CHAPTER 15 - PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Psychopathology – patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that result in personal distress or a significant impairment in a person’s social or occupational functioning WHAT IS ABNORMAL? * Infrequency – * Personal suffering – * Norm violation – * Impaired functioning: a practical approach – EXPLAINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS * Each model suggests a _______________ approach to treatment o Supernatural/demonological model – o Biopsychosocial model * Biological factors – explains disorders in terms of particular disturbances in the ____________ and _____________ of the brain and in other biological processes * Psychological processes – disorders result from __________ inner conflicts or ___________ experiences * Sociocultural context – emphasizes both the ___________ exhibited and the __________ through which that behavior is viewed o Diathesis-stress model * Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors can _____________ a person toward a disorder – risk factors! * Whether or not the disorder appears depends on the __________ the person encounters. CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS * Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) - * Please check out p. 561 o Axis 1 – Clinical Disorders o Axis 2 – Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation o Axis 3 – General Medical Conditions o Axis 4 – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems o Axis 5 – Global Assessment of Functioning * Purposes and problems for diagnosis o Problems do not fit categories neatly o Same symptoms appear with multiple disorders o Problems with interrater reliability, validity o Labels people instead of describing behaviors (dehumanizing) SOME DSM-IV DISORDERS ANXIETY DISORDERS * Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent, or disruptive anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety o Phobias * Intense, __________ fear of an object, activity, or situation * Person often realizes that the fear is irrational * Specific Phobias – intense and irrational fear of ______________________ * Social Phobia – intense and irrational fear of __________ evaluations by others or acting in a way that is ___________ * Agoraphobia – intense and irrational fear of separation from _________ or being somewhere from which one cannot __________ o Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) * Excessive and long-lasting anxiety that is NOT related to any one event or object * More common with _________ (perhaps underreported by _________ ) * Will affect ______ % of U.S. population at some point in their lives o Panic Disorders * Recurrent panic attacks –– o Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) * Obsessions – * Compulsions – SOMATOFORM DISORDERS * Psychological conditions that take on a physical form; No ___________ cause! * Appear when stressed * Reduce stress by helping to avoid situations o Conversion Disorder – o Hypochondriasis – o Somatization Disorder – o Pain Disorder – DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS * Sudden, usually temporary disruption in person’s memory, consciousness, or identity o Dissociative Amnesia – o Dissociative Fugue – o Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) – MOOD DISORDERS * Experience extremes of mood – either wild elation or deep depression – for long periods o Depressive Disorders * Major Depressive Disorder – sad and _______________ feelings for an extended period of time (at least a minimum of 2 weeks) * Dysthymic Disorder – same symptoms as Major Depressive Disorder; however, these symptoms are _________ intense and __________ severe but have lasted longer (at least a minimum of 2 years) o Bipolar Disorders * Bipolar Disorder I – people alternate between two poles of emotional extremes; periods of _________________ and ___________________ * Cyclothymic Disorder – bipolar equivalent of _____________ disorder; manic and depressive episodes are ___________ severe than Bipolar Disorder I SCHIZOPHRENIA * Group of disorders marked by severely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior * Severely impaired ability to communicate and relate to others; disturbs most other aspects of daily functioning * Positive Symptoms – excess or distortion of normal functions o Delusions – false beliefs * Ideas of reference * Delusions of persecution * Delusions of grandeur * Thought broadcasting, blocking, or insertion o Hallucinations – false perceptions (all senses) o Disorganized speech * Neologisms * Loose associations * Word salad * Negative Symptoms – lessening or lack of normal functions o Affective flattening * Subtypes of Schizophrenia (see chart on p. 585) o Paranoid – o Catatonic – o Disorganized – o Undifferentiated – o Residual – PERSONALITY DISORDERS (SEE CHART ON P. 590) * Long standing, ____________ ways of behaving * Severe styles of life that affect ____________ of functioning o Narcissistic – o Borderline – o Antisocial – o Histrionic - ADDITIONAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES * State the causes, according to the various theoretical models, of anxiety disorders. (see Causes of Anxiety Disorders) * State the causes, according to various theoretical models, of somatoform disorders. (see Somatoform Disorders) * State the causes, according to the various theoretical models, of dissociative disorders. (see Dissociative Disorders) * Describe the relationship between depression and suicide. List the general guidelines for determining if a person might commit suicide. (see Suicide and Depression) * State the biological and psychological causes, according to various theoretical models, of mood disorders. Describe how learned helplessness and attributional style may contribute to depression. (see Causes of Mood Disorders) * State the possible causes of schizophrenia, according to various theoretical models. (see Causes of Schizophrenia) * Describe the differences between externalizing and internalizing disorders of childhood. Define conduct disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and autistic spectrum disorders. (see Psychological Disorders of Childhood) * Define substance-related disorder and addiction. (see Substance-Related Disorders) * Describe the problems associated with and the theoretical explanations for the development of alcoholism and heroin and cocaine dependence. (see Substance-Related Disorders) * Discuss the laws designed to protect the rights of people with severe psychological disorders who are accused of a crime. (see Mental Illness and the Law)