of soil (%)

Effect of preceding treatments

Data showed that mustard following T₅, T₇ and T₃ registered significantly higher organic carbon content compared to remaining treatments during both the years. The differences in residual effect due to T₂ and T₆ as well as T₄ and T₈ in 2000-2001 and T₆ and T₂; T₂ and T₄ as well as T₁ and T₈ in 2001-2002 were of similar order.

Effect of fertilizer levels

The fertilizer levels did not show marked variation during 2000-2001. Control noted the highest organic carbon content than Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1, while Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 and Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 behaved similarly with each other during 2001-2002.

Interaction effect

The interaction effect of treatments was not significant.

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XIV. Mean changes in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil after mustard (kg ha^-1)

The data regarding changes in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil after harvest of mustard (kg ha^-1) are given in Table 33 and depicted in Fig. 28.

Table 33. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (kg ha^-1) and its balance (average of two years) in soil after harvest of mustard as influenced by different treatments.

1. Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha^-1)

Effect of preceding treatments

During 2000-2001, it was noted that the mustard grown after T₂, T₃ and T₆ recorded highest available nitrogen in soil and were significantly superior to T₈, T₄, T₅ and T₁, but the difference between former four treatments were of the similar magnitude. T₇ and T₈ showed marked residual effect resulting in increased available nitrogen in soil after harvest of mustard than that after T₄, T₅ and T₁. During 2001-2002, it was observed that the residual effect was very much conspicuous due to T₆, T₂, T₇, T₃, T₈, T₄, T₅ indicating their superiority than that after control resulting in higher soil available nitrogen. The data showed that the maximum gain of nitrogen in soil after mustard was due to T₆ (67.39 kg ha^-1) followed by T₂ (46.35 kg ha^-1), T₇ (35.38 kg ha^-1) while it was only 26.65 kg ha^-1 and 12.60 kg ha^-1 due to T₃ and T₈ respectively. Hybrid rice crop grown without fertilizer application showed a net negative balance of 68.62 kg ha^-1 followed by 10 t ha^-1 gliricidia alone (T₅) 26.43 and 60 kg UB-DAP ha^-1 (T₄) 68.62 kg ha^-1.

Effect of fertilizer levels

Application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 showed highest available nitrogen in soil and was significantly superior over Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 and control during both the years. The differences between Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 and control were of similar order during 2000-2001. On the contrary, Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 noted significantly higher available nitrogen than Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1, which in turn was also superior to control during 2001-2002. Application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 showed a gain of 62.95 kg N ha^-1, while negative gain was observed due to Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 (-6.38 kg ha^-1) and control (-26.94 kg ha^-1).

Interaction effect

The interaction effect of treatments was found to be not significant.

2. Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha^-1)

Effect of preceding treatments

Mustard grown after T₇ recorded significantly higher available phosphorus in soil than the remaining treatments during both the years. T₆ had an edge in residual effect thereby increasing available phosphorus in soil. The sequence of superiority was in the order of T₃, T₄, T₂ in both the years in that descending order. T₈ and T₅ did not show marked residue during both the years. Phosphorus status in soil increased significantly after harvest of mustard due to different treatments, except T₅ and T₈. It was observed that maximum gain of available phosphorus in soil after mustard was due to T₇ (18.98 kg ha^-1) followed by T₆ (14.53 kg ha^-1) and T₃ (7.98 kg ha^-1). Unfertilized plot of T₁ showed negative balance of 4.14 kg ha^-1 followed by T₅ (-2.54 kg ha^-1) and T₈ (-1.26 kg ha^-1).

Effect of fertilizer levels

Application of Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 helped in enhancing available phosphorus in soil, which was significant superior over Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 and control in 2000-2001. The difference among Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 and control was of similar magnitude during 2000-2001. On the contrary, Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 as well as Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 increased the available phosphorus in soil compared to control, but former two treatments behaved similarly with each other during 2001-2002. The highest gain of available phosphorus was by Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 (7.85 kg ha^-1) followed by Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 (4.72 kg ha^-1) and control (1.45 kg ha^-1).

Interaction effect

The interaction effect of treatments was found not significant.

3. Available potassium in soil (kg ha^-1)

Effect of preceding treatments

It was noted that mustard succeeded after T₇ resulted in significant increased in available soil potassium compared to that after the remaining treatments during both the years. The order of residue was T₆, T₃ and T₂ in that descending sequence during both the years. There was improvement in potassium status of soil to the extent of 48.98 kg ha^-1 due to T₇ followed by T₆ (40.11 kg ha^-1), T₃ (16.56 kg ha^-1), T₂ (7.79 kg ha^-1) and T₅ (3.45 kg ha^-1).

Effect of fertilizer levels

The effect of fertilizer levels on available potassium in soil was found to not significant after harvest of mustard. The maximum gain of potassium in soil was by Fertilizers 90:45:45 kg ha^-1 (17.06 kg ha^-1) followed by Fertilizers 45:45:45 kg ha^-1 (16.32 kg ha^-1) and control (14.13 kg ha^-1).

Interaction effect

The interaction effects of the treatments were not significant.

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XV. Economics of mustard cultivation

The data regarding economics of mustard cultivation as influenced by different treatment combinations are presented in Table 34 and depicted in Fig. 29. It was observed that T₇M₂ and T₇M₃ proved highly remunerative compared to all other treatments recording a net profit of Rs. 24676.69 ha^-1 and Rs. 24213.77 ha^-1, respectively closely followed by T₃M₂ (Rs. 23390.39) and T₆M₂ (Rs. 23231.89). The lowest net return was observed in the case of T₁M₁ (control) (Rs. 4342.29). The highest benefit cost ratio of 3.72 was found in T₇M₁ followed by 3.65 in T₆M₁, T₃M₁ (3.43) and T₇M₃ (3.35).

Table 34. Economics of mustard cultivation as influenced by different treatment combinations (average of two years).

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