Kevin Putnam

Per. 3, Haskell

Industrial Revolution Study Guide

Ch. 20, 21, and 22

Ch. 20

• enclosure – Rich land owners pushed ahead with enclosures. Enclosure is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
• factories (How they worked)- First factory workers were spinners and weavers. People and machines were used to produce large amounts of goods and produce.
• turnpike – Capitalists invested in the turnpikes, or privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them.
• urbanization – The industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization, or a movement of people to cities.
• Utilitarianism - Jeremy Bentham preached utilitarianism. It was the idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness fo the greatest number of its citizens.  
• Socialism -  socialism was brought into place to end poverty and injustice. The people were a whole, not individual to operate the means of production.
• communism – a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable.
• proletariot – the working class. “Haves” were the middle class and the “Have nots” were the proletariat.
• Michael Faraday – Created the Dynamo, an electric generator that worked by rotating a cil of wire between the poles of a magnet, which created electric current.
• John Wesley – Leader of a religious revival and founder of the Methodist Church.
• Karl Marx – A social philosopher and revolutionary. He said history was a struggle between the class that would end with the victory of the working class.
• Thomas Malthus – In England, he saw the effects of the population explosion.
• John Stuart Mill – a Chief follower of Bentham who argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.

·        James Watt – Improved the version of the steam engine, it used coal instead of water.

• Abraham Darby – He began to use coal instead of wood for smelting iron. Then he improved the impurities of the coal.
• David Ricardo – an influential British economist who agreed with Malthus that the poor had too many children.
• Jeremy Bentham - Bentham preached utilitarianism. He thought las or actions should be judged by their “utility”
• Robert Owen – a poor Welsh boy who became a successful mill owner, he refused child labor.
• Britain's population growth (why did it happen?)- Inclining birthrates as death rates decreased. People were becoming more healthy because of the agricultural revolution.
• Importance of coal to Industrialization- it helped the industrial revolution by helping to revise old inventions into new and improved ones.
• Agricultural Revolution- There were improved methods of farming along with the enclosure movement.
• textile industry – in the 1600s cotton cloth imported from India had become increasingly popular. British tried to organize a cotton cloth industry at home.
• laissez faire economics (Adam Smith)-  Adam Smith was the prophet of Laissez-Faire. He believed that the free market would help everyone, not just the rich.

 

Ch. 21

• Ideology – Ideologies or systems of thought and belief plunged Europe into a period of tension that lasted for over 30 years.
• Universal manhood suffrage – this gave all adult men the right to vote. Women were not allowed to vote because of this.
• Autonomy – autonomy is the self-rule within the Ottoman Empire. The serbs achieved autonomy.
• el Grito de Dolores – he summoned people to prayer and gave a speech known as El Grito de Dolores.
• February Days -   In 1848, during the February Days, streets of Europe were blocked off.
• Frankfurt Assembly – in Germany the delegates met in the Frankfurt Assembly.
• Simon Bolivar – a Creole who was sent to Europe to complete his education. He became a strong admirer of the ideals of the French Revolution
• Miguel Hidalgo – Miguel Hidalgo gave the speech of El Grito De Dolores
• Louis Kossuth – he led Hungarian nationalists in Budapest and he demanded an independent government.
• Tupac Amaru -  In the year 1780, Tupac Amaru organized a revolt to end brutal government.
• Louis XVIII – Louis died in 1824, then his brother Charles X inherited his throne.
• John Stuart Mill - – a Chief follower of Bentham who argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain
• Toussaint L' Ouverture – a self educated former slave led Haitians in a revolt against French rule.
• Louis Napoleon – Napoleon Bonaparts nephew who dominated in the presidential elections. He proclaimed himself emperor.
• Louis Philippe – he was called the “citizen king” because he owed his throne to the people.
• Clemens Von Metternich  -  he fled in disguise as a result of the rising workers.
• Pedro – Brazilian king’s son, Dom Pedro was left to rule Brazil. He then became Emperor of independent Brazil.
• Revolts in Austrian empire – In 1830, revolutions in France sparked uprisings throughout Europe. Most Rebellions were quickly crushed.  
• goals of nationalists- European rulers exchanged lands and regions. The empires had many nationalities.
• conservative ideology in Europe- turmoil in Europe lasted for over 30 years after the clash of people with opposing ideologies.

 

Ch. 22

• Interchangeable parts – Identical components that could be used in place of one another. This improved the efficiency of most products.
• Assembly line – Manufacturers introduced a new method of production called the assembly line where workers add parts to a product that moves along a conveyer belt.
• Corporation – Businesses formed corporations, or businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.
• Cartel – groups of large corporations formed cartels or an association to fix prices,  set production quotas or divide up markets.
• Women’s suffrage – votes for women. Women were finally gained the right to vote.
• Racism – Racism was encouraged by Social Darwinism. Racism is the belief that one racial group is superior to another.
• Social gospel – Christians were urged to social gospel, or to a social service.
• Romanticism – a movement called Romanticism, shaped western literature and arts.
• realism – an attempt to represent the world without the sentiment associated with romanticism.
• impressionism – a movement known as impressionism took root in Paris.
• Social Darwinism – Social Darwinism encouraged racism. It applied ideas of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition.
• Darwin- a British nationalist who came up with the idea of Social Darwinism.
• Joseph Lister – an English surgeon  who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection.
• factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers)- the factory life was harsh. People were worked long hours in extreme conditions.