CHAPTER 11 – MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Motivation – the factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.

Motive – the actual reason or purpose for a behavior.


THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

Instinct Theory – behavior is driven by unlearned, genetically encoded behavior patterns

* Human reflexes present at birth
* Only describes behavior, does not explain
* Cannot provide explanation for learned behavior
* Theory cannot be falsified


Drive Reduction Theory

* When a physiological system is unbalanced, this creates a _________________, which prompts us to take action that will __________________ (and reduce the drive)

* Primary drives -


* Secondary drives –



Arousal Theory – people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain their optimal level of arousal

* Arousal-performance curve (Yerkes-Dodson law)



* People can tolerate high level of arousal on ______________, NOT on ________________



Incentive Theory 

* People act to attain _________________ and avoid ___________________
* Environmental, external stimuli can motivate behavior



Opponent-Process Theory – any reaction to a stimulus is automatically followed by an opposite reaction


* After repeated exposure, the initial reaction weakens and the opponent process becomes stronger


Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs



* Self-actualization -




* Esteem -


* Belongingness and love –


* Safety –


* Physiological -


Theory About Conflicting Motives

* Approach-approach – choose between two ________ alternatives


* Avoidance-avoidance – choose between two ________ alternatives


* Approach-avoidance – one activity has _____________________ parts


* Multiple approach-avoidance – choose among ___________ alternatives, each having both good and bad parts



HUNGER AND EATING

* Biological factors

o Signals from the stomach -


o Signals from the blood -


o Brain’s control

* Lateral hypothalamus = “__________________” center


* Ventromedial nucleus = “__________________” center



EATING DISORDERS

* Obesity -



* Anorexia nervosa -



* Bulimia -



ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

* Need for Achievement – seek to master tasks, strive for excellence, enjoy the process, take pride in accomplishments


* Individual Differences – 

o High NfA folks set _________________________ goals, very satisfied with success
o Low NfA folks like to succeed, but instead tend to find relief in ________________


* Gender Differences – emerge early from how boys and girls are treated differently



EMOTION

* Transitory, valenced experience that is felt as happening to the self, generated (in part) by the cognitive appraisal of a situation, and is accompanied by both learned and reflexive physical responses

* Defining Characteristics:

o Transitory – short-lived

o Valence – either positive or negative

o Cognitive appraisals – how one interprets an event

o Alters thought processes – directs actions toward some things and away from others

o Action tendency – motivation to act in certain ways

o Passions – emotions usually happen whether you want them to or not


BIOLOGY OF EMOTION

* Limbic system –

* Brain’s control over expressions

o Pyramidal motor system -


o Extrapyramidal motor system -

* Physical response –

o Sympathetic NS (fight-or-flight) -


o Parasympathetic NS (calming down) -



THEORIES OF EMOTION

James’s Peripheral Theory

* Emotion becomes conscious when the brain notices ______________________

* Each emotion is defined by a distinct pattern of ________________________

* __________________________ is the cause of emotional experience

* Facial feedback hypothesis – 


* Lie detection –



Cannon’s Central Theory


* Emotion results from ___________________________

* Interpretation is a direct, central experience that occurs _________________________



Schachter-Singer’s Theory


* Emotion results from cognitive interpretation of ________________________________ 

* Suggests that same pattern of arousal may evoke ________________________________

* Attribution –

* Transferred excitation - 



ADDITIONAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES

* Describe the survey of human sexual behavior and discuss its findings. Describe the sexual response cycle. Name the male and female sex hormones. Explain their organizational and activational effects. (see The Biology of Sex)

* Discuss the social and cultural influences on sexual motivation. Define heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual orientation. Describe the evidence on the extent to which genes may determine sexual orientation. Define sexual dysfunction and give examples. (see Social and Cultural Factors in Sexuality; see also Sexual Orientation; see also Thinking Critically:  Do Genes Determine Sexual Orientation; see also Sexual Dysfunctions)

* Discuss the relation between achievement and subjective well-being.(see Achievement and Subjective Well-Being)

* Discuss the role of facial movements in expressing human emotion. Describe Darwin’s theory of innate basic facial expressions. Discuss the research that supports this theory. (see Innate Expressions of Emotion)

* Describe the social and cultural factors involved in communicating emotion. Describe the role and sources of learning in human emotional expression. Define emotion culture and social referencing. (see Social and Cultural Influences on Emotional Expression)