To Home                    To Book Index                       To previous subject

 

14          ILLUSTRATIONS

 

 To prevent a lengthy connections, most of the illustrations obtained from NASA  have been replaced by direct links with NASA.

 

Plate I:  Supernova 1987A

 

General Information from NASA: Hubble Reveals Structure Of Supernova 1987a Explosion Debris

Direct Picture:  Supernova 1987A Rings

 

 

(Taken by Dr. Christopher Burrows, ESA/STScI and NASA. January 1997)

This picture shows different sets of rings of glowing gas encircling the site of supernova 1987A, a star, which exploded in February 1987. This one is 169,000 light years away, in the Large Magellan Cloud.  

In the new context, the two weak and large rings far away from the central body are due to the two narrow jets of cosmic rays. They are ejected in the polar magnetic axis of the massive neutron star (or linear black hole) in the center of the supernova.  The precessing beams have been intersecting a rather spherical front of particles ejected by the same star during a previous supernova explosion, long ago. The jets would be produced by nuclear stripping reactions of the plasma falling, along the magnetic lines, on the Polar Regions of the black hole surface. Below, other pictures show more details on this mechanism.

The brighter ring around the supernova is roughly perpendicular to the jet cones, in their vertices. This should be the result of earlier condensations of gas and planetesilals occurring in a way similar to the Saturn rings or to the asteroid belt.

 

Plate II: The Hourglass Nebula   

 

Hourglass Nebula

 

 (Sahai and J Trauger (JPL), the WFPC2 Science Team and NASA. Jan. 16, 1996.)

The rings observed in this picture are similar to those observed in the SN1987A. The other set of ring indicates that there are several shells of particles. They should come from earlier explosions.  The black hole would be in the center of the black spot. Such black spot is most probably a gas bubble. The exit of the jet is, most probably in the center of the smaller blue spot of the black spot. This is somewhat consistent with the distributions of the luminosities of the rings.

The blue zone of the “eye” is likely to be a disc of plasma illuminated with the high energy released after the fall of plasma into the NS or linear black hole. A fraction of it would fall along the polar magnetic lines thus producing jets of high-energy protons along the magnetic axis. The last one would precess with respect to the rotation axis of the central core.

 

 

 

Plate III: The Egg Nebula  (CRL2688)

 

 Egg Nebula

 

 

(Sahai and J Trauger (JPL), the WFPC2 Science Team and NASA. Jan. 16, 1996)

This nebula is roughly 3,000 light-years from us. The picture was taken in red light with the WFPC2 camera aboard NASA's H ST. The image is shown in false color.

This extraordinary picture illustrates the mechanism and structure of the jets of the SN1987A and that of the Hourglass Nebula. They also illustrate the way according to which gravitational potential energy is converted into other forms of  energies.

Due to the large number of rather spherical shells of particles illuminated by the central star-like object, this nebula is most probably the result of several supernova explosions of the same star. Most of the gas of the original star probably remains within the rather spherical halo and the dark region between the two main luminous regions. The light escapes more easily in directions where the nebula is thinner, and is reflected by dust particles in the cloud. The magnetic field of the black hole would partially prevent equatorial fall. Thus, gas would be accumulated in the equatorial regions (dark lane when seen edgewise). The BH would be in the intersection point of the jets. The last ones would be produced by nuclear stripping in its polar magnetic regions that are precessing around the jet cone axis.

Repeated supernovas are likely to occur each time due to the accumulation of matter coming back from the previous supernova. This mechanism would transform the heavier elements into renewed hydrogen going away through the jets. This means a global transformation of gravitational energy into nuclear and gravitational potential energies, and some extra kinetic energy. [Notice that this jet of rather primeval gas (free of metals) is most probably deposited over the halo of black bodies around the galaxy. This one may regenerate new stars. The rather continuous recycling of matter would extend the luminous lifetime of a galaxy.

 

 

Plate IV: Eta Carinae

 

Doomed Star Eta Carinae

 

 

 This is a NASA HST image taken by Jon Morse (University of Colorado), and NASA, in September 1995.  Images taken through red and near-ultraviolet filters were combined to produce the image shown in the picture.

Eta Carinae was a supernova about 150 years ago. Today it is a star about 100 times more massive than our Sun and radiates about five million times more power than our Sun. It seems obvious that its main energy source is gravitational one.  It has been reconstructing itself after the relative displacement of the massive neutron star near the center of the disc described in the above plates.  This kind of star turns out to be like a bubble of plasma with a BH in asymmetrical position. Thus, after oscillations of the BH with respect to the external shell, it is likely to explode again after asymmetrical collapses with the external shell.

This star is consistent with the end state of the main sequence star model

 

 

 

Plate V    Newborn Stars from Dying Star’s Remnants

 

 

General info from NASA and others: Stellar Disks and Jets

Direct picture http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/jpeg/JetDisk3.jpg

 

(Pictures: C. Burrows (STScI), J. Hester (AZ State U), J. Morse (ST ScI) and NASA)

The object in the upper left, called HH-30, reveals the mechanism of jet emission of the supernovas remnants, according to the present theory. This would be an edge-on dark disk of gas and dust encircling a black hole whose magnetic field drives the plasma towards the polar regions that emit light and a narrow jets in opposite directions. The high energy emitted around the Polar Regions would illuminates the gas in the opposite regions of the disk. “The star may become again a new star only if the gas density around it is high enough for building up a new shell that can absorb the jets”.

The object in the upper right is a jet similar to that of the object  HH-34. It shows a beaded structure produced, probably, by pulsed discharges  of plasma after some mechanism similar to that a hydraulic ram, followed by some relaxation time.

The bottom object  is a long jet system called HH-47, at the edge of the Gum Nebula. New stars would be borning at the end of the double jets. These jets would have been generated in opposite directions, most probably, by supernova’s remnants or a gas cloud condensing on a BH near the center of the picture.  The jets have build up cavities on the gas cloud, after the magnetic fields induced by them.  They would transport the new renewed gas (rich in protons)  coming from the accretion of matter (poor in protons) falling on the BH.  Such gas is being condensed  over other black star remnants that become new stars. The light of the two ends of the jets come form newborn stars. The scale in the bottom left corners of each picture represents 93 billion miles.

 

Hubble Provides Multiple Views of How to Feed a Black Hole (PRC98-14)

http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/1998/21/

 

 

Plate VI: Inflow and Outflow of Matter in a  Black Hole

 

 

General Information from NASA: STIS RECORDS A BLACK HOLE'S SIGNATURE

Direct Picture: JPEG imagen 800x527 píxeles

 

The jet mechanism predicted from the EEP is consistent with the results of the works done by Gary Bower, Richard Green (NOAO), the STIS Instrument Definition Team,  and NASA. They mapped the spectrum of light emitted in the center of the galaxy M84, in the Virgo Cluster, where they expected  the existence of a BH. This was done by aligning the STIS's spectroscopic slit across the nucleus in a single exposure.

The image shows the M84 core and the position of the slit of the spectrograph. Notice that a dark cloud is crossing the slit. In its center, there is a “white spot”.  The white spot is 50 million light-years from Earth.

In other pictures, this white spot corresponds to the emission center of the two jets in opposite directions. In the above case of the “hourglass nebula” (Plate II) this one would correspond to the center of the bright kind of “eye”.

The STIS’s data on the right shows the spectrums (horizontal slices) within small consecutive zones within the slit[1]. The relatively rapid redshift, followed by a sudden blueshift shows both that there is matter falling around the very narrow jet of particles escaping form such region, towards our side.

Notice that the large curved cloud to the left may correspond to those some clouds that would exist in the galactic plane. Thus, according to this, the jets are likely to be nearly perpendicular to the galactic plane. Something similar occurs  in our galaxy.

 

Plate VII. Typical Star Clusters

 

a) Globular Clusters. They currently have an order of magnitude of 10⁴-10⁵ stars of average masses similar to that to the sun.  They are voluminous stars with low  metal contamination. They are likely to be formed by the condensation of gas over planetesimals. In the new context, such gas may be formed either after BH explosions or after gas recycled by them, after nuclear stripping. They would have low net angular momentum’s density (of spherical shape)  consistent with the low angular momentum density of black holes. Thus the have got a rather spherical shape.

b) The Open Clusters would be formed from gas condensed over more dense star remnants. Thus, the probabilities for the existence of neutron stars in their centers are higher. In them, the nuclear stripping reactions would transform G energy into nuclear potential energy and  radiation that would prevent star collapses.

 

 

 

 

Plate VIII:

 Color Magnitude Diagram: Globular Cluster M5 (NGC 5904)

 

 

(Atlas of Galactic Globular Clusters with Color Magnitude Diagrams. G. Alcaino. Universidad Católica de Chile).

Each point of the diagram represents to a star of a representative sample of the cluster. The bluer stars of higher temperatures are towards the left and the redder stars of lower temperatures are towards the left. The luminosity’s increase rather exponentially along the ordinate. The main sequence stars are normally located near the dashed line.

According to the new kind of steady state, stars are born around older stellar remnants thus forming mostly red and low density stars evolving from the right hand of the diagram towards the left, i.e., becoming more dense and bluer.

Red giants with heavy element cores would evolve into main sequence stars, after the formation of a neutron star in its center and convection motions. This would occur in a short time compared with the long lifetime of main sequence stage.  This would account for the gap between red giants and main sequence stars. The last ones would have longer lifetime due to the regeneration of H after nuclear stripping around  the neutron stars.

 

 

 

     Plate IX:  Some Typical Galaxies

 

        

 

 

 

 

a) Elliptical Galaxy (Top left, Hale Observatories). In the new context, they would come from gas condensed around older stellar remnants that existed around some earlier black galaxy. They normally have about 10¹¹ stars. A typical one is shown in the top left.

b) Disc and Spiral galaxies . They would be the intermediate stages of contraction of the Elliptical Galaxies by the faster cancellation of angular momentum of random orientations compared with the stars traveling in the galactic plane. In the top to the right (Hale Observatories), the dark stellar remnants left behind, after star burnt out is evident after the shadows. In the middle left, the spherical bulge is apparently separated from the disc stars.

c) Active Galactic Nuclei. The central bulge remains luminous becomes normally surrounded by  discs or rings of rather dead stellar systems. The more massive central black holes, would recycle gas producing rather narrow jets that can be observed after radiowaves. The case of Centaurus A is shown in the middle to the right (Hale Observatories) because the nearly black disc of stars is revealed by the dark lane. Due to the spherical shape of the luminous bulge is normally classified as an elliptical galaxy. The jets of protons, generated by a central black hole, is shown by the 6-cm radio contour superposed over the telescope image.(Observers: J. O. Burns, E. D. Feigelson, and E. J. Schreier. NRAQ.)  Some new blue stars would be formed in these regions with the hydrogen-enriched fuel supplied by the central source.

In more evolved galaxies, the central jets would excite luminous regions in the old (black) remnants, like those of the black spiral arms or rings that may exist around the central bulge. This is most clear in the jets of the galaxy M87, shown in the bottom to the left (Courtesy of H. C. Arp, Hale Observatories).

d) Quasars. They would correspond the last luminous regions of galaxies. Most of their redshifts would be gravitational one. The picture in the bottom, to the left, shows a quasar outlined over an elliptical galaxy behind it(Courtesy of HC. Harp, Hale Observatories).  The darkness between these bodies clearly proves the existence of a dark halo of stellar remnants around the quasar.

 

General info from NASA: HUBBLE SURVEYS THE "HOMES" OF QUASARS

Direct pictures:     JPEG imagen 600x463 píxeles

 

 

 

Plate X Quasars: 

( The Ends of the Luminous Periods of Galaxies)

Due to the global contraction a galaxy, its last luminous region should have lower G potential, i.e., higher G redshift, higher G energy yield and higher luminosity’s. On the other hand, the luminosity of its external region would decrease when the star’s remnants become black ones. Quasars would correspond to the last luminous regions of galaxies, which would be very weak compared with an ordinary galaxy. Their presumed distances, after the erroneous application of the Hubble law to the G redshif, leads to absurd values and apparent violation of fundamental physical laws.

The front plate shows an extraordinary set of (HST. WFPC2) pictures taken by John Bahcall (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton), Mike Disney (University of Wales) and NASA .

 They would correspond to “the last luminous regions of  galaxies”, normally called “quasars”.   Their cores of high G redshift, would be surrounded by the nearly black galaxies to which they belong. They may have companion galaxies that may be luminous or black ones. 

  

“Top left: This image shows quasar PG 0052+251, which is 1.4 billion light-years from Earth, at the core of a normal spiral galaxy.  Astronomers are surprised to find host galaxies, such as this one, that appear undisturbed by the strong quasar radiation”. (John Bahcall)

[This puts on relief that the quasar luminosity was overestimated after the erroneous assumption that its redshift is cosmological one]

 

“Bottom left: Quasar PHL 909 is 1.5 billion light-years from Earth and lies at the core of an apparently normal elliptical galaxy”. (John Bahcall)

[This puts on relief that the quasar IS JUST  THE CORE OF THE LAST LUMINOUS BULGE OF A GALAXY]

   

“Top center: The photo reveals evidence of a catastrophic collision between two galaxies traveling at about 1 million mph. The debris from this collision maybe is fueling quasar IRAS04505-2958 that is 3 billion light-years from Earth. Astronomers believe that a galaxy plunged vertically through the plane of a spiral galaxy, ripping out its core and leaving the spiral ring (at the bottom of the picture).  The core lies in front of the quasar, the bright object in the center of the image.  Surrounding the core are star forming regions.  The distance between the quasar and spiral ring is 15,000 light-years, which is one-seventh the diameter of our Milky Way.  A foreground star lies just above the quasar.” (John Bahcall)

[This is likely to be a “binary galaxy in which one of its components has evolved faster than the other one thus becoming a quasar earlier than its companion galaxy. Some darker matter observed around these bodies would correspond to denser zone of rather black star remnants.]

 

“Bottom center: Hubble has captured quasar PG 1012+008, located 1.6 billion light-years from Earth, merging with a bright galaxy (the object just below the quasar).  The two objects are 31,000 light-years apart.  The swirling wisps of dust and gas surrounding the quasar and galaxy provide strong evidence for an interaction between them.  The compact galaxy on the left of the quasar also may be beginning to merge with the quasar.” (John Bahcall)

[The same comment as the previous one. The trails of the galaxy indicate that the quasar is leading the “binary dance”. Most probably, the quasar is more massive than its companion galaxy.]

 

“Top right: Hubble has captured a tidal tail of dust and gas beneath quasar 0316-346, located 2.2 billion light-years from Earth.  The peculiar-shaped tail suggests that the host galaxy has interacted with a passing galaxy that is not in the image” (John Bahcall).

[This picture shows the last luminous bulge of one of the components of a binary galaxy, while the other component is a black galaxy. The rather straight channel between the two galaxies is obvious]

 

“Bottom right: Hubble has captured evidence of a dance between two merging galaxies.  The galaxies may have orbited each other several times before merging, leaving distinct loops of glowing gas around quasar IRAS13218+0552. The quasar is 2 billion light-years from Earth.  The elongated core in the center of the image may comprise the two nuclei of the merging galaxies”. (John Bahcall)

[This picture shows both a) the last luminous region of the central bulge of the nearly black galaxy b) the last luminous regions of one of its spirals that may be connected to a companion “black galaxy”.]

 

The middle column may correspond to the end stages of barred spiral galaxies These cases are similar to the quasar Markarian 205, which is connected with the galaxy NGC4319 that has already lost most of its arm structure.

 

 

 

 

 

Plate XI A Global Sightseeing of the Luminous Fraction of the Universe

(A very Small fraction of the Universe)

 

 

The Hubble Deep Field

 (Picture Taken by R. Williams (HST ScI), NASA)

 

In the new context fixed by the EEP, the more voluminous, red and rather spherical galaxies are the "really new ones". They have been recently born from old black galaxies that have absorbed energy from the space for long time. The disc and spiral galaxies would  come form general contraction of these kind of galaxies. Their stars become more dense and powerful stars due to the stronger G fields of the newborn neutron stars and black holes. Thus, these galaxies would become bluer and smaller with the time, leaving behind a halo of smaller star remnants. The large percentage of them is consistent with the long lifetimes that they should have due to the higher order of magnitude of the gravitational energy yields produced by condensation of matter up to nuclear density states.

When the spirals stars become black ones, only the central luminous region would remain highly active due to the neutron stars and black holes in them. They would correspond with the Active Galactic Nuclei. Finally, the last luminous regions of these galaxies would emit light strongly redshifted by the G field of the black holes and of the compact black galaxy around them. They would correspond with the quasars.

Disc (bluer) galaxies should be older than the elliptical (red) ones because they would be in a more advanced evolution stage. Most of the quasars would be the end (oldest) visible states of the galaxies. Their stars would be most dense and of higher temperatures (They have an excess of ultraviolet light, a strong G redshift).  They would be just about to disappear as a luminous objects.

For higher net angular momentum densities, galaxies would condense in binary systems that have a barred structure, as if they were binary galaxies. They may condense, occasionally, as binary quasars.

Most of the universe would be in the states of cool and black galaxies. They would have the highest percentages of matter in the state of black hole. They cannot be seen in ordinary telescopes. They would be absorbing the energy of the rest of the universe thus keeping its low temperature radiation background.

 

 

 

The Main Macro-Cycles in the Universe

 

According to the General Equivalence Principle applied to the universe, in the average, matter should be evolving, indefinitely, between the states of gas and black hole.  Single and chains of black hole explosions can give place to systems of different magnitudes that would also evolve in cycles between luminous and black states. Here is a brief diagram of the main systems that are actually observed. They have been named according to the obvious correspondences with the astronomical observations.

 

 

  Most of the matter in the universe must be in the state of black hole that absorbs net energy from the space. This should account for the low temperature radiation background, and the missing masses problems found in galaxies, clusters and in the universe.

 

All of the evolution stages of a matter cycle have been detected, directly or indirectly in astronomy. No one is missing, within the actual detection possibilities. This seems to be a fair test for the more general and more explicit form of the EP.

 

 

To the top of this page