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| Chapter Three | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developmental psychology - The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heredity ("nature") - The transmission of physical and psychological characteristics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conception - The union of an ovum and a sperm cell. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chromosomes - Thread-like "colored bodies in the nucleus of each cell that are made up of DNA. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecular structure that contains coded genetic information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genes - Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polygenic characteristics - Personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dominant gene - A gene whose influence will be expressed each time the gene is present | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recessive gene - A gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second recessive gene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senescence - Aging; the latter years of life | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Human growth sequence - The pattern of physical development from conception to death | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Temperament - The physical foundation of personality, including emotional and perceptual sensitivity, energy levels, typical mood, and so forth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Easy child - a child who is temperamentally relaxed and agreeable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Difficult child - a child who is temperamentally moody, intense, and easily angered | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Slow-to-warm-up Child - a child who is termperamentally restrained and unexpressive | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Environment "nurture" - the sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Critical Period - During development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. Also, a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intrauterine environment - the physical and chemical environment within the uterus during prenatal development | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Congenital problemsGenetic problems - problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Teratogen - a drug or other substance capable of altering fetal development, resulting in birth defects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal alcohol syndrome - a pattern of birth complications and bodily defects in infants caused by excessive consumption of alcohol by mother during pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maternal influences - the aggregate of all psychological effects mothers have on their children | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Caregiving styles - identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and interaction with children | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proactive maternal involvement - sensitive caregiving in which the mother actively seeks to interact with her child and to provide educational experiences | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodness of fit - with respect to caregiving, the degree to which parents and children have compatible temperaments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parental reponsiveness - caregiving that is based on sensitivity to a child's feelings, needs, rhythms, and signals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paternal influences - the aggregate of all psychological effects fathers have on their children | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developmental level - an individual's current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Medicated birth - the common practice in Western medicine of giving painkilling drugs during labor and birth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prepared childbirth - a collection of techniques designed to manage discomfort and facilitate birth so that the use of painkilling drugs can be avoided or minimized | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neonate - a term used for newborn infants during the first weeks following birth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Grasping reflex - a neonatal reflex consisting of grasping objects placed in the palms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rooting reflex - neonatal reflex elicited by a touch to the cheek, causing the infant to turn toward the object and attempt to nurse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sucking reflex - neonatal reflex elicited by the touching the mouth, whereupon the infant makes rhythmic sucking movements | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moro reflex - neonatal reflex evoked by sudden loss of support or sounding of a loud noise; in response, the arms are extended and then brought toward each other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Looking chamber - an experimental apparatus used to test infant perception by presenting visual stimuli and observing infant responses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maturation - the physical growth and development of the body and nervous system | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cephalocaudal - from head to toe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proximodistal - from the center of the body to the extremities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Readiness - a condition that exists when maturation has advanced enough to allow the rapid acquisition of a particular skill | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic emotions - the first distinct emotions to emerge in infancy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excitement - general emotional arousal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Social smile - smiling elicited by social stimuli, such as seeing a parent's face | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Social development - the development of self-awareness, attachment to parents or caregivers, and relationships with other children and adults | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Self-awareness - consciousness of oneself as a person | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Social referencing - observing others in social situations to obtain information or guidance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Imprinting - a rapid and relatively permanent type of learning that occurs during a limited time period early in life | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Emotional attachment - an especially close emotional bond that infants form with their parents, caregivers, or others | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary caregiver - a person primarily responsible for the care of an infant; usually the infant's mother or father | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Separation anxiety - distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or principal caregivers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secure attachment - a stable and positive emotional bond | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insecure-avoidant attachment - an anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent or caregiver | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insecure-ambivalent attachment - an anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Surrogate mother - a substitute mother (often an inanimate dummy in animal research) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contact comfort - a pleasant and reassuring feeling human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually their mother | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colostrum - the first milk produced by a woman for a few days after giving birth. Colustrum is rich in antibodies to disease. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Affectional needs - emotional needs for love and affection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cooing - spontaneous repetition of vowel sounds by infants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Babbling - the repetition by infants of meaningless language sounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||