Kevin Putnam

Per. 3, Haskell

Oct. 22, 2003

Ch. 14 Outline

Renaissance in Italy

What was the renaissance

i. The renaissance was a time of creativity and changes.

ii. Latin was the language of the educated people and of the church.

iii. Caused new attitudes toward learning, and culture.

Italian beginnings

i. Renaissance started in Italy, 1300’s

ii. Italy was the center of ancient Roman History

iii. Medeci organized banking businesses that expanded into wool manufacturing and mining.

Humanism

i. The renaissance was known as Humanism, or the study of classical culture.

ii. The scholars tried to use the knowledge of ancients to increase their understanding of their own times

iii. Petrarch wrote literature like his poems Sonnets to Laura

A golden age in the Arts

i. The most glorious expression in the Renaissance was the paintings sculpture and architecture.

ii. Art in this time reflected human concern

iii. Using perspective, paintings and art became more real.

Writings for the new age

i. The book of the Courtier was the most read book at this time.

ii. Machiavelle wrote a different kind of book called The Prince.

iii. The Price discussed leaders in power and politics

The Renaissance

Artists of the northern Renaissance

i. Northern Renaissance began in the 1400’s

ii. Jan and Hubert van Eyck stood out as artists painting very detailed pictures

iii. In 1600’s a man named Peter Paul created a new style of Flemish painting.

Northern Humanists

i. Humanists stressed the education and revival of classical learning.

ii. Erasmus challenged the worldliness of church practices. He urged the return of Christian traditions.

iii. Erasmus’s Friend, Sir Thomas More, who was an English humanist who pressed for social and economic reform.

Literature of the Northern Renaissance

i. Educated people such as More, and Erasmus wrote in Latin

ii. Shakespeare was a writer of the Renaissance time. He wrote plays such as A midsummer nights dream and Romeo and Juliet

iii. A story called Don Quixote was written by Miguel de Cerventes which mocked made fun romantic thoughts.

The Printing Revolution

i. A breakthrough in technology was a result of literature.

ii. Chinese learned to make paper and made books.

iii. Printing presses were seen early in Italy, Germany and the Netherlands.

The Protestant Reformation

Abuses in the church

i. Popes and Italian princes competed for political power.

ii. Indulgences were promoted, the pardoned sins committed during a persons lifetime

iii. Christians protested the indulgences

Luther’s Protest

i. Protests against church abuses continued into 1578

ii. German priest, Johann Tetzel, sold indulgences to any Christian who game money for a new cathedral.

iii. The Church tried to get Luther to give up his views, or recant.

Spread of Lutheran Ideas

i. People saw Luther’s reforms as his answer to the corruption of the church.

ii. Peasants hoped to gain Luther’s support for social, economic, and religious reform.

iii. A holy roman emperor tried to force all Lutheran princes back into the catholic church

John Calvin

i. After Martin Luther, John Calvin was the second most important reformer

ii. In 1536, Calvin published his book called Institutes of the Christian Religion

iii. He preached the idea of predestination, or the idea that god had long ago determined who would gain salvation, and who wouldn’t.

Reformation Ideas Spread

Radical Reformers

i. Reformations continued and new Protestants became.

ii. Most Anabaptists where peaceful men and women.

iii. Other Anabaptists sought racial social change.

The English Reformation.

i. Church law didn’t permit divorce.

ii. Henry acted through a parliament to set a series of laws.

iii. They took the church from the popes control.

Elizabeth I restores Unity to England

i. Elizabeth was a protestant and popular queen

ii. Elizabeth was arrested and imprisoned in the tower of London.

iii. At Woodstock, Elizabeth was in a shabby gatehouse with four rooms.

The Catholic Reform

i. To determine the direction the reform should take, people went to the council of Trent.

ii. The index of Forbidden Books is a list of works considered to immoral for Catholics to read.

iii. The pope recognized a religious order in 1540, called the Society of Jesuits.

Widespread persecution.

i. Persecution was widespread in this period of heightened religious passion.

ii. Italian cities set up walled ghettos for Jews.

iii. Luther Hoped that Jews would convert to his teachings.

Looking Ahead.

i. The catholic and Protestant reformations started many wars over religion

ii. Religion was apart of national power.

iii. Catholic and Protestant leaders made decisions based on politic ideas other than religious ideas.

The Scientific Revolution

Changing the views of the world.

i. 1543, Copernicus, polish scholar, published on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres.

ii. He proposed a heliocentric model of the universe.

iii. In the 1600s the scientific method was invented.

Newton Ties it all Together

i. A student at Cambridge University, Newton exceeded the scientists of his day.

ii. He wrote the laws for Gravity

iii. He published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

More Scientific Advances

i. Changes in astronomy went down as changes in other things went up.

ii. Using chemistry, Robert Boyle distinguesd between individual elements and chemical ones.

iii. In 1543, On the Structure of the Human Body was published by Andreas Vesalius

Bacon and Descartes

i. Bacon and Descartes devoted their lives to Knowledge.

ii. Bacon stressed on the Observation and Expiriment part of the Scientific Method,

iii. While Descartes studied on Human reasoning.