Kevin Putnam
Per. 2, Haskell
１) Chapter 20
a) Dawn of the Industrial Revolution
(1) A turning point in History
(a) In 1750, most people worked using simple handmade tools.
(b) Everything was simple, they lived in simple houses.
(c) Great changes occurred in tools, medicines, inventions, etc.
(2) A New Agricultural Revolution
(a) There were improved methods of farming.
(b) In the 1700s, Dutch experiments were expanded on by British Farmers
(c) Enclosure, the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
(3) The population Explosion
(a) Agricultural revolution started a rapid growth of population
(b) In the 1700s there was a population boom. Birthrates were increasing and death rates were falling.
(c)
(4) An Energy Revolution
(a) The energy revolution also contributed to the industrial revolution.
(b) Giant water wheels powered machines.
(c) The steam engine was developed in 1769 by Thomas Newcomen and improved by James Watt.
b)
(1)
Why
(a)
The industrial began in
(b)
(c) The growth of British industry was partially influenced by religious attitudes.
(2) The Age of Iron and Coal
(a) New technologies in the iron industry were key to the Industrial Revolution
(b)
(c) Abraham Darby produced better quality and cheaper iron
(3) Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
(a)
Imported from
(b) Inventions of the 1700s include: water wheel to make power, weaver spinners (spinning jenny), flying shuttle, etc
(c) Machines were very large and were put in to factories
(4) Revolution in Transportation
(a) Factories supplied the industry with faster production and more income
(b) Turnpikes- privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them
(c) Invention of the steam locomotive was the great invention of this time for transportation on land.
(5) Looking Ahead
(a) Industrial revolution triggered chain reaction
(b) Inventors produced machines to produce large quantities of goods more efficiently
(c) The industrial revolution changed the ways of life.
c) Hardships of Early Industrial Life
(1)
The New
(a) Urbanization- a movement of people to cities
(b) New cities formed around the ones with the factories
(c) Populations doubled in these cities and areas.
(2) The Factory System
(a) Farm work, in the past, differed greatly from the new, modern factory system
(b) Women made up much of the new industrial working class.
(c) Boys and girls were hired by many factories and mine
(3) Patience Kershaw’s Life Underground
(a) Child labor was exposed in the 1830’s after British lawmakers looked into abuses in factories and mines
(b) Children died and some were stunted in growth. The government noticed these abuses.
(c) Kershaw herself worked in the mines. Her job was to push carts of mined goods up and out of the mines
(4) The Working Class
(a) Methodism was spread throughout the working class people.
(b) Protests caused people to break and burn machines because of “labor-saving”
(c) A community of their own was formed.
(5) The New Middle Class
(a) Entrepreneurs were ones who benefited most from the industrial revolution.
(b) Women of the middle class wanted to become more “lady like”
(c) They wanted to get ahead, the valued hard work and determination.
(6) Benefits and Problems
(a) Blessing or curse, the industrial revolution is being debated even today
(b) Unions won the right to bargain with employers for better wages and hours.
(c) Even today, industrialization is spreading.
d) New Ways of Thinking
(1) Laissez-Faire Economics
(a) Physiocrats argued that natural laws should be allowed to operate without interface
(b) Adam smith was the prophet of laissez-faire
(c) Thomas Malthus’s writings on population shaped economic thinking for generations
(2) The Utilitarians
(a) Ulitarianism- idea that the society is the greatest happiness for the greatest number
(b) John Stuart Mill argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain
(c) This idea was rejected by most middle class.
(3) Emergence of Socialism
(a) A solution to poverty and injustice was socialism
(b) Socialism grew out of Enlightenment
(c) Robert owne was a poor Welsh boy who became a successful mill owner.
(4) The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx
(a) Karl Marx, a German Philosopher condemned the ideas of the utopians as unrealistic idealism.
(b) Proletariat was the working class
(c) Marxixm ideas were based on scientific laws.