Kevin Putnam

Per. 3, Haskell

Dec. 8, 2003

Ch. 21 Outline

1. An age of Ideologies
1. Preserving the Old Order

                                                               i.      Ideologies- systems of thought and belief

                                                             ii.      The conservatives in the United states today are much different from conservatives in 1815

                                                            iii.      They believed that talk about natural rights and constitutional government could lead only to chaos like in France.

2. The Liberal Challenge

                                                               i.      The liberals in the 1800s started to embrace the enlightenment ideas.

                                                             ii.      Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers

                                                            iii.      The principle of universal manhood suffrage gave all adult men the right to vote.

3. Nationalist stirrings

                                                               i.      European rulers exchanged land and as a result, Europe gained many empires

                                                             ii.      Serbs achieved autonomy, or self-rule.

                                                            iii.      1812 the Greeks revolted and gained sympathy in the west. After they gained independence

4. Challenges to the Old Order

                                                               i.      Challenges to Viena during the 1820’s corrupted

                                                             ii.      A French army wanted Spain to revolt. They marched in to demand one.

                                                            iii.      During the 1800s, social reformers and agitators were urging workers to support socialism or some other way of reorganizing property ownership.

2. To the Barricades
1. France after the Restoration

                                                               i.      Louis XVIII issued a constitution after the congress of Vienna restored him.

                                                             ii.      Brother to Louis XVIII, Charles X, an absolutist, took throne in 1824 after he died

                                                            iii.      Louis Philippe was known as the citizen king because he owed the throne to the people.

2. The French revolution of 1848

                                                               i.      Utopian socialists wanted  to end private property ownership

                                                             ii.      Liberals called for expanded suffrage after Louis Philippe’s government corruption.

                                                            iii.      In 1848, during the February Days, streets of Europe were blocked off.

3. Europe Catches Cold

                                                               i.      Between 1830, and 1848, uprisings in Europe were inspired by the revolts in Paris.

                                                             ii.      In 1815, the Congress of Vienna had united the Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch King.

                                                            iii.      Russia, Prussia, and Austria divided up Poland were divided up during the 1700s.

4. The Springtime of the Peoples

                                                               i.      In 1848, revolts in Paris, once again, influenced the rest of Europe.

                                                             ii.      Revolts broke out in Austria because of the Vienna

                                                            iii.      Turmoil in the German states were caused by university students demanding national unity and liberal reforms

5. Looking Ahead

                                                               i.      By 1850, the rebellions had died down

                                                             ii.      By the mid century,  Metternich left the European scene

                                                            iii.      Workers would campaign for reforms through unions and the ballot box.

3. Latin American Wars of Independence
1. Climate of Discontent

                                                               i.      1700s, revolutionary fever spread to Latin America

                                                             ii.      Spanish born peninsulares dominated Latin American political and social life

                                                            iii.       In the 1700s, women actively participated in the exchange of ideas.

2. Haiti’s Struggle

                                                               i.      In Latin America, revolution had erupted before the Spanish colonists hoisted the flag of freedom.

                                                             ii.      1790s, revolutionaries in France were debating ways to end slavery in the West Indies.

                                                            iii.      Haitians would fight fro freedom and pave the way for throwing off French rule

3. Toussaint L’Ouverture

                                                               i.      He was born into slavery in Haiti

                                                             ii.      He was the son of a noble in a west African family

                                                            iii.      He was a brilliant general.

4. A call to Freedom in Mexico

                                                               i.      Slave revolt frightened many in Latin America

                                                             ii.      Poor Mexicans rallied to Father Hidalgo

                                                            iii.      The rebels faced growing opposition after early success

5. New Republics in Central America

                                                               i.      In early 1820s, some Spanish ruled lands in Central America declared independence

                                                             ii.      Iturbide tried to add these areas to the empire he ruled

                                                            iii.      The union split into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.

6. Revolutions in South America

                                                               i.      Native Americans in south America had rebelled against Spanish rule.

                                                             ii.      A challenge by Native Americas was led by Tupac Amaru who claimed descent from the Incan royal Family.

                                                            iii.      In 1808, when Napoleon occupied Spain, Bolívar  and his friends saw it as a signal to act

7. Independence for Brazil

                                                               i.      Brazil’s independence was won without any military campaigns or revolutions

                                                             ii.      When Napolions armies conquered Portugal the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil.

                                                               i.      In 1822, Pedro followed his fathers adcide and became emperor of an independent Brazil.