ABNORMALITIES OF STRIATED MUSCLE AND THE UPPER ESOPHAGEAL
SPHINCTER
ABNORMALITIES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE AND INNERVATION OF THE BODY
OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Failure of Relaxation of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter
(Achalasia Pattern)
Extrinsic Compression on the Cervical Esophagus
External Compression on the Thoracic Esophagus
Diffuse Finely Nodular Lesions of the Esophagus
Narrowing of the Stomach (Linitis Plastica Pattern)
Thickening of the Gastric Folds
Filling Defects in the Stomach
Filling Defects in the Gastric Remnant
Gastric Dilatation Without
Outlet Obstruction
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Masses of the Fundus
Widening of the Retrogastric Space
Gas in the Wall of the Stomach
Simultaneous Involvement of the Gastric Antrum and Duodenal
Bulb
Postbulbar Ulceration of the Duodenum
Thickening of the Doudenal Folds
Widening of the Duodenal Sweep
Extrisic Compression on the Duodenum
Duodenal Narrowing and Obstruction
Duodenal Dilatation (Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome)
Causes of Small Bowel Obstruction
Adynamic Ileus Simulating Mechanical Obstruction
Dilatation With Thickened Mucosal Folds
Regular thickening of Small Bowel Folds
Generalized, Irregular, Distorted Small Bowel Folds
Solitary Filling Defects in the Jejunum and Ileum
Multiple Filling Defects in the Small Bowel
Thickened Small Bowel Folds with Concomitant Involvement of
the Stomach
Small Bowel Diverticula and Pseudodiverticula
Abnormalities of the Ileocecal Valve
Ulcerative Lesions of the Colon
Single Filling Defects in the Colon
Multiple Filling Defects in the Colon
Causes of large Bowel Obstruction
Double Tracking in the Sigmoid Colon
Enlargement of the Retrorectal Space
Filling Defects in an Opacified Gallbladder
Filling Defects in the Bile Ducts
Bile Duct Narrowing and Obstruction
Cystic Dilatation of the Bile Ducts
Enlargement of the Papilla of Vater
Gas in the Biliary System (Pancreaticobiliary Reflux)
Bull’s-Eye Lesions in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Gas in the Bowel Wall (Pneumatosis Intestinalis)
Extraluminal Gas in the Upper Quadrants
Causes of Enteric-Enteric Fistulas
Causes of External Gastrointestinal Fistulas
Calcification in the Gallbladder/Bile Duct
Calcification in the Alimentary Tract
Calcification in the Bladder/UrethralUrachus
Calcification in the Male Genital Tract
Calcification in the Female Genital Tract
Generalized Abdominal Calcification
Calcification in Vascular Structures
Skeletal/Ligamentous Calcification
Local Anechoic masses of the Liver
Complex or Solid Masses in the Liver
Shadowing Lesions in the Liver
Generalized Abnormal Echogenicity of the Liver
Focal Decreased Attenuation Liver Masses on CT
Hyperenhancing Liver Lesions in the Arterial Phase
Hyperenhancing liver lesions in the portal vein and/or
equilibrium phases
Generalized Abnormal Attentuation of the Liver
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Liver Disease
Decreased Attentuation Masses in the Spleen
ABNORMALITIES OF STRIATED MUSCLE AND THE
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (CRICOPHARYNGEAL
ACHALASIA)
Disease Entities
Normal variant
Minor, nonspecific
neuromuscular dysfunction Total laryngectomy (pseudodefect)
Radiation therapy
Primary muscle
disorders
Myasthenia gravis
Myotonic dystrophy
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis
Steroid myopathy
Thyrotoxic myopathy
Oculopharyngeal
myopathy
Primary neural disorders
Peripheral or cranial
nerve palsy Cerebrovascular disease affecting the brain stem High unilateral
cervical vagotomy
Bulbar poliomyelitis
Syringomyelia
Huntington's chorea
Familial dysautonomia
(Riley-Day syndrome) Multiple sclerosis
Diphtheria
Tetanus
ABNORMALITIES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE AND INNERVATION OF THE BODY OF THE
ESOPHAGUS
Disease Entities
Scleroderma
Other connective
tissue disorders
Systemic lupus
erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Disorders of myenteric plexus
Achalasia
Chagas' disease
Metastases
Esophagitis
Corrosive
Reflux
Infectious
Radiation-induced
Alcoholic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Presbyesophagus
Anticholinergic medication
Myxedema
Amyloidosis
Muscular dystrophy
Failure of Relaxation of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Achalasia
Pattern)
Achalasia
Chagas' disease
Central and peripheral
neuropathy
Cerebrovascular accident
Postvagotomy syndrome
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic idiopathic intestinal
pseudo-obstruction
Amyloidosis
Malignant
lesions
Destruction of myenteric plexus
Metastases to mid-brain vagal nuclei
Direct involvement of vagus nerve
Stricture secondary to reflux esophagitis
Presbyesophagus
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal inflammation
Reflux esophagitis
Ingestion of corrosive agents
Infectious esophagitis (e.g., candidiasis)
Radiation injury
Nutcracker esophagus
Hyperactive achalasia
Neuromuscular
disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus) Obstruction of the cardia
Malignant lesion
Distal esophageal
stricture
Benign lesion
Postsurgical repair of
hiatal hernia
Extrinsic Compression on the Cervical Esophagus
Cricopharyngeus muscle
Pharyngeal venous plexus (postcricoid impression) Esophageal
web
Anterior marginal osteophyte
Anterior herniation of intervertebral disk
Thyroid enlargement
Parathyroid enlargement
Ectopic gastric mucosa
Narrow thoracic inlet
Lymph node enlargement
Soft-tissue lesions
Abscess
Hematoma
Spinal lesions
Neoplasm
Inflammatory
Normal structures
Aortic knob
Left main stem
bronchus
Left inferior
pulmonary vein/confluence of left
pulmonary
veins
Right
inferior supra-azygous recess
Vascular abnormalities
Aortic lesions
Right aortic arch
Cervical aortic arch
Double aortic arch
Coarctation of the aorta
Aortic aneurysm/tortuosity
Nonaortic lesions
Aberrant right subclavian artery
Aberrant left pulmonary artery
Anomalous pulmonary venous return
(type III)
Persistent truncus
arteriosus
Cardiac
enlargement
Left atrium
Left
ventricle
Pericardia I lesion
Effusion
Tumor
Cyst
Mediastinal mass
Tumor
Duplication cyst
Pulmonary mass
Tumor
Bronchogenic cyst
Lymph node enlargement
Thoracic osteophyte
Paraesophageal hernia
Apical pleuropulmonary fibrosis (pseudoimpression)
Reflux esophagitis
Hiatal hernia
Vomiting secondary to
intraabdominal disease Chalasia of infancy
Pregnancy
Scleroderma
Medication
Surgery
Barrett's esophagus
Infectious/granulomatous disorders
Candidiasis
Herpes
Cytomegalovirus
Tuberculosis
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) Crohn's disease
Syphilis
Histoplasmosis
Actinomycosis
Staphylococcus infection
Acute alcoholic
esophagitis
Eosinophilic
esophagitis
Beh_et's syndrome
Epidermolysis bullosa
Benign mucous membrane
pemphigoid Nasogastric intubation
Malignant lesions
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Metastases
Corrosive esophagitis
Radiation injury
Drug-induced esophagitis
Potassium chloride
tablets
Tetracycline
Emepronium bromide
Quinidine
Ascorbic
acid
Ferrous sulfate
Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices
Intramural pseudodiverticulosis
Congenital conditions
Esophageal web
Lower esophageal ring
(Schatzki's ring)
Cartilaginous
esophageal ring
Congenital stricture
Neoplastic lesions
Carcinoma of the
esophagus
Carcinoma of the
stomach
Direct spread from
adjacent malignancy
Hematogenous/lymphangitic
metastases
Lymphoma
Benign tumors
Reflux esophagitis
Corrosive esophagitis
Barrett's esophagus
Postsurgical stricture (e.g., after hiatal hernia
repair, gastric surgery)
Postnasogastric intubation stricture
Infectious/inflammatory esophagitis
Candidiasis
Drug-induced
esophagitis
Crohn's disease
Eosinophilic
esophagitis
Behcet's syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood
Radiation injury
Epidermolysis bullosa
Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid
Graft versus host disease (GVHD)
Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices
Motility disorders
Achalasia pattern
Esophageal spasm
Intramural esophageal
pseudodiverticulosis
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Neoplastic lesions
Benign tumors
Spindle cell tumor (e.g., leiomyoma)
Fibrovascular polyp
Squamous papilloma
Inflammatory
esophagogastric polyp
Adenomatous polyp
Tumors of intermediate malignant potential
Villous
adenoma
Malignant tumors
Carcinoma of the esophagus
Gastric carcinoma with
upward extension Metastases
Leiomyosarcoma
Spindle cell squamous
carcinoma
Melanoma
Lymphoma/leukemia
Kaposi's sarcoma
Verrucous squamous cell
carcinoma
Lymph node enlargement
(extrinsic lesions)
Malignant lesion
Granulomatous process
Infectious/granulomatous/inflammatory esophagitis
Candidiasis
Herpes esophagitis
Reflux esophagitis
Crohn's disease
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Varices
Duplication cyst
Foreign bodies/air bubbles
Intramural hematoma
Hirsute esophagus
Prolapsed gastric
folds
Cervical diverticula
Zenker's
(pharyngoesophageal)
Traction (from
surgery, infection)
Lateral
Midesophageal diverticula
Traction
(interbronchial)
Pulsion (interaorticobronchial)
Epiphrenic diverticula
Intramural esophageal
pseudodiverticulosis
Intraluminal
diverticula
Portal hypertension Hepatic cirrhosis
Carcinoma of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
Retroperitoneal
inflammatory disease
High-viscosity,
slow-flow states
(e.g., polycythemia)
Noncirrhotic liver disease
Metastatic carcinoma
Carcinoma of the liver
Congestive heart failure
Idiopathic
Superior vena cava
obstruction
Mediastinal tumors (e.g., bronchogenic
carcinoma)
Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis
Retrosternal goiter
Thymoma
Congenital disorders
Malignancies
Carcinoma of the esophagus
Carcinoma of the lung
Trauma
Instrumentation
Surgery
Foreign body
Corrosive esophagitis
Inflammatory disease
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Histoplasmosis Actinomycosis
Crohn's disease
Behcet's syndrome
Perforated
diverticulum
Pulmonary
sequestration or cyst
Spontaneous esophageal
rupture
Dissecting intramural hematoma
Emetogenic injury
Trauma
Instrumentation
Ingestion of a foreign
body
Spontaneous (bleeding diathesis)
Intramural abscess
Intraluminal diverticulum
Esophageal duplication
Diffuse
Finely Nodular Lesions of the Esophagus
Glycogenic acanthosis
Esophagitis
Reflux
Corrosive
Radiation-induced
Candidal
Herpes
Barrett's
Tuberculous
Superficial spreading
esophageal carcinoma
Acanthosis nigricans
Leukoplakia
Hirsute esophagus
Bullous pemphigoid
Ectopic sebaceous
glands
Papillomatosis
Lymphoma
Multiple hamartoma
syndrome (Cowden's disease)
Eventration of the diaphragm
Paralysis of the
diaphragm
Surgical damage to the phrenic nerve
Tumors
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Metastatic malignancy
Neurologic
disorders
Myelitis
Encephalitis
Herpes zoster
Poliomyelitis
Tetanus antitoxin
Diphtheria
Trauma
Wounds/accidents
Brachial plexus block
Birth injury
Mechanical causes
Substernal thyroid
Aortic aneurysm
Infections
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Empyema
Adhesive pleurisy
Idiopathic
Increased intraabdominal volume
Ascites
Obesity
Pregnancy
Infradiaphragmatic abdominal infection
Subphrenic abscess
Hepatic abscess
Cholecystitis
Pancreatitis
Peritonitis
Intraabdominal masses
Cyst
Tumor
Aortic aneurysm
Supradiaphragmatic pulmonary processes
Chest wall
injury
Atelectasis
Pulmonary embolus
Infrapulmonic effusion
(pseudodiaphragmatic contour)
Hiatal
Paraesophageal
Foramen of Morgagni
Foramen of Bochdalek
Traumatic
Intrapericardial
Alcohol
Anti-inflammatory
agents (e.g., aspirin, steroids)
Analgesics
Crohn's disease
Herpetic gastritis
Syphilitic gastritis
Cytomegalovirus
gastritis
Candidiasis
Idiopathic
Narrowing of the Stomach (Linitis Plastica Pattern)
Malignant neoplasms
Carcinoma
Lymphoma (Hodgkin's
disease)
Kaposi's sarcoma
Metastases
Direct extension from
carcinoma of the
pancreas and transverse colon
Omental cakes
Hematogenous
metastases (e.g., carcinoma of
the breast)
Gastric ulcer disease
Granulomatous
infiltration
Crohn's disease
Sarcoidosis
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis
Actinomycosis
Eosinophilic gastritis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Other gastritis
Infections
Phlegmonous gastritis
Helicobacter pylori
Strongyloidiasis
Cytomegalovirus
Toxoplasmosis
Corrosive agents
Gastric radiation
Gastric freezing
Iron intoxication
Hepatic arterial infusion
chemotherapy
Stenosing antral gastritis
Amyloidosis
Intramural gastric
hematoma
Extrinsic masses
impressing stomach
Gastric restrictive
surgery for morbid obesity
Perigastric adhesions
I
Normal variant
Gastritis
Alcoholic
Hypertrophic
Antral
Corrosive
Helicobacter pylori
Other infections
Postirradiation
Postfreezing
Peptic ulcer disease
Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome
Menetrier's disease
Lymphoma
MALT lymphoma
Carcinoma
Varices
Antral vascular ectasia
Portal hypertensive gastropathy
Infiltrative processes
Eosinophilic gastritis
Crohn's disease
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Amyloidosis
Adjacent pancreatic disease
Acute pancreatitis
Extension of carcinoma of the pancreas
Filling
Defects in the Stomach
Areae gastricae
Neoplasms
Benign
tumors
Hyperplastic polyp
Adenomatous polyp
Hamartoma
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Cowden's disease
Juvenile polyposis
Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith
syndrome
Spindle
cell tumor
Tumors of variable
malignant potential
Villous
adenoma
Carcinoid tumor
Malignant tumors
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Metastases
Sarcoma
Plasmacytoma
Extrinsic cystic or
inflammatory masses
Ectopic pancreas
Thickened folds
simulating nodules Menetrier's disease
Gastric varices
Crohn's disease
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis
Eosinophilic gastritis
Hypertrophied
antral-pyloric fold
Bezoar
Foreign body
Blood clots/intramural
hematoma
Peptic ulcer
(surrounding edematous mass;
incisura)
Double pylorus
Inflammatory fibroid
polyp
Arterial impression
Gastric duplication
cyst
MALT lymphoma
Intragastric gallstone
Tumefactive
extramedullary hematopoiesis
Amyloidoma
Candidiasis
Gastric intramural
pseudocyst
Postoperative defect
Suture granuloma
Fundoplication
Jejunogastric
intussusception
Gastric varices
Anisakis larva
Prolapsed esophageal
mucosa
Surgical deformity
Suture granuloma
Bezoar
Carcinoma
Gastric stump carcinoma
Recurrent
carcinoma
Gastric stump lymphoma
Hyperplastic polyps
and bile (alkaline) reflux
gastritis
Jejunogastric
intussusception
Peptic
ulcer disease
Duodenal
Pyloric channel
Antral
Tumors
Malignant
Antral carcinoma
Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas
Other malignant tumors causing duodenal obstruction
Lymphoma
Primary scirrhous
carcinoma of the pyloric
channel
Benign
Inflammatory disorders
Crohn's disease
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis
Corrosive stricture
Radiation injury
Sarcoidosis
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Amyloidosis
Congenital disorders
Antral mucosal
diaphragm
Duodenal diaphragm
Gastric or duodenal
duplication
Annular pancreas
Miscellaneous disorders
Gastric volvulus
Hypertrophic pyloric
stenosis
Gastric bezoar
Prolapsed antral
mucosa
Prior surgery
Gastric Dilatation Without Outlet Obstruction
Postabdominal surgery
Abdominal trauma
Ruptured spleen
Fractures
Retroperitoneal hematoma
Urinary tract injury
Severe pain
Renal colic
Biliary colic
Migraine headaches
Infection
and inflammation Peritonitis
Pancreatitis
Appendicitis
Subphrenic abscess
Septicemia
Immobilization
Body plaster cast
Paraplegia
Postoperative state
Diabetes mellitus
Neurologic
abnormalities
Brain tumor
Bulbar poliomyelitis
Vagotomy
Tabes dorsalis
Muscular
abnormalities
Scleroderma
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
Muscular dystrophy
Drug-induced disorders
Atropine or atropine-like drugs
Morphine
Ganglionic blocking agents
Electrolyte/acid-base imbalance
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hepatic coma
Uremia
Myxedema
Lead poisoning
Porphyria
Emotional distress
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Masses of the Fundus
Neoplasms
Primary malignancies of the stomach
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Extragastric
malignancies
Carcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas
Carcinoma of the splenic flexure of the colon
Tumors
of adjacent organs (liver, adrenal, kidney)
Lymphoma or metastases to adjacent lymph nodes
Benign tumors of the stomach
Spindle
cell tumor
Adenoma
Extrinsic
pressure by normal or enlarged structures
Liver
Spleen
Splenic flexure
Kidney
Aorta
Heart
Cardiac aneurysm
Intrinsic benign
gastric lesions
Esophagogastric herniation/reduced hiatal hernia
Gastric varices
Giant rugal folds
Postoperative deformities (e.g., Nissen fundoplication, splenectomy)
Regenerated splenosis
Subphrenic abscess
Gastric diverticulum
Hematoma
Widening of the Retrogastric Space
Generalized widening without a discrete mass
Obesity
Previous surgery
Ascites
Gross hepatomegaly
Hernias involving the
omentum Emphysema
Discrete retrogastric
masses
Pancreatic
masses
Carcinoma
Pseudocysts
Pancreatitis
Cystadenoma
Retroperitoneal masses Neoplasms
Lymph node enlargement
Abscesses
Hematoma
Masses on the
posterior wall of thestomach
Aortic aneurysm
Choledochal cyst
Gas in the Wall of the Stomach
Emphysematous gastritis
Corrosive gastritis
Severe necrotizing
gastroenteritis
Ischemia
Recent gastroduodenal
surgery
Peptic ulcer with
intramural perforation
Gastric outlet
obstruction (e.g., malignancy, volvulus)
Traumatic
emphysema of the stomach
Gastroscopy
Esophagoscopy
Gastric pneumatosis
Bullus ruptured into
the esophageal wall
Respiratory therapy
(positive pressure)
Simultaneous Involvement of the Gastric Antrum and Duodenal Bulb
Malignant lesions
Lymphoma
Carcinoma
Peptic ulcer disease
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Strongyloidiasis
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Postbulbar Ulceration of the Duodenum
Peptic ulcer disease
Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
Primary duodenal malignancy
Metastatic malignancy
Contiguous invasion (pancreas, right colon,
right kidney, gallbladder)
Invasion from lymph node metastases
Hematogenous
metastases (melanoma)
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Aorticoduodenal
fistula
Lesions simulating
ulceration
Ectopic pancreas
Duodenal diverticulum
Thickening of the Doudenal Folds
Inflammatory disorders
Peptic ulcer disease
Brunner's gland
hyperplasia
Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome
Duodenitis
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis
Uremia (chronic
dialysis)
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Parasitic infestation
(giardiasis,
strongyloidiasis) AIDS-related infections
Nontropical sprue
Neoplastic
disorders
Lymphoma
Metastases to peri pancreatic lymph
nodes
AIDS-related malignancy
Diffuse
infiltrative disorders
Whipple's
disease
Amyloidosis
Mastocytosis
Eosinophilic enteritis
Intestinal lymphangiectasia
Vascular disorders
Duodenal varices
Mesenteric arterial
collaterals Intramural hemorrhage
Chronic duodenal
congestion Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)
Widening
of the Duodenal Sweep
Normal variant
Pancreatic lesions
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Pancreatic cancer
Metastatic replacement
of the pancreas
Cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma
Lymph node enlargement
Metastases
Lymphoma
Inflammation
Cystic lymphangioma of
the mesentery
Mesenteric arterial
collaterals
Retroperitoneal masses
(tumors, cysts)
Aortic aneurysm
Choledochal cyst
Extrisic
Compression on the Duodenum
Bile ducts
Normal impression
Enlargement
Choledochal cyst
Gallbladder
Normal impression
Enlargement
Hydrops
Courvoisier
phenomenon
Carcinoma
Pericholecystic
abscess
Liver
Generalized hepatomegaly (especially
enlargement of the caudate lobe)
Cyst
Tumor
Lymphadenopathy in the
periportal region
Right kidney
Enlargement
due to bifid collecting
system/hydronephrosis
Multiple
cysts/polycystic disease
Hypernephroma
Mass
effect
Direct
invasion of duodenum
Right adrenal
Enlargement (Addison's
disease)
Carcinoma
Pancreas
Annular pancreas
Carcinoma (wrapped
around the duodenum)
Postbulbar ulcer
(lateral incisura appearance)
Colon
Duodenocolic
apposition Carcinoma of the hepatic flexure
Vascular structures
Duodenal varices
Mesenteric arterial
collaterals
Aortic aneurysm
Intramural or
mesenteric hematoma
Pseudotumors
Gallbladder impression
Acute ulcer mound
Blood clot
Foreign body (fruit
pit, gallstone)
Stitch abscess
Gas-filled duodenal
diverticulum
Flexure defect
Nonneoplastic masses
Brunner's gland
hyperplasia
Benign lymphoid
hyperplasia
Heterotopic gastric
mucosa
Nonerosive duodenitis
Sprue
Ectopic pancreas
Prolapsed antral
mucosa
Enlarged papilla
Choledochocele
Duplication cyst
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Duodenal
varices/mesenteric arterial
collaterals
Anomalous vessel
Intramural hematoma
Adjacent abscess
Benign tumors
Adenomatous polyp
Leiomyoma
Lipoma
Hamartoma
(Peutz-Jeghers syndrome)
Neurogenic tumors
Cavernous lymphangioma
Prolapsed/intussuscepted
antral polyp
Brunner's gland
adenoma
Tumors with variable malignant potential
Villous
adenoma
Carcinoid tumor
Malignant tumors
Adenocarcinoma
Ampullary carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Metastases
Kaposi's sarcoma
Duodenal Narrowing and Obstruction
Congenital obstruction
Duodenal atresia
Annular pancreas
Duodenal diaphragm
(web)
Intraluminal
diverticulum
Midgut volvulus
Extrinsic bands
(Ladd's)
Duodenal duplication
cyst
Inflammatory disorders of the duodenum Postbulbar
ulcer
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Strongyloidiasis
Nontropical sprue
Inflammatory disorders of the pancreas Acute
pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Pseudocyst of the
pancreas
Malignancies
Primary pancreatic
lesions
Primary duodenal
lesions
Metastatic lesions
Intramural duodenal hematoma
Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum
Aorticoduodenal fistula
Radiation injury
Preduodenal portal vein
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Duodenal Dilatation (Superior
Mesenteric Artery Syndrome)
Normal variant
Congenital small
vascular angle or childhood growth spurt
Prolonged bed rest in
supine position
Body cast syndrome
Whole-body burns
Surgery
Loss of
retroperitoneal fat
Multiple pregnancies
with loss of muscle tone
Decreased duodenal
peristalsis
Smooth muscle or neuromuscular junction
dysfunction
Scleroderma
Dermatomyositis/systemic
lupus
erythematosus
Aganglionosis
Chagas'
disease
Vagus or
splanchnic nerve dysfunction
Surgical
or chemical vagotomy
Neuropathy
(diabetes, porphyria, thiamine
deficiency)
Inflammatory disorders
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis
Peptic ulcer disease
Trauma
Altered emotional states
Thickening of the
bowel wall or root
of
the mesentery
Crohn's
disease
Tuberculous enteritis
Pancreatitis
Peptic ulcer disease
Strongyloidiasis
Metastatic lesions
Exaggerated lumbar
lordosis
Abdominal aortic
aneurysm
Aorticoduodenal
fistula
Chronic idiopathic
intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Causes of Small Bowel Obstruction
Extrinsic bowel lesions
Adhesions
Previous surgery
Previous peritonitis
Hernias
External
Internal
Extrinsic masses
Neoplasm
Abscess
Volvulus
Congenital bands
Luminal occlusion
Tumor
Gallstone
Enterolith
Foreign body
Bezoar
Intestinal tube
balloon
Intussusception
Meconium ileus
Intrinsic lesions of the bowel wall
Strictures
Neoplastic
Inflammatory
Chemical
Anastomotic
Radiation-induced
Amyloid
Vascular insufficiency
Arterial occlusion
Venous occlusion
Congenital
atresia or stenosis
Jejunal
Ileal
Segmental dilatation
of the ileum
Surgical procedure
Peritonitis
Medication
Electrolyte imbalance
Metabolic disorder
Abdominal trauma
Retroperitoneal
hemorrhage
Gram-negative
sepsis/shock
Renal or ureteral
calculus
Acute chest disease
(pneumonia, myocardial
infarction, congestive heart
failure)
Mesenteric vascular occlusion
Myotonic muscular dystrophy
Adynamic
Ileus Simulating Mechanical Obstruction
Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Pelvic surgery
Urinary retention
Pancreatitis
Acute intermittent
porphyria
Ceroidosis
Neonatal adynamic
ileus
Systemic
Chemical/hormonal
Abdominal
Mechanical obstruction
Adynamic ileus
Vagotomy (surgical or
chemical)
Sprue
Lymphoma
Connective tissue
disease
Scleroderma
Dermatomyositis
Diabetes with
hypokalemia
Lactase deficiency
Vascular insufficiency
Mesenteric ischemia
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Amyloidosis
Chronic idiopathic
intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Chagas' disease
Dilatation With Thickened Mucosal Folds
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Vascular insufficiency
states
Diseases affecting the
bowel wall and
mesentery
Metastases
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Radiation enteritis
Infectious enteritis
Amyloidosis
Lymphoma
Abetalipoproteinemia
Hypoalbuminemia
Regular thickening of Small Bowel Folds
Hemorrhage into the bowel wall
Anticoagulant therapy
Ischemic bowel disease
or infarction
Vasculitis
Connective tissue diseases
Thromboangiitis
obliterans (Buerger's disease)
Henoch-Schonlein
syndrome
Hemophilia
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Trauma
Coagulation defects secondary to other
diseases
Hypoprothrombinemia
Leukemia
Multiple myeloma
Lymphoma
Metastatic carcinoma
flypofibrinogenemia/circulating
anticoagulants/
fibrinolytic
system activation
Intestinal edema
Hypoproteinemia
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Protein-losing
enteropathy
Lymphatic blockage
Tumor infiltration
Lymphangiitis secondary to radiation damage
Fibrosis of the mesentery
Angioneurotic edema
Intestinal
lymphangiectasia
Primary
Secondary
Abetalipoproteinemia
Eosinophilic enteritis
Amyloid vasculitis
Xanthomatosis
Pneumatosis
intestinalis
Generalized,
Irregular, Distorted Small Bowel Folds
Whipple's disease
Giardiasis
Lymphoma
Amyloidosis
Eosinophilic enteritis
Lymphangiectasia
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis
Mastocytosis
Strongyloidiasis
Yersinia enterocolitiea
Typhoid fever
Other infections
Campylobaeter jejuni
Shigella
Escherichia coli
Anisakiasis
Cryptosporidium
Mycobacterium
avium-intraeellulare (MAC)
Alpha chain disease
Abetalipoproteinemia
Solitary Filling
Defects in the Jejunum and Ileum
Benign neoplasms
Leiomyoma
Adenoma
Lipoma
Hemangioma
Neurofibroma
Peutz-Jeghers
hamartoma
Fibroma/lymphangioma/teratoma
Malignant neoplasms
Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Metastases
Neoplasms with
variable malignant potential
Carcinoid tumor
Gallstone ileus
Inflammatory fibroid
polyp
Endometrioma
Pseudotumors
Parasitic (ascariasis,
strongyloidiasis)
Inflammatory
Duplication cyst
Heterotopic gastric
mucosa
Small bowel varix
Inverted Meckel's
diverticulum
Blood clot
Foreign
body/bezoar/pill
Multiple Filling Defects in the Small Bowel
Multiple polyps
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Gardner's syndrome
Disseminated
gastrointestinal polyposis
Generalized
gastrointestinal juvenile
polyposis
Cronkhite-Canada
syndrome
Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith
syndrome
Simple adenomatous polyps
Hemangiomas
Leiomyomas
Lipomas
Carcinoid tumors
Neurofibromas
Metastases (especially melanoma, breast
carcinoma, lung carcinoma)
Lymphoma
Crohn's disease
Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia
Food particles, seeds, foreign bodies,
pills
Parasites
Ascaris
lumbricoides
Strongyloides
stercoralis
Ancylostoma
duodenale (hookworm)
Taenia solis (tapeworm)
Gallstones
Blood clots
Amyloidosis
Varices
Behcet's syndrome
Macroglobulinemia
Mastocytosis
Histoplasmosis
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Intestinal lymphangiectasia
Lymphoma
Whipple's disease
Crohn's disease
Yersinia enterocolitis
Eosinophilic enteritis
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome
Alpha chain disease
Amyloidosis
Food particles/gas bubbles
Irradiation enteritis
Pancreatic glucagonoma
Protein-losing enteropathy
Small bowel ischemia
Lymphoma
Crohn's disease
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Menetrier's disease
Gastric varices with hypoproteinemia
Amyloidosis
Whipple's disease
Processes that thicken or infiltrate the bowel wall
or mesentery
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Intestinal hemorrhage or mesenteric vascular
occlusion
Whipple's disease
Amyloidosis
Lymphoma.
Primary carcinoma of the small bowel Radiation-induced enteritis
Carcinoid tumor
Neurofibromatosis of the small bowel
Ascites
Hepatic cirrhosis
Peritonitis
Congestive failure/constrictive
pericarditis
Peritoneal carcinomatosis
Primary or metastatic disease of the lymphatic system
Neoplasms
Primary tumors of the peritoneum
Primary tumors of the mesentery Metastases (peritoneal
carcinomatosis)
Intraperitoneal
abscess
Retractile
mesenteritis
Retroperitoneal hernia
Graft versus host
disease
Small Bowel Diverticula and Pseudodiverticula
True diverticula
Duodenal
Jejunal
Meckel's
Ileal
Pseudodiverticula
Giant duodenal ulcer
Peptic disease
Intraluminal
diverticula
Scleroderma
Crohn's disease
Lymphoma
Communicating ileal
duplication
Abnormalities
of the Ileocecal Valve
Lipomatosis (fatty infiltration)
Neoplasms
Benign tumors
Lipoma
Adenomatous polyp
Villous adenoma
Tumors of
intermediate potential
Carcinoid tumor
Malignant
tumors
Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Inflammatory disorders
Crohn's
disease
Ulcerative colitis
Tuberculosis
Amebiasis
Typhoid fever
Yersinia enterocolitis
Anisakiasis
Actinomycosis
Cathartic abuse
Prolapse
Antegrade
Retrograde
Intussusception
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Filling Defects in the Cecum
Abnormalities of the appendix
Acute appendicitis/appendiceal
abscess
Mimics of appendicitis
with normal
appendix
Mesenteric adenitis
Cecal diverticulitis
Typhlitis
Crohn's disease
Inverted appendiceal stump
Mucocele
Myxoglobulosis
Intussusception
Benign neoplasms (carcinoid tumor;
spindle
cell tumor)
Malignant
neoplasms (adenocarcinoma)
Metastases (pancreas,
ovary, colon,
stomach)
General causes of colonic filling defects
Inflammatory
diseases
Benign
and malignant primary
neoplasms
Ileocolic
intussusception
Unusual
abnormalities of the cecum
Diverticulitis
of the ileocecal area
Solitary benign ulcer of the cecum
Adherent fecalith (cystic
fibrosis)
Endometriosis
Intussusception of distal ileum
lesion
Burkitt's lymphoma
Cecal diaphragm
Crohn's disease
Tuberculosis
Amebiasis
Ulcerative colitis
Appendicitis
Carcinoma of the cecum
Perforated cecal
diverticulum
Actinomycosis
South American
blastomycosis
Anisakiasis
Typhoid fever
Yersinia enterocolitis
Cytomegalovirus
Typhlitis
Ulcerative Lesions of the Colon
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's colitis
Ischemic colitis
Specific infections
Protozoan
Amebiasis
Schistosomiasis
Bacterial
Shigellosis
Salmonellosis
Tuberculous colitis
Gonorrheal proctitis
Staphylococcal colitis
Yersinia colitis
Campylobacter fetus colitis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Fungal
Histoplasmosis
Mucormycosis
Actinomycosis
Candidiasis
Viral
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
Cytomegalovirus
Rotavirus
Helminthic
Strongyloidiasis
Pseudomembranous
colitis
Postantibiotic colitis
Postoperative colitis
Uremia
Large bowel
obstruction
Hypoxia
Radiation injury
Caustic colitis
Collagenous colitis
Pancreatitis
Malignancy
Primary carcinoma
Metastases
Leukemic infiltration
Amyloidosis
Inorganic mercury
poisoning
Behcet's syndrome
Diverticulosis/
diverticulitis
Solitary rectal ulcer
syndrome
Nonspecific benign
ulceration of the colon
Drug-induced colitis
Diversion colitis
Postrectal biopsy
Chronic or healing
stage of an ulcerating
colitis
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's colitis
Ischemic colitis
Specific infections
Protozoan
Amebiasis
Schistosomiasis
Bacterial
Bacillary dysentery
Tuberculosis
Gonorrheal proctitis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Fungal
Viral
Anorectal giant condyloma acuminatum
Herpes zoster
Cytomegalovirus
Helminthic
Strongyloidiasis
Radiation injury
Cathartic colon
Caustic colitis
Solitary rectal ulcer
syndrome
Nonspecific benign
ulcer of the colon
Malignant lesions
Primary adenocarcinoma
"Apple-core"
Scirrhous
Metastases
Direct invasion
Intraperitoneal seeding
Hematogenous spread
Lymphangitic spread
Carcinoma developing in an ulcerating colitis
Ulcerative
colitis
Crohn's colitis
Sigmoid carcinoma
after
ureterosigmoidostomy
Kaposi's sarcoma
Carcinoid tumor
Lymphoma
Diverticulitis
Miscellaneous disorders
Pancreatitis
Amyloidosis
Endometriosis
Pelvic lipomatosis
Retractile
mesenteritis
Adhesive bands
Typhlitis
Cystic fibrosis
Narrowing at the site
of surgical anastomosis
Suppositories
Single Filling Defects in the Colon
Neoplastic disorders
Benign
tumors
Hyperplastic polyp
Adenomatous polyp
Hamartoma
Peutz-Jeghers polyp
Juvenile polyp
Villous adenoma
Villoglandular polyp
Spindle cell tumor (lipoma, leiomyoma, fibroma,
neurofibroma, cystic lymphangioma)
Traumatic neuroma
Tumors of intermediate
potential
Carcinoid tumor
Malignant tumors
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Metastases
Lymphoma
Extramedullary plasmacytoma
Inflammatory disorders
Ameboma
Crohn's colitis
Giant inflammatory pseudopolyp
Schistosomiasis (polypoid granuloma)
Tuberculosis
Ascaris /umbricoides (bolus of
worms)
Anisakiasis
Mucormycoma
Periappendiceal abscess
Diverticular abscess
Inverted colonic diverticulum
Nonspecific benign ulceration
Inflammatory fibroid polyp
Foreign-body perforation and abscess
(chicken bone)
Miscellaneous
disorders
Fecal impaction
Endometrioma
Intussusception
Foreign body
Gallstone
Hypertrophied anal papilla
Pseudotumors
Adhesions
Superimposed sacral foramen
Amyloidosis
Suture granuloma
Colitis cystic a profunda
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
Bezoar
Multiple Filling
Defects in the Colon
Neoplasms
Multiple adenomatous
polyps
Intestinal polyposis
syndromes
Familial polyposis
Gardner's syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Turcot's syndrome
Juvenile polyposis
coli
Generalized
gastrointestinal
juvenile polyposis
Cronkhite-Canada
syndrome
Neurocrest and colonic
tumors
Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith
syndrome
Multiple juvenile
polyps
Multiple
adenocarcinomas
Metastases
Lymphoma
Leukemic infiltration
Neurofibromatosis
Lipomatosis
Hemangiomas
Multiple hamartoma
syndrome
(Cowden's disease)
Inflammatory diseases
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's colitis
Ischemic colitis
Amebiasis
Schistosomiasis
Trichuriasis
Strongyloidiasis
Cytomegalovirus colitis
Yersinia colitis
Pseudomembranous colitis
Diversion colitis
Artifacts
Feces
Air bubbles
Oil droplets
Mucous strands
Ingested foreign
bodies
Miscellaneous disorders Hemorrhoids
Diverticula
Pneumatosis
intestinalis
Colitis cystica
profunda
Nodular lymphoid
hyperplasia
Lymphoid follicular
pattern
Cystic fibrosis
Submucosal edema
pattern
Colonic urticaria
Herpes zoster!
Yersinia
Ischemia
Colonic obstruction
Ulcerative
pseudopolyps proximal
to an obstruction
Endometriosis
Malacoplakia
Colonic varices
Amyloidosis
Causes of large Bowel Obstruction
Malignant lesions
Inflammatory
strictures
Diverticulitis
Inflammatory bowel
disease
Infectious
granulomatous disease
Parasitic disease
Ischemia
Extrinsic bowel lesions
Volvulus
Hernias
Neoplasms/abscesses/distended
bladder
Endometriosis
Fecal impaction
Intussusception
Aganglionosis of the
colon (Hirschsprung's disease)
Imperforate anus
Meconium plug syndrome
Adhesions
Retractile
mesenteritis
Bezoar
Colonic pseudo-obstruction
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's colitis
Ischemic colitis
Amebic colitis
Bacillary dysentery
Typhoid fever
Cholera
Strongyloidiasis
Campylobacter colitis
Pseudomembranous
colitis
Behcet's syndrome
Ischemic
colitis
Occlusive vascular disease
Hemorrhage into the bowel wall (bleeding
diathesis, anticoagulants)
Traumatic intramural hematoma
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's colitis
Infectious colitis
Amebiasis
Schistosomiasis
Strongyloidiasis
Anisakiasis
Cytomegalovirus
Pseudomembranous
colitis
Malignant lesions
Lymphoma
Metastases
Endometriosis
Amyloidosis
Pneumatosis
intestinalis
Diverticulosis/
diverticulitis
Hereditary
angioneurotic edema
Typhlitis
Retractile
mesenteritis
Hemolytic-uremic
syndrome
Double Tracking in the
Sigmoid Colon
Diverticulitis
Crohn’s Disease
Carcinoma of the colon
Enlargement of the
Retrorectal Space
Normal variant
Inflammatory
conditions
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
Infectious proctitis
Tuberculosis
Amebiasis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Radiation proctitis
Ischemic colitis
Presacral abscess
Diverticulitis
Perforated appendix
Idiopathic proctosigmoiditis
Tumors
Developmental cysts
Dermoid cyst
Duplication cyst
Postanal
(tail gut) cyst
Lipoma and
hemangioendothelioma
Primary rectal tumors
Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Cloacogenic carcinoma
Secondary rectal tumors (contiguous
spread)
Prostate
Bladder
Ovary
Uterus
Neurogenic tumors
Chordoma
Neurofibroma
Schwannoma
Primary sacral tumors
Osteogenic sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Giant cell tumor
Metastases to the
sacrum
Teratoma
Anterior sacral
meningocele
Multiple myeloma and
solitary plasmacytoma
Miscellaneous lesions
Inguinal hernias containing segments of colon
Amyloidosis
Pelvic lipomatosis
Cushing's disease
Inferior vena cava obstruction
Postsurgical lesions (partial sigmoid resection)
Fracture of the sacrum
Colitis cystica profunda
Filling
Defects in an Opacified Gallbladder
Movable filling defects
Gallstones
Fixed filling defects
Cholesterolosis
Adenomyomatosis
Gallstone adherent to
the gallbladder wall Inflammatory polyp
Mucosal adenoma
Glandular adenoma
(adenomatous polyp)
Papillary adenoma
(villous adenoma, papilloma)
Fibroadenoma
Cystadenoma
Unusual benign tumors
Neurinoma
Carcinoid
Hemangioma
Mixed tumor
Malignant tumors
Carcinoma of the
gallbladder
Leiomyosarcoma
Metastases
Parasite granuloma
Metachromatic
leukodystrophy
Fibroxanthogranulomatous
inflammation
Intramural epithelial
cyst
Pseudopolyps
Pseudodefect in the
neck of the gallbladder
Congenital fold,
septum, or multiseptate
gallbladder
Heterotopic gastric or
pancreatic tissue
Postoperative defect
of the gallbladder wall
Vascular lesion
(varices, arterial
tortuosity or aneurysm)
Filling Defects in the Bile
Ducts
Biliary calculi
Mirizzi's syndrome
Artifacts (pseudocalculi)
Contraction of the
sphincter of Oddi
Air bubble
Blood clot
Right hepatic artery
Bile duct varices
Neoplasms
Malignant tumors
Cholangiocarcinoma
Ampullary carcinoma
Hepatoma
Villous adenoma
Metastases
Sarcoma botryoides
Tumor-induced
mucus/floating
tumor debris
Benign tumors
Adenoma
Papilloma
Fibroma
Lipoma
Neuroma
Cystadenoma
Hamartoma
Carcinoid
Parasites
Clonorchis sinensis
Ascaris
/umbricoides
Fasciola hepatica
Echinococcus
Oriental
cholangiohepatitis
Bile Duct Narrowing and Obstruction
Neoplastic lesions
Malignant
tumors
Carcinoma
of the common bile duct
(cholangiocarcinoma)
Ampullary carcinoma
Carcinoma of the pancreas
Carcinoma of the duodenum
Carcinoma of the gallbladder
Hepatoma
Metastases to lymph nodes in the
porta hepatis
Lymphoma
Villous tumor
Tumor-induced mucus/floating
tumor debris
Benign tumors
Papilloma
Adenoma
Neurinoma of the
cystic duct Granular cell tumor
Fibroma
Leiomyoma
Cystadenoma
Inflammatory disorders
Primary sclerosing
cholangitis
Oriental
cholangiohepatitis
Cholangiolitic
hepatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis
Duodenal ulcer disease
Papillary stenosis
Parasites
Ascaris
/umbricoides
Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciola hepatica
Echinococcus
granulosis
Amebiasis
Schistosomiasis
AIDS-related
cholangitis
Granulomatous disease in adjacent lymph nodes
Tuberculosis
Sarcoidosis
Bile duct calculi
Impacted stone in ampulla of Vater
Papillary edema secondary to recent passage
of biliary stone
Mirizzi's syndrome
Traumatic stricture
Congenital/neonatal
anomalies
Biliary atresia/hypoplasia
Congenital membranous
diaphragm
Duodenal diverticulum
Vascular impressions
Calcified portal vein
Aortic aneurysm
Hepatic cysts (simple, polycystic)
Cirrhosis
Cystic
Dilatation of the Bile Ducts
General bile duct dilatation (see Chapter 59)
Dilation of
extrahepatic bile ducts
Choledochal cyst
Choledochocele
Hepatic duct diverticulum
Dilation of
intrahepatic bile ducts
Congenital
anomalies
Caroli's
disease
Congenital
hepatic fibrosis
Neoplastic
disease
Papillomatosis
Epithelioma
Choledocholithiasis
Western
type
Oriental
type
Cholangitis
Oriental
cholangiohepatitis (recurrent pyogenic
cholangitis)
Secondary involvement
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
Parasites (hydatid cysts, Clonorchis sinensis,
Ascaris lumbricoides)
Liver infarcts after transcatheter embolization
of hepatic artery branches
Enlargement of the Papilla of Vater
Normal variant
Papillary edema
Impacted common duct stone
Pancreatitis
Acute duodenal ulcer
Periampullary
neoplasms
Carcinoma
Adenomatous polyp
Papillitis
Lesions simulating enlarged papilla
Benign
spindle cell tumor
Ectopic
pancreas
Gas in the Biliary System (Pancreaticobiliary Reflux)
Surgery
Sphincterotomy
Biliary-intestinal
anastomosis
Choledochoduodenostomy
Cholecystoduodenostomy
Cholecystojejunostomy
Inflammatory diseases
Cholecystitis .
Recently passed common
duct stone
Perforated ulcer
Pancreatitis
Diseases associated
with chronic scarring
Crohn's disease
Strongyloidiasis
Clonorchis sinensis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Neoplastic
infiltration
Primary
carcinoma of the ampulla,
duodenum,
or pancreas
Metastatic malignancy
Emphysematous
cholecystitis
Anomalous insertion of
common bile duct into a
duodenal diverticulum
Pseudopneumobilia
Childhood disorders
Necrotizing
enterocolitis
Neonatal
gastroenteritis
Erythroblastosis
fetalis
Surgery for congenital
intestinal
obstruction
Esophageal atresia
Duodenal atresia
Imperforate anus
Umbilical
venous catheterization
Adult disorders
Mesenteric
arterial occlusion and bowel
infarction
Diabetes
mellitus
Mesenteric
vein thrombosis secondary to
peritonitis
Hemorrhagic
pancreatitis
Diverticulitis
Pelvic abscess
Perforated gastric
ulcer
Necrotic colon cancer
Ingestion of corrosive
substances
Hydrogen peroxide
gastric lavage Emphysematous cholecystitis
Barium enema or
colonoscopy in a patient with
inflammatory
bowel disease (ulcerative or
Crohn's colitis)
Overinflation of
rectal balloon catheter
Gastric emphysema
Cystic fibrosis