Kevin Putnam
Mr. Haskell
Period 3
Final Exam Study Guide
UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS / notes
*National debt - The national Debt is so big that if you lined the
money down and drove to the end it would circle the earth 7 times, and will get
even bigger.
*AIDS- (acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) originated in
Affect - An infection occurs about every 14 minutes and it is the
leading cause of death for males, ages 25-35. About 136,000 people have aids in
the
*N. Ireland - In the history of
*IRA – Radical Protestant Group called the Orange Order.
The problem defined -
Tension between groups. Catholics, Protestants and Terrorism were main points
of tension.
RISE OF DEMOCRATIC IDEAS/ ch.
5-6
*oligarchy - Government in
which ruling power belongs to a few people
*democracy – Government in which the people hold ruling power
*geography of
*Greek theater - First theatre plays formed from religious festivals. The
theatres were outdoors carved into a cliff or the side of a hill with hardly
any scenery.
*Alexander's greatest achievement - Alexander’s first victory was
against the Persians at Granicus river. Later he took
over
*center of the Hellenistic world- where? - Political turmoil in
the Hellenistic world led to the rise of new schools of philosophy. They also
became advanced in the study of math and science.
*Pericles – Believed that all
man, regardless of class should be apart of the government.
*Darius – A Persian Emperor who ruled from 522 – 486 BC. He
set up a government that became a model for later rulers.
*Alexander – Alexander of Russia resigned from the continental
system in 1812.
*Athen's golden age –
*Spartan boys – trained at a young age to become fierce warriors
able to fight and defend
*Persian Wars – The Persians conquered an empire from
*Trojan Wars – in 1250 BC the Mycenaeans
are best remembered for their role in the Trojan war. Trojans piled into the
“Trojan Horse” and were wheeled into
*Peloponnesian War –
*Paul – Paul was a Jew who helped spread Christianity. He had
never met Jesus but had a vision of him in a dream.
*
*Virgil – A poet who wrote the epic poem called the Aeneid. He tried
to show that
*Augustus – Octavian Augustus was declared princes or first
citizen. Augustus created an efficient well-trained civil service charged with
enforcing the laws.
*Odoacer - Odoacer
was a Germanic leader created the fall of
*Jesus – A savior who was born from the virgin Mary. He was a
savior sent by God.
*
*Ptolemy - Astronomer and mathematicianwho
proposed the theory that the earth was the center of the universe. This idea
was believed in the western world for over 1,500 years.
*Copernicus - A Polish scholar who published the book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
and in this works, he proposed the heliocentric model of our universe. This
model showed the sun at the center of our universe and the earth revolving
around it something no one else had though of. *Virgil -
*Roman landholding upper class - or a high class citizen of
*martyr – A martyr is a person who dies for his/her beliefs. Many
Christians were killed because the Roman Leaders at the time were scared of the
loss of power.
*messiah – A savior sent by god. Jews believed a messiah would
soon lead them to freedom.
*mercenary – A Mercenary is a foreign soldiers working for pay.
Rom hired many German Mercenaries to defend the borders.
*totalitarian - Totalitarianism is the highest form of dictatorship.
This was the type of government in
*communist – Communism is when the government handles all economic
problems. Everyone is equal in this system
*republic – a republic was a new type of government of the people.
This was believed to keep a king or person from gaining too much power.
*basic unit of the Roman army – a unit of the Roman army was made
up of about 5,000 men. The legion men were brought up to value loyalty and
courage.
MIDDLE AGES/ Ch. 8-9
*peasants – Peasants were normally poorer people who usually were
serfs in manors. The Serfs were better treated than the slaves were but
didn’t have the freedom of the freeman.
*knights - Mounted warrior. Nobles trained to become knights to fight
for the king of their Empire.
*fief – a Fief was a type of estate. Many Vassals were granted
fiefs by the lords.
*serf – Serfs
were Peasants in a manor. Serfs were not free nor were they slaves. They had
some privileges.
*vassal – the Vassals
were the lesser lords. Vassals pledged loyalty and service to higher, greater
lords
*Lord - People who were under the monarchs in the Feudal system, but
above the lesser lords, knights and peasants.
*charter – a charter was a written document that set out the
rights and privileges of the town. Charters were set by the king to protect
interests
*bill of rights – The Bill of Rights was a document that listed
all of the rights for man.
*Church reform - why? - The Clergy lived richly, Married priests devoted
their time to their families instead of to the Church duties. This led to
corruption and moral decay which later led to these demands.
*most important economic activity in medieval town - The most important economic
activities were trading and Farming.
*lending money at interest - During the Middle ages religious people
believed that money bankers and merchants made from usury was
wrong.
*Battle of Tours - In 732, a Muslim army was defeated by Frankish
warriors led by Charles Martel. Christians took the victory as a sign from god
telling them he was on their side.
*causes that united
Charlemagne's empire -
*Cluniac reforms - the idea that the
monastery needed to have people who devoted their lives to religious pursuits
instead of letting the nobles interfere with the monastery was an idea Abbot Berno came up with. This Reform spread throughout Western
Europe.
*three field system – a system in which the monarchs are the top.
Next come the lords, then the lesser lords, the knights and at the bottom, the
peasants.
*clergy – the clergy is the body of people ordained for the
religious services.
*merchant guilds - These associations of merchants were called guilds.
In some places, guilds rivaled and had riots and revolts.
*nobles - Nobles trained to become knights, or fierce warriors of their
Empire
*Magna Carta –importance – The
Magna Carta was a great charter. This document gave a
long list of feudal rights.
*Concordat of Worms - the treaty that finally ended the 50 year
struggle. It said that popes could be elected by the church and they could have
spiritual authority.
*Goal of the Crusades - The crusades or holy war, was started by Philip
II. This crusade was against the Albigensians in
southern France. Later, the crusaders divided up the captured lands into four
small states.
*Viking name for Lightning warfare - This was Leif Erikson.
He was the son of Erik the Red
*result of plague in Europe – The plagued destroyed over 1/3 of
the population. Italy, Germany, etc were a few of the most greatly affected
during this time.
*Reconquista -
the Reconquista was a second Conquest.
*result of the Crusades - The crusades or holy war, was started by Philip II. This crusade
was against the Albigensians in southern France.
Later, the crusaders divided up the captured lands
*early jury system- when - a jury is a group of men sworn to speak the
truth. These first early juries determined which cases should be brought to a
trial. This started what are juries are today.
RENAISSANCE, REFORMATION, ENLIGHTENMENT/ Ch. 14 &
18
*development of printing- effects - audiences participated in reading
literature during the Renaissance. The breakthrough in technology allowed for
the inventing of the Printing Press. The Printing revolution changed
everything. Books were easier to print and were now a lot cheaper than ever before.
*Copernicus - A Polish scholar who published the book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
and in this works, he proposed the heliocentric model of our universe. This
model showed the sun at the center of our universe and the earth revolving around
it something no one else had though of.
*Newton - An English student at Cambridge University named Isaac Newton
who came up with the theory of gravity when sitting in his garden and noticed
an apple fall from his tree.
*causes of the Renaissance - The Renaissance started in Italy then
spread north throughout Europe. It was a rebirth, a reawakening. Architecutral remains, antique statues, coins and
inscriptions were reminders to the Italians the “glory that was
Rome”
*Luther - Martin Luther was a professor of theology and a German monk.
Luther had his teachings which proposed several beliefs. One of his beliefs was
that salvation could be achieved by faith while rejecting the churches ideas of
doing good deeds for salvation
*Scientific method – Method scientists use when experimenting with
something.
*Calvin - An important reformer to follow Martin Luther’s
protestant reformation. He preached predestination, or the belief that god had
long ago determined who would gain salvation.
*Erasmus – Erasmus was a Dutch Renaissance scholar and Roman
Catholic theologian who sought to revive classical texts from antiquity,
restore simple Christian faith based on Scripture, and eradicate the
improprieties of the medieval Church
*Montesquieu – Montesquieu was the author of two famous novels,
and an influential thinker during his time
*Cause of Britain's global power/ 1700s – Britain’s Global
power was partly because of Britain’s strong military and because of
their technological power.
*Adam Smith - Adam Smith was a British economist who admired the physiocrats. His work, The
Wealth of Nations, he discusses the free market, or the natural forces of
supply and demand, should be allowed to operate and regulate business.
*John Locke - John
Locke was also an English thinker in the 1600s whom was like Thomas Hobbes. His
optimistic view said that people have natural rights that belonged to them from
birth.
*Thomas Hobbes - An
English thinker in the 1600s who came up with ideas like a fellow English
thinker, John Lock, to the key of Enlightenment. Thomas Hobbes entered a social
contract, or an agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an
organized society, to get away from the British life.
*"No taxation without representation" - This is the right to
tax Americans without them having a say or word in it.
*Age of Reason - An era in which rationalism prevails, especially the
period of the Enlightenment in England, France, and the United States
*Joseph II – Joseph II was the Emperor of Hapsburg who was the son
of Maria Theresa. He traveled to help people with their problems by being in
disguise so they would not know who he was.
*absolute monarch - This is a ruler that has complete power which
includes government and people.
*divine rule - This is the belief that a persons authority comes from
God
*cabinet – The cabinet is a group of elected officials who are
elected by a leader to help them rule.
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS/ Ch. 19& 23
*suffrage - Suffrage, or the right to vote, was extended from only
property owners to all of the citizens
*abdicate - to step down from power. The victors exiled Napoleon to Elba
island in the Mediterranean after he abdicated
*Robespierre – Robespierre helped lead counter revolutionaries and
promoted religious tolerance
*von Metternich - Clemens wanted to restore Status quo. He pushed to create the concert of Europe
*nationalism - aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to ones
country. Nationalism spread though out France when monarchs centralized power,
loyalty shifted to the king or queen
*Napoleon - Born on island of Corsica owned by the French. Napoleon was
a minor noble who trained to be in the military. He later trained to become a
lieutenant during the revolution.
*Louis XVI - summoned the Estates General to meet at Versailles in May.
He is responsible of the making of the three Estates
*First, Second and Third Estates - The third estate was made up of the
middle class which consisted of prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufactures
who helped to support the economy of France.
*Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen – This
Declaration is similar to the United States Declaration of independence which
provides each citizens’ freedom
*Napoleonic Code – this code embodied the Enlightenment
principles, i.e. as the equality of all citizens before law, religious
toleration, and advancement based on merit.
*cause of Napoleon's downfall - There was a new alliance between Russia,
Britain, Austria, and Austria against a weakened France. His enemy closed in on
him and he stepped down from his power.
*Reign of Terror - More than 250,000 people were killed in the Reign of
Terror. The guillotine executed many.
*Otto von Bismarck - William I chancellor. William and Otto was the head
of Germany.
*revolution of 1905 – during this revolution, workers overthrew
local governments while peasants revolted and demanded land. All the strikes
happened after Bloody Sunday.
*William II – William II was very confident of his abilities and
wished to place his own mark on Germany.
*threat to the Hapsburg Empire - The Hapsburgs were thought to have
threatened Nationalism. Nationalism was slowly destroyed because of Francis
Joseph’s belief of it being time for a change in the government.
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION / Ch. 20-22
*Enclosure – Enclosure is the process is taking over and fencing
off land shared by peasant farmers. During the 1500s, landowners had enclosed
land to gain pastures for sheep and increased wool for profit.
*utilitarianism - The idea of utilitarianism is that the goal of society
should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of its citizens.
Jeremy Bentham, in 1800, was the first to preach this.
*factory movement – The Facory movement
brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods. This
changed the way people worked by replacing people who worked day and night in
factories with machines that were run by running water, windmills, or coal with
machines.
*urbanization – The process of urbanization is a movement of
people into cities. During the Industrial Revolution, urbanization was rapid
because factories
*founder of Methodist Church – The founder of Methodist Church was
a man named John Wesley. Wesley stressed the need for a personal sense of
faith.
* term for "working class" – The term for the “working
class” was proletariat. Karl Marx said that the proletariats were the “have-nots”
and the bourgeoisie were the “haves”.
*inventor who improved the steam engine -
*which group most benefited from Ind. Rev. - The High middle class
benefited most from the Industrial Revolution. They were the ones who invested
in factories and made lots of money.
*how factory system changed workers' lives - Factories work conditions
were harsh. Workers had to endure this horrible work place. Many of them were
injured or killed. Small children and women were sometimes forced to work in
these harsh conditioned factories.
*laissez faire economics - Adam Smith believed that a free
market-the unregulated exchange of goods and services-would eventually help
everyone, not just the rich. Laissez-faire economics was a system of government
“hands-off” of economics
*ethnocentrism - Ethnocentrism is belief that one's own ethnic group is
the best.
*racism - the belief that one racial group is superior to another. In
the late 1800s, many thought that the white race was supreme to all others.
*assembly line – Assembly lines were formed so workers could
easily add parts to a project that move along a conveyor belt to the next
station. This made production fast and cheaper, which lowered the prices of
goods.
*corporation - businesses owned by investors who own lots of stock. They
allowed businesses to expand depending on the amount of capital they made.
*survival of the fittest/ in war or industry -
*right to vote (term) – Suffrage is the term for the right to
vote. Woman gained this right.
*Middle class – This new class was the largest class. These were
the people who worked in factories for small wages and even children worked the
same for less money in return
*peasants - The lowest poorest class were the peasants. They were now little
in number because of the large growing middle class. Peasants earned little
money for their work in the factories
*nobility - the upper more wealthy class that was little in number
because of the large middle class was nobility.
*romanticism/ painting – this was a period that lasted from about
1750 to 1850 and shaped western literature and arts. Things like strong
emotions were expressed during this time.
*Alfred Nobel – Alfred Nobel, a scientist, created the Nobel Priez award.
*Joseph Lister - An English surgeon who
discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. He had his surgeons wash their
hands and use sterilized equipment, which reduced the rate of infections.
*Charles Darwin – Charles Darwin was a British nationalist who believed
that all life forms have evolved from one primitive species.
*women's suffrage movement - Many groups claimed that women should be
allowed to vote. There were still many groups against this idea. Many places
outside of Europe were allowing women to vote.
IMPERIALISM/
Ch. 25-26
*destruction of a religious or ethnic group (term) – The term used
to describe the destruction of a religious or ethnic group is called Genocide.
*spheres of influence – the sphere of influence was a form of
western control like when a larger country influences a smaller neighboring
country
*protectorate – A protectorate is the relationship of protection
and partial control assumed by a superior power over a dependent country or
region.
*imperialist – an Imperialist is one who extends a nation's
authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and
political hegemony over other nations.
*justification for imperialism - There is no real justification. It is
in the other countries best interest though because they bring new medical
techniques and military
*Ethiopia's resistance to Europe – The Ethiopians hired Europeans
to train their armies. They were ready for the invaders and protected Ethiopia.
*decline of the Ottoman empire - the ottoman empire stretched across the
Middle East; France and Britain spread their influence over the empire
*Sepoy rebellion - Indians rebelled
when they were given bullets that had pig and cow fat on them. It was against
their beliefs for this.
*Indian National Congress – The Indian National Congress was a
congress that was made of professionals and business leaders who believed in peacful protest to gain their ends.
*How Industrial Rev. encouraged imperialism – the industrial
revolution help spark the idea for new machines which then spread the ideas.
*Europe's main interest in China was? - Opening up trading ports in
China was Europe’s main Concern
*Britain and Russia's desire to control Iran – Britain and Russia
mainly wanted the oil supply that Iran sits upon.
*Monroe Doctrine – This doctrine was an American foreign policy
opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.
*James Monroe – James Monroe was the fifth president of the United
States. He is the one who issued the Monroe Doctrine.
*Matthew Perry – Matthew Perry sailed to Japan with a letter from
the President of the United States which demanded that Japan open its ports for
trade.
*James Cook – James Cook was a British navigator and explorer. He
commanded three major voyages where he named many of the islands in the Pacific
Ocean. He also sailed along the coast of North America north to the Bering
Strait.
*Benito Juarez - In 1855, he and other liberals seized power. Juarez offered
hope to the oppressed people of Mexico.
*Japan controlled _____? - Japan controlled Korea. They used it for the
natural resources it possesed
*Queen Liliuokalani - Queen Liliuokalani
was the Hawaiian queen who tried to reduce foreign influence. In 1893, America overthrew
her.
*Political consequences of imperialism – A consequence of Imperialism
is that it caused more tension.
*British N. America Act – This act was passed in the year 1867.
This united Canada into its own self governing nation.
*US intervention in Latin America in early 1900s - The U.S. wanted to
keep Latin America open for trade so they could still gain trade from Latin
America.
*Australia and New Zealand independence – Austrailia
and New Zealand were discovered by James Cook. By 1901 Australia gained
independence and six years later, New Zealand gained it’s independence
*profits from global economy went where? – most of these profits
from global economy went to the U.N.
*imperialist Cecil Rhodes – Cecil Rhodes traveled to 60 different
countries to spread the ideas of imperialism.